Online Journalism: Theory and Practice Week 1 Spring 2011 G. F Khan, PhD
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Transcript of Online Journalism: Theory and Practice Week 1 Spring 2011 G. F Khan, PhD
Online Journalism: Theory and Practice
Week 1
Spring 2011
G. F Khan, PhD
In this Class What is the Internet? And where did it come from? History of the Internet Properties of the Internet Convergence Issues and challenges related to internet Discussion
Internet Usage
Estimated nearly 2 Billion users, over 100 countries
Questions about the Internet
What is the Internet?How was it created, and by whom, and why?Who controls the internet?How is it developing, and who is doing the development?
What is Internet?
A worldwide group of connected networks (computers and devices) that allow public access to information and services
Largest network in the world – A network of networks
Not owned or controlled by any single organization Every person who makes a connections owns a
slice of the internet
Related concepts: What is a network? Types of Networks LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet
etc
How the Internet Began? Any Ideas?
History of the Internet Began with the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network –
ARPANET The network was created by a small research team at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.
Started in September 1969 consisting of four host nodes University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), The Stanford Research Institute (SRI) University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), The University of Utah
It was the world's first operational packet switching network and the core network for today's Global Internet
Over 100 million hosts connected today A host is any computer that connects to the Internet
History of the Internet
The National Science Foundation (NSF) originally provided the backbone
Today, the infrastructure for the Internet is privatized and provided by:Communications companies such as
Cable companiesTelephone companiesSatellite companiesOther Wireless providersE.g. from Korea?
Governments
History of the InternetThe Internet is a public, cooperative, independent
network: No single entity controls or owns it
Various organizations help define standards The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees research and
set standards and guidelines http://www.w3.org/Consortium/mission.html
ICANN– Internet Corporation for Assigned Names (domains) and Numbers (IPs)
http://www.icann.org/en/about/
Internet2 (I2) is an http://www.internet2.edu/about/Internet research and development projectDevelops and tests advanced Internet technologiesProvides a high speed Internet within the Internet
Connecting to the Internet
Data is sent via networks and communications channels owned by many companies which will provide service to us – for a fee
Internet Service Providers (ISP) Have permanent connections to the Internet Provide temporary connections to individuals and companies for
a feePoint of presence (POP) – points to connect to
Regional and National ISP’s Online service providers
Supplies members only features, e.g. AOL
Connecting to the Internet
Dial-up access Home or small business Modem, computer and telephone line are used Dial into an access point, to a phone number provided
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Provides high speed connection over copper telephone lines
Cable Television Internet Services Provides high-speed connection over cable
Wireless Internet Services HSDPA, Wi-bro, WiMax
How Data Travels over the Internet Three parts of an Internet Connection: Computers connected to the
Internet work together using clients and servers
Server A computer that manages the resources of a network and Provides a central storage area
ClientA computer that can access the storage area on a server
BackboneThe inner structure of the Internet. The High speed
communications lines that carry the heaviest amount of traffic
How Data Travels over the Internet1. A request is made for data from the Internet
2. A modem converts digital signals to analog signals, which can travel over phone lines
3. Data travels through telephone lines to a local ISP
4. Data may be sent through routers
5. The regional ISP uses lines, leased through a telephone company, to a national ISP
6. A national ISP routes the data across the country to another national ISP
7. Data travels from a national ISP to a regional ISP, and then to the destination server
8. The server retrieves the data and send it back to your computer
Step 1 Ste
p 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Regional ISP
Local ISP
National ISP
National ISP
Internet backbone
Internet Addresses
The Internet relies on a structured addressing system
IP (Internet protocol) addressNumber that uniquely identifies each computer or
deviceConsists of 4 groups of numbers, separated by
periods, e.g. 129.89.7.95Similar to a phone number with country code, city
code or area code and local phone numberIPv4 v.s IPv6
Domain Names
Domain name Text version of an IP address Components separated by periods e.g. www.yu.ac.kr
A Top-level domain (TLD) abbreviation identifies type of organization, e.g. .com, .edu, .org … International Web sites outside the US include a country code A Domain Name Server (DNS) stores domain names and their
corresponding IP addresses DNS servers used to translate domain name into its IP address
Domain Names
ICANN assigns and controls Top-Level Domain Names (TLDs) and maintains a registry of domain names in use
The World Wide Web (WWW) WWW is one of many services available
on the Internet
Developed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee
A collection Internet servers that store formatted electronic documents Web pages and Web sites Web pages are stored on Web servers
Deliver/serve Web pages
Web browser Permits access to Web pages FireFox, Opera, Internet Explorer, Safari Minibrowers/microbrowsers are used for
Web-enabled held-held devices
The World Wide Web (WWW)
Web pages may contain hyperlinks Built-in connection to another Web page or part of a Web page
Allows for nonlinear searchesCan be represented by a word, phrase, imageClick on the link to activate ithttp://www.yu.ac.kr/
Web pages have unique addresses Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Also known as Web address Tells the browser the location of the Web page Consists of
Protocol (HTTP)Domain nameSometimes includes a pathhttp://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2011/02/129_80954.html
Web Publishing
Develop and maintain Web sites: Five major steps1. Plan the site
Identify purpose, characteristics of audience, elements that will differentiate the site from others
2. Analyze and design the siteDesign layout
• Text, graphics, audio, videoDefine hardware needed to create layout
• Sound card, digital camera, scannerDefine software needed to create layout
• Plug-in to extend capability of browser
3. Create the site (“Web page authoring”)Use the computer to compose the siteWord processor, Web page authoring softwareHTML
Web Publishing
4. Deploy the site (make it real) Store the site on a Web server
• Service provider• Web hosting service
Obtain a domain name• Through Web hosting service• Apply to a registrar
Upload the site to the server• FTP – file transfer protocol• Copy to a Web folder
Register URL with search engines• Submission service
5. Maintain the site Adding, deleting, modifying Web pages
Transmission of files and messages via computer networks
E-mail Client Application
E-mail address Combination of user name, ‘@’ symbol, and domain name e.g. [email protected]
Mailbox Storage location usually residing a computer that connects to Internet
(ISP server)Mail server is the server containing mailboxes (ISP server)
Free e-mail services hotmail.com, yahoo.com, google.com
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Internet standard that allows uploading and downloading of files on the Internet
FTP server Computer that allows users to upload and download files
FTP program Supports uploading and downloading of files using FTP, e.g.
WS_FTP
FTP site Collection of files that reside on an FTP server
Web 2.0
Is a concept not technical specification
Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve information.
“Web 2.0 is the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web that is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online.” webopedia, 2011
Examples: Wiki, blogs, social networking websites
(e.g. Facebook, flicker )
Properties of the Internet
What makes the Internet a better technology than itspredecessor technologies?
Does the Internet really have the potential to transformcompetitive landscapes?
10 Properties of the internet 1) Mediating technology- The Internet provides interconnections to
parties that are interdependent or want to be.
The Internet’s interactivity gives some unique advantages over the older media. (Print, Radio, and TV) Anyone connected to the Internet has the power to broadcast information to anyone on it.
2) Universality- The Internet can enlarge and shrink the world! Enlargement: Global market e.g. buying and selling through eBay Shrink: Global collaboration e.g. e-learning, join research project over Internet
10 Properties of the internet 3) Network externality- More valuable to users
as more people take advantage of it or connect to it. Ex) telephone system
Metcalfe’s Law: The value of a network increases as the square of the number of people in the network.
The value of net =N^2 (when N is the number of people in the network)
Network externalities (NE) also applies to products whose value to customers increases with complementary products. Ex) computer and software
NE Can be positive or negative
10 Properties of the internet 4) Distribution Channel- The internet has two kinds of effects on
existing distribution channels.
Replacement effect: The Internet is used to serve the same customers served by the old distribution channel without bringing in new customers. Ex) distributing airline tickets of travel agencies
Extension effect: The Internet provides the chance to enter the market to potential customers who ordinarily cannot participate in the market.
10 Properties of the internet 5) Time Moderator- ability to shrink and enlarge time Internet users can get the information which they want
instantaneously using the web regardless of time Shrink: e.g. time difference between USA and Korea). You don’t
need to wait until morning to get info from an office in USA while in Korea
Enlarge: e.g. You can use banking service, auction etc. on internet 24 hours a day, seven days to a week.
6) Information Asymmetry Shrinker- Information asymmetry exists when one party to a transaction has information that another party does not. E.g. comparing prices online
The web reduces some of these information asymmetries.
10 Properties of the internet 7) Infinite Virtual Capacity – The Internet often gives customers
the feeling that it has infinite virtual capacity to serve them.
8) Low Cost Open Standard – The Internet and the Web are standards open to everyone and everywhere.
Also the cost of the Internet is a lot lower than that of earlier means of electronic communications such as EDI.
10 Properties of the internet 9) Creative Destroyer – The Internet has shown creative
destruction introduced by J.A. Schumpeter providing low entry cost, flexibility, interactivity, and virtually unlimited possibilities.
10) Transaction-Cost Reducer – Transaction costs are the costs of searching for sellers and buyers; collecting information on products; negotiating, monitoring, and enforcing contracts; and the costs of transportation. The Internet reduces the transaction cost for many industries.
Convergence Two or more domains of
activity start to share common features, and therefore could be considered as one domain.
Digital technology 1970s Computers and
Communications 1990s Multimedia
Computers, the Internet 2000s Wireless-wireless
and Internet -wireless.
Convergence in the Internet
GenericTechnical facility to create or present and control a
message or information in a variety of media through a single integrated channel. It has the varying qualities of Multimedia-ness, Interactivity, Personalisation, Facility, Complexity and Universality.
Technical the convergence of computer, telecommunications and
television technology as it develops to allow digital storage, manipulation, transmission and reproduction of any media type.
Meanings 2
Information Multimedia breaks down the barriers between different
information and communication types: it is “co-mingled bits” (Negroponte, 1994) It enables richer communications between humans and between humans and machines
Industry/Business The convergence of different industries, telecommunication,
computer, information and entertainment which could be facilitated by innovation and diffusion of converging technologies.
Internet challenges
Scalability Addresses Quantity
IP6 and Quality of Service End-to-end applications
e.g. VoIP, SIP (e.g.Skype) Bandwidth
Commercialization, ownership and controlCensorshipPrivacyGlobalizationWirelessDependabilityEntertainment
Social/Economic Policy Issues Access:
price, skill, geography Social Need:
Rights, Universal Access Community and Identity
Changes the way we engage with ideas and people
Privacy Personal Data Personal Thoughts
Security terrorism crime
Governance Role of governments Competition Protectionism/ National
Competitiveness Taxation Freedom of Information Protection of Minors Content Regulation Privacy
Democracy Citizen participation Citizen action/subversion
Limitation of transactions over the Internet The nature of knowledge and people limits the extent to which the
Internet can be used to conduct business. Tacit Knowledge: Knowledge transmitted over the Internet is
explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is difficult to be carried out over the Internet. How can you transmit the smell and feel of a car over the Internet?
People: Because human beings and their organizations are still limited cognitively, they may not be able to encode their knowledge into a form that can be transmitted over the Internet.
Discussion
What are the side effects of the internet?Is the Internet the product of the Network
Society, or the foundation of it?Can the internet can be controlled?How should it be governed?Where will it evolve?Who is it for?
Next-Class
Grand Theories Theoretical approaches to studying the
interactions and relationships between 'technology' and 'society’.
How does society make technology?
How does technology impact society? Technological determinism, Science and Technology studies - Social
Shaping of Technology The ‘Socio-technical’
Thank YouQuestions & Comments