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The information in this publication provides a condensed overview of facts andfigures about the Nation’s highways. This publication is designed to be ofinterest to the average citizen. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)is the source of the data, except where noted. State governments collect andprovide these data to the FHWA each year. Unless otherwise stated, 2000 dataare displayed in this publication. For more detailed data on many of the subjectscovered, and other publications relating to this issue, visit the Office of HighwayPolicy Information at:

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim

ONH_cover_Sng.Pg.qxd 3/4/02 11:29 AM

2 Our Nation’s HighwaysThe highway system is vital to the Nation’s economy. Over 1 billion ton-milesof freight were moved over the highways in 1998.

9 Air QualityMost of the reduction in atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide,volatile organic compound, and nitrogen oxide emissions can be attributed toreduced emissions by motor vehicles.

10 The Vehicle FleetThe 2001 cost-per-mile for operating an intermediate-size vehicle was 46.9¢.

14 Licensed DriversOf the 191 million licensed drivers in the United States in 2000, the largestnumber of drivers falls in the age group of 40-44 year-olds. (11.1%)

16 The Highway SystemThe United States has 3.9 million miles of roadway, of which 3 million milesare rural roads. The Interstate System accounts for only 1.2% of total mileagebut carries 24.1% of total travel.

18 National Highway SystemThe National Highway System consists of over 161,000 miles which includesthe Interstate System and portions of other functional systems.

20 Conditions, Performance, and SafetyThe fatality rate on the Interstate System has dropped since 1970 and was at alow in 2000 which has not been matched since 1992.

23 Motor-Fuel UseIn 2000, 162 billion gallons of fuel were consumed for highway use, averagingabout 719 gallons per motor vehicle or 16.9 miles per gallon.

24 TravelMotor vehicle travel in 2000 reached 2.8 trillion vehicle-miles, an average of12,177 miles per vehicle per year. Automobiles and light trucks are respon-sible for 92% of this travel.

27 Highway Funding and ExpendituresAlthough expenditures for highways now exceed $126 billion a year, thisamounts to less than 4.7¢ per vehicle-mile traveled.

33 State and Urbanized Area Statistics

Contents

Other Means (6.7%)• Airplane – 3.4% • Amtrak – 0.1%• School Bus – 1.3 % • Taxi – 0.1%• Walking – 0.3% • Other – 1.4%• Bike – 0.1%

Public Transportation (2.1%)

• Bus, Streetcar – 1.4%• Commuter Train – 0.4%• Subway – 0.3%

Private Vehicles (91.2%)• Auto, Station Wagon, Van – 67.5% • Pick-Up – 13.8%• Other Private Vehicle – 2.9-% • Utility Vehicle – 7.0%

Transportation Expenditures at the Household Level

Personal Travel by Mode of Transportation

The personal motor vehicle(automobile, light truck, van,and motorcycle) is thepredominant form ofpersonal transportation.Privately owned vehicles areused for 91.2% of all personaltravel. Adding school bus(1.3%), bus/streetcar (1.4%),taxi (0.1%) and privatevehicles (91.2%) togethershows that 94% of personaltransportation uses thehighways.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1999 Consumer Expenditures Survey.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

Our Nation’s Highways

After housing (32.6%),transportation (18.9%)accounts for the largestsingle householdexpenditure. Of the18.9% transportationexpenditures, thelargest expenditure isvehicle purchases(47.1%). Other trans-portation expenditures,which includes mainte-nance and insurance, isthe second largesttransportation expendi-ture (38%), followed bythe purchase of gasolineand oil.

Food13.6%

Housing32.6%

OtherTransportation

7.2% Gas & Oil2.8%

Vehicle Purchases8.9%

Health Care5.3%

Other26.3%

Apparel &Services

3.3%

Total Transportation 18.9%

2

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998Year

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Mill

ion

s o

f T

on

-Mile

s

Rail

Water

Highways

Pipeline

0.3200.229

5.837

0.076 0.113

Rail Air Highways Water Pipeline0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Tri

llio

ns

of

Do

llars

Freight Transportation by Mode

Freight Transportation Value by Single Mode – 1997

The nation’s highway system carried 28% of the total revenue of ton-miles of freight in1998, compared to 19% in 1960. More significant is that as of 1997, almost 89% of thetotal dollar value of freight was highway transportation.


NOTE: The survey excludes establishments classified in the Standard Industrial Classification as farms,forestry, fisheries, oil and gas extraction, governments, construction, transportation, households, andsome retail and service businesses.SOURCE: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 1997 Commodity Flow Survey.

SOURCE: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2000.

3

Highway Indicators

Federal and State Gasoline Tax Rates

Road and street mileage increased only 2.4% since 1980, but the number of vehicles using thoseroads and streets has increased 39.8% and vehicle-miles of travel increased by 81.2%. Highwaycapital outlay expressed in constant 1987 dollars has increased by 112.3% while the percentchange from 1980 to 2000 for gallons of motor fuel per mile actually decreased by 21.6%.

Despite significant increases in State motor-fuel tax rates during the 1980’s, the weightedaverage gasoline tax rate expressed in constant 1970¢ actually decreased by about 38% from7.02¢ per gallon in 1970 to 4.35¢ per gallon in 2000. Recent data indicates that State taxrates have risen slightly over the 1990’s decade. Over the same 1970 to 2000 period, theFederal gasoline tax rate, expressed in constant 1970¢, increased by 3.7%, from 4.00¢ pergallon to 4.15¢ per gallon, as the nominal rate increased from 4.00¢ per gallon to 18.4¢ pergallon on October 1, 1993. During the 1990’s, amounts between 2.5 and 6.8¢ per gallon werediverted from the Highway Trust Fund for deficit reduction. As of October 1, 1997, theseprovisions were eliminated. While the deficit reduction impact does not affect the tax rate, ithas resulted in additional revenue to the Highway Trust Fund.


2.4%

24.2%41.1% 39.8%

-21.6%

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40Road &Street

Mileage

Popu-lation

LicensedDrivers

Motor-FuelUse

Motor-Vehicle

Registra-tions

Vehicle-Miles

ofTravel

GallonsperMile

CapitalOutlay inConstantDollars

Per

cent

Cha

nge

(198

0-20

00)

31.2%

81.2%

112.3%

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Cen

ts p

er G

allo

ns

20181614121086420

Weighted Average State GasolineTax Rate (current cents)

Federal Gasoline TaxRate (current cents)

Weighted Average State TaxRate (constant cents)

Federal Gasoline Tax Rate(constant cents)

4

Highway Expenditures per Vehicle-Mile of Travel

Gross Domestic Product and Travel Relationship

In 2000, highway capital expenditures were 2.35¢ per vehicle-mile of travel (VMT) as com-pared to 1.04¢ per VMT in 1970 — an 126% increase. After accounting for inflation, however,2000 capital expenditures were only 0.56¢ per VMT, a 46% decrease from 1970’s capitalexpenditures. In 2000, total highway expenditures were 4.40¢ per VMT as compared to 1.88¢per VMT in 1970 — a 134% increase. After adjusting for inflation, total 2000 highwayexpenditures were only 1.02¢ per VMT, a 46% decrease from 1970’s total highway expen-ditures. In effect, 2000’s highway expenditures by all units of government, with inflationremoved, were about 54% of what they were 30 years ago for each vehicle-mile of travel.

There is a strong relationship between the Nation’s economy and travel on the Nation’shighway system. Since the 1930’s, growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) andvehicle-miles of travel (VMT) reflect strikingly similar patterns, including the period ofenergy disruptions during the 1970’s.

Our Nation’s HighwaysC

ents

per

Veh

icle

-Mile

of

Tra

vel

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

4

3

2

1

0

Total Highway Expenditures/VMT(current cents)

Total Expenditures/VMT(constant cents)

Capital Expenditures/VMT (constant cents)

Capital Expenditures/VMT(current cents)

Ind

ex:

1996

= 1

00

120

100

80

60

40

201960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

GDP

VMT

5

The number of telecommuters in the U.S. in the third quarter of 2000 were estimated at 23.6million. Of these, 16.5 million telework one day per month, and 9.3 million at least one day per week.About 89% of these are solely home-based, 7% are telework centers, and 4% are a combination.

These workers tend to be older and more experienced employees, who on average are in theirearly 40s. The majority of teleworkers prefer telework, which allows them flexibility inbalancing social and family responsibilities, while maintaining their careers.

Since 1995, there has been an increase in teleworking of 178%, and the number is expected toclimb to 30 million by 2004. This increase in telework is decreasing the amount of work tripsbeing generated on the transportation system.

Only 11.2% of workers reported carpooling to work in 2000, while 76.3 reported drivingalone. This is a 2% drop in carpooling from 1990. The percent of workers report usingtransit for their journey to work, a stable percentage since 1990. Working at home hasincreased slightly, from 3.2 million workers (3%) to 4.075 million workers (3.2%).

U.S. Telecommuting Population

Journey to Work: Mode Used by WorkersPercent and Number of Workers, 2000


SOURCE: Cyber Dialogue and the International Telework Association and Council.

NOTE: Includes all workers 16 years and older living in households. C2SS did not survey GroupQuarter Population.SOURCE: 2000 American Community Survey (ACS): Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS).

5.5 6.6 7.3

11.1

15.7

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Year

4.0

8.7

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mill

ion

Per

son

s

8.59.1

19.6

23.6

Drove Alone(76.3%)

97.2 million

Carpooled(11.2%)

14.3 million

Other(12.5%)

15.9 million

Bike/Walk(3.1%)

4.0 million

Railroad(0.5%)

0.7 million

Other(1.2%)

1.5million

Subway(1.6%)

2.1 million

Bus/Trolley Bus(2.8%)

3.6 million

Worked atHome(3.2%)

4.1 million

6

Journey to Work: Average Travel TimeU.S. Total, 1990–2000


Travel Time to Work

NOTE: Includes all workers 16 years and older living in households. C2SS did not survey GroupQuarter Population.SOURCE: 2000 American Community Survey (ACS): Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)and the 1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP).

Nationwide, the average travel time for the journey to work is 24 minutes and 20 seconds,an increase of nearly 2 minutes compared to 1990. Many more people are traveling 45minutes or more, and fewer workers indicate it takes them less than 15 minutes.

States with many workers using transit for their journey to work also tend to have longeraverage travel times. New York reports the longest average time (over 30 minutes), whileNorth Dakota and South Dakota average about 15 minutes.

NOTE: Includes all workers 16 years and older living in households. C2SS did not survey GroupQuarter Population.SOURCE: 2000 American Community Survey (ACS): Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS).

Travel Time (minutes)

5 to 9lessthan 5

10 to14

15 to19

20 to24

25 to29

30 to24

35 to39

40 to44

45 to59

60 to89

90 ormore

workedat home

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Per

cen

t o

f Wo

rker

s 1990 CTPPC2SS

2000 Average Travel Time (minutes)22.0 - 25.025.0 - 31.2

15.0 - 18.018.1 - 22.0

7

Americans travel much more than citizens of the other countries. The myth of Americans’love affair with our cars may actually be a marriage of convenience. Contemporary landuse patterns require the use of private vehicles, whether or not we love those vehicles.Americans own more vehicles than the citizens of other countries. Not shown here is thehuge increase in SUVs, Vans, and Pickup trucks, which are increasingly used as householdvehicles in both the United States and Canada.

Annual vehicle-miles for automobiles follow a more pronounced pattern with per capitamiles for the U.S. exceeding 5,500 and for Canada exceeding 4,800. Sweden, Germany, theU.K., and France follow each with between 3,000 and 4,000 per capita miles.

Annual Automobile Vehicle-Miles of Travel per Capitaand Number of Automobiles per Capita

(Data are for 1997 unless otherwise stated)


NOTE: VMT per capita for Canada reflects 1990 data. VMT per capita for Mexico reflects 1991 data.

Japan France Germany Sweden U.K. Canada Mexico U.S.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Au

tos

per

Cap

ita

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Th

ou

san

ds

of

VM

T p

er C

apit

a

Autos per Capita

VMT per Capita

8

Air Quality

SOURCE: 1975-1995 data were tabulated from individual monitor records in EPA Aerometric InformationRetrieval Service (AIRS) database. These data are for the subset of monitors having complete data for at least15 of the 21 years included in that period. Supplemental 1994-2000 data were tabulated from EPA AIRSDATAMonitor Trends Report, which can be found on the Internet at: http://www.epa.gov/airsdata/montrnd.htm.

Most of the reduction in emissions can be attributed to reductions from motor vehicles.Emissions controls for cars and trucks have significantly reduced their emissions ofcarbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds (a primary ingredient of ozone) since1970, even though travel more than doubled over the past 24 years. Emissions of thesepollutants from other sources have fallen only slightly. At the same time, motor vehiclenitrogen oxide emissions, which contribute to ozone, have held about their 1970 levels,while those from all other sources have increased slightly.

Residents of the Nation’s urban areas are breathing easier these days. Atmospheric levelsof ozone and carbon monoxide (CO) have declined consistently for several decades.Violations of the National Standards for Carbon Monoxide have been virtually eliminated.Controlling ground-level ozone (or “smog”) has proven more challenging, but violationsof the Federal 1-hour ozone standard have also been sharply reduced.

National Emission Trends

Air Quality Trends

SOURCE: Environmental Protection Agency’s National Emission Inventory, Air Pollutant Emission TrendsOffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html.

VolatileOrganic

Compound

CarbonMonoxide

NitrogenOxide

Motor VehiclesOther Sources

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Emissions (million tons)

1970 1980 1990 1999

Ave

rag

e A

nn

ual

Exc

eed

ance

s p

erM

on

ito

rin

g S

ite

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

25

20

15

10

5

0

CO

Ozone

9

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Mill

ion

s o

f M

oto

r V

ehic

les

250

200

150

100

50

0

Total

Automobiles

Trucks and Buses

The Vehicle Fleet

Motor-Vehicle Registrations

The number of registered motor vehicles continues to increase steadily. However, automo-bile registrations have decreased slightly (-0.1% or 0.1 million vehicles) since 1990 whiletruck registrations have increased significantly (61.1% or 33.3 million vehicles). Lightsingle-unit trucks have seen a phenomenal growth in popularity and now account for39.3% of total registered motor vehicles. In addition, prior to 1985, automobile registra-tions included personal passenger vans, passenger minivans, and utility-type vehicles.However, beginning with the 1985 data, these vehicles are included with truck registra-tions. Reference Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 for corrections or revisions madeto previous published data.

Change (%)1990 2000 1990/2000

(in millions)

Automobiles 133.7 133.6 -1.0Buses 0.6 0.7 16.7Trucks 54.0 87.0 61.1

P & C Light Trucks1 47.5 77.8 63.8P & C Truck Tractors1 1.2 1.6 33.3Other Single-Unit Trucks 5.3 7.6 43.4

and Publicly-Owned Trucks

Total 188.3 221.3 17.5

Motorcyles 4.3 4.3 0.0

1Private and commercial.

10

1970 1975 1980 1985 19951990 2000Year

Mea

n A

ge

(yea

rs)

9

8

7

6

5

Automobiles

Trucks

Market Share of Household Vehicles

The Vehicle Fleet


Automobiles continue to lose their market share of household vehicles, from 80% in 1977to 62.9% in 2000. Minivans have been stable since 1995, and slightly increased to 8.2% by2000, from 7.8% in 1995. SUV’s have made the greatest increase from 6.9% in 1995 to10.2% in 2000.

NOTE: Mean age is equal to the sum of the products of units multiplied by age; divided by the total units.SOURCE: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2001, compiled from ThePolk Company data.

Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use

The average age of automobiles has continued to increase, to a high of 9.0 years in 2000.The average age of trucks had actually declined from an all time high of 8.6 in 1993, to 8.0years by 2000. The increasing popularity of pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles aspersonal vehicles may be influencing the age of trucks.

12.8

2.8 3.6

79.6

64.3 62.9

1977 1983 1990 1995 2000Year

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Per

cen

tag

e o

f Veh

icle

s

15.2 17.2 17.7 18.6

6.910.2

5.5 7.8 8.2

75.9 74.7 VansSUVsTrucks

SU

Vs

Not

Rep

orte

d

SU

Vs

Not

Rep

orte

d

SU

Vs

Not

Rep

orte

d

Automobiles

11

The Vehicle Fleet

Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles, Vans, andLight Trucks – 2001

1Total costs over 5 years, based on 70,000 miles.2Includes depreciation, financing, insurance, registration fees, taxes, fuel maintenance, and repairs.3Average MPG reflects city driving estimates (excluding highway driving).

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration estimates based on the 2001 editions of The CompleteSmall Truck Guide and The Complete Car Cost Guide, from IntelliChoice, Inc., and sales figures fromAutomotive News.

Cents Per Mile 1

Subcompact

Compact

Intermediate

Full-Size Vehicle

Compact Pickup

Full-Size Pickup

Compact Utility

Full-size Utility

Mini-Van

Full-Size Van

32.2

42.3

46.9

51.1

40.2

47.7

45.6

52.9

50.7

52.0

4 cylinderAvg MPG = 32








Intermediate Utility 51.4 6 cylinderAvg MPG = 15



Size Cost 2 Characteristics3

12

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Mill

ion

s o

f V

ehic

les

20

15

10

5

0Trucks

Automobiles

Total

Repairs 0.9¢

Depreciation 16.4¢

Fuel Tax 1.9¢

Fuel Cost 4.2¢(No Taxes)

Financing 7.0¢

Maintenance 2.3¢

State Fees 1.4¢

Insurance 12.7¢

Motor Vehicle Retail Sales

The Vehicle Fleet

After a slight drop in 1991, total motor-vehicle retail sales are steadily increasing, with17,812,000 units sold in 2000. We are still seeing a decline in the automobile share ofretail sales – 50% of total sales in 2000, compared to 73% in 1978. Popularity of lighttrucks as personal vehicles continues to increase – retail sales of trucks for 2000 amountto 8,965,000 units sold.

The Federal Highway Administration estimates that combined Federal and State motor-fuel taxes currently account for only 4% of the cost per mile of owning and operating anautomobile, which is unchanged since 1998. The largest share is depreciation, whichmakes up 35% of total costs, up from 31% in 1998.

Ownership and Operating Costs by Category – IntermediateSize Vehicle – 2001(Based on Average Cost of 46.9¢ / Mile)

SOURCE: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2000.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration estimates based on the 2001 editions of The Complete Car CostGuide and Complete Small Truck Guide from Intellichoice, Inc. and sales figures from Automotive News.

Repairs 2%

Depreciation35%

Fuel Tax4%

Fuel Cost (No Taxes)9%Financing 15%

Maintenance5%

StateFees3%

Insurance27%

13

19 & Under

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85 & Over

Ag

e

0 5 10 15 20Millions of Drivers

Male

Female

Total

Licensed Drivers

Licensed Drivers by Age and Sex

There were 190,625,023 licensed drivers in the United States in 2000. That is an increase of23.73% since 1980 and a 12.39% increase over 1990. As the average age of licensed driversshifts upward, we see that the 35-39 and 40-44 year old age groups contain the largest shareof drivers.

The number of age 70 and over drivers holding a valid license has continued to increase. In1980 drivers 70 years and over was 8.8 million, and rose to 18.9 million in 2000. This is a111% increase in older drivers since 1980.

Female drivers increased by about 39% from 1980 to 2000, whereas the number of maledrivers only increased by 24%.

14

In 2000, 88% of the driving age population was licensed to drive a motor vehicle. Com-pared to 1950,which was 57%, this is an increase of 128 million drivers on our highwaysin the past 50 years. In 1975, the number of registered vehicles surpassed the number oflicensed drivers—that trend has continued to this day. In fact, registered vehicles hassurpassed even the driving age population since 1996.


Despite significant increases in women’s driving, men still average 6,408 miles more peryear than women. The disparity is closing for younger drivers, and it is expected that thisgap will close considerably in the future.

Licensed Drivers

Licensed Drivers, Population, and Motor Vehicles

Average Annual Miles per Driver by Age Group

1950 1960 1970 1980 19921990 1994 1996 1998 2000

Year

Mill

ion

s

250

200

150

100

50

0

Driving AgePopulation

RegisteredMotor Vehicles

LicensedDrivers

16-19 20-34 35-54 55-64 65+ AverageAge

Male Female Total20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Mile

s

15

Locals2,719,288

68.8%

Locals365,57113.2%

Collectors795,20820.1%

Collectors406,07514.7%

Other Arterials389,925

9.9%

OtherArterials1,328,114

48.0%

Interstate46,6771.2%

Interstate667,60324.1%

MILEAGETotal: 3,951,098

TRAVEL (millions)Total: 2,767,363

Total Road Mileage and Travel by FunctionalSystem – 2000

The Highway System

Roads and streets are grouped into functional systems according to the type of service theyprovide. The arterial system (including the Interstate System) accounts for about 11.1% ofthe Nation’s total road and street mileage but carries 72.1% of total travel.

The Interstate System accounts for only 1.2% of the Nation’s total miles of roadway; however,24.1% of total travel occurs on this system. Conversely, local functional system roads accountfor 68.8% of the Nation’s total road and street mileage but serve only 13.2% of total travel.

Interstate System — The Interstate System consists of all presently designated freeway routesmeeting the Interstate geometric and construction standards for future traffic, except for por-tions in Alaska and Puerto Rico. The Interstate System is the highest classification of arterialroads and streets and provides the highest level of mobility, at the highest speed, for a longuninterrupted distance.

Other Arterials — These consist of limited-access freeways, multi-lane highways, and otherimportant highways supplementing the Interstate System that connect, as directly as practi-cable, the Nation’s principal urbanized areas, cities, and industrial centers; serve the nationaldefense; and connect at suitable border points with routes of continental importance.

Collectors — The collectors provide both land access service and traffic circulation withinresidential neighborhoods, commercial and industrial areas, and downtown city centers.Collectors connect local roads and streets with arterials and provide less mobility thanarterials at lower speeds and for a shorter distance.

Locals — The local roads and streets provide a high level of access to abutting land butlimited mobility.

Functional Classification

16

JurisdictionRural

Mileage %Urban

Mileage %Total

Mileage %State 663,755 21.5 111,539 13.0 775,294 19.6Local 2,311,269 74.7 746,341 86.8 3,057,610 77.4Federal 116,724 3.8 1,484 0.2 118,208 3.0Total 3,091,748 100.0 859,364 100.0 3,951,112 100.0

Functional % Change % of TotalSystem Urban1990-2000

% Change1990-2000

% Change1990-2000Rural Total Travel

Interstate 397,28834.5270,315 41.3 667,603 39.4 24.1Other Freeways/ Expressways

–

– 38.6 178,105 38.6 6.4

Other Principal Arterial

178,105

41.9249,137 18.9 650,374 27.4 23.5

Minor Arterial

401,237

10.5172,780210,496

37.5 499,635 27.5 18.1Major Collector

326,8559.9

–

– 210,496 9.9 7.6Minor Collector

137,00816.3

–– 58,571 16.3 2.1

Collector

–

–58,571

27.5 137,008 27.5 5.0Local 237,23931.0128,332 23.5 365,571 26.7 13.2Total 1,677,73224.91,089,631 30.6 2,767,363 28.9 100.0

Functional % Change % of TotalSystem Rural 1990-2000

% Change1990-2000

% Change1990-2000Urban Total Mileage

Interstate 33,150 -1.4 13,527 16.2 46,677 3.6 1.2Other Freeways/ Expressways

– – 9,195 18.9 9,195 18.9 0.2

Other Principal Arterial

99,013 18.0 53,554 2.6 152,567 12.4 3.9

Minor Arterial 137,862 -4.9 90,301 20.3 228,163 4.0 5.8Major Collector 433,927 -0.8 – – 433,927 -0.8 11.0Minor Collector 272,485 -7.5 – – 272,485 -7.5 6.9Collector – – 88,796 12.8 88,796 12.8 2.2Local 2,115,297 -1.0 603,991 15.4 2,719,288 2.6 68.8Total 3,091,734 -1.3 859,364 14.8 3,951,098 2.1 100.0

Ownership of U.S. Roads and Streets

The Highway System

Functional Systems Mileage

Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel (millions)

The vast majority (77.4%) of the Nation’s roadways are owned by units of local government(town, city, county). Only 3.0% are owned by the Federal Government; this includes roads innational forests and parks and on military and Indian reservations. The rest of the roadways(19.6%), including most of the Interstate System, are owned by the States.

Roads and streets are grouped into functional systems according to the type of service theyprovide, and on how much traffic they carry. Although functional classification may changeover time to better describe the changing role that a particular road or street may be playing,the total mileage changes only slightly over time.

Decreases in rural systems mileage are the result of the expansion of urban boundaries andthe functional reclassification of roads from rural to urban.

Since 1990, total miles has increased only 2.1%, while travel has increased 28.9%. The urbantravel increase of 30.6% has outpaced the rural 24.9% increase due to the Nation’s continuedgrowth in urbanization and expanded urban boundaries. The rural other principal arterialsystem had the greatest travel growth (41.9%) during the 1990 to 2000 time period.

17

NHS MILEAGE NHS TRAVEL

Rural40.4%

Urban59.6%Rural

73.8%

Urban26.2%

NHS Mileage Rural Urban Total

NHS Percent of Total MileageRural Urban Total

NHS Travel (millions) Rural Urban Total

NHS Percent of Total Travel Rural Urban Total

Interstate 33,150 13,527 46,667Other NHS 85,882 28,629 114,511Total NHS

InterstateOther NHS Total NHS



119,032 42,156 161,188

0.8 0.3 1.22.2 0.7 2.93.0 1.1 4.1

270,315 397,288 667,603224,340 333,335 557,675494,655 730,623 1,225,278

9.8 14.4 24.18.1 12.0 20.2

17.9 26.4 44.3

National Highway System


The National Highway System (NHS) is the network of nationally significant highwaysapproved by Congress. It includes the Interstate System and over 100,000 miles of arterialand other roads. Designation of the NHS was completed on November 28, 1995, when theNational Highway System Designation Act of 1995 (Public Law 104-59) was enacted.

The NHS represents only about 4% of the Nation’s total public road miles and 7% of itslane miles, but carries over 44% of the travel. Most travel on the NHS takes place in urbanareas even though there are more NHS miles in rural areas.

18

3,124

119,032

153,308

7,871

ExistingInterstate

Existing OtherNHS Routes

NHS RoutesTo Be Built

Urban

Rural

Owned byStates

Owned byOthers

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

46,677

42,156

By Type

By Location

By Ownership

Thousands of Miles

114,511

Facility Type Number of Facilities Associated Mileage

Airport 230 456Intercity Bus 100 61Ferry 59 293Truck/Pipeline 63 120Multipurpose 42 35Port 278 531Truck/Rail 211 360Amtrak 71 72Public Transit 389 335

TOTALS 1,443 2,263


Intermodal Facility Connections


Of the 161,188 NHS miles, 29% is made up of the Interstate System (IS). The NHS encom-passes all of the Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET), a system of national defenseroadways that includes the IS and approximately 15,000 miles of non-IS mileage.

The NHS provides the key connections to our Nation’s intermodal facilities. Over 1,440 arelinked by more than 2,200 miles of NHS connectors to our Nation’s highways. Publictransit facilities have the most NHS connections while Port facilities have the mostassociated mileage of NHS connectors.

19

IRI < 9554.5%

IRI >1706.5%

IRI 95-17039.0%

IRI < 9563.2%

IRI >1703.4%

IRI 95-17033.4%

NHS(Rural and Urban)

Interstate(Rural and Urban)

Conditions, Performance, & Safety

Pavement Surface Condition of the NHS andInterstate System

Bridge Conditions

Pavement condition overall has improved on the Interstate System and the NHS over the pastseveral years. In 2000, 96.6% of the Interstate System and 93.5% of the NHS was at acceptableride quality as measured by the International Roughness Index (IRI). IRI is an objective instru-ment-based rating system that has been used as an indicator of pavement performance asmeasured by rideability. Pavements with IRI<170 can be considered to have an acceptable ridequality, while those with an IRI< 95 can be considered to have a good or very good ride quality.

NOTE: FA = Federal aid. SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, National Bridge Inventory Data.

Twenty-nine percent of the Nation’s estimated 585,542 bridges are structurally deficient orfunctionally obsolete. Twenty-three percent of the 130,224 bridges on the NHS (Interstateand all other principal arterials) are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete.

A structurally deficient bridge is closed or restricted to light vehicles only because of deterio-rated structural components. Structurally deficient bridges are not necessarily unsafe. Strictobservance of signs limiting traffic or speed on bridges will generally provide adequatesafeguards for those using the bridges.

A functionally obsolete bridge is one that cannot safely service the volume or type of trafficusing it. These bridges are not unsafe for all vehicles, but have older design features that pre-vent them from accommodating current traffic volumes and modern vehicle sizes and weights. 20

1Includes all Interstate and other principal arterials.2Includes all other highways except minor collectors and local roads and streets.3Includes rural minor collectors and local roads and streets.

Other FA Non-FA Total Conditions NHS1 Highways2 Highways3 Highways No. % No. % No. % No. %

Structurally Deficient 8,177 6.3 20,095 11.7 59,878 21.1 88,150 15.0

Functionally Obsolete 21,712 16.7 24,627 14.3 35,561 12.6 81,900 14.0

Non-Deficient or Obsolete 100,335 77.0 127,449 74.0 187,708 66.3 415,492 71.0

Total Bridges in Inventory 130,224 100.0 172,171 100.0 283,147 100.0 585,542 100.0

Alaska

Puerto Rico

Eisenhower Interstate System

Other NHS Route

The National Highway System

NOTE: Detailed information on the National Highway System, including intermodal connectors, can be found on the FHWA internet site at www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep10/nhs.

Hawaii

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Year

40

30

20

10

0Peak

Per

iod

Vehi

cle-

Mile

sof

Trav

el O

ccur

ing

Und

erC

onge

sted

Con

ditio

ns (%

)

38%37%41%40%40%40%


Travel Congestion on Urban Principal Arterial Roads

Peak period travel congestion on urban principal arterial roads has remained fairly stable overthe past 6 years. The measure of congestion used in this analysis is the Volume/Service Flow(V/SF) Ratio. As this ratio gets larger, traffic slows and eventually stops as the theoreticalvalue of 1.00 is approached (the volume of traffic = service flow capability of the facility). V/SFratio of greater than or equal to 0.80 is used here to indicate congestion.

Motor-Vehicle Fatalities and Travel

Fatality Rates

SOURCE: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System.

Fatalities decreased from a high of 51,093 in 1979 to a low of 39,230 in 1992. However, theyrose to 42,387 in 2000. Of the fatalities in 2000, 13.5% occurred on the Interstate System.


The fatality rate — fatalities per 100 million vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) — on all highwaysystems continues to decline. In 2000, the fatality rate reached 1.53, a 54% decrease from 1980.The decrease in the fatality rate occurred despite an 81% increase in highway travel and a 40%increase in motor vehicle registrations during the 1980 to 2000 time period. The fatality rate(0.85) on the Interstate System is a little more than one-half the rate on all highway systems.

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Fata

litie

spe

r 10

0 M

illio

n V

MT

3

2

1

0Interstate

All Systems

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Fata

litie

s (t

hous

ands

)

60

50

40

30

20

Fatalities

Travel

Trav

el (t

rilli

onve

hicl

e m

iles)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

21

1998 2000

Occupants inOther Vehicles

Non-Occupants

TruckOccupants

72813.5%

4348.1%

4,21278.4%

74714.1%

4197.9%

4,14178%

Urban15,947

VehicleOccupants

12,179

Non-Occupants

3,768

Day5,695

Night6,440

Day1,436

Night2,315

Day7,131

Night8,755

1Included in the total deaths reported are 1,350 deaths where urban/rural status, time of day, or location was unknown.

Rural24,524

VehicleOccupants

22,869

Non-Occupants

1,655

Day12,314

Night10,274

Day594

Night1,042

Day12,908

Night11,316

41,821Total Deaths1

Total Vehicle 36,249 OccupantsTotal Non-Occupants 5,572Total Day 20,744Total Night 20,710

Principal Classes of Motor-Vehicle Deaths

Fatalities Involving Medium/Heavy Trucks1


In 2000, 59% of motor-vehicle deaths occurred in places classified as rural. In urban areas,nearly 24% of the victims were non-occupants; in rural areas, the victims were mostlyoccupants of motor vehicles. Almost half of all deaths occurred at night.

1Medium/Heavy Truck—Single-unit truck with gross vehicle weight greater than 10,000 lb., tractor-trailer combination, truck with cargo trailer(s), or truck-tractor pulling no trailer.


There were 5,307 fatalities in crashes involving medium and heavy trucks in 2000, down from5,374 in 1998. Occupants in other vehicles accounted for 78% of the fatalities involvingmedium and heavy trucks.

There were 67 fewer fatalities in crashes involving medium and heavy trucks from 1998 to2000. Occupants in other vehicles shows a decrease of 71 fatalities involving medium andheavy trucks while the non-occupant fatalities also decreased by 15 over the same two years.


22

Highway Fuel Use

From 1970 to 2000, total highway fuel consumption increased to 162.3 billion gallons from92.3 billion gallons. The highway use of gasoline, which includes gasohol, is predominately byautomobiles while the highway use of diesel fuel is predominately by trucks.

During this period, the highway use of gasoline increased from 85.6 billion gallons in 1970 to 128.0billion gallons by 2000. As population and number of automobiles increased, the highway use of gaso-line increased overall through the 1980’s and into 2000 despite improved automotive fuel economy.

Vehicle-Miles of Travel, Highway Motor-Fuel Use andMiles Per Gallon of Fuel for All Vehicles

Indices for vehicle-miles of travel, highway fuel use, and average vehicle fuel economy (milesper gallon) have increased significantly through the last decade. Average fuel economy for allvehicles has increased from 12.0 miles per gallon (mpg) in 1970 to 16.9 in 2000, a 29%increase. This improved fuel efficiency made it possible to have a 248% increase in vehicle-milesof travel with only a 176% increase in fuel use.

19751970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Ind

exed

to

197

0 =

100

250

200

150

100

50

Highway FuelTravel

Miles per Gallon

(Base Year)1970 2000

VMT (in billions of vehicle-miles) 1,109.7 2,749.8

MF (in billions of gallons) 92.3 162.3

MPG (miles per gallon) 12.0 16.9

19751970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Bill

ion

s o

f G

allo

ns

Total Fuel Use

200

150

100

50

0

Highway Useof Special FuelsHighway Use

of Motor Fuel(includes Gasohol)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Bill

ions

of G

allo

ns 20

15

10

5

0

Gasohol Sales

Motor-Fuel Use

23

Tra

vel I

nd

ex (

1970

= 1

00)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

2-Axle, 4-Tire Trucks

Passenger CarsAll Motor Vehicles

All Trucks

CombinationTrucks

Single-UnitTrucks

Travel

Travel by Vehicle Type

Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel

Annual travel on the Nation’s highways reached an estimated 2.8 trillion vehicle-miles in2000, or nearly four times the level in 1960. Travel grew about 47% during the 1960’s,another 38% in the 1970’s, another 37% in the 1980’s, and another 26% in the 1990’s.

Annual travel on roads and streets in urban areas accounted for 1.7 trillion vehicle-milesin 2000 or 61% of total travel compared to 44% in 1960. Compared to the urban travelgrowth of 45% in the 1980’s, rural travel grew 27%. Much of the urban travel growth canbe attributed to expanding urban boundaries.

Travel by all motor vehicles has increased by 148% compared to 1970. Truck travel has increased231% since 1970. This includes travel by combination trucks and single-unit trucks. Combina-tion truck travel is up over 285% and now accounts for 4.9% of total annual vehicle-miles oftravel versus 3.2% in 1970. The most dramatic increase in travel has been by other 2-axle, 4-tirevehicles with an increase of 650% since 1970. This rapid increase is due to the popularity ofminivans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. The percentage of annual travel by passen-ger cars in relation to travel by all vehicles has decreased from 82.9% in 1970 to 58.6% in 2000.

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Tri

llio

ns

of

Mile

s

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Total

Urban

Rural

24

1 341

Average Daily Traffic

Per

cent

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Equivalent Single Axle Loads

89

7

76

3 & 4 AxleCombination Trucks

5 or more AxleCombination Trucks

18

Autos, Buses andLight Trucks2

Heavy Single UnitTrucks3

Rural Interstate Travel by Vehicle Type (Distributionof Average Daily Traffic Volumes and Equivalent Axle Loads1

on the Rural Interstate System as a Percent of Total)

Travel

On rural Interstate routes in 2000, combination trucks with 5 or more axles accountedfor 18% of average daily traffic but 89% of equivalent axle loads. All other vehiclesaccounted for 82% of average daily traffic but only 11% of traffic loads. From 1990 to2000, traffic on the rural Interstate routes increased by 36.4% and the equivalent axleloads increased by 88.3%.

1Equivalent axle loads provide a means of measuring vehicle wear on pavements by relating themto an 80 kilonewton (18,000 pound) single axle load.

2All 2-axle, 4-tire trucks. Includes pickup trucks, vans, and other vehicles (such as campers, motorhomes, etc.).

3All vehicles on a single frame having either 2 axles and 6 tires or 3 or more axles (includingcamping and recreational vehicles and motor homes).

25

Work

Work-Related

Shopping

Other Family &Personal BusinessSchool & Church

Visit Friends& Relatives

Other Social &Recreational

Other

0 5 10 15 20 25Percent of Trips

Person TripLength (miles)

Trips

Miles

11.62

20.27

6.06

7.62

5.97

12.53

9.85

22.82

Work

Work-related

ShoppingOther Family &

Personal BusinessSchool & Church

Visit Friends& Relatives

Other Social &Recreational

Other0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Percent of Trips

Walk Bike

Travel

Walk/Bike Trips by Purpose

Distribution of Person Trips and PersonMiles by Purpose


The 1995 NPTS data provides information on the reasons for travel. Family and personalbusiness, which includes shopping and services such as haircuts, car repair and banking,accounts for 46% of all person trips and about 35% of person miles. Social and recre-ational trips, which include visiting friends and relatives, attending movies and parties,and participating in sports, comprise 25% of all trips and account for 31% of all miles.Trips to work and for work-related purposes, such as attending a meeting constitute 20%of person trips and 28% of person miles. The average person trip length, encompassing alltrip purposes is 9.1 miles, and the average commute to work is 11.6 miles.


The data from the 1995 NPTS shows that there are approximately 56 million daily walktrips in the U.S. Family and personal business trips, which are usually the shortest trips,account for just over 43% of all walk trips. Social and recreational activities share another34%, with the remainder of walk trips for going to school, church or work.

The majority of bike trips, 60%, are for visiting friends and relatives and other social andrecreational activities. Another 22% are for shopping and other family and personalbusiness. Only 8% are for travel to and from work, which is not surprising given increas-ing work trip lengths and weather considerations.

26

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Bill

ion

s o

f D

olla

rs

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Motor-FuelTaxes

Interest

Other Taxes

Highway Funding & Expenditures

Federal Highway Trust Fund Receipts

Most receipts from the Federal taxation of motor fuel, along with a number of otherhighway-related taxes, are deposited in the Federal Highway Trust Fund. The Trust Fund ismade up of two accounts—highway and mass transit—and is dedicated for the funding ofFederal surface transportation programs. In this way, taxes on highway users are used tofund highway facilities. The Trust Fund has provided a stable funding source for highwayprograms since it was established in 1956.

Motor-fuel tax receipts accounted for $30.3 billion in Fiscal Year 2000 or 86.6% of all TrustFund tax receipts. Other taxes accounted for $4.7 billion. The balance in the Trust Fundcurrently earns no interest income.

27

Federal Highway Trust Fund Net Receipts – FY 2000

1Includes transfers of $4,625,403,000 to the Mass Transit Account.2Includes no funds credited to the Mass Transit Account.

Receipts PercentSource ($1,000,000) of Total

Motor Fuel $30,2881 86.6 Gasoline 20,802 59.5 Gasohol 1,609 4.6 Diesel and Other 7,877 22.5Trucks and Trailers 3,321 9.5Heavy Vehicle Use 921 2.6Tires 442 1.3Total Tax Receipts 34,972 100.0Interest Income 02

Total Receipts $34,972

1985 1990 1995 2000Fiscal Year

Bill

ion

s o

f D

olla

rs

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Mass Transit UnpaidCommitments

Highway Account UnpaidCommitments

Mass TransitAccount Balance

Highway AccountBalance

Federal Highway Trust Fund Balance and Commitments

The balance in the Highway Trust Fund has grown from $12.9 billion at the end of FY 1985to $31.1 billion at the end of FY 2000. At the end of FY 2000, the Highway Account held abalance of $22.6 billion and had unpaid commitments of $61.9 billion. Funds for highwayprojects are committed when the project is initiated and are paid out as the projectprogresses. Because construction projects are long term in nature, the highway-user taxrevenues can be committed to projects in advance of actual tax collection.

Obligations for roadway projects in FY 2000 were $7.9 billion for projects on the NHS and$16.2 billion for projects both on and off the NHS. The majority of the obligations bothNHS and Total were for projects involving System Preservation.

Obligation of Federal Funds for Roadway Projects byImprovement Types on the National Highway System (NHS)and Total – On and Off the NHS (All Projects – in Thousands)

NOTE: Capacity addition improvements include Relocation, some Reconstruction, Major Widening, andReconstruction-added capacity. The portion of reconstruction miles resulting in capacity improvements isestimated for 1994-based on new detail available beginning with the 1995 data. System preservationimprovements include some Reconstruction, Minor Widening, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Resurfacing,and Reconstruction-no added capacity. Excludes certain improvement types such as Safety/Traffic/TrafficSystem Management, Environmentally-related Projects, Special Bridge Programs and other projects.SOURCE: Fiscal Management Information System.


2000 on NHS$7,944,313

NewRoute15%

CapacityAdditions

32%SystemPreservation

53%

2000 Total$16,193,088

NewRoute14%

CapacityAdditions

32%SystemPreservation

54%

NOTE: The Highway Trust Fund was established July 1, 1956; the Mass Transit Account was establishedApril 1, 1983.

28

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Bill

ion

s o

f D

olla

rs

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Bill

ion

s o

f D

olla

rs

Highway Funding by Category(1980-2000)

Highway Expenditures by Function(1980-2000)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Debt Retirement($5.7)

Administration,Highway Patrol,and Bond Interest($25.4)

Maintenance($30.9)

CapitalExpenditures($64.6)

Tolls($5.4)

OtherHighway-User Fees($75.5)

Highway-User Fees

General Funds($17.1)

Other Taxes($11.8)

Investment Income($7.5)

Bond Proceeds($11.2)


Highway Funding by Category & Highway Expendituresby Function

Total highway funding by all units of government reached $128.5 billion in 2000 — a222.5% increase compared to 1980. At 63.0%, highway-user fees make up the largest shareof revenues used to fund highways. When compared to the 56.9% in 1980, the presentshare has slightly increased. The General Fund share of highway funding has decreasedfrom 21.0% in 1980 to 13.3% in 2000. Other taxes, investment income and bond proceedsaccount for 23.7% of the total highway funding as compared to 22.2% in 1980.

Capital expenditures currently account for 51.0% of highway expenditures compared to48.6% in 1980; maintenance accounts for 24.4% compared to 27.4% in 1980. Expendi-tures for administration, highway patrol, and bond interest account for a slightly increasedshare of total expenditures — 20.1% in 2000 versus 19.9% in 1980. Debt retirementaccounts for 4.5% of total expenditures which is a slight increase from 4.1% in 1980.

29

Local $20.827.6%

Local $29.138.6%

State $40.053.1%

State $45.660.5%

Federal $14.619.3%

Federal$0.70.9%

Federal $1.51.2%

Local $47.337.3%

State $77.961.5%

1990Local $31.3

24.3%

State $66.451.7%

Federal $30.824.0%

2000HighwayFunding

HighwayExpenditures

New Road and BridgeConstruction

10.5%

Other CapitalImprovements onExisting Highways

42.6%(i.e. 3R, reconstruction,

widening, safetyconstruction,

environmental treatment)

Physical Maintenance10.1%

Traffic Services4.3% (i.e snow removal)

Administration,Planning and Research

6.2%

Highway LawEnforcement & Safety

6.3%

Grants-in-aid12.2%

Debt Service7.8%

Highway Funding and Expenditures by GovernmentalUnit (billions of dollars)

NOTE: Expenditures by the Federal Government only reflect direct expenditures by Federal agencies. Federal transfers are included with expenditures shown for State and local governments.

State governments account for the largest shares of highway funding and highwayexpenditures. Local governments account for the next largest share of highway fundingand highway expenditures. The Federal share of highway expenditures is the smallest asmost Federal funds are transferred to State and local governments for expenditure intheir highway programs. Over the past 20 years, the relative share of Federal fundinghas decreased from 25.0% in 1980 to 24.0% in 2000.

Total State Disbursements for Highways in 2000 —$89.8 Billion

In 2000, States spent about $89.8 billion for highways, including Federal-aid. The largestsingle component of State spending is for capital improvements to existing highways($38.2 billion or 42.6%).


30

Bill

ion

s o

f D

olla

rs

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Capital Outlay(current dollars)Maintenance

(constant dollars)

Maintenance (current dollars)

Capital Outlay(constant dollars)

User Fee Type Rate on October 1, 1997

Motor Fuels Gasoline 18.4¢ per gallon Gasohol (10% blend) 13.0¢ per gallonDiesel Fuel 24.4¢ per gallonLiquefied Petroleum Gases 13.6¢ per gallon

Tires 0-40 pounds, no taxover 40 - 70 pounds, 15¢ per pound in excess of 40over 70 - 90 pounds, $4.50 plus 30¢ per pound in excess of 70over 90 pounds, $10.50 plus 50¢ per pound in excess of 90

Truck and Trailer Sales 12% of retailer's sales price for trucks over 33,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW) and trailers over 26,000 pounds GVW

Heavy Vehicle Use Annual Tax: Trucks 55,000 - 75,000 pounds GVW, $100 plus $22 for each 1,000 pounds (or fraction thereof) in excess of 55,000 pounds

Trucks over 75,000 pounds GVW, $550


Highway Capital Expenditures and MaintenanceExpenditures by All Units of Government

NOTE: Capital expenditures include construction, engineering, and right-of-way.

Highway capital expenditures increased 458.1% from 1970 to 2000. Adjusted for inflation,2000 capital expenditures (expressed in constant 1987 dollars) were only 33.7% above the1970 level. Expenditures for highway maintenance in 2000 increased 555.1% compared to1970. After accounting for inflation, 2000 maintenance expenditures were 47.6% abovethe 1970 level.

Federal Highway-User Fees1

1 See tables FE-101A, FE-101B, and FE-21B in Highway Statistics 2000 for a more complete description of Federal highway-user fees.NOTE: This table reflects rates included in Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.

31

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Ind

ex (

1987

= 1

00)

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Consumer PriceIndex

Federal-AidHighway Construction


Highway Construction Price Trends and the ConsumerPrice Index

1 Fiscal year starts October 1 and ends September 30.2 Apportioned pursuant to the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (as amended by the TEA 21Restoration Act)

of 1998.3 Does not include funds from the following programs: emergency relief, highway-related safety, Federal lands highway

programs, mandated projects, national magnetic levitation development, high-speed ground transportationdevelopment, and intelligent vehicle-highway system, among others. These funds are allocated from the HighwayTrust Fund.

Apportionment of Federal Funds Administered by theFederal Highway Administration for FY 1998, 1999, and20001 (in millions of dollars)

Selected Programs 19982 19992 20002

Interstate Maintenance 3,294 3,759 3,795National Highway System 3,989 4,607 4,651Surface Transportation Program 4,654 5,377 5,428Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement 1,163 1,311 1,324Appalachian Development Highway System - 443 443Recreation Trails 30 39 49Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation 2,845 3,211 3,242Metropolitan Planning 162 187 189Revenue Aligned Budget Authority - - 1,358Minimum Guarantee 5,386 6,387 6,719

Total 3 $21,523 $25,321 $27,198

32

Using Data for Comparisons

State & Urbanized Area Statistics

Even when data are consistently collected and reported, users need to recognizethat highway statistical information is not necessarily comparable across all States.For many of the data items reported in Highway Statistics (HS ’00), a user shouldnot expect to find consistency among all States, due to many State-to-Statedifferences. When making State level comparisons, it is inappropriate to use thesestatistics without recognizing those differences that impact comparability.

Use of reported State maintenance expenditures provides a clear example.Maintenance expenditures per mile can vary between States depending upon anumber of factors including differences such as climate and geography, how eachState defines maintenance versus capital expenditures, traffic intensity and percenttrucks, degree of urbanization, types of pavement being maintained, and the levelof system responsibility retained by the State versus that given to other levels ofgovernment. It would be inappropriate, therefore, when using data from HighwayStatistics to compare per mile maintenance costs across all States to draw anyconclusions without taking into account the differences that should be expected inthese parameters based upon differing State conditions.

If choosing to compare State data, the user must be prepared to thoughtfully selecta set of peer States that have similar characteristics in relationship to the specificcomparison being made. Improperly selected peer States are likely to yield invaliddata comparisons.

Differences that the user needs to consider in determining suitability of peer Statesfor data comparison purposes include characteristics such as urban/rural similarities,population density, degree of urbanization, climate, geography, differing State lawsand practices that influence data definitions, administration control of the publicroad system, similarity of the basic State economies, traffic volume similarities, andthe degree of State functional centralization.

Beginning in 1994, FHWA provided a two-page “Peer State” table in each editionof Highway Statistics that lists some of these characteristics so that the data usermight be made more aware of possible problems that may arise when comparingState-by-State data.

33

Highway Motor Total Annual Resident Driving-Age Fuel Use Total Road and Vehicle-Miles

Population Population (thousands Lane Street of TravelState (thousands) (thousands) of gallons) Miles Mileage (millions)

(HS’00, Table DL-1C) (HS’00, Table DL-1C) (HS’00, Table MF-21) (HS’00,Table HM-48) (HS’00, Table HM-20) (HS’00, Table VM-2)

AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDist. of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew York North CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

U.S. Total

4,447626

5,1302,673

33,8714,3013,405

783572

15,9828,1861,2111,293

12,4196,0802,9262,6884,0414,4681,2745,2966,3499,9384,9192,8445,595

9021,7111,9981,2358,4141,819

18,9768,049

64211,353

3,4503,421

12,2811,0484,012

7545,689

20,8512,233

6087,0785,8941,8085,363

493

281,399

3,451 458

3,908 2,073

25,599 3,322 2,651

610 469

12,742 6,251

949 969

9,530 4,682 2,281 2,058 3,161 3,395 1,010 4,085 5,008 7,628 3,783 2,160 4,292

701 1,315 1,538

961 6,545 1,370

14,797 6,291

502 8,790 2,666 2,673 9,694

827 3,115

577 4,446

15,618 1,599

479 5,529 4,553 1,455 4,157

382

217,105

3,148,522 338,750

2,999,157 1,959,484

17,017,620 2,450,177 1,697,878

429,413 192,440

8,648,333 6,030,954

417,929 847,974

6,293,151 4,371,604 1,993,887 1,676,445 2,850,498 2,742,677

847,317 2,889,534 3,122,005 5,822,391 3,154,032 2,035,655 3,977,442

660,133 1,188,911 1,188,724

759,891 4,748,655 1,285,461 6,516,320 5,088,090

483,722 6,570,881 2,478,132 1,919,249 6,323,548

450,802 2,831,976

562,591 3,759,136

13,252,841 1,333,773

403,551 4,575,296 3,180,398 1,091,359 3,061,051

590,437

162,260,196

195,298 25,991

118,437 198,161 371,689 176,993

44,474 12,558 3,774

253,349 241,087

9,255 95,178

288,879 193,637 232,920 274,014 164,231 127,883

46,346 67,017 74,505

256,155 271,176 151,701 251,209 141,978 188,273

79,050 31,366 78,163

124,841 239,035 209,335 175,349 248,722 232,710 136,866 249,169

12,812 136,123 169,060 183,640 639,853

87,435 29,359

152,328 167,211

76,671 231,340

56,780

8,223,386

94,311 12,823 55,195 97,600

168,076 85,409 20,845

5,779 1,425

116,649 114,727

4,281 46,456

138,372 93,608

113,377 134,582

79,267 60,900 22,670 30,494 35,311

121,979 132,250

73,498 123,039

69,567 92,791 37,854 15,211 36,022 59,927

112,783 99,813 86,609

116,964 112,634

66,902 119,642

6,052 64,921 83,471 87,419

301,035 41,852 14,273 70,393 80,209 37,277

112,359 27,326

3,936,229

56,534 4,613

49,768 29,167

306,649 41,771 30,756

8,240 3,498

152,136 105,010

8,543 13,534

102,866 70,862 29,433 28,130 46,803 40,849 14,190 50,174 52,796 97,792 52,601 35,536 67,083

9,882 18,081 17,639 12,021 67,446 22,760

129,057 89,504

7,217 105,898 43,355 35,010

102,337 8,359

45,538 8,432

65,732 220,064 22,597

6,811 74,801 53,330 19,242 57,266

8,090

2,749,803 HS ’00 = Highway Statistics, 2000; HTF = Highway Trust Fund.

Fatalities State Motor Total Payments ApportionmentsTotal (per 100 Fuel Taxes and Total Highway Disbursements into the from the

Highway million Other Related Capital Outlay for Highways Federal HTF Federal HTFFatalities VMT) Receipts (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands)

(HS’00, Table FI-10) (HS’00, Table MF-1) (HS’00, Table SF-2) (HS’00, Table SF-2) (HS’00, Table FE-221) (HS’00, Table FE-221)

995 103

1,036 652

3,753 681 342 123 49

2,999 1,541

131 276

1,418 875 445 461 820 937 169 588 433

1,382 625 949

1,157 237 276 323 126 731 430

1,458 1,472

86 1,351

652 451

1,520 80

1,065 173

1,306 3,769

373 79

930 632 410 799 152

41,821

1.76 2.23 2.08 2.24 1.22 1.63 1.11 1.49 1.40 1.97 1.47 1.53 2.04 1.38 1.23 1.51 1.64 1.75 2.29 1.19 1.17 0.82 1.41 1.19 2.67 1.72 2.40 1.53 1.83 1.05 1.08 1.89 1.13 1.64 1.19 1.28 1.50 1.29 1.49 0.96 2.34 2.05 1.99 1.71 1.65 1.16 1.24 1.19 2.13 1.40 1.88

1.52

579,812 27,817

565,982 398,717

2,945,156 521,721 545,671 103,965 31,727

1,612,070 431,243 68,872

202,874 1,231,728

746,424 394,458 358,989 439,785 544,329 174,259 643,009 644,389

1,047,898 595,997 397,597 674,002 195,390 307,043 305,124 136,478 525,253 238,882

1,406,054 1,054,849

102,201 1,484,302

414,272 385,359

1,698,159 134,571 467,948 116,489 777,581

2,700,214 314,163 87,255

774,161 725,356 295,148 795,105 100,435

31,470,283

719,722 321,612 960,137 468,053

2,721,334 730,129 568,931 297,648 164,529

2,448,336 1,106,272

148,304 260,689

1,836,253 1,035,129

696,081 697,463

1,078,252 767,993 224,728 594,511

2,238,138 2,136,479

697,358 697,252

1,006,426 300,018 383,934 424,280 189,689

1,994,253 463,011

2,582,541 1,464,209

180,072 1,650,422

809,152 357,751

2,323,646 129,527 502,049 346,269 836,144

3,421,427 691,200 138,578

1,270,665 704,342 673,882 886,798 270,786

47,616,404

1,246,223 501,359

2,040,266 817,387

6,750,225 1,391,910 1,304,378

594,641 244,216

4,207,948 1,567,212

272,268 491,604

3,446,580 1,932,198 1,493,639 1,206,470 1,650,763 1,300,553

487,571 1,599,413 3,524,344 2,747,958 1,692,476 1,039,192 1,818,178

473,807 744,905 650,984 387,468

4,502,639 1,162,422 5,306,825 2,621,330

384,538 3,350,560 1,417,329 1,010,377 4,516,621

255,637 970,218 465,690

1,439,811 5,664,524 1,072,340

287,124 2,678,129 1,871,259 1,170,434 1,663,266

395,725

89,832,934

638,977 65,940

583,068 415,571

3,025,732 423,763 312,507 79,594 33,728

1,554,162 1,189,533

69,351 178,492

1,053,743 767,408 353,281 346,783 577,037 527,753 162,787 541,915 545,690

1,074,219 403,760 428,679 754,241 140,430 241,167 215,455 137,452 865,079 269,496

1,249,954 918,638 101,377

1,158,013 500,974 381,740

1,238,907 82,095

554,376 101,194 759,820

2,573,239 249,715 70,411

867,264 588,415 220,408 602,560 151,317

30,347,210

589,698 378,674 494,747 397,312

2,795,250 367,548 439,532 128,749 117,381

1,390,224 1,023,963

154,425 253,889 986,434 688,839 345,026 338,426 525,325 464,400 153,306 476,674 536,063 961,800 439,011 365,747 719,347 301,755 224,419 228,039 148,580 781,862 307,801

1,485,648 825,844 194,296

1,006,181 446,540 384,990

1,449,850 180,896 483,066 211,222 685,545

2,199,108 283,695 133,812 775,292 544,878 329,354 572,783 228,408

29,945,654

Selected Statistics by State

State & Urbanized Area Statistics State & Urbanized Area Statistics

35 34

Total Total Licensed Drivers Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles Registered Licensed per 1,000 Driving- per 1,000 per Licensed

State Vehicles Drivers Age Population Population Driver(HS’00, Table MV-1) (HS’00, Table DL-22)

AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDist. of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew York North CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

U.S. Total

3,960,149594,399

3,794,5381,840,193

27,697,9233,626,0122,853,449

630,446242,081

11,781,0107,155,006

737,5511,177,7008,972,5845,570,9423,106,2232,296,1352,826,4033,556,9821,024,0963,847,5385,265,3998,435,7214,629,9402,289,4114,579,6291,026,2261,618,9331,219,7251,051,7516,390,0311,528,510

10,234,5316,222,503

693,86010,467,4763,014,4913,021,5749,259,967

759,5703,094,729

792,5094,819,799

14,070,0961,627,606

514,8836,046,1275,115,8661,441,7354,365,525

585,690

221,475,173

3,521,444 465,256

3,433,995 1,947,867

21,243,939 3,107,258 2,652,593

556,688 348,216

12,853,428 5,550,176

769,383 883,546

7,961,046 3,976,241 1,952,508 1,908,117 2,694,469 2,759,120

920,235 3,382,451 4,489,695 6,925,246 2,940,789 2,007,746 3,856,271

678,899 1,195,219 1,370,643

929,630 5,654,973 1,239,043

10,871,344 5,690,494

458,944 8,205,524 2,295,036 2,495,059 8,229,490

654,035 2,842,553

543,817 4,251,228

13,462,023 1,463,366

506,085 4,836,993 4,154,501 1,347,207 3,770,453

370,740

190,625,023

1,020 1,016

879 940 830 935

1,001 913 742

1,009 888 811 912 835 849 856 927 852 813 911 828 897 908 777 930 898 968 909 891 967 864 904 735 905 914 934 861 933 849 791 913 942 956 862 915

1,057 875 912 926 907 971

878

891 950 740 688 818 843 838 805 423 737 874 609 911 722 916

1,062 854 699 796 804 726 829 849 941 805 819

1,138 946 610 852 759 840 539 773

1,081 922 874 883 754 725 771

1,051 847 675 729 847 854 868 797 814

1,188

787

1.12 1.28 1.10 0.94 1.30 1.17 1.08 1.13 0.70 0.92 1.29 0.96 1.33 1.13 1.40 1.59 1.20 1.05 1.29 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.22 1.57 1.14 1.19 1.51 1.35 0.89 1.13 1.13 1.23 0.94 1.09 1.51 1.28 1.31 1.21 1.13 1.16 1.09 1.46 1.13 1.05 1.11 1.02 1.25 1.23 1.07 1.16 1.58

1.16

HS ’00 = Highway Statistics, 2000.

Persons per Gallons Vehicle-MilesRegistered of Fuel Miles Annual Miles Vehicle-Miles per Licensed

Motor Vehicle per Vehicle per Gallon per Vehicle per Capita Driver

1.12 1.05 1.35 1.45 1.22 1.19 1.19 1.24 2.36 1.36 1.14 1.64 1.10 1.38 1.09 0.94 1.17 1.43 1.26 1.24 1.38 1.21 1.18 1.06 1.24 1.22 0.88 1.06 1.64 1.17 1.32 1.19 1.85 1.29 0.93 1.08 1.14 1.13 1.33 1.38 1.30 0.95 1.18 1.48 1.37 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.25 1.23 0.84

1.27

795 570 790

1065 614 676 595 681 795 734 843 567 720 701 785 642 730

1009 771 827 751 593 690 681 889 869 643 734 975 723 743 841 637 818 697 628 822 635 683 593 915 710 780 942 819 784 757 622 757 701

1008

733

17.96 13.62 16.59 14.89 18.02 17.05 18.11 19.19 18.18 17.59 17.41 20.44 15.96 16.35 16.21 14.76 16.78 16.42 14.89 16.75 17.36 16.91 16.80 16.68 17.46 16.87 14.97 15.21 14.84 15.82 14.20 17.71 19.81 17.59 14.92 16.12 17.50 18.24 16.18 18.54 16.08 14.99 17.49 16.61 16.94 16.88 16.35 16.77 17.63 18.71 13.70

16.95

14,276 7,761

13,116 15,850 11,071 11,520 10,779 13,070 14,450 12,914 14,676 11,583 11,492 11,464 12,720 9,475

12,251 16,559 11,484 13,856 13,041 10,027 11,593 11,361 15,522 14,648 9,629

11,168 14,461 11,430 10,555 14,890 12,610 14,384 10,401 10,117 14,382 11,587 11,052 11,005 14,715 10,640 13,638 15,641 13,884 13,228 12,372 10,424 13,346 13,118 13,813

12,416

12,713 7,369 9,701

10,912 9,053 9,712 9,033

10,524 6,115 9,519

12,828 7,055

10,467 8,283

11,655 10,059 10,465 11,582 9,143

11,138 9,474 8,316 9,840

10,693 12,495 11,990 10,956 10,568 8,828 9,734 8,016

12,512 6,801

11,120 11,241 9,328

12,567 10,234 8,333 7,976

11,350 11,183 11,554 10,554 10,120 11,202 10,568 9,048

10,643 10,678 16,410

9,772

16,054 9,915

14,493 14,974 14,435 13,443 11,595 14,802 10,045 11,836 18,920 11,104 15,318 12,921 17,821 15,074 14,742 17,370 14,805 15,420 14,834 11,759 14,121 17,887 17,699 17,396 14,556 15,128 12,869 12,931 11,927 18,369 11,871 15,729 15,725 12,906 18,891 14,032 12,435 12,781 16,020 15,505 15,462 16,347 15,442 13,458 15,464 12,837 14,283 15,188 21,821

14,425

Population, Drivers, Vehicles, Fuel and Travel by State

State & Urbanized Area StatisticsState & Urbanized Area Statistics

37 36

Urbanized Areas with Populations Above 750,000

State & Urbanized Area StatisticsState & Urbanized Area Statistics

39 38

Location Estimated Federal-Aid Persons Total Total Freeway Total Daily Total Daily AnnualUrbanized Urbanized per Total Freeway/ Miles per Highway Freeway Daily % of Travel AveragePopulation Land Area Square Highway Expressway Urbanized Vehicle-Miles Vehicle-Miles Vehicle-Miles Served by Daily Traffic

Urbanized Area State State(s) (thousands) (sq.miles) Mile Mileage Mileage Population (thousands) (thousands) per Capita Freeways on Freeways

New York-Northeastern NJLos AngelesChicago-Northwestern IN1

Philadelphia1

San Francisco-OaklandDetroitDallas-Fort WorthWashingtonAtlantaBostonSan DiegoHoustonMinneapolis-St. PaulMiami-HialeahPhoenixBaltimoreSt. LouisSeattleDenverTampa-St Pete-ClearwaterClevelandSan JoseFort Lauderdale-Hollywood- Pompano BeachPittsburghMilwaukeeNorfolk-VA Beach-Newport NewsKansas CitySacramentoRiverside-San BernardinoPortland-VancouverSan JuanLas VegasCincinnatiOrlando1

San AntonioBuffalo-Niagara FallsOklahoma CityNew OrleansWest Palm Beach-Boca Raton- Delray BeachColumbusMemphisIndianapolisProvidence-PawtucketJacksonvilleSalt Lake CityLouisvilleTulsa

NYCAILPACAMITXDCGAMACATXMNFLAZMDMOWACOFLOHCAFL

PAWIVAMOCACAORPRNVOHFLTXNYOKLAFL

OHTNINRIFLUTKYOK

NJ

INNJ

MD, VA

IL

KS

WA

KY

AR, MS

MA

IN

17,089 12,384

7,702 4,068 4,022 3,836 3,746 3,617 2,977 2,917 2,653 2,487 2,475 2,270 2,138 2,107 2,044 1,994 1,993 1,953 1,783 1,626 1,601

1,569 1,532 1,507 1,422 1,394 1,340 1,338 1,303 1,256 1,176 1,160 1,143 1,112 1,083 1,065 1,041

940 919 915 907 869 830 823 803

3,962 2,231 2,730 1,347 1,203 1,304 1,712

999 1,757 1,138

733 1,537 1,192

353 1,054

712 1,124

844 720 650 838 365 327

1,086 518 952

1,036 383 514 469 274 270 630 395 485 564 647 270 307

476 420 422 515 508 353 384 305

4,313 5,551 2,821 3,020 3,343 2,942 2,188 3,621 1,694 2,563 3,619 1,618 2,076 6,431 2,028 2,959 1,819 2,363 2,768 3,005 2,128 4,455 4,896

1,445 2,958 1,583 1,373 3,640 2,607 2,853 4,755 4,652 1,867 2,937 2,357 1,972 1,674 3,944 3,391

1,975 2,188 2,168 1,761 1,711 2,351 2,143 2,633

37,623 26,949 23,764 13,417

9,316 13,808 17,830 10,329 13,145 10,148

5,965 15,251 10,919

5,607 10,232

6,608 8,064 7,101 7,007 7,539 5,530 4,111 4,207

8,441 5,095 5,512 7,545 4,569 4,735 5,615 2,811 2,963 4,887 3,610 5,002 3,985 4,714 3,290 2,591

3,426 3,369 4,228 4,399 3,664 3,334 3,763 2,761

1,130 652 477 347 330 283 594 306 306 211 246 368 316 120 163 278 320 241 209 124 227 126 109

283 111 173 374 105 139 137

66 77

176 156 211 139 150

75 87

149 92

130 120 156

79 137 112

66.1 52.7 62.0 85.4 82.0 73.8

158.5 84.6

102.9 72.3 92.8

148.0 127.8

53.1 76.4

131.9 156.7 121.0 104.6

63.7 127.3

77.4 67.8

180.5 72.8

114.8 263.3

75.6 103.9 102.4

50.6 61.3

149.6 134.9 184.4 124.7 138.7

70.3 83.6

158.1 99.8

141.8 131.8 180.0

94.6 166.9 139.8

263,905 280,793 158,240

77,005 90,277 92,359

116,548 82,959

100,693 59,361 62,809 91,883 60,720 43,577 58,405 45,021 58,761 51,430 43,997 44,473 37,800 38,343 37,335

35,632 31,888 34,588 41,187 29,724 32,876 31,517 17,415 24,128 32,605 32,288 33,445 21,448 25,980 15,414 25,277

24,731 22,724 29,398 20,446 24,553 20,396 22,794 18,006

101,299 126,498

48,276 24,483 47,982 31,125 49,197 34,533 42,488 22,890 33,745 39,195 27,094 13,584 19,424 22,659 25,739 24,008 16,904

8,356 17,284 16,529 12,832

11,128 9,701

11,269 19,307 12,769 16,601 12,595

6,187 6,848

15,744 9,532

15,775 6,365 8,932 5,613 8,368

11,895 6,887

11,259 8,465 9,836 6,410

10,040 6,267

15.422.720.518.922.424.131.122.933.820.323.736.924.519.227.321.428.725.822.122.821.223.623.3

22.720.823.029.021.324.523.613.419.227.727.829.319.324.014.524.3

26.324.732.122.528.324.627.722.4

38.445.130.531.853.133.742.241.642.238.653.742.744.631.233.350.343.846.738.418.845.743.134.4

31.230.432.646.943.050.540.035.528.448.329.547.229.734.436.433.1

48.130.338.341.440.131.444.034.8

89,639 193,875 101,167

70,457 145,461 109,882

82,872 112,852 138,701 108,468 137,029 106,458

85,640 112,782 118,882

81,550 80,362 99,474 81,063 67,181 76,169

131,322 118,225

39,295 87,013 65,150 51,566

121,177 119,245

91,900 93,821 88,954 89,495 60,915 74,837 45,900 59,444 74,954 96,167

80,044 75,077 86,750 70,833 62,896 81,618 73,103 55,813

1Some urbanized area data are inconsistently reported; for example, the Pennsylvania portion of Wilmington, Delaware is reported with Philadelphia; Kissimmee, Florida is reported with Orlando; and the Illinois portions of Aurora, Danville, Elgin, Crystal Lake, Joliet and Round Lake Beach are reported with Chicago. Other anomalies may exist.SOURCE: All data reported by States through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. Numbers may differ from subsequently published 1990 Census data.

NOTES

40

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration

Office of Highway Policy Information

Publication No. FHWA-PL-01-1012HPPI-40/10-01(20M)

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