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1.Nationusedasaunifyingforce-Westernideasofpoliticalselfdeterminationinitiallyinfluenced

Anti-colonialnationalistideas.Anti-Colonialliberationmovementsoftenhadsimilarideastoliberal

nationalismofWilsonandMazzini-thequestforselfdetermination.Mostindependenceleaders

werewesterneducated.Experiencesofcolonialrulehelpedtofosteraparticularnationalidentity

anddesirefornationalliberation.

2.ResponsetoImperialism-Anti-Colonialmovementsareattractedtosocialismforanumberof

reasons.Socialismembodiesvaluesofcommunityandcooperationwellestablishedintraditional

pre-industrialsocieties.Socialism/Marxismprovidesananalysisofinequalitythroughwhichthe

colonialexperiencecanbeunderstoodandchallenged.

3.Politicalandeconomiccooperation-Anti-colonialnationalism,unlikeLiberalnationalismwas

linkedtoeconomicunderdevelopmentandsubordinationtomorepowerfulWesterneconomic

powers.'Nationalliberation'wasexpressedinpoliticalandeconomicterms.Anti-Colonial

movementswereattractedtoleftwingsocialistideas.

1 of 5

Give three features of Anti/Post Colonial Nationalism

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1.Nationusedasaunifyingforce-FrantzFanon'TheWretchedoftheEarth'-AMarxistanalysis

ofthecolonialsituationinAfricaandtheracismimplicitwithinit.StressedthatAfricannationalism

shouldnotfollowtheWesternexample.

2.ResponsetoImperialism-CheGuevaraCuba-'OnGuerillaWarfare'Believedthatcapitalism

wouldbedefeatedbyattackingitatitsweakestpointfromtheundevelopedworldbyviolentguerilla

tactics.

3.Politicalandeconomiccooperation-Ghandi/JuliusNyerere-Ghandiwasthepioneerof

satyagraha,aphilosophythatislargelyconcernedwithtruthandresistancetoevilthroughactive

nonviolentresistancewhichledIndiatoindependence.

3 of 5

Give three examples of the main features of anti-colonial nationalism.

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Internationalism-Internationalistsbelievethatthecommoncharacteristicsofthepeopleofthe

worldarestrongerthanthenationalboundariesthatseparatethem.Nationalism,theybelieve,

isresponsibleforwar,genocide,ethniccleansing,terrorismandnucleararsenalsamongstother

things.Thegoalofinternationalismistobuildsupranationalstructuresthatcancommandpolitical

allegianceofallthepeopleoftheworld,atransnationalviewofpoliticalidentity.

5 of 5

Describe the ideology that goes beyond nationalism

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1.EconomicGlobalisation-Emergenceofmultinationalcapitalwherenationalgovernmentshave

littlecontrol.Astheworldincreasinglymovestowardfreetrade,theexistenceofglobalratherthan

nationalmarketshasrenderedinternationalgovernmentspowerlesstocontroleconomicforces.

ForexamplecontroloftradepassedovertoIMF.

2.EcologicalCrises-Nation-statesareselfinterestedanddamagetheenvironment.

Environmentalissuesdonotrespectnationalboundaries.Thecontrolofemissions,thehealth

oftheseas,theprotectionofendangeredseasandsoonareallinternationalproblems.Even

separateculturalidentitiesarenowthreatenedbyglobalisationofculture.

7 of 5

Give two reasons why the nation has come underthreat.

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3.Socialandculturalglobalisation-Internationaltourism,communicationhasalsoledto

homogenisedculture.Inculturaltermswiththegrowthofairtravel,foreigntourism,satellite

televisionsandtheinternetglobalisationmeansthespreadofamarketdrivensocietysometimes

seenastheMcdonaldisationoftheworld.Cannationsanynlongerberegardedasmeaningful

entitieswhenpeopleindifferentpartsoftheworldwatchthesamefilmsandtelevision.Surelythe21stcenturyisgoingtowitnessthecollapseofnationalism?

4.Threatofglobalconflict-Competitionbetweenrivalnationstateshasthepotentialtoresultin

conflictandcreateastateofinternationaldisorderandchaos.Partlybecauseofthedevelopment

ofsupranationalismtherehasbeenahugeincreaseinthepowerandinfluenceofinternational

organisations,notablytheEU,WTOandWorldBank.

9 of 5

Give a further two reasons why the nation has comeunder threat.

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LiberalInternationalism

BasedonIndividualismandUniversalRights-Liberalshavesoughttomaketherightsandliberties

oftheindividualauniversalconceptinthebeliefthatacommonsetofuniversalliberalvalueswill

lessentensionbetweennationsandcreateacommoninternationalculture.Thishasledtothe

formationofinternationallawbasedonanumberoftreatiesandconventions.

Example:JohnLockeNaturalRights-Everyonehasanaturalrighttodefendhislife,libertyand

possessions.

SocialistInternationalism

BasedonSocialistviewsoffraternityandcommonhumanity-Socialistsbelieveinacommon

humanity.Nationalismdividespeoples,createsdivisions,conflictsandenmities,andthusprevents

thedevelopmentofacommonhumanity.Socialistsacceptthatitmaybenecessaryforoppressed

peoplestoachievenationalliberationandthrowoffthebourgeoisieandimperialism.However,

ultimatelyonlyrevolutionwillresultintrueliberation.

Example:JohnDonne'Nomanisanislandentireofitself...anymansdeathdiminishesme,

becauseIaminvolvedinmankind'-Humanbeingsdonotthrivewhenisolatedfromothers.This

wassharedbyChristiansandMuslims.

11 of 5

Give the basis of Liberal and Socialistinternationalism + examples

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Fearofconflict-Competitionbetweenrivalnationstateshasthepotentialtoresultinconflict

andcreateastateofinternationaldisorderandchaos.Liberalsseektocounterthisintwoways:

Freetrade.Tradecreatesasenseofinterdependencebetweennations,thusmakingitaforcefor

peace.Thematerialcostissogreatwarfarebecomesunthinkable.RichardCobden(19thcentury

ManchesterLiberal)-Freetradewouldbreedinternationalunderstandingandmaterialprosperity.

Example:FoundingoftheEuropeanUnion.UnderlinesFederalistsbeliefsintheEUdesignedto

preventarepearofthetwoworldwars.Liberalsseeglobalisationasanopportunitytorestorethe

importanceofregionalandlocalgovernment.

13 of 5

Give the first main feature of Liberal Internationalism+ example

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Internationalfreetrade-SupranationalorganisationssuchastheUnitedNations,WorldBank,

WorldTradeOrganisationamongstothersandahostoftreatiesandagreementswillcreatea

senseofinternationallawandorder.Freetradeagreementsareseenashavingapositiveimpact

oneconomicgrowth,especiallyforthesmallercountriesintheagreement.Tradingblocsare

groupsofcountriesthathavereachedacommonagreementtolowertradebarriersthroughoutthegroup.Freetradeagreementscreatetheopportunityforcountriestofocusonwhattheydo

best,andadeterrenttomonopolisticcountries.

Theorist:RichardCobden

19thCenturyManchesterLiberalwhoarguedfreetradewouldbreakdownthelikelihoodofwar

andcreateinternationalunderstandingandmaterialprosperity.

InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)

Theintergovernmentalorganisationthatoverseestheglobalfinancialsystemwitanimpactonthe

exchangerateandthebalanceofpayments.

15 of 5

Give the second feature of Liberal Internationalism +example

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Universalindividualism-Liberalshavesoughttomaketherightsandlibertiesoftheindividual

auniversalconceptinthebeliefthatacommonsetofuniversalliberalvalueswilllessen

tensionsbetweennationsandcreateacommoninternationalculture.Thishasledtothe

formationofInternationalOrganisationsbasedonanumberoftreatiesandconventions.However

Conservativesmaintainthatnationsaredistinctiveandcannotshareuniversalvalues.

Example:UniversalDeclarationonHumanRights-UniversalRightsDeclarationssuchasUN

declarationofhumanrights1948andEuropeanConventionofHumanRights1950.However,

anti-imperialistsseethisasanattempttoimposeWesternvaluesonallthepeoplesoftheworld.

17 of 5

Give the third main feature of Liberal Internationalism+ example

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Classsolidarity-ManysocialistslikeMarxistsbelievethatthe'workingclasshasnocountry'.Their

trueinterestslikewiththeinternationalworkingclasssolidarity.Socialclassismoreimportantthan

nationality.Socialistsacceptedthatitmaybenecessaryforoppressedpeoplestoachievenational

liberationandthrowoffthebourgeoisieandimperialism.

Example:Socialistinternationalismhasfounditsexpressioninmoderntimeswiththegrowthof

theanti-capitalistmovementandpartiallywiththeideasexpressedbyItalianMarxistAntonioNegri

inhisbook'Empire'.

19 of 5

Give one main feature of Socialist Internationalism

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Overthrowofthebourgeoisie-Marxbelievedthattheworkingclasshasnocountry.Their

trueinterestsliewithinternationalworkingclasssolidarity.Socialclassismoreimportantthan

nationality.Marxbelievedthattheemergenceofworldmarketshasturnedcapitalismintoaglobal

systemthatcanonlybechallengedbyaninternationalmovement.Marx:'theproletariatofeach

countrymustfirstsettlematterswithitsownbourgeoisie'.

Example:'TheCommunistManifesto1848-Theworkingmenhavenocountry.Wecannottake

fromthemwhattheyhavenotgot.Theproletarianshavenothingtolosebuttheirchains.They

haveaworldtowin.Workingmenofallcountriesunite!

21 of 5

Give a second feature of socialist internationalism

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Anti-CapitalistMovement

SocialistinternationalismhasfounditsexpressioninmoderntimeswiththegrowthoftheAnti-

CapitalistmovementandparticularlywiththeideasexpressedbyItalianMarxistAntonioNegriin

hisbookEmpire.Thishasledtoanti-capitalistcampaignsagainstneo-liberaleconomics.

AntonioNegri'Empire'

Negribelievesthatweareenteringanewimperialiststagewheretheworldisgovernedoverby

anewempire,madeupofneo-liberaleconomicinstitutions.

23 of 5

Give two further examples of socialistinternationalism

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Rational-AbeliefermegingfromtheenlightenmentperiodaroundtheFrenchRevolutionthat

theworldcanbeunderstoodandexplainedthroughtheexercisingofhumanreason.Rationalism

isnormallyassociatedwithideologiessuchasLiberalismandSocialism.Thereforenationalist

movementstendtobeconsideredrationalwhennationalconsciousnessisbeingusedasan

instrumenttocreatearationallydesirablesituation.Thenation-statehasapurposeeg.creationofpopularsovereignty.

Irrational-Abeliefthatthecapacityofhumanreasonisflawedandthathumansareessentially

limitedcreatures.Thereforeemotional,cultural,familialandethnictiesaremoreimportantguides

topoliticalactionthanpurereason.Nationalistmovementsarethereforeseentobeirrationalwhen

theystresstheimportanceofculturalandethnicties.Somepoliticaltheoristsarguenationalism

resultsfromdeepseatedsentimentsandemotionsthatarevirtuallyimmutable.

25 of 5

Define the view that nationalism is rational and thatnationalism is irrational

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LiberalNationalism-Nationsbasetheirbeliefsaroundindividualismwhichareappliedtothenation

astheybelieveinselfdeterminationandusethisasabasisforinternationalpeace.Implementation

offreetradecreatesinterdependencebetweenthetwonationsthusmakingitaforceforpeace.

Universalliberalvalueslessentensionsbetweennation-stateswhichhasledtotheformationof

supranationalinstitutions.

Example:JohnLockeNaturalRights-Everyonehastherighttodefendhislife,liberty,healthand

possessions.FoundingoftheEU,RichardCobden,IMF,UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights

Anti-ColonialNationalism-Anti-colonialnationalismevolvedintoanti-economicimperialismand

thiswaslinkedtothebeliefinnationalsovereignty.Thisresultedinthenationalmovementof

SaygidQutbwhocriticisedWesternsocietyas'decadent,immoralanddestructive'.Thenation

canbeusedasaunifyingforceasaresponsetoImperialismtoachievepoliticalandeconomic

liberationfromunderdevelopmentandsubordination.

Example:Lenin,FrantzFanon,CheGuevara,Ghandi

27 of 5

Give two forms of nationalism that are consideredrational and why + examples

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ConservativeNationalism-BasedonConservativebeliefsofhumannatureviewedasaphilosophy

ofhumanimperfection.Believenationalismisusefulonlyasatoolformaintainingsocialstability,

Alsoadoptaviewthatthenationisanorganiccommunitybeingmorethanasumofitsindividual

parts.Conservativeswanttomaintainhomogeneityanddefendthenationfromaperceivedthreat.

Examples:Hobbes(founderofmaterialism),Disraeli,EnochPowell,UKIP

ChauvanisticNationalism-Veryirrationalasexpansionisjustifiedbyracialsuperiority.They

believeindividualswillblindlyfollowthenation.Thusitisbasedonaformofintegralnationalism,

andthebeliefthatsomenationspossesscharacteristicsorqualitiesthatmakethemsuperiorto

others.Alsooftenlinkedwithracialismfuelledbynegativeintegration,breedingacleardistinction

betweenthemandus.

Example:CharlesMaurras,Nazitheoryoflebensraum,Naziracialtheory,BritishEmpire,

ScrambleforAfrica.

29 of 5

Give two forms of nationalism that can be consideredirrational + various examples

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'Mendon'tallowthemselvestobekilledfortheirinterests;theyallowthemselvestobekilledfor

theirpassions'.Tophraseitdifferently:peopledonotvoluntarilydieforthingsthatarerational.

Differentnationalistmovementswithinacountrymayexhibitdifferenttypesofnationalism-English

nationalismcanberepresentedbytheprogressive,rational,inclusivevaluesofpeoplelikeBilly

Braggorthelargelyregressive,exclusive,irrationalandracialistBNP.Someformsofnationalismarerationallyprogressivebutthereisanextentthatallformsofnationalismarebuiltonirrational

ties,culturaltiestendtounderpinmostformsofnationalism.Yetarguablytheyallblendreactionary

themeswithprogressiveones.Forexampleitcouldbearguedaracistsideaofworlddomination

isprogressive,clearlyitisasubjectiveissue.

31 of 5

Explain why all forms of nationalism might be seen ashaving rational and irrational elements.

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Progressive-Anactorbeliefisdeemedtobeprogressiveifitaimstowardsagoalintheinterests

ofprogress-toprogresstoanewstateofaffairs.Althoughitishighlysubjectiveanationalist

movementisthereforedeemedtobeprogressiveifitisnotseekingtodefendorprotectaparticular

wayoflife.Thisissupportedbyageneralviewofhumanprogressbaseduponthebeliefthat

humanhistoryismarkedbytheadvanceofknowledge.LiberalsandSocialistsusuallyhaveastrongbeliefinprogress.

Reactionary-Reactionarygenerallyreferstomovementswhichareresistanttochangeoradesire

toreturntoaformerstage,baseduponthebeliefthathumanhistoryisnotmarkedbyprogress,

onthecontrary,humanhistoryismarkedbydescentordecay.Nationalistmovementsaresaid

toberegressiveorreactionarywhentheyattempttoprotectthecurrentstatusquoorevenreturn

toamore'goldenage'ofhistoricalgloryornationalorculturalidentity.Theseideasareusually

associatedwithrightwingideologiessuchasConservatism.

33 of 5

Explain the view that Nationalism is progressive andregressive.

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LiberalNationalism-Nationalismisviewedasaliberatingandprogressiveforcethatopposes

allformsofforeigndominationandoppressionwhetherbymulti-nationalempiresorcolonial

powers.Supranationalorganisationshavebeenformedwhichhavebroughtnationstogether,itis

progressiveinthatitisorientatedaroundprojectsofpoliticalchangeandhascreatedlaws.For

example:ThefoundingoftheEuropeanUnionunderlinesfederalistsbeliefintheEUdesignedtopreventarepeatofthetwoWorldWars.Liberalsseeglobalisolationasanopportunity.

Anti-ColonialNationalism-IsaresponsetoImperialismasitembodiesthespiritofcommunity

andcooperationwellestablishedinpretraditionalsocieties.Anti-colonialnationalismsoughtto

preventeconomicunder-developmentandsubordinationtomorepowerfulempires.Forexample:

CheGuevarabelievedcapitalismwouldbedefeatedbyattackingitusingguerrillatactics.Ghandi

wasthepioneerofsatyagraha.

35 of 5

Give two progressive forms of Nationalism

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Someformsofchauvinisticnationalism-Nation,gloryandrebirth:Individualsandgroupslose

theiridentityandsubmergetotallywithintheallpowerfulnation.Theindividualasaseparate,

rationalbeingissweptawayonatideofpatrioticemotionexpressedinthedesireforaggression,

expansionandwar.Individualsareexpectedtobeloyaltothenationoverthemselvesinthename

ofprogression.

Forexample:Mussolini'sNewRomanEmpire:TheItalianColonialEmpirewascreatedafterthe

KingdomofItalyjoinedotherEuropeanpowersandwasnotinitiallyracialistuntilitwasforced

byHitler.

37 of 5

Give a further debatable progressive form ofnationalism

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Conservativenationalism-Conservativesinitiallyandarguablystilldoseenationalismasaway

ofmaintainingsocialorderandtradition.Patriotismandnationalism,althoughnotcompletely

synonymousgiveasenseofidentity,anexpressionofuniversalwillandspirit,whereathreator

obstacleisalwaysperceived.Forexample:ThomasHobbes'Leviathan',Disraeliappealingtothe

nationalistinstinctsofthepeople.EnochPowell-Anti-multiculturalismUKIPagainsttheEU.

Somechauvanisticformsofnationalism-Chauvanism,abeliefthatsomenationspossess

characteristicsorqualitieswhichmakethemsuperiortoothers.Racialism,oftenfuelledbynegative

integrationtheportrayalofanotherraceornationasathreat.Security-thisformofnationalism

appealstotheisolated,powerlessandemotionallyinsecure.Forexample:theNazi'sadoptedthe

pan-Germanexpansionismjustifyingitontheneedforlebensraumduetobiologicalsuperiorityof

theGerman/AryanraceagainstJews.

39 of 5

Give two reactionary elements of nationalism

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Nationalismisprogressivetotheextentthatitisorientatedaroundprojectsofpoliticalchange,

aimedatliberatingnationsfromsubordinationoroppression.However,nationalismisreactionary

inthatitsoftenbasedonhistoricalimagesandsymbols,onthefoundationofanidealisedpast.

41 of 5

Explain why all forms of nationalism might be seen ashaving progressive and reactionary elements.

.

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Inclusive-Inclusivenationalismisopentoeveryonetojoinwhohavecivicmembershipofthe

nation-state.Thenationisthereforedefinedpolitically.Itdoesnotexcludeonthebasisofrace,

religion,languageorotherethnicdistractions.Itisthereforereferredtoasacivicformofnationalist

identity.ThisisnormallyassociatedwithLiberalandSocialistbackgrounds.

Exclusive-Exclusivenationalismexcludescertainpeopleandgroupsfrommembershipofthe

nation.Thenationisthereforedefinedonracialorculturalgrounds.Groupsofpeopletherefore

maybemembersofthestatebutarenotconsideredpartofthenation.Thisisnormallyassociated

withmorerightwingideologies.

43 of 5

Explain why nationalism can be viewed as bothinclusive and exclusive.

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Liberalnationalism-freetradeagreementsbetweennationscreatetheopportunityforcountries

todowhattheydobest,andisadeterrenttomonopolisticactivities.Supranationalorganisations

suchastheUnitedNationscreateasenseofinterdependencebetweennationshelpingsmaller

nationstoprosper.Liberalshavealsosoughttomaketherightsandlibertiesoftheindividuala

universalconceptandwillcreateacommoninternationalculturebasedonanumberoftreatiesandorganisations.Example:JohnLocke'NaturalRightsEveryonehasthenaturalrighttodefend

hislife,health,libertyandpossessions.FoundingoftheIMFandEUafterWorldWarTwo.

Anti-colonialnationalism-Nationusedasaunifyingforce-westernideasofpoliticalself

determination.Experiencesofcolonialrulehelpedtofosteraparticularnationalidentityand

desirefornationalliberation.Anti-colonialmovementswereattractedtosocialismwhichembodied

valuesofcommunityandcooperationthroughwhichthecolonialexperiencecouldbechallenged.

Example:FrantzFanon'TheWretchedoftheEarthed'-AMarxistanalysisofthecolonialsituation

inAfricaandtheracismwithinit.CheGuevara-Cuba-CapitalismcouldbedefeatedthroughGuerillaWarfare.

45 of 5

Give two elements of inclusive nationalism +examples

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Someformsofchauvinisticnationalism-Extremenationalismoftenresultsinmilitarismand

expansionism.Militarism-theachievementofendsbymilitarymeansoreventheextensionof

militaryideas,valuesandpracticestothewholeofsociety.ThiswasadvocatedinHitlerspolicyof

lebensraumwhereheadvocatedextendingterritorialboundaries'withoutconsiderationoftradition

andprejudices,Germanymustfindthecouragetogatherourpeopleandtheirstrength'.

Example:BenitoMussolini-TheDoctrineofFascism1933.TheFascistsacceptlifeandlovesit,

knowingnothingofanddespisingsuicide.Heratherconceivesoflifeasdutyandstruggleand

conquest,thosewhoareathandandthosewhoarefardistant.

47 of 5

Give a further debateable form of inclusivenationalism + example

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ConservativeNationalism-Maintainingunitythroughhomogeneityinsociety,Conservativesfeel

threatenedbypluralismanddiversityasitthreatensthecohesionofsocietyandriskssocialconflict.

Strongnationalismpreservesacommonculturewhichwillpreservethesocialorderandunify

society.Defensive-protectingthenationfromaperceivedthreat-Holdabeliefinaspecial

nationalitywhichisbeingerodedbyanother,thishasbeenappliedtotheissueofEurope.

Example:EnochPowellRiversofBloodSpeech,antimulticulturalismwithinConservatism

highlightingdangersofimmigration.UKIPerodestheindependenceanddictatespoliciesthe

Britishwouldnevervoteforinanelection.

SomeformsofChauanisticNationalism-Racialismoftenfuelledbynegativeintegration,the

portrayalofanothernationorraceasathreatorenemy.Inthefaceofanenemythenation

drawstogetherandthesenseofitsidentityandimportanceisincreased.Breedsacleardistinction

between'them'and'us'.Security-offersselfrespectandpridetoanexclusivepeopleespecially

thepoorsectionsofsocietywhichwouldotherwisefeelpowerlessandapathetic.Example:Social

Darwinism-theNazi'sappliedSocialDarwinismtotheinterminglingofraces.Theirlineof

reasoningwasthatinterminglingdegeneratestheAryanrace.TheNazi'salsoadoptedtheJewish

threat.

49 of 5

Give two exclusive forms of Nationalism + twoexamples

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Itcanbearguedthatsincenationalismdrawsattentiontodivisionswithinhumankinditembodies

apotentialforexpansionismandexclusivity.Criticsofnationalismoftenarguethatitschiefdefect

isthatithighlightsthedifferencesbetweenandamongstthepeopleoftheworld.Culturaltiestend

tounderpinmostformsofnationalism,indicatedinBenedictAndersons'ImaginedCommunities'

-alsoallformsofnationalismareinherentlyexclusive.

51 of 5

Explain why all forms of nationalism might be seen ashaving exclusive elements