On resources and environment The nature of resources the Malthusian trap the supply-demand equilibrium The ocean resources food resources mineral resources energy resources Oceans and the environment food resources mineral resources energy resources The J- versus S-shaped population growth curves Africa (18.8%) Southern and eastern Asia (57.8%) World population is likely to stabilize at ~8.5 billion by 2,025. Growth Rates: Exponential versus Linear Average annual rate of population change (natural increase) in 1996 Worlds 10 most populous countries in 1996 World population projections by region: Urbanization has been particularly on the rise. Seafood is an important source of animal protein worldwide, nonetheless. World fish harvest: Note that Indian Ocean has the least yield. Area (10 6 km 2 ) Volume (10 6 km 3 ) Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Annual fish harvest (million tons) Ocean area (km 2 ) Primary produc- tion (gC/m 2 /yr) Average number of trophic steps Net transfer efficiency Total fish production (tons/yr) Oceanic Coastal Upwelling 325x10 6 (90%) 36x10 6 (9.9%) 36x10 4 (0.1%) x10 6 (