One-Dimensional Staged Self-Assembly Erik Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Mashhood Ishaque, Andrew Winslow...
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Transcript of One-Dimensional Staged Self-Assembly Erik Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Mashhood Ishaque, Andrew Winslow...
One-Dimensional Staged Self-Assembly
Erik Demaine, Sarah Eisenstat, Mashhood Ishaque, Andrew Winslow
Funding in part by NSF grant CBET-0941538.
Setting
• Theoretic tile model of assembling labeled 1D structures.• The problem addressed is an optimization problem:
``Given structure C, find the most efficient system that builds C.’’
• The results will be algorithmic/complexity-theoretic:
``The assembly model is equivalent to context-free grammars’’
``A good algorithm for finding the smallest SAS exists’’
Staged Tile Assembly Model
Tiles are labeled squares with glues on their sides. BA
Tiles are mixed in bins and bond at common glues. AB
Mixing events are done in sequential stages.ABC
C
The composite objects created are assemblies/strings. ABC
A F
AF
A BF
AF
F A B
A B
BA
C
B C
E
BA E B C
FA
?
BA
?
C
Second part
Specifying a Self-Assembly System (SAS)
A directed graph of mixing steps.
A set of starting tiles. A EB C DF
The size of a SAS is the number of edges.
Problem and Approach
Problem: given an assembly S, find the smallest self-assembly system uniquely constructing S.
Approach: self-assembly systems as encodings of strings:
≈ A EB C DF ≈ “FABCED”
Context-Free Grammars (CFGs)
S1
D
S2
F A C EB
S4
S3
S5
S1 S2DS2 S3S5
S3 S4BS4 FAS5 CE CFG deriving the string FABCED
Size of CFG
Converting between SAS and CFG
A F B C E D A F B C E D
S4
S3
S5
S2
S1
CFG and SAS Equivalence
The problem is SAS minimization: given a labeled assembly, find the smallest SAS that produces it.
There are good algorithms for finding small CFGs and they cannot be improved much.
Using the conversion, algorithms for finding small CFGs are equivalent to algorithms for finding small SASs.
Theorem: there are good algorithms for the SAS minimization problem and they cannot be improved much.
A General Mixing Example
BA CAssemblies combine in all possible ways.
B C
BA C
Mixing starts with all input assemblies.
C A
B C AB C A The mixing products are the distinctterminal assemblies.
B C A
Why This Definition Matters
Previous result only applied to mixings with one product.
In the general model, mixings may have many products.
BA
BA
BA C
AC
AB
Using many-product mixings can result in much smaller systems for some assemblies.
Assemblies with Small SASs
A static string
An interleaved string Shift permutations of the interleaving
A composition of these interleavings
There is a SAS for this string using many-product mixings withsize ≈ √(n/log(n)), n the string length.
The string constructed has the structure:
ADBECF AFBDCE AEBFCD
Interleaving Shift Permutations Efficiently with SASs
Idea: Tiles with same label, different glues.
Implementation: add unlabeled tiles to “swap” glues.
Do all shift perm. glue swaps in one many-product mixing.
A B C
D D D
ADBECF AEBFCDAFBDCE
D
D
D
D
Why Can No CFG Encode This String Well?
Use Lempel-Ziv factorization from compression theory:
Rytter (2005): The size of the Lempel-Ziv factorization of a string is smaller than the size of any CFG generating it.
ADBECF AEBFCD AFBDCE
Thus any CFG for the string has size ≈ n/log(n).
ADBE
CF
AEBF
CD
AFBD
CE≈ n/log(n) factors
CFG and SAS Non-equivalence
Under the general model that allows many-product mixings,some assemblies have:
If many-product mixings are allowed, some strings require a quadratically larger CFG to encode than a SAS.
A SAS with size ≈ √(n/log(n)).
No CFG with size smaller than ≈ n/log(n).
Theorem: some strings admit quadradically-smaller SASs if many-product mixings are allowed.
Summary of Results
Theorem: if many-product mixings are allowed, some strings admit much smaller SASs than otherwise.
Theorem: if many-product mixings are not allowed, there are good algorithms for the SAS minimization problem and they cannot be improved much.
Thank you.