On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval...

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On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA

Transcript of On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval...

Page 1: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

On Responsible Marketingquantum consumers and social canaries

Stéphane GauvinUniversité LavalQuébec, CANADA

Page 2: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Calotte polaire min-max 1979-2003

97515main_SeaIceYrly.mpeg

Page 3: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

66.3% population overweight / 32% obese

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Marketing responsable?

Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and

delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the

organization and its stakeholders. (AMA 2004)

Page 5: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Argument standard

Ne par confondre entreprise et marketing

Le marketing ne crée par de besoins

Le choix appartient au consommateur

Marketing est éthique – échange de valeur

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Démarche

Cadres éthiques normatifs Le concept de responsabilité Le concept de valeur Modéliser le consommateur Modéliser la société

Page 7: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Cadres normatifs

CSR (ex: Maignan, Ferrell 2004) Obligation sociale Obligation envers les parties prenantes (stakeholders) Motivation éthique Processus de gestion

Marketing sociétal (ex: Kotler 1972, 2004) Quality of life (ex: Sirgey & Lee 1996)

Hasnas 1998: The Normative Theories of Business Ethics: a guide for the perplexed

Page 8: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Hasnas 1998

Shareholder

Stakeholder

Social contract

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Hasnas 1998

Shareholder Responsabilités envers les actionnaires Contraintes réglementaires

Impopulaire (cf. Gaski)

Clair, simple Généralement enseigné dans business schools Cadre réglementaire anglo-saxon

Stakeholder

Social contract

Page 10: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Hasnas 1998

Shareholder Stakeholder

Responsabilités envers parties prenantes

Cadre le plus populaire Mais qui sont les parties prenantes? Quels sont les droits et obligations?

Obligation de se rabattre sur fondations éthiques• Utilitaires (i.e. positivistes)• Socialement construites

Social contract

Page 11: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Hasnas 1998

Shareholder Stakeholder

Social contract Bases autorité gouvernementale:

consentement

Donaldson, Dunfee (1999)• Qu’attend-on d’une entreprise?• Stakeholders sont identifiés

– Clients– Employés– Société proximale

• Régime légal Franco-Allemand

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Donaldson Dunfee

Contrat social

Tout est permis à l’intérieur de micro-sociétés

Quelques hypernormes• Éviter fraude et tromperie• Respect• Éviter pratiques prédatrices sur tout groupe

Page 13: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Marketing societal

Pas de fondements normatifs (Laczniak et Murphy 1993)

Trois préoccupations Intérêts vs désirs Société matérialiste Bien-être individuel vs collectif

Page 14: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Intérêts vs désirs

Désirs (court terme: gâteau au fromage) Intérêts (long terme: santé/apparence)

Pourquoi l’entreprise est en mesure de mieux comprendre les intérêts du consommateur?

Si les préférences diffèrent, l’entreprise peut-elle imposer les siennes?

Liberté de choix est une valeur fondamentale

Suppose coordination/coercition des agents

Page 15: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Société matérialiste

Ex: Dawson 1980

La consommation ne fait pas le bonheur Consommation symbolique – identité (Jackson 2005)

Polanyi (1949): Great Transformation Bloch, Stiglitz: société peut/doit contrôler marchés Polanyi-Levitt: nature humaine irrémédiablement

changée

Débat important, mais hors contrat social

Page 16: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Bien-être individuel vs collectif

Externalités: coûts exclus

Coûts

Valeurajoutée

externalités

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Externalités

Profits immédiats suppose valeur au client

Profits durables suppose valeur sociale

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Responsabilité

Causation

Liability(retrospective)

Agency(prospective)

Liability(retrospective)

Agency(prospective)

Instrumental

individual

collective

individual

collectivesocial

legal

moral

social

legal

moral

Control

Virtue

Page 19: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Valeur

Individual level Societal level

Extortion

Fraud / deception

Inefficiencies

Systemic

Conflicting values

Public Goods

(1) Tragedy of the commons(2) Drama of the commons(3) Sustainable development

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Propositions

Proposition 1a: Marketing is a set of managerial tools. In this sense, responsible marketing means that instruments work as intended and will not cause undesirable, predictable, side-effects.

Proposition 1b: As there is no corporate decision structure to shape these instruments, marketing scholars bear individual moral responsibility in order to search for the possible existence of such flaws and to inform society of their existence if they come to be known. A reasonable argument can be made that such flaws exist.

Proposition 1c: One such flaw is the way in which consumer decision making is modeled. Marketing, because it advocates the creation of value, is unlikely to lead to its destruction at the individual level. However, because it pursues the narrowly defined goal of maximizing customer value under the simplifying assumption that needs are independent, just like the practice of medicine by well intentioned caregivers can harm patients, the practice marketing by well intentioned business organizations may harm consumers.

Proposition 1d: Marketing focuses on the needs of an organization’s proximate stakeholders. A valid definition of societal marketing would include more distant stakeholders in the analysis, in such a way as to insure that offering value to a subset of society leads to the net creation of value rather than to a transfer from distant to the benefit of proximate stakeholders.

Page 21: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Propositions

Proposition 2: Organizations use marketing to further their interests. In this sense, socially responsible organization means that the organization has taken formal steps within its CIDS to make sure that it complies with the obligations of the social contract to which it gave its implicit consent.

Proposition 2b: An organization should always practice marketing responsibly. Therefore, a claim that it practices responsible marketing should be construed as to mean that it practices en enlightened kind of marketing, i.e. societal marketing, as otherwise it would be a pointless declaration.

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Quantum consumers

Modèle usuel de valeur Quels attributs Quelles importances Quelles évaluations

Emphase sur satisfaction « uni-dimensionnelle »

Max-Neef 1991: besoins conflictuels

Page 23: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Satisfaction vs regret 1974-2006

0

5

10

15

20

25

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Satisfaction Frustration, guilt, regret or shame

Page 24: On Responsible Marketing quantum consumers and social canaries Stéphane Gauvin Université Laval Québec, CANADA.

Satisfaction vs regret 1974-2006

Journal Satisfaction Frustration, guilt, regret or shame Ratio of (1) to (2)

Journal of Consumer Research 50 21 2.38

Journal of Marketing 123 2 61.50

Journal of Marketing Research 66 5 13.20 Management Science 31 12 2.58

Marketing Science 25 3 8.33

Total 295 43

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Quantum consumer

Stimule papilles

Cool

Santé

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Quantum consumer

Stimule papilles

Cool

Santé

Grands-mamanscréent tension modérée

Santé

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Quantum consumer

Stimule papilles

Cool

Santé

McDonald’s systématiqueCrée forte tension

Santé

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Social canaries

Lois sont utilisées par les activistes Activistes s’alimentent des tensions

Méthane trop élevé – » Canaris silencieux Marketing trop élevé – » Canaris bruyants

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Social canaries

Stimule papilles

Cool

SantéSanté

Stimule papilles

Cool

SantéSanté

Stimule papilles

Cool

SantéSanté

Stimule papilles

Cool

SantéSanté

Stimule papilles

Cool

SantéSanté

Exit

Voice

Voice

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Conclusions

Marketing est une collection d’outils Responsabilité instrumentale

Médecine (vie/douleur) Marketing (tension individuelle et sociale)

Pratique marketing responsable doit signifier considérer explicitement impacts distants

Extension du marketing Valeur au client permet profits durables Valeur sociétale permet offre durable de valeur au client