ON-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERYversus

OFF-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY-A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Dissertation submitted for

M.Ch DEGREE EXAMINATION

BRANCH I – CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY

MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE

AND

GOVERNMENT GENERAL HOSPITAL

CHENNAI – 600 003

THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

CHENNAI – 600 032

AUGUST 2009

learn to heal

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ON-PUMP

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY VERSUS

OFF-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY - A

COMPARATIVE STUDY” presented here is the original work done by

Dr.B.Prashant Kumar in the department of cardio thoracic surgery,

Government General Hospital, Madras Medical college, Chennai 600003,

in partial fulfillment of the University rules and regulations for the award

of M.Ch Cardiothoracic degree under our guidance and supervision

during the academic period from 2006 - 2009.

Dean,Madras Medical college,

Chennai.

Professor and Head,Department of Cardiothoracic surgery,

Government general hospital,Chennai 600003.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A great many people made this work possible. I thank my Dean for

allowing me to conduct this study.

My warmest respects and sincere gratitude to our beloved

Prof.M.Varadharajan, Professor and head of the Department of

Cardiothoracic Surgery, Government General Hospital, Chennai who was

the driving force behind this study. But for his constant guidance this

study would not have been possible.

I am indebted to Prof.M.Varadharajan for his constructive ideas,

guidance and personal involvement in this study.

My respectful thanks to Prof. T. S.Manoharan,

Prof.S.Vishwakumar, Prof.T.A.Vijayan, Prof.K.Sundaram,

Prof.K.Raja Venkatesh, without whom much of this work would not

have been possible.

In addition, I am grateful to Dr.R.K.Sasankh, Dr.N.Nagaraj,

Dr.B.Mariappan, Dr.T.M.Ponnuswamy, Dr.Dhamodharan,

Dr.PonRajarajan, Dr.Raghavendran for their invaluable contribution

for my study.

Last but not the least; I thank all my patients for their kind

cooperation.

CONTENTS

S.No. Contents Page. No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Review of Literature 3

3. Aims and Objectives 24

4. Materials and Methods 25

5. Observations 28

6. Discussion 42

7. Interpretation of Results 53

8. Conclusions 55

9. Bibliography

10. Annexure

11. Master Chart

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease had emerged as a major health burden

worldwide. Heart disease contributed to a major chunk of deaths of

which majority is from developing countries (1). A rise in the prevalence

of cardiovascular diseases in the early twentieth century and a subsequent

decline in the latter half has been well documented in the industrialized

countries. However the scenario is reversed in developing countries

especially India with a steady escalation in the prevalence of

cardiovascular diseases (2). It has been consistently observed that Indians

have premature CAD and that their risk for CAD is two to four times

higher than European population (3) and ten times higher than that

reported 40 years ago. The emerging trend of CAD in India shows that

there is an increase of the disease in the young population. And occurring

in younger patients, the disease pattern is severe. Within the Indian

subcontinent also, there has been a rapid rise in CAD prevalence (4,5) .

CAD has a multifactorial etiology with many of the risk factors

being influenced by lifestyle, prominent factors being dietary and

smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, COPD.

One of the most debated and polarizing issues in cardiac surgery

has been whether coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without the

use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or cardioplegia (off-pump CABG,

or OPCAB) is superior to that performed with the heart-lung machine and

the heart being chemically arrested (standard CABG) (6).

Beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting is a technique

developed to reduce usage of cardiopulmonary bypass. Till recently, CPB

was considered to be the most important factor for creating a perfect

vascular anastomosis in a quiet, motionless and bloodless field. Because

of the many deleterious effects of CPB, recognized to be particularly

important in the emerging scenario of an increasing number of elderly

and high risk patients being taken up for CABG, off-pump bypass has

gained importance. Many of the technical difficulties of the off-pump

technique have been overcome by the development of devices such as

stabilizers, snares, shunts, suction cones, etc (7).

Review ofLiterature

ANATOMY OF CORONARY ARTERIES

The coronary system divides naturally into two distributions, left

and right. From surgical point of view, the coronary arterial system is

divided into four parts

• The Left main coronary artery

• The Left anterior descending coronary artery and itsbranches

• The Left circumflex coronary artery and its branches

• The Right coronary artery and its branches

The major coronary arteries form a circle and a loop above the

heart (7,8). The circle is formed by the Right coronary artery and Left

circumflex arteries as they traverse the atrioventricular sulci. The loop is

formed between the ventricles and at right angles to the circle and is

formed by the Left anterior descending coronary artery and the Posterior

descending coronary artery as they encircle the septum.

The Right coronary artery courses along the right atrioventricular

groove just below the right atrial appendage and along the epicardial

surface adjacent to the tricuspid valve annulus. It traverses along the

tricuspid annulus until it reaches the posterior surface of the heart, where

it then becomes the Posterior descending artery and runs towards the apex

of the left ventricle. Along its course, a number of branches emerge, most

notably those that supply the sinus node and the atrioventricular node;

hence, blockage of such vessels can lead to conduction abnormalities. In

addition several major branches arise from Right coronary artery

including conus branch, Acute marginal branches, branches to right

atrium and right ventricle and the posterior descending artery. RCA

provides blood supply to SA node (50-60%), AV node, RA, RV, crista

supraventricularis, proximal bundle branches, inferoposterior septum.

RCA forms collaterals to LAD via the conus and septal perforators.

On exiting the ascending aorta, the Left main coronary arteries

typically bifurcate quickly into the Left circumflex and Left anterior

descending arteries. The Left circumflex artery runs under the left atrial

appendage on its way to the lateral wall of the left ventricle along the

posterior atrioventricular sulcus and in 85% terminates in the obtuse

margin of the LV. 10 – 15% terminate as the PDA. The Left circumflex

supplies blood supply to SA node (40-50%), posterior and lateral walls of

LV and the LA. PDA (10-15%) provides blood to the AV node, proximal

branches and some inferoposterior septum (left dominant). Along the

way, it spawns a number of branches that supply the left atrial and

ventricular septum including the Right and Left bundle branches of the

myocardial conduction system and the anterior and apical portions of the

left ventricle. The LAD travels in the anterior interventricular groove and

terminates in the apex. It gives multiple branches including septal and

diagonal branches and provides blood supply to the anterior 2/3 of the

interventricular septum and the anterior, lateral and apical walls of the left

ventricle. It also supplies blood to the Right and Left bundle branches (9).

Minimal criteria for normal coronary arteries (10)

• The aorta arises dually from the right and left coronary cusps

( the ones adjacent to the aortopulmonary septum)

• The Right coronary artery follows the atrioventricular

groove

• The Left coronary artery lies behind the pulmonary artery

and has a main trunk of variable length that divides into two

branches; the Left anterior descending and the circumflex

coronary arteries. The Left anterior descending artery

follows the interventricular groove and forms septal

perforator branches, and the Circumflex follows the left

atrioventricular groove.

• The Posterior descending branch originates from either the

Right or the Left coronary artery, follows the posterior

interventricular groove, and divides into septal perforator

branches.

• The major coronary branches flow epicardially

(extramurally)

• The coronary arteries terminate at the capillary (myocardial)

level.

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary artery bypass grafting is one of the procedures with the

highest impact in the history of medicine. No other operation has led to

more lives prolonged and been better characterized with respect to its

short and long term outcomes.

Chronic coronary artery disease is most commonly caused by

obstruction of the coronary arteries by atheromatous plaque. The clinical

presentations of CAD are highly variable. Chest discomfort is usually the

predominant symptom in chronic (stable) angina, unstable angina,

Prinzmetal (variant) angina, microvascular angina, and acute myocardial

infarction. However, syndromes of CAD also occur in which ischemic

chest discomfort is absent or not prominent, such as asymptomatic

(silent) myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, cardiac

arrhythmias, and sudden death. Obstructive CAD also has many

nonatherosclerotic causes, including congenital abnormalities of the

coronary vessels, myocardial bridging, coronary arteritis in association

with the systemic vasculitides, and radiation-induced coronary disease.

Myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris may also occur in the absence

of obstructive CAD, as in the case of aortic valve disease, hypertrophic

cardiomyopathy and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Moreover, CAD

may coexist with these other forms of heart disease (11).

The patient who presents with chest pain needs to be thoroughly

evaluated. A complete history and physical examination is first

undertaken, taking special care to note the presence of cardiac risk

factors: history of premature family history of CAD, hypertension,

diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. A physical

examination should focus on the cardiovascular system, followed by

laboratory assessment of cardiac enzymes (troponin, CPK-MB), a chest

x-ray and electrocardiogram.

Suspicion of an acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or acute

myocardial infarction) requires oxygen therapy, nitrates and aspirin

therapy (unless contraindicated), blood pressure therapy (first line therapy

of acute coronary syndromes is beta-blockers) and serial

electrocardiograms and cardiac enzymes. Evidence of an acute

myocardial infarction by either enzyme analysis or electrocardiogram

usually requires immediate therapy with either thrombolytics or

angioplasty.

The patient is observed on bed rest and medical therapy. For

continued pain or evidence of ischemia, urgent revascularization, either

with angioplasty or bypass, is usually indicated. If myocardial infarction

can be ruled out on the basis of normal serial enzymes and no evolution

of ECG, the patient most often is tested with cardiac stress testing

(treadmill, stress echocardiogram or nuclear testing). Patients who pass

this noninvasive evaluation (no ischemia or chest pain) are most often

discharged with a diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain. If the patient has a

positive stress test (ST depression or chest pain), the patient is most often

referred for cardiac catheterization (12).

The specific indications for coronary artery bypass grafting are as

follows:

1) Triple vessel disease with or without decrease in ejection

fraction (but particularly with a decrease in ejection

fraction). Patients with reduced ejection fraction with

coronary artery disease have a 5 year survival of

approximately 75%, this increases to 90% in patients

undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

2) Double vessel coronary artery disease with reduced ejection

fraction. Coronary artery bypass surgery appears to increase

long-term survival compared to medical management.

However, double vessel disease with normal ventricular

function probably can be managed as effectively with

angioplasty or medical management.

3) Angina refractory to triple vessel therapy including nitrates,

beta blockers and calcium channel blockers.

4) Compelling anatomy; this includes left main coronary artery

disease in which the patients have a propensity to sudden

death; also proximal Left anterior descending artery disease

where there is calcification proximal to the first septal

perforator. This instance is associated with a high incidence

of sudden death and should be managed with angioplasty

cautiously if at all. Life threatening ventricular arrhythmias

after myocardial infarction even without a left ventricular

aneurysm is an indication for coronary artery bypass surgery.

Some type of anti-arrhythmic surgery, either endocardial

ablation or placement of an automatic implantable

cardioverter defibrillator, should be done as well. Unstable

angina, i.e. crescendo angina, is an indication for coronary

revascularization on a semi-urgent basis if full medical

therapy is ineffective for up to several days (12) .

CONDUITS USED FOR CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION 12)

The two most commonly used conduits for a coronary

revascularization are the greater saphenous vein and the internal

mammary artery. Over the years, there has been no question that

increased use of the internal mammary artery results in improved survival

and improvement of angina free survival. This is because of the superior

patency of the internal mammary artery graft compared to the saphenous

vein graft. The 10 year patency of a saphenous vein graft is on the order

of 50%. The 10 year patency of an internal mammary artery graft is on

the order of 95%. The saphenous vein graft loses patency for the

following reasons: Initially, intimal hyperplasia occurs as a remodeling

process for the vein to adapt itself to the artery. This can result in

occlusion of the graft. Later on atherosclerosis occurs within the vein

graft, and this ultimately leads to the majority of saphenous vein graft

occlusions.

The internal mammary artery graft has the advantage that it will

not occlude by either of these methods since it does not undergo intimal

hyperplasia and it does not undergo atherosclerosis. The left internal

mammary artery is used most often and may be placed typically onto the

left anterior descending artery or onto the obtuse marginal arteries

coming off the circumflex. The right internal mammary artery may be

used for the anterior descending artery or may be brought to the right

coronary artery. It may also be brought down through the transverse sinus

to be placed onto the circumflex artery.

The mammary artery may also be used as a free conduit by

transecting it proximally and attaching it separately onto the aortic root.In

general, caution regarding the use of the internal mammary artery should

be used in the following situations (12):

1) Diabetic patients in general may have one internal mammary

artery taken down, however, two internal mammary arteries

would probably be dangerous because of the decrease in

vascularity of the chest wall, resulting in suboptimal wound

healing.

2) Immunocompromised patients and patients in chronic renal

failure likewise should undergo one internal mammary artery

takedown at the most.

3) Extremely old patients who would most likely expire within

the next 10 years would most likely not benefit from an

internal mammary bypass graft.

4) Patients who have atherosclerotic subclavian arteries would

most likely not benefit from an internal mammary artery

because of the atherosclerosis which may progress to the

internal mammary artery, as well as the subclavian artery

atherosclerosis which may impair flow to the mammary

artery.

5) Patients requiring emergency surgery for cardiogenic shock

generally should not be subjected to the increased time it

takes for taking down the internal mammary artery.

6) Patients who have a severely calcified or extremely tiny

target coronary artery generally would minimally benefit

from an internal mammary artery graft because of severity of

disease in the distal target.

7) Redo-coronary surgery patients who have had previous vein

grafts should receive mammary arteries with caution. In

particular, the situation in which a stenotic vein graft to a

completely occluded large important coronary artery

requires reoperation. In this case, it may not be wise to use

the internal mammary artery since the entire blood flow to

that large coronary artery depends on the vein graft, and the

mammary artery may not be able to supply the large demand

of the large coronary artery in the acute postoperative phase.

It should be noted that one of the major problems with

internal mammary artery grafts is the propensity for these

grafts to go into spasm in the perioperative period which can

result in acute infarction and hemodynamic destabilization.

This is why nifedipine is given intraoperatively after an

internal mammary artery is performed, as well as

postoperatively.

Other possible conduits for coronary revascularization include the

lesser saphenous vein and gastroepiploic artery, as well as inferior

epigastric artery. The gastroepiploic and inferior epigastric arteries seem

to have comparable patency to the internal mammary artery. The lesser

saphenous has a patency comparable to the greater saphenous vein.

Arm veins have been used, however, have an extremely poor

patency in the order of 50% after 2 years. Radial artery conduits are used

as well

TECHNIQUE OF CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS (12)

The patient is brought to the operating room and an arterial line and

Swan- Ganz catheter are placed for hemodynamic monitoring. The

patient is induced under general endotracheal anesthesia. A Foley catheter

is placed and the chest and legs are prepared and draped. A median

sternotomy is performed. If the mammary needs to be taken, this is done

with an internal mammary artery retractor. The vein is generally

harvested from the right lower extremity during this time. The

pericardium is opened. Heparin is given and purse strings applied. The

aorta is cannulated. The right atrial appendage is cannulated with a two-

stage venous cannula with one port going into the inferior vena cava and

the proximal port in the right atrium.

An antegrade cardioplegia cannula/aortic root vent is placed in the

aortic root, and a retrograde cannula is placed transatrially into the

coronary sinus. Cardiopulmonary bypass is instituted, the aortic cross-

clamp applied, and antegrade blood cardioplegia instilled through the

aortic root until arrest occurs, then this is switched to retrograde. The

chosen targets are then grafted with the saphenous vein graft. This

includes grafting to the distal Right coronary, Posterior descending,

Posterolateral branches or Acute Marginal for the Right coronary system.

For the Left Anterior Descending system, this may include branches of

the Diagonal as well. For the Circumflex system, this may include

branches of the Obtuse Marginal, as well as Posterior ventricular

branches in the case of a left dominant system.

The proximal coronary anastomosis onto the aortic root is

performed either during the period of cross-clamping, or once the cross-

clamp is released with an aortic side-biter clamp. Once the aortic cross-

clamp comes off, 100 mg of Lidocaine is given to help limit the amount

of arrhythmias. When the patient has gained a normal sinus rhythm, the

bleeding has been controlled, and mixed venous saturation is adequate,

weaning is instituted. At this point, the anesthesiologist ventilates the

patient. One gram of calcium is given by the perfusionist and the

following drugs administered to help limit the chance of a protamine

reaction . With weaning from bypass accomplished, the venous line is

removed and protamine is given. Generally, 3 mg/kg of protamine is

given (i.e. equivalent to the 3 mg/kg of heparin dose administered at the

beginning of the case). The ACT which was initially greater than 400

prior to initiating bypass now comes down to approximately baseline,

which is about 100 seconds. In the event that the patient has difficulty

weaning from bypass, then cardiopulmonary bypass is re-instituted and

the inotropes need to be raised. Initially, weaning from cardiopulmonary

bypass is performed with 1 mcg/kg/min of nitroglycerin and between 2.5

and 5 mcg/kg/min of dopamine. This may need to be increased to higher

levels of dopamine and/or epinephrine added. If epinephrine needs to be

added, this is usually started at about 1 mcg/min and can be titrated up. If

this fails, then other pharmacologic maneuvers may be in order. If the

patient has an elevated pulmonary artery pressure and also has a low

cardiac output, this may be helped with Amrinone, which has a positive

inotropic effect, but also causes vasodilatation, particularly on the

pulmonary circuit. The choice of drug used depends on the hemodynamic

parameters, the systemic vascular resistance, the cardiac output, and the

pulmonary artery pressures.

In the event weaning is still unsuccessful, an intra-aortic balloon

pump may be necessary. If weaning is still unsuccessful, i.e. after two

tries at weaning with elevated inotropic agents and a balloon pump in

place, then additional mechanical support is warranted. This type of

support depends on the findings. If there is elevated pulmonary wedge

pressure yet a low cardiac index (less than 1.5 l/min/m2) and a low blood

pressure (i.e. less than 90 mmHg), then it could be assumed that there is

left ventricular failure and a LVAD is warranted. Conversely, if the

patient has right ventricular failure, there will be elevated right atrial

pressure and low left-sided filling pressures, as well as low cardiac output

and low blood pressure, i.e. an inability to volume load the left heart

despite an elevated right atrial pressure. In this event, an RVAD may be

required. The LVAD is a partial bypass circuit from the left atrium to a

biomedicus vortex pump which then pumps the blood into the aorta. This

bypass circuit can be used to achieve nearly full flow and requires only

mild to moderate heparinization at approximately an ACT level of 150

seconds for flows below two liters. The LVAD is positioned in the left

atrium via the right superior pulmonary vein via a pledget purse string

placed in the right superior pulmonary vein. The aortic cannula already in

place in the aorta, can be used as the outflow for the LVAD. An RVAD is

placed via the right atrial cannula in place which then drains blood

through the biomedicus vortex pump into a cannula positioned in the

pulmonary artery. Placement of the LVAD can be life-saving. Its use is

basically to support a stunned heart which will eventually recover.

MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH BYPASS SURGERY (13)

Neurological Events

Neurological impairment after bypass surgery may be attributable

to hypoxia, emboli, hemorrhage, and/or metabolic abnormalities.

Postoperative neurological deficits have been divided into type 1

(associated with major focal neurological deficits, stupor, or coma) and

type 2 (in which deterioration in intellectual function is evident). Adverse

cerebral outcomes are observed in approximately 6% of patients after

bypass surgery, divided equally between type 1 and type 2 deficits.

Predictors of type 1 deficits include proximal aortic atherosclerosis

(defined by the surgeon at operation), prior neurological disease, use of

an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), diabetes, hypertension, unstable

angina, and increased age. Predictors of type 2 deficits include history of

excess alcohol consumption, arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation,

hypertension, prior bypass surgery, peripheral vascular disease, and

congestive heart failure. Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB)

avoids both aortic cannulation and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Accordingly, one would expect postoperative neurological deficits to be

reduced in patients undergoing OPCAB. Three randomized controlled

trials have not firmly established a significant change in neurological

outcomes between OPCAB patients and conventional CABG patients.

Each trial demonstrates problems inherent with small patient cohorts,

differing definitions, and patient selection. At this point, there is

insufficient evidence of a difference in neurological outcomes for patients

undergoing OPCAB compared with those undergoing conventional

CABG.

Mediastinitis

Deep sternal wound infection occurs in 1% to 4% of patients after

bypass surgery and carries a mortality rate of approximately 25%.

Predictors of this complication include obesity, reoperation, use of both

internal mammary arteries at surgery, duration and complexity of surgery,

and diabetes.

Renal Dysfunction

Postoperative renal dysfunction occurs in as many as 8% of

patients. Among patients who develop postoperative renal dysfunction

(defined as a postoperative serum creatinine level greater than 2.0 mg/dL

or an increase in baseline creatinine level of greater than 0.7 mg/dL), 18%

require dialysis. Overall mortality among patients who develop

postoperative renal dysfunction is 19% and approaches 67% among

patients requiring dialysis.

Predictors of renal dysfunction include advanced age, history of

moderate or severe congestive heart failure, prior bypass surgery, type 1

diabetes, and prior renal disease. Patients with advanced preoperative

renal dysfunction who undergo CABG have an extraordinarily high risk

for postoperative dialysis. Among patients with a preoperative creatinine

level greater than 2.5 mg/dL, 40% to 50% require hemodialysis.

Predictors of poor long-term survival after bypass surgery include

advanced age, poor LVEF, diabetes, number of diseased vessels, and

female gender.

Additional predictors may include angina class, hypertension, prior

myocardial infarction (MI), renal dysfunction, and clinical CHF.

Predictors of the recurrence of angina, late MI, or any cardiac event also

include obesity, lack of use of an internal mammary artery (IMA), and

factors identified above. Of these events, the return of angina is the most

common and is primarily related to late vein-graft atherosclerosis and

occlusion.

Attenuation of the Systemic Consequences of Cardiopulmonary

Bypass (13)

A variety of measures have been tried to reduce the systemic

consequences of CPB, which elicits a diffuse inflammatory response that

may cause transient or prolonged multisystem organ dysfunction.

Administration of corticosteroids before CPB may reduce complement

activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. The administration

of the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin may attenuate complement

activation and cytokine release during extracorporeal circulation. Another

method to reduce the inflammatory response is perioperative leukocyte

depletion through hematologic filtration.

Prevention of Postoperative Arrhythmias (13)

Postoperative AF increases the length of stay after CABG up to 5

days and is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increase in postoperative stroke.

There are several methods which reduce the risk of AF. First, withdrawal

of preoperative beta-blockers in the postoperative period doubles the risk

of AF after CABG. Thus, early reinitiation of beta-blockers is critical for

avoidance of this complication. Prophylactic use of beta-blockers lowers

the frequency of AF. For patients who have contraindications to beta-

blockers, amiodarone is appropriate prophylactic therapy. Digoxin and

nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers have no consistent benefit

for preventing AF after CABG, although they are frequently used to

control the rate of AF if it does occur. The routine preoperative or early

postoperative administration of beta-blockers is considered standard

therapy to reduce the risk of AF after CABG.

KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL CABG (13)

PREOPERATIVE PERIOD: Risk versus Benefit

1. Establish the indication

2. Assess perioperative risk

3. Assess expected long-term outcome

PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD: Steps to Reduce Risks

Potential

Complication Steps to Consider in Certain Cohorts

4. Perioperative AF and stroke Image ascending aorta

Anticoagulation for

– Chronic AF

– LV thrombus

Carotid screening

5. Low-output syndrome Blood cardioplegia for acute ischemia/

syndrome LV dysfunction

Prophylactic IABP

Delay if acute right ventricular MI

6. Postoperative infection Meticulous intraoperative steps

Preoperative antibiotics

7. Postoperative arrhythmias Beta-blockers or alternate

8. Bleeding and transfusion risk Consider discontinuing aspirin

Autodonation of blood

IN-HOSPITAL AND PREDISCHARGE PERIOD

9. Graft patency Start aspirin

Assess/treat LDL-C if 100 mg/dL

Smoking cessation counseling/Rx

10. Functional recovery Refer for cardiac rehabilitation

Evaluate for social isolation/depression

Arrange follow-up visit

Communication with all chronic

care givers

Aims &Objectives

1. To study the epidemiology of Coronary artery disease in the

local population.

2. To evaluate the outcome after treatment for coronary artery

disease.

3. To compare the outcome measures in the on-pump versus

the off-pump coronary artery bypass surgeries.

4. To compare our results with previous available studies.

5. To analyse the various complications of coronary artery

bypass surgery.

6. To analyse and compare the advantages and disadvantages

of on-pump versus off-pump bypass surgeries.

Materials andMethods

This study is a retrospective, nonrandomized observational study,

based on coronary artery disease patients admitted in Government

General Hospital, Chennai between January 2008 and December 2008,

who underwent surgical intervention for coronary artery disease.

Consecutive patients with diagnosis of coronary artery disease admitted

in the cardiology and Cardiothoracic surgery departments , Government

General Hospital, Chennai, were followed up and those patients who

were taken up for surgical treatment were included in the study list.

Medical records of these patients were analyzed for necessary data.

Of all there were 134 patients who underwent surgical treatment

during January 2008 to December 2008 period. Treatment was based on

prior review of coronary angiograms of the respective patients. Patients

who were operated on an emergency basis and patients who had previous

cardiac surgery were excluded from this study.

Patients were taken up for surgical management after obtaining

informed consent; either on-pump or off-pump coronary artery bypass

surgery. Decision was based on the opinions of the operating surgeons

after reviewing the coronary angiograms of the patients. Triple, double

and single vessel diseases were included in the study list.

The final decision whether to go ahead with OPCAB or ONCAB

was made on the table after inspecting the vessels. The main criterion for

deciding the method of operation was the technical feasibility of the

procedure. No reduction in the number of grafts for the sake of

performing OPCAB was accepted. Even if one of the planned grafts was

difficult to do OPCAB, the patient was operated ONCAB. The major

reasons for opting for onpump surgery were intramyocardial vessels,

calcified vessels, difficult exposure for lateral wall arteries, diffuse

disease and small vessels (<1 mm). 97 patients were treated with on-

pump coronary artery bypass surgery, while the remaining 37 patients

were planned for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Of these 37

patients, 3 were converted to on-pump bypass surgery during the

procedure, either due to unstable hemodynamics or inaccessible vessels

for grafting. In all cases, the procedure was performed through midline

sternotomy incision. Vessel grafts used were the left internal mammary

artery and/or saphenous vein graft. During off-pump surgery, stabilization

of the distal anastomotic site during anastomosis was done with octopus

or star fish.Anastomosis was done using 6/0 and 7/0 prolene sutures.

Postoperative period was followed for the development of

complications and the progress of the patients. Postoperative

echocardiographic assessment was done for all the patients.

All the patients continued their preoperative medications till the

morning of the surgery. The antiplatelet agents were stopped 5 to 7 days

prior to the scheduled date of surgery. On the day of the surgery, patient

was induced with midazolam, fentanyl and pancuronium. Intraoperative

monitoring was done by using arterial blood pressure monitoring and

central venous pressure monitoring and using a cardiac output monitor

through out the surgery. The on-pump patients received heparin at a dose

of 3mg/kg and an activated clotting time of > 400s was maintained. The

off-pump patients were administered heparin at a dose of 1.5mg/kg and

ACT was maintained at >250s. In all the patients , LIMA LAD

anastomosis was constructed first.

The rest of the distal anastomosis were done serially and all

proximal anastomoses were done with a partial clamping of the aorta.

Coronary shunts were used when the vessel diameter were small. At the

end of all anastomosis, protamine sulfate was administered at half the

heparin dose.

Statistical analysis was done by collecting preoperative clinical

features, operative data and postoperative data and expressed as

percentages, mean and standard deviations wherever applicable.

Observations

SEX DISTRIBUTION

CABG OFF PUMP Converted

Males 87 28 2

Females 10 6 1

CABG OFFPUMP

Males 89% 82.35%

Females 11% 17.65%

0102030405060708090

CABG OPCAB CONVERTED

MalesFemales

Of the 97 ONCAB patients, 87 were male, remaining 10 being

female patients. In the OPCAB group 28 were male patients, the

remaining 6 being female patients. Including the converted group of

patients, the total number of male patients in the on-pump group were 89

and the female patients 11. On calculation the percentage of the patients,

89% of the on-pump group were males, while 82.35% of the off pump

group were males.

DISTRIBUTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

TVD DVD SVD

CABG 58 19 20

OPCAB 22 9 3

CONVERTED 2 1 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

TVD DVD SVD

CABGOPCABCONVERT

Among the distribution of the coronary artery disease, of the 134

patients, 61.19% had triple vessel disease, 21.64% had double vessel

disease, and 17.16 % had single vessel disease. Of the 82 triple vessel

disease patients, 73.17% had on-pump CABG including the converted

surgeries and the remaining 26.83% had off-pump CABG. In the Double

vessel patients, 68.96% had on-pump CABG, and the remaining 31.03%

had off-pump surgery. 86.95% of patients had on-pump CABG, while the

remaining 13.05% had off-pump surgery.

AGE DISTRIBUTION

21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

CABG 2 11 38 36 10 0

OPCAB 1 3 17 10 3 0

CONVERT 0 0 3 0 0 0

05

10152025303540

21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70

CABGOPCABCONVERT

The majority of patients in the present study belonged to the 41 to

60 years age groups, The mean age in the on-pump patients was 50.51 ±

8.22 years, while in the off-pump group it was 49.02 ± 8.03 years. The

percentage of patients in the 41 to 50 years age group in the on-pump

patients was 38% of on-pump patients, while in the off-pump group it

was 50%. Patients between age of 51 to 60 years formed 36% of on-pump

patients and 29.41% of the off-pump patients.

CO-MORBID FACTORS

DM HT Hyperlipid COPD RFT

CABG 53 28 46 10 7

OPCAB 17 12 13 3 5

CONVERTED 2 0 1 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

DM HT LDL COPD RFT

CABGOPCABCONVERTED

Among the most common co morbid diseases that have been

analyzed it was found that 53.73% of the 134 patients had diabetes

mellitus, 29.85% had hypertension, 44.77% had hyperlipidemia, 9.7%

had COPD and 8.95% had preoperative renal dysfunction. Calculating for

the operative groups separately, it was found that 55% had diabetes

mellitus, 28% had hypertension, 47% had hyperlipidemia, 10% had

COPD and 7% had preoperative renal dysfunction in the on-pump group.

While for the off pump group, 50% had diabetes, 35.29% had

hypertension, 8.82 % had COPD and 14.70% had renal dysfunction.

CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS CONDUCTION

Present Study Hasse et al

ACC Time 53.4 ± 23.35 mins 54.3 ± 27.1 mins

CPB Time 117 ± 36.44 mins 78.6 ± 36 mins

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Present Study Hasse et al

ACC TimeCPB Time

In the conduction of the cardiopulmonary bypass in the on-pump

patients in the present study, the mean aortic cross clamp time was 53.4 ±

23.35 minutes and the mean total cardiopulmonary bypass time was 117

± 36.44 mins while comparison with the Hasse et al study where the

mean aortic cross clamp time was 54.3 minutes and the mean

cardiopulmonary bypass conduction time was 78.6 minutes.

NUMBER OF GRAFTS

THREE TWO ONE

CABG 49 25 23

OPCAB 14 16 4

CONVERTED 1 2 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

3 2 1

CABGOPCABCONVERT

In the patients who had on-pump CABG, 50 % had 3 vessel grafts,

27% had 2 grafts and 23 % had single grafts. Of the patients who had off-

pump surgery, 44.17% had 3 grafts, 47.05% had 2 vessel grafts and

remaining 11.76% had single vessel graft.

TYPE OF GRAFTS

LIMA alone SVG alone LIMA+SVG

CABG 12 50 35

OPCAB 2 20 12

CONVERTED 0 3 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

LIMA alone SVG alone LIMA+SVG

CABGOPCABCONVERT

In the Present study, two types of vascular grafts were used. The

left internal mammary artery graft and the great saphenous vein graft.

Majority was using Saphenous vein graft alone, 50 patients in the on-

pump group and 20 in the off-pump group. Next in strength were a

combination of both grafts, i.e. 35 patients in the on-pump group, and 12

in the off-pump group. While LIMA alone was used in 12 patients who

underwent on-pump bypass surgery, only 2 in the off-pump group had

LIMA alone. It was interesting to note that LIMA usage was more in the

on-pump group , probably given the lesser amount of strain involved as

the patient is run on a cardiopulmonary bypass machine.

DURATION OF CARE

Ventilation ICU Hospital

CABG 1.58 days 4.6 days 9.21 days

OPCAB 1.41 days 3.85 days 9 days

0

2

4

6

8

10

Vent time ICU time Hosp time

CABGOPCAB

During the postoperative period, the duration of ventilation,

intensive care and total hospital stay were noted. It was observed that the

mean ventilation time was 1.58 ± 1.13 days in the on-pump group, while

it was 1.41 ± 0.98 days in the off-pump group of patients. The duration of

mean intensive care was 4.6 ± 2.8 days in the on-pump group, while it

was 3.85 ± 1.9 days in the off-pump group. And the average hospital stay

period was 9.21 ± 1.03 in patients in the on-pump group , while it was 9 ±

0.42 days in the off-pump group.

POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS

ExcessDrainage

Renal CNS Arrhy-thmia

Re-opening

SternalInf

CABG 15 8 8 8 6 3

OPCAB 2 1 3 1 2 2

CONVERTED 1 0 2 0 0 0

02468

10121416

Bleed Renal CNS Arrhyth Re-opening

SternalInf

CABGOPCABCONVERT

DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLICATIONS

ExcessDrainage

Renal CNS Arrhythmia Re-opening

SternalInf

CABG 15.46% 8.25% 8.25% 8.25% 6.18% 3.09%

OPCAB 5.88% 2.94% 8.82% 2.94% 5.88% 5.88%

02468

10121416

Bleeding Renal CNS Arrhythmia Re-opening Sternal Inf

CABGOPCAB

The most common postoperative complication was excess

drainage. The mean quantity of postoperative bleeding was 479.60 ml in

the on-pump bypass group with a standard deviation of 291.69 ml, while

in the off-pump group it was 335.58ml with a standard deviation of

220.58 ml. While the range extended from 150 ml to 1500ml for the on-

pump group, it was 150 to 1350 ml for the off-pump group , with only

one patient in the off-pump group having more than 1000 ml drainage.

Although 16 patients had significant bleeding, reopening for excess

drainage as the primary cause was done for only 3 patients in the on-

pump group, the remaining done for other various causes causing

hemodynamic instability. In the off-pump group, reopening for bleeding

as the primary cause was done in only 1 patient, the other reopening done

for hemodynamic instability due to VT.

Other important primary complications studied were renal and

CNS complications. Postoperative renal failure was seen in 8 patients in

the on-pump group, of whom 6 had preoperative elevated renal

parameters and were operated in consensus with nephrologist’s opinion. 2

patients who had normal renal function preoperatively developed renal

failure postoperatively, of whom one was treated medically and one

required dialysis. There were 7 patients who had preoperative renal

dysfunction, of whom 6 had postoperative renal failure and the remaining

one had no postoperative renal complication.

In the off pump group, 5 patients had preoperative compromised

renal function, but only 1 patient developed renal failure postoperatively,

while the remaining 4 and the rest of the group had no renal problems.

CNS COMPLICATIONS

With reference to neurological complications, among the 134 total

patients, 13 patients developed neurological complications. Among these

patients, 8 belonged to the on-pump group, 3 to the off-pump group and 2

belonged to the converted group. Approximately, 10% of the on-pump

patients developed neurological complications, where as it was 9% in the

off-pump group. The range of neurological complications varied from

cerebrovascular accident like monoplegia, hemiplegia to Hypoxic

encephalopathy. Among the 13 patients who developed neurological

complications, 9 patients (69.23%) developed monoplegia and

hemiplegia, while the remaining 4 patients (30.77%) developed hypoxic

encephalopathy.

All neurological complications were referred to expert neurological

opinion and guidance for management. Neurological impairment after

bypass surgery may be attributable to hypoxia, emboli, hemorrhage,

and/or metabolic abnormalities. Postoperative neurological deficits have

been divided into type 1 (associated with major focal neurological

deficits, stupor, or coma) and type 2 (in which deterioration in intellectual

function is evident). Adverse cerebral outcomes are observed in

approximately 6% of patients after bypass surgery, divided equally

between type 1 and type 2 deficits. Predictors of type 1 deficits include

proximal aortic atherosclerosis (defined by the surgeon at operation),

prior neurological disease, use of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP),

diabetes, hypertension, unstable angina, and increased age. Predictors of

type 2 deficits include history of excess alcohol consumption,

arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, hypertension, prior bypass

surgery, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure.

POSTOPERATIVE RENAL FAILURE – MANAGEMENT

Medical Dialysis

CABG 2 4

OPCABG 1 0

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

4

Medical Dialysis

CABGOPCAB

Of the 100 patients who underwent on-pump bypass surgery, 6

patients developed postoperative complication of renal failure, while in

the off- pump group, only 1 patient developed renal failure

postoperatively. Of these total 7 patients, 2 in the on-pump group were

treated medically successfully, while the remaining 4 in the on-pump

group had undergone dialysis treatment for renal failure. A single patient

in the off-pump group was treated medically.

MORTALITY

PATIENTS CABG OPCABG

TOTAL 100 34

DEATHS 6 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CABG OPCAB

DEATHSTOTAL

Of the total number of patients, 100 belonged to the on-pump

group (including the 3 patients who were converted from off-pump to on-

pump CABG) and 34 to the off-pump group. Of these, there was a

mortality of 6 patients in the on-pump group, i.e. 6% of the on-pump

patients, while in the off-pump patients there was one death, i.e. 2.9% of

the 34 patients.

The deaths were due to low cardiac output syndrome with

prolonged ventilator support and multiorgan failure in 5 patients and

arrhythmia not amenable to medical management in two patients.

CORONARY ANGIOGRAM – LAD STENOSIS

CORONARY ANGIOGRAM – RCA STENOSIS

SAPHENOUS VEIN HARVESTING

LEFT INTETRNAL MAMMARY ARTERY HARVESTING

DISTAL CORONARY ARTERIOTOMY – DIAGONAL ARTERY

DISTAL ANASTOMOSIS – SAPHENOUS GRAFT

DISTAL ANASTOMOSIS – SAPHENOUS GRAFT

AORTIC PUNCH FOR PROXIMAL ANASTOMOSIS

PROXIMAL ANASTOMOSIS – ONPUMP

DISTAL ANASTOMOSIS – RCA – SAPHENOUS GRAFT - ONPUMP

PROXIMAL ANASTOMOSIS – ONPUMP

OPCAB IN PROGRESS

DISTAL ANASTOMOSIS USING LIMA

OFF-PUMP STABILIZING INSTRUMENTS

OPCABG IN PROGRESS

SKELETONISED LIMA

OPCABG – DISTAL ANASTOMOSIS

CHECKING HEMOSTASIS

POST CABG

POST CABG

Discussion

For decades the use of cardiopulmonary bypass has been recognized as

the main cause of a complex systemic inflammatory response, which

significantly contributes to several adverse postoperative outcomes,

including renal, pulmonary, or neurological complications, bleeding, and

even multiple organ dysfunction (14).

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is among the most

common operations performed in the world and accounts for more

resources expended in cardiovascular medicine than any other single

procedure (13).

Beating heart operations were reintroduced to routine clinical

practice 17 years ago as a last-resort technique limited to patients at high-

risk of cardiopulmonary bypass–induced complications. The pioneering

off-pump procedures, in which anastomoses were performed on moving

and bloody coronary vessels, were technically demanding, and the

revascularization of the lateral wall of the left ventricle was often not

feasible. After the recent development of effective devices for target

vessel exposure and stabilization, off-pump coronary artery bypass

grafting (OPCAB) has gained widespread use as an alternative technique

and is now challenging conventional on-pump grafting as the standard for

surgical therapy in multivessel disease (14).

Seven core variables are the most consistent predictors of mortality

after coronary artery surgery (13):

Priority of operation

Prior heart surgery

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)

Number of major coronary arteries with significant stenoses

Advanced age

Gender

Percent stenosis of left main coronary artery

The present study being a retrospective non-randomized study, the

total number of patients were 134, 100 belonging to the on-pump group

and 34 belonging to off-pump group. Among the other studies used for

comparison, Mack et al studied on 10118 on-pump patients and 7283 off-

pump patients, while Cleveland Clinic study involved 406 each of on-

pump and off-pump patients, Nathoe et al study involved 139 on-pump

and 142 off-pump patients. A more relevant study with regard to local

population, Raghuram et al involved 53 on-pump and 48 off-pump

patients (15,17,6,22).

Mean age in the on-pump group was 50.51 while it was 49.02 in

the off-pump patient group, when compared to Raghuram et al , which

was 57.4 and 59.6 respectively. One western study by Hasse et al had a

mean age of 64.7 and 65.9 respectively, indicating the earlier occurrence

of coronary artery disease in the Indian population (15,6,19).

As per Raghuram et al, the sex distribution was 46:7 in the on-

pump group and 48:0 in the off-pump group. In this study it was 89:11

and 28:6 respectively, compared with Hasse et al who showed a

distribution of 66:24 and 56:34 respectively. This distribution indicates

that when compared to the west, coronary artery disease is less prevalent

in Indian female population (15,6,19).

In the analysis of the co morbid factors, diabetes, hypertension,

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hyperlipidemia were given

particular attention. In this study, there was a 53% incidence of diabetes

in the on-pump group , while it was 50% in the off-pump group. As per

Raghuram et al , it was 60.4% and 52.1% respectively and 32.2% and

20% respectively in Hasse et al study. The picture shows more prevalence

of Diabetes in the Indian population (15,6,19).

Hypertension was present in 47.2% and 52.1% respectively in the

on-pump and off-pump groups in the Raghuram et al study, while it was

28% and 35.29% respectively in this study. Chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease was another co morbid risk factor analyzed in this

study which was present in 10% of the on-pump patients and 8.82% of

the off-pump patients, while it was 9.4% and 16.7% in Raghuram et al

study and 11.1% and 11.1% respectively in the Hasse study (15,6,19).

Hyperlipidemia was present in 46% of on-pump patients and

38.23% of off-pump patients in this study, while it was 52.8% and 58.3%

respectively in Raghuram et al study and 57% and 77.8% respectively in

Hasse et al study (15,6,19 ).

The mean preoperative Left ventricular Ejection Fraction was

55.09% and 57.17% in the Present study, compared to 44.5 and 39.5%

respectively in the Raghuram et al study. With regard to Hasse et al, there

was a finding of 35.6% and 32.2% of patients who had LVEF < 50% in

the on-pump and off-pump groups respectively (15,6,19).

In the present study 7% and 2.94% of the CABG and OPCABG

respectively had preoperative renal dysfunction, compared to 7.5% and

10.4% respectively by Raghuram study. Preoperative renal dysfunction

was present in 7% and 2.94 % in the on-pump group and off-pump group

respectively in the present study, while it was 7.5% and 10.40%

respectively according to Raghuram et al (15,19).

With regard to the operative particulars, the left internal mammary

artery was used in 96.2% and 93.8% respectively in the on-pump and off-

pump group in the Raghuram et al study, compared to 47% and 41.17%

respectively in the present study. The average number of grafts used in

this study was 2.25 in the On-pump group compared to 2.29 in the off-

pump group, while it was 3.2 and 3.0 respectively in the Raghuram et al

study.

With regard to the western studies, the average number of grafts

was 2.7(on-pump) and 2.3 ( off-pump) as per Straka et al, 3.4(on-pump)

and 3.4(off-pump) in the Puskas et al study, 3.5(on-pump) and 2.8(off-

pump) in the Cleveland Clinic study, 2.6 (on-pump) and 2.4(off-pump) in

the Nathoe et al study, and 2.1(on-pump) and 2.1(off-pump) as per Hasse

et al study (15, 17, 6, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26).

While analyzing the average Aortic Cross clamp time and

Cardiopulmonary bypass time in the on-pump groups, it was found to be

53.4 ± 23.35 minutes and 117.03 ± 35.44 minutes respectively, while as

per Hasse et al it was 54.3 ± 27.1 minutes and 78.6 ± 36 minutes

respectively. No statistics regarding the same was available in the more

comparable Indian study by Raghuram et al for comparison (15,6,19).

In the statistical analysis of the post operative period, the average

ventilation time was found to be 1.58 ± 1.13 days in the on-pump group,

while it was 1.41 ± 0.98 days in the off-pump group, while in comparison

it was 6.5± 4.5 hours (on-pump) and 6 ± 4.5 (off-pump) in the Raghuram

et al study. There was no statistics in the western studies regarding the

same for comparison except by Hasse et al who showed an average

ventilation time of 11.25 hours (on-pump) and 11.45 hours (off-pump)

(15,6,19).

Intensive care period was averagely 4.6 ± 2.8 days (on-pump) and

3.8±1.9days (off-pump) according to this present study statistics, while it

was 1.4 (on-pump) and 1.2 (off-pump) respectively in the Raghuram et al

study. Like the average ventilation time, not much statistics regarding the

intensive care period was available in the western studies for comparison

(15,19).

The average period of hospital stay in the present study was 9.21 ±

1.03 days ( on-pump group) and 9.0 ± 0.43 days (off-pump group) , while

in the Raghuram et al study it was 9.9 ± 3.4 days and 8.2 ± 0.7 days

respectively. The total hospital stay period was comparable in the

on-pump group while in the off-pump group, there was a difference of

1 day averagely between Raghuram et al and this present study (15).

When analyzing the postoperative complications, it was noted that

excess drainage was the most common complication in the present

study, the other complications being renal failure, neurological

complications and Sternal wound infections. The other mentionable

complication was arrhythmia. The average amount of drainage in this

study was 476 ± 291 ml in the on-pump group and 335 ± 220 ml in the

off-pump group, while in comparison it was 510 ± 348 ml (on-pump) and

488 ± 348 ml (off-pump) according to Raghuram et al (15,6).

Regarding the other complication of renal failure, it was seen in

6.18% (on-pump) and 2.94% (off-pump) respectively while in the

Raghuram et al study it was 5.7% and 4.5% respectively. Comparing the

other study reporting renal failure , the Cleveland Study reported a 1.5%

of renal failure in the on-pump group, while no renal failure was noted in

the off-pump group (15,6).

On analyzing the mortality data, it was calculated that in the

present study in the on-pump group it was 6.18% and in the off-pump

group it was 2.94%.

In comparison it was nil mortality in both the groups in the

Raghuram et al study, while in the Mack et al study it was 3.5%(on-

pump) and 1.9% (off-pump) and in the Gerola et al study it was 3.7%

(on-pump) and 1.2% (off-pump) . With regard to the mortality statistics,

the increased rate of mortality in the on-pump group in the present study

is compounded by the fact that the off-pump converted to on-pump group

is finally included in the on-pump group and the proportion of

complications and mortality might be due to the increased morbidity due

to the reasons for conversion from off-pump to the on-pump group

(15,6,22,23).

Racz et al Mack et al Cleveland ClinicCABG OPCABG CABG OPCABG CABG OPCABG

Strength 10118 7283 406 406AgeSex(M:F)MIDiabetesHypertensionSmokerCOPDHyperlipidEFRenal dysfnHtPeroperativeLIMANo: grafts 3.5±1.1 2.8±1.0Durationof surgery

PostoperativeVent timeRF 1.50% 0Bleed 2.20% 1.60%LCOICU stayHosp staySternal inf 2% 0.20%mortality 3.50% 1.90%Opn length

CPB timeACC timeVent time

STROKE 2% 1.60%

GIT comp 0.90% 1.20%3yr followup 89.60% 88.80%

Gerola et al Straka et al Puskas et alCABG OPCABG CABG OPCABG CABG OPCABG

StrengthAgeSex(M:F)MIDiabetesHypertensionSmokerCOPDHyperlipidEFRenal dysfnHtPeroperativeLIMANo: grafts 2.7 2.3 3.4±1.1 3.4±1.0Durationof surgery

PostoperativeVent timeRFBleed 680ml 560ml 898±434 1031±552LCOICU stayHosp stay 8.0±3.1 7.6±3.4Sternal infmortality 3.70% 1.20%Opn length

CPB timeACC timeVent time

STROKE

GIT comp3yr followup

Raghuram et al Hasse et al Present StudyCABG

OPCABG

CABG

OPCABG

CABG

OPCABG

Strength 53 48 100 34Age 57.4±6.25 59.6±6.58 64.7±9.3 65.9±9.1 50.5±8.22 49.0±8.0Sex(M:F) 46/7 48/0 66/24 56/34 89/11 28/6MI 56.60% 43.80%Diabetes 60.40% 52.10% 32.20% 20% 53% 50%Hypertension 47.20% 52.10% 28% 35.29%Smoker 34.60% 61.70% 11.10% 23.30% 22% 20.59%COPD 9.40% 16.70% 11.10% 11.10% 10% 8.82%Hyperlipid 52.80% 58.30% 57% 77.80% 46% 38.23%EF 44.5±26.4% 39.5±30.8% EF<50%

35.60%32.20% 55.09% 57.17

Renal dysfn 7.50% 10.40% 7% 2.94%Ht 252±80.8 213±56.7PreoperativeLIMA 96.20% 93.80%No: grafts 3.2±0.9 3.0±0.9 2.1±0.8 2.1±0.8 2.25 2.29Durationof surgery 3.66±0.98 3.56±0.77 252±80.8 213±56.7

PostoperativeVent time 6.5±4.5 6±4.5 2.47 ± 2.9 2.02 ± 2.4RF 5.70% 4.50% 6.2% 2.9%Bleed 510±348 488±348 476 335LCOICU stay 1.4 1.2 4.6 ± 2.8 3.85 ± 1.9Hosp stay 9.9±3.4 8.2±0.7 10.9±5.6 12.3±12.7 9.2 ± 1.03 9 ± 0.43Sternal inf 0 0Mortality 6.18% 2.94%Opn length

CPB time 78.6±36 117±36ACC time 54.3±27.1 53.4±23.3Vent time 675.7±996 687±1183 2.47±2.9 2.09±2.45

STROKE

GIT comp3yr followup

Interpretation ofResults

The incidence of coronary artery disease is observed to be more in

males than the females in the local population.

Triple vessel disease is more common in the distribution of

coronary artery disease in the study population compared to two vessel

and single vessel disease.

The peak incidence of coronary artery disease was more in the fifth

decade of life followed by the 51 to 60 age group when compared to the

other age groups. This distribution is in stark contrast to the western

population where coronary disease is more common after 60 years age

indicating the shift of the disease to the younger age groups in the local

population in India.

The morbidity of the disease is increased by the various range of

co-morbid diseases that co-exist with coronary disease. Diabetes,

hyperlipidemia and hypertension are the most common co-morbid

diseases seen in the study population. The other lesser common ones are

COPD and renal dysfunction.

Statistical analysis of the on-pump patients shows that the

morbidity is more in patients who are converted from off-pump to on-

pump, indication of the cause of the conversion being hemodynamic

instability.

The most commonly used grafts were the left internal mammary

artery graft and saphenous vein grafts.

The conduction of the bypass surgery was easier in the on-pump

group due to the better convenience to manipulate the heart without

compromising the hemodynamic status of the heart.

In the postoperative period, the mean ventilation time and intensive

care time was marginally lesser in the off-pump patients. The overall

hospital stay period shows very little difference between the two groups.

Among the postoperative complications, bleeding was the most

common, followed by renal and CNS complications. The other lesser

complications were arrhythmias , and sternal wound infection and

mediastinitis. It is noteworthy to mention here that arrhythmias were

primary complications in a lesser number of patients than noted and more

secondary as a result of the other complications of the patients.

The calculated mortality was found to be more in the on-pump

group compared to the off-pump group. But hidden within this fact is the

probability that this increased rate was a result of bias on part of the

operating surgeons to plan for on-pump surgery in the more complicated

patients. But despite this bias, there is a noticeable difference in the

mortality in the on-pump patients compared to the off-pump patients.

Conclusion

The result of this analysis indicates that off-pump surgery is associated

with less operative mortality and morbidity than on-pump surgery and

that the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is an independent risk factor for

mortality.

Certain results are worthy of note. The first is that the use of

cardiopulmonary bypass is an independent risk factor for mortality.

Second, there appears to be a particular benefit of avoiding CPB in those

subgroups generally considered high risk for CABG surgery, including

the elderly, women, and patients undergoing reoperative operations.

Third, as well as a mortality benefit, the performance of beating-heart

surgery is associated with a significant decrease in perioperative

morbidity including the need for blood transfusions, return to the

operating room for bleeding, respiratory complications, and new-onset

renal failure.

A further potential benefit of beating-heart surgery was hoped to be

improved neurological outcomes.

This data despite its methodological shortcomings, support a

benefit for OPCAB, which is consistent with numerous previous studies.

In addition, OPCAB benefit persists despite elevated risk among those

patients preferentially operated on off-pump. Ability to achieve superior

outcomes in high-risk patients in terms of mortality and across a number

of morbidity variables clearly speaks to the potential clinical benefit of

this operation.

Although not randomized, this study adds to the increasing body of

patients and among sample sizes sufficient to form a generalized

conclusion. The present study suggests that OPCABG reduces length of

hospital stay, operative morbidity, and operative mortality as compared

with on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

Bibliography

1) Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projection of mortality and

morbidity by cause 1990-2020; Global Burden of Disease Study.

Lancet 1997;349:1498-1504.

2) Reddy KS, Yusuf S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease

in developing countries. Circulation 1998;97:596-601.

3) Enas EA, Yusuf S, Mehta JL. Prevalence of coronary artery disease

in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:945-49.

4) Padmavati S, Gupta S, Pantulu GVA. Dietary fats, serum

cholesterol levels and incidence of atherosclerosis in Delhi.

Circulation 1959;19:849.

5) Gupta SP, Malhotra KC. Urban-rural trends in the epidemiology of

coronary heart disease. J Assoc Physicians India 1975;23:885-92.

6) Sellke et al. Comparing On-pump and Off-pump Coronary Artery

Bypass Grafting. Circulation 2005;111;2858-2864.

7) Daves ML. Cardiac roentgenology: the loop and circle approach.

Radiology 1970;95:157.

8) Soto B, Russell RO Jr, Moraski RE. Radiographic anatomy of the

coronary arteries: an atlas. N.Y.: Futura, 1976.

9) Chris Strouse, 10/7/08. Coronary Artery Anatomy, Conduction,

P-V Relationship, Dx and Rx Intraop Myocardial Ischemia.

10) Trivellato.M, Paolo Angelini : Variations in coronary artery

anatomy : Normal versus abnormal

11) David A. Morrow , Bernard J. Gersh : Chronic Coronary Artery

Disease ; Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A textbook of

Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed.

12) Fritz J.Baumgartner and MathewBudoff : Coronary Artery

Disease ; pg 69-87.

13) American Heart association. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

Surgery. March 2005.

14) Alessandra Parolari .Off pump versus on pump coronary artery

bypass: Metanalysis of currently available randomized trials. Ann

Thoracic Surg 2003; 76:37-40.

15) Raghuram et al. Off- pimp versus on pump CABG: A Comparison.

Indian heart journal, 2002;54:379-383).

16) Parolari et al. Meta-analysis of OPCAB and CABG outcomes.

Annals of thoracic surgery 2003;76:37-40.

17) Nathoe et al. Hendrik M Nathoe. A comparison of on-pump and

off-pump coronary bypass in low risk patients. The New England

Journal of Medicine. Jan 30,2003.Vol. 348, Iss 5;pg. 394,9 pgs

18) Natasha E Khan et al. A randomized comparison of off-pump and

on-pump multivessel coronary- artery bypass surgery. The New

England Journal of Medicine. Jan1, 2004. Vol.350, Iss.1; pg.21.

19) Haase et al. On-pump coronary artery surgery versus off-pump

exclusive arterial coronary grafting: a matched cohort comparison.

Annals of thoracic surgery 2003;75:62-67.

20) Gamoso et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass

surgery and postoperative Renal Dysfunction. Anesth Analg

2000;91:1080-4.

21) Hernandez et al. In-hospital outcomes of Off-pump Versus On-

pump Coronary Artery Bypass Procedures: A multicentre

Experience. Ann Thoracic Surg 2001;72:1528-34.

22) Michael J.Mack. Comparison of Coronary bypass surgery with and

without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with multivessel

disease. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

127;1:167-173.

23) Luis Roberto Gerola, Off-pump Versus On-pump Myocardial

Revascularization in low risk patients with one or two vessel

disease: Perioperative Results in a Multicentre Randomized

Controlled Trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:569-73.

24) Zbynek Straka. Off-pump versus On-pump Coronary Surgery:

Final Results from a Prospective Randomized Study PRAGUE-4.

Ann Thorac Surg 2004 ; 77:789-93.

25) J.D.Puskas, Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides

complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury,

transfusion requirements, and length of stay: A prospective

randomized comparison of two hundred unselected patients

undergoing off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass

grafting. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

125;4:797-808.

26) Michael J.Racz. A comparison of short- and long-term outcomes

after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

with sternotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 43:557-564.

27) V.Mohan, R.Deepa .Risk factors for coronary artery disease in

Indians, Journal of the association of the physicians of India. Feb

2004, VOl 52, P 95-97.

28) HS Rissam, S Kishore, N Trehan.Coronary artery disease in Young

Indians – The missing Link, Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical

Medicine, Vol 2, No 3, July - September 2001, P 128 – 132.

29) American Heart Association: Heart Disease and Stroke

Statistics – 2006 Update, Dallas, American Heart Association,

2006.

Annexure

ANNEXURE – I

PROFORMA

Patient Name :

Age /Sex :

MRD No :

Address :

Date of Admission :

Date of Surgery :

Date of Discharge :

Chief complaints :

Cardiac Symptoms :

Past History :

General Examination : Pallor/ Cyanosis / Jaundice / Pedal Edema

PR: BP:

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM :

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM :

INVESTIGATIONS

Hb: PCV: ESR:

Urea :

Creatinine :

Na+ :

K+ :

ECG :

CHEST X-RAY :

ECHO (TTE) :

CORONARY ANGIOGRAM :

DIAGNOSIS :

SURGERY :

No: of grafts :

Types of grafts :

ACC Time :

CPB Time :

POSTOPERATIVE :

Drainage :

Ventilation Time :

ICU Stay :

Hospital Stay :

COMPLICATIONS :

Renal :

Neurological :

Arrhythmias :

Re-opening :

Sternal Wound Infection :

OUTCOME

Discharged / Prolonged stay / Expired

ANNEXURE – II

ABBREVIATIONS

AF - Atrial Fibrillation

CABG - Coronary artery bypass grafting

CAD - Coronary artery disease

CHF - Congestive Heart Failure

COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPB - Cardiopulmonary Bypass

IABP - Intra aortic balloon pump

LA - Left atrium

LAD - Left anterior descending artery

LCA - Left coronary artery

LIMA - Left internal mammary artery

LV - Left ventricle

LVAD - left ventricular assist device

MI - Myocardial infarction

ONCAB - On-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

OPCAB - Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

PDA - Posterior descending artery

RA - Right atrium

RCA - Right coronary artery

RV - Right ventricle

RVAD - Right ventricular assist device

VT - Ventricular tachycardia

Master Chart