On Reservation-Based MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks With Directional Antenna...
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![Page 1: On Reservation-Based MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks With Directional Antenna Author : Jin-Jia Chang, Student Member, IEEE Wanjiun.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032518/56649ccb5503460f94995166/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
On Reservation-Based MAC Protocol On Reservation-Based MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks With Directional AntennaNetworks With Directional Antenna
Author : Author :
Jin-Jia Chang, Jin-Jia Chang, StudentStudent Member, IEEEMember, IEEE
Wanjiun Liao, Wanjiun Liao, Fellow, IEEEFellow, IEEE
Jiunn-Ru Lai, Jiunn-Ru Lai, Member, IEEEMember, IEEE
Speaker : Huei-Rung TsaiSpeaker : Huei-Rung Tsai
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2011IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2011
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OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• Goals
• RDMAC Protocol
• Performance Evaluation
• Conclusions
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The antenna of wireless network device – Omnidirectional antennas
– Directional antennas
• The advantage of using directional antennas– Reduce the interference problem
– Reduce energy consumption
– Increase the network throughput (spatial reuse)
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RR
IntroductionIntroduction
• The communication condition of directional antennas – Data-link layer
– Physical layer
TT RR TT
Data-link LayerData-link Layer Physical LayerPhysical Layer
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IntroductionIntroduction
• In the IEEE 802.11– Collision avoidance
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
– Hidden terminal problem• RTS/CTS exchange before each data transmission
– For omnidirectional antenna system
• In directional antenna system– New problems of location-dependent carrier sensing
• Directional hidden terminal problem
• Deafness problem
AA BBDATA
RTSC
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Several protocols have been proposed to solve the location dependent carrier-sensing problem
[3] T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, “A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad hoc wireless networks,” in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2003, pp. 98–107.
• Circular directional RTS/CTS
[4] H. Gossain, C. Cordeiro, and D. P. Agrawal, “MDA: An efficient directional MAC scheme for wireless ad hoc networks,” in Proc. IEEE Globecom, 2005, p. 3637.
• Diametrically opposite directional RTS/CTS
• Criticism–Every node known the location information of its neighbor in a priori
–Do not take into account the effect of the minor-lobe problem
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Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
Main-lobe
Minor-lobes
Back lobe
Side lobe
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• Interference From Minor Lobes
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
TT RR
NN
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• Interference From Minor Lobes– When transmitter’s main lobe overlaps with receiver’s minor lobe, the
node pair is regarded as within the interference
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
RR
InterferenceTT
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• Interference From Minor Lobes
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
NN
TT RR TT RR
NN
Interference
Interference
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Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• Mitigating Interference From Minor Lobes– Virtual Carrier Sensing (VCS)
– Physical Carrier Sensing (PCS)
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• VCS in Practical Directional Antenna Systems– Requires successfully decoding frames
– VCS cannot identify the existence of minor lobes
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
TT RR
Safe !!NN
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Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• PCS in Practical Directional Antenna Systems– Energy-detection-based mechanism
– When the signal strength exceeds a threshold, then we consider that existence of an ongoing transmission
• PCS is faster and more sensitivity than VCS, but when a node detects no signal, it doesn’t mean that it is real safe
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GoalsGoals
• Propose a MAC protocol called reservation-based directional medium access control (RDMAC), solved these problems– Location-dependent carrier sensing
– Minor-lobe interference
• RDMAC can operate without – Prior information on neighboring nodes’ location
– Centralized synchronization mechanism
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AssumptionAssumption
• The network environment exist two kinds of node– Omnidirectional antenna nodes
– RDMAC nodes
• Each RDMAC node can display two kinds of transmission– Omnidirectional transmission (ORTS/OCTS)
– Directional transmission (DRTS/DCTS/DDATA/DACK)
• Each RDMAC node maintains three table – Network access vector (NAV) table
– Directional network access vector (DNAV) table
– Neighbor table
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RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BB
ORTS:•Notify receiver node and neighboring node
DRTS:•Let neighboring nodes test the antenna gain threshold
OCTS:•Response transmitter node •Notify the direction of the antenna beam to transmitter and neighboring node
DRTS DCTS
ORTS OCTS
AA
Contention PeriodContention Period
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Contention PeriodContention Period
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BBAA
DRTS DCTS
ORTS OCTS
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RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BBAA
Transmission PeriodTransmission Period
DDATA
DDATA
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RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BBAA
Transmission PeriodTransmission Period
DACK
DACK
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RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
A
ContentionPeriod(tCP)
TransmissionPeriod(tTP)
B
C
D
E
F
OROR
OCOC
NAV
DRDR
DCDC
NAV
NAV
NAV
OROR
OCOC
DRDR
DCDC
Back off
DDATADDATA
DDATADDATA
DACKDACK
DACKDACK
time
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RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
A
ContentionPeriod(tCP)
TransmissionPeriod(tTP)
B
C
D
E
F
Free Period(tFP)
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
OROR
OCOC
DATADATA
ACKACK
NAV
NAV
OROR
OCOC
time
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
• Evaluate the performance result through ns-2 simulations
Static nodes 50
Area 2000 × 2000 m2
Frame size 1460 Byte
Physical data rate 54 Mb/s
Transmission range 250 m
Sidelobe beamwidth main beamwidth × 2
Backlobe beamwidth main beamwidth × 1
Interference range main beamwidth × 2
DIFS 28 μs
Contention period 500 μs
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
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ConclusionsConclusions
• This paper proposed a new MAC mechanism called RDMAC for IEEE 802.11 DCF-based multihop wireless networks with directional antennas– Reduce the location-dependent carrier-sensing
– Reduce the interference problems caused by minor lobes
– Eliminates the requirements of a centralized synchronization mechanism and prior location information on neighboring nodes
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