Onco Lec Part1.Ppt2-1

8/14/2019 Onco Lec Part1.Ppt2-1

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Cells The smallest unit of life that can

perform all life processes. It is often called the building blocks of

life. The word cell comes from the Latin

cellula, meaning, a small room


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Major Components of Cell

Water Proteins

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids (Fats and Oils)


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Molecule transportThe cell must be able to obtain nutrients and other molecules to survive.

ReproductionEnergyconversion


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Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or morecells.

Cells are the basic units of structure and functionin living things.

New cells are produced from existing cells.


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THE LEVELS OF

CELL ORGANIZATION


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Is the smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of

independent function.

Example - White Blood Cell


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TissueA group of cells that all do the same work


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A group of tissue that works together for perform a function


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ORGAN SYSTEMA group of organs that do a certain job.


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Cells in an organism may differ inappearance and function,

but they all work together to keepthe organism alive


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Two Major Kinds of

Cell


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Prokaryotic Cell

Cells that DO NOT have acell membrane aroundtheir nucleus. (not real)It comes from Greek wordprenucleus, meaningbefore nucleus.

Example - Bacteria


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Eukaryotic Cell

Cells that have amembrane around their nucleus.It means true nucleus.Are often found inmulticellular organisms

Example Human,Plants and Animal Cells


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TYPES OF CELL


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TYPE OF TissueCell

Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue


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CONNECTIVE TISSUECELL

Connective tissue is the name for the supporting tissues of the body

the bones, cartilage, tendonsand fibrous tissue that support thebody organs.Connective tissue cancers arecalled sarcomasTwo main types

bone sarcomassoft tissue sarcomas


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Muscle Tissue

active contractile tissue of the body FUNCTION :

to produce force and cause motion

locomotion or movement within internalorgans.

Three Distinct Categories Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle


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Nervous/Neural Tissue


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EPITHELIAL TISSUE CELL


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Blood and lymph tissues


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Organelles: Cells Little Organ

Are groups of complex molecules that helpa cell survive.

It describe the different parts of the cell. Organelles in a cell are analogous to the

organs in a body.


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The Cell Membrane : A cell's defining boundary

Is the protective layer that covers the cellssurfaceDouble layer of phospholipids with proteinsSelectively permeable

Functions:SupportProtectionControls movement of materials in/out of cellBarrier between cell and its environmentMaintains homeostasis


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Nucleus: The Brain of a cell

An organelle inside of the cell that directs theactivity in the cell.

It holds the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

The nucleus is roughly spherical and issurrounded by two membranes.

.


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The Nuclear Envelop:Nuclear Membrane

It holds the nucleus together.

It has tiny holes. Pieces of proteinand RNA pass through theseholes.


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Nucleolus

A small dark area inside thenucleus.Found inside the cell'snucleusMay have more than oneDisappear during celldivisionFunction: Make Ribosome


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The Endoplasmic Reticulum : ER

A folded membrane that movesmaterial in the cell

Is part of the internal deliverysystem and uses tubes for passageways.ER is additionally responsible for

moving proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi Body.


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DESCRIPTION:

Network of tubes or membranesSmooth ER (SER ) w/o ribosome

Rough ER (RER) with embeddedribosomeConnects to nuclear envelope & cellmembrane

Functions : Carries materials through cellAids in making proteins


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Ribosome : Protein Builders of the Cell

Organelle that makes protein for the cell.

Small bodies that are free or attached to ER

Made of rRNA & protein


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How Ribosome Makes Protein?


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It consist of flat, disk-shaped

sacs, tubules, and vesicles

Functions:Modify proteins made by the

cellsPackage & export proteinsaround the cell


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Lysosome is an organelle that eatsworn out cell parts. It contains digestiveenzymes. Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid thecell of toxic peroxides

Functions:Breaks down larger food molecules intosmaller moleculesDigests old cell parts


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Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the Cell

The organelle that releases energy in the cell

Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules andother nutrients into adenosine triphosphate(ATP ) to release energy.

Site of aerobic cellular respiration .


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CytoplasmThe gel-like material (Cystosol) inside of the cell

membrane.Keeps organelles in place

Supports and protects cell organelles

CiliaFunction: Movement

CentriolesFunction:Separate chromosome pairsduring mitosis .


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The cytoskeleton is an intricate network of proteins that criss-cross the cytoplasm of acell.

Made of microtubules microfilaments

The cytoskeleton serves several keyfunctions:

Provides structure to cells and a place toanchor organelles

Cell motilityControl of cell division during mitosis


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Parts of Cell


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Cellular

Communication


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2 Types: Cellular Communication

Intracellular Communication

Extracellular Communication


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I. Cell Signaling

A. Signal transduction

1. Signaling cell sends a signal to a target cell via a signal molecule.

a.) Signal molecule carries a message tothe target cell.

b) Environmental Factors


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2. Target cell detects the signal molecule (receives the message).

a.) Receptor proteins1.) Found on the target cell/receiver 2.) Recognize and respond specifically

to the signal molecule


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4 Types of Signaling


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Endocrine signals

Long distance signaling

Endocrine cells

Hormones released into the blood stream andbind to receptors to the sites.

Ex. Pancreas producing insulin and whichregulates glucose uptake in cells all over the body


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Juxtacrine signals

Occurs between two cells that are next to each other

Cells communicate with each other via direct contact.

Contact-dependent communication


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Paracrine signals

A certain type of cell will release thesignal to different type of cell that willrespond to the signal.

Ex: Epithelial communicates with a

smooth muscle cell


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PARACRINE SIGNALS


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Autocrine signals

A certain type of cell will release thesignal on the same type of cell that

will respond to the signal.

Ex: epithelial cell communicates with an

epithelial cell.


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AUTOCRINE SIGNALS


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Types of Cell Receptors

ion channel receptors

G-protein linked receptors

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)


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3 stages in the process of cell

signaling or communication

1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Response .


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Signals Can DRIVE a CELL to.


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Cell Cycle


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CELL CYCLE

is the series of events that take placein a cell leading to its division andduplication.

Cell cycle is broken into two major phases: Interphase

Mitotic Phase .


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INTERPHASE

the cell is growing and preparing for mitosis (M phase)

Interphase is divided into: G0 G1 S

G2


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MITOTIC PHASE

Cell growth stops at this stage andcellular energy is focused on theorderly division into two daughter cells. (Cell Division)

M Phase is divided into two: Mitosis

Cytokinesis


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CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS

are control mechanisms thatensure the fidelity of cell divisionin eukaryotic cells.


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3 Main Checkpoints

G1

G2

Metaphase Checkpoints


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CELL CYCLE


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CELL CYCLE


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Goal of the Cell Cycle

To produce two genetically identical cellsfrom one precursor cell .


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CELL DIVISION


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(1) Chromatid one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase.(2) Centromere the point where the two chromatids touch, and where the

microtubules attach.(3) Short arm.(4) Long arm


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INTERPHASE

This is when the cell is notdividing, but is carrying out itsnormal cellular functions.chromatin not visible

DNA, histones and centriolesall replicated.


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PROPHASE

chromosomes condense and becomevisibleDue to DNA replication duringinterphase, each chromosome consistsof two identical sister chromatidsconnected at the centromerecentrioles move to opposite poles of cellnucleolus disappears

phase ends with the breakdown of thenuclear membrane
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prophase.jpg


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METAPHASE

spindle fibres (microtubules)connect centrioles to chromosomes

chromosomes align along equator of cell and attaches to a spindlefibre by its centromer


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ANAPHASE

centromeres split, allowingchromatids to separate

Numerous mitochondria aroundthe spindle provide energy for movement


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TELOPHASE

spindle fibres dispersenuclear membranes fromaround each set of chromatids

nucleoli form


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CYTOKINESIS

a ring of actin filaments forms roundthe equator of the cell, and thentightens to form a cleavage furrow,which splits the cell in two.

membranes, cytoskeleton,organelles, and soluble proteinsaredistributed to the two daughter cells.


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Th Ch t i ti f N l


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The Characteristics of NormalCells

Reproduce themselves exactlyStop reproducing at the right timeStick together in the right place. Normal cells show stickiness or adhesiveness .

Self destruct if they are damagedBecome specialized or 'maturePractice Contact InhibitionNormal cells in a culture stop growing when their plasma membranes come into contact withone another.When two normal cells come into contact, one or both will stop moving and then begin tomove in another direction.

Communicate Effectively


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T H A N K Y O U !!!

Onco Lec Part1.Ppt2-1

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