On-farm feed management practices for three Indian major carp species - in Andhra Pradesh, India

8/3/2019 On-farm feed management practices for three Indian major carp species - in Andhra Pradesh, India

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January | February 2012

Feature title: On-farm feed management practices for three Indianmajor carp species - in Andhra Pradesh, India

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
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by R Ramakrishna Senior Scientist, Fisheries Research Station, SV Veterinary University Undi, Andhra Pradesh, India

Global aquaculture production

is estimated at 66.7 million

tonnes. Asian fed aquaculture

contributed for 54 percent of

the total aquaculture production. The esti-

mated fish production from Asia contributed

88.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity and

71 percent in terms of value to total world

fed aquaculture production (FAO, 2006).

Global food fish production projectedby the year 2020 is 130 million tonnes, out

of which the production from aquaculture

is expected to be 53.6 million tonnes. The

estimated production form carps, barbs and

other cyprinids from India was 10.74 million

tonnes (Brugere and Ridler, 2004).

India is a carp country from aquaculture

point of view. There has been a phenomenal

expansion of commercial carp culture in con-

structed earthen ponds in certain Indian states

such as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana.

In several other states (Orissa, Karnataka

and Tamilnadu) commercial carp culture is

gaining momentum. Reservoirs and other

freshwater bodies are also the important

sources of Indian major carp production in

India.

The recent freshwater fish production

in India is 3.7 million tonnes of which about

80 percent (2.96 million tonnes) is from the

production of the three Indian major carps

namely Labeo rohita Hamilton (rohu), Catla

catla Hamilton (catla), and Cirrhinus mrigala

Hamilton (mrigal) from Asia. There produc-

tion is: rohu, 1,332,000; catla, 1,331,000 and

mrigal, 360,000 tonnes (2008a). About 90

percent of the production of the three Indian

major carps is expected to be contributed

from India.

Widely cultivatedIndian major carps are widely cultured in

Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan

also. Both rohu and catla were introduced in

to nine non-native countries and mrigal in to

seven such countries (Welcome, 1988).

Until the 19th Century carp culture was

confined to backyard ponds in Eastern Indian

states west Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. The

source of seed for this type culture was

natural seed from reverine resources. The

advent of successful induced breeding through

hypophysation in 1957, carp seed productiontechnology provided an impetus for a new era

of carp culture in the country.

The demonstration of successful com-

posite culture of Indian- and Chinese major

carps by the Central Inland Fisheries Research

Institute in West Bengal state during the peri-

od 1963 through 1984 (Jhingran, 1991), and

massive demonstration of this culture tech-

nology through Fish Farmers Development

Agencies located through out the country

inspired private farmers to take up seed pro-

duction and pond culture of major carps on a

commercial scale.

In Andhra Pradesh, pond culture of Indian

major carps was initiated in the Kolleru Lake

region in 1976, with the construction of 133

fish ponds by the State Government, covering

an area of 2040ha.

Success achieved by a few private farmers

during the initial years of culture encouraged

people belonging to a cross section of the

society in Krishna and West Godavari districts

to take up commercial fish culture in and

around Kolleru Lake on a large scale.

Other factors, which contributed to the

rapid development of fish culture in this

region, include, frequent inundation of agricul-

tural cropland due to floods, increased cost

of labour, and low return from paddy crops.

By the year 1981 several fish farms ranging

from 2 to 100ha were constructed in this

region (Gopal Rao, 1987). Fish culture area

continued to expand beyond 1981 result-

ing in the conversion of about 5000ha of

flood-prone fallow land and even agricultural

fields. Most of the carp culture area in Andhra

Pradesh is located in and around the Kolleru

Lake (Nandeesha and Gopal Rao, 1989).

By 1985, fish culture expanded on a large

scale to other irrigated areas in Krishna and

Godavari districts and on a smaller scale to

Nellore, Guntur, Prakasam and East Godavari

districts. shows the estimated culture area ofIndian major carps in the Kolleru and surround-

ing areas in the West Godavari and Krishna

districts during 1981 to 2010.

The culture area of Indian major carps

reached a peak of 80,000ha. With the gradual

expansion of pangus culture, 10,000ha, of area

originally belonged to the culture of Indian

major carps has been converted for mono

or mixed culture of Pangasianodon hypoph-

thalmus, Sauvage, (pangus), introduced in

to Andhra Pradesh in 1994 to 1995 from

Bangladesh via West Bengal State, India.

Thus, the culture area of Indian major

carps reduced to the presently estimated

70,000ha. Presently the total pangus area in

the state is estimated to be 20,000ha. The

field observations indicate that the culture

area of both Indian major carps and pangus is

still expanding in West Godavari, Krishna, East

Godavari and Nellore districts.

The Kolleru Lake and surrounding areas

in the West Godavari and Krishna districts is

the present cradle of Indian major carps and

pangus culture. In East Godavari and Nellore

districts estimated the culture area is 4000ha

each.

Capture fisheriesTraditionally, Kolleru Lake has been a rich

wild fisheries resource. Capture fisheries pro-

duction was 7000 tonnes in 1974. During the

years of normal environmental conditions the

On-farm feed managementpractices for three Indian major carp species

inAndhraPradesh,India

14 | IttIol AquAFeed | January-February 2012

FEATURE

-

production

contributed

by fish other

than carps

was about 50

percen t, and prawns and carps

was 30 percent and 10 percent respectively

(Venkateswara Rao et al., 2003).

Source water for fish cultureIn West Godavari, Krishna and East

Godavari districts the fish farmers are allowed

to draw water only from the agricultural

drains, for which they pay Rs. 500/- as a

revenue charge. In Nellore district water for

fish culture is drawn from irrigation canals,drains. In this district sub soil water (drawn out

mechanically for bore wells) is also a major

sources for fish culture. The ponds or farms

of a fish farmer are registered by the state

government on the insistence that the f armer

uses only drain water for the culture.

Organic manures andinorganic fertilizers

Manures and fertilizers play a key role in

the Indian major carp culture in producing

phytoplankton and zooplankton. The two

most widely used organic manures poultry

manure followed by cattle manure are abun-

dantly available in the state and in the fish

culture areas also since Andhra Pradesh is

basically an agrarian state, with rich population

of cattle, and stands number one in the coun-

try in poultry farming. The poultry manure is a

waste at poultry farms and is to be disposed

off. Poultry manure is supplied to farmers

through dealers, who maintain contacts with

the owners of big poultry farms located across

the state.

The mode of transport is by 10 to17

tonnes capacity lorries. The transport cost,

which comes to Rs250 to 300 per tonne

(Rs100=US$1.89) is included in the price paid

by the farmer. The dealer gets a commission of

Rs200 to 300 per 10 tonnes of poultry manure

delivered. Cattle dung is usually procured

from the production points in the near by

areas not

by dealers, but

by the trac-

tor owners

in the local

areas. They deal

with the owners

of the production

points and transport

the manure up to a

distance of five to

20km; each tractor

can transport two

to three tonnes of

cattle dung. Besides

the transport

charge, the owners

obtain a commis-

sion of Rs75 to 100(Rs100=US$1.89)

per each tonne cat-

tle dung delivered.

Among the

chemical fertilisers,

single super phos-

phate, di-ammonium

phosphate and urea

is the widely used

fertilisers, through

potash and complex

fertilisers are also

used. These fertilis-

ers are commonly

used in the rice agri-

culture and other

crops grown in the

same districts.

Both the groups

of farmers, of agri-

culture and fish cul-

ture, purchase the

chemical fertilisers

from the state gov-

ernment - author-

ized local dealers,

or local agricultural

cooperatives stores.

All these are

under the control

and regulation of the

district Agricultural

- January-February 2012 | IttIol AquAFeed | 15

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Officers. During the periods of shortage, the

agricultural officers ensure that the chemical

fertilisers are sold to agriculture farmers only.

Fish farmers have to wait till the free avail-

ability of the fertilisers restores or they have

to purchase them through rice agriculturists

usually at a little higher price.

ElectricityFish farmers are allowed to use electricity

for fish culture management. The electricity

is usually supplied for seven hours, but often

intermittently due to shortage of power supply.Farmers represent that they need a continuous

supply of electricity or at least uninterrupted

power supply during 9pm to 8am, during which

period the dissolved oxygen in the ponds

often fall to critical levels and hence aeration

of ponds with the help of engines becomes a

necessary and often the most crucial remedial

measure to save the crop.

Sources of financeThe main sources of finance for fish farm-

ers in the state are the nationalised banks and

the district co-operative central banks with

their branches in the fish culture areas, and

private financiers.

Nationalised banksThe nationalised banks have an almost

uniform policy of granting loans to fish

farmers in the state. The banks sanction an

amount of Rs100,000 (Rs100=US$1.89)

for construction and Rs400,000/ha for crop

loan at 18 percent annual interest rate of

against mortogation of the documents of

the land of the farmer. The loan sanctioned

for pond construction is called tern loan,

and this loan may be repaid with in three

to seven years, as opted by the farmer.

The crop loan is to be paid after harvest of

each crop.

A farmer is eligible to obtain crop loan for

his next crop, even with in one year, if he repays

the current crop loan. If a lessee has a valid

agreement signed by the owner of a pond or

farm, for a period of five consecutive years, the

lesser is also eligible to obtain crop loans from

the nationalized and local co-operative banks.

Co-operative banksAt the present the co-operative banks are

granting a working capital to meet the cost

of culture for one year or less than on year

culture period (not for pond digging or other

costs of construction). The scale of finance

for each ha water spread area is Rs275,000 to300,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) for the culture of

Indian major carps and Rs550,000 f or pangus

culture.

Private financiersIn the interior Kolleru Lake the villages

from in to co-operative societies, not by reg-

istration, but by mutual understanding. Each

of these co-operative bodies, locally called

Bantas comprise 40 to 50 members and col-

lectively culture ponds of 15 to 20ha.

The executive committee of the Banta

used to obtain loan required for one-year

culture period from the private financers at 36

percent annual interest rate. Private financers

usually dont insist for any collateral security,

the loans are given mainly based on the repay-

ment capacity and personal creditability of the

farmer. All the members share the net profit

equally.

One variation of Banta management in the

recent years is that the members lease out

their ponds to a group of four to five villagers,

who raise the capital required for culture and

the lease amount, is shared by the members.

Of all the Indian major carp culture areas

in Andhra Pradesh the lease amount is the

highest in these Banta villages. As the Indian

major carp culture established in the Kolleru

area a rich class of farmers developed in these

villages and presently, the Banta farmers bor-

row money from these farmers at an annual

interest rate of 18 percent instead of from

the private financiers elsewhere at higher rate

of interest.

National FisheriesDevelopment Board

The National Fisheries Development

Board (NFDB) was established in July 2006,

in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. NFDB is

an autonomous organization under the

administrative control of the Department of

Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries,

of (the Government of India). The overall

objective of the board is to empower all

Indian states and union territories through

implementing various activities related to

almost all spheres of fisheries and aqua-

culture in the country and also through

providing financial support mainly through

subsidies.

NFDB provides financial assistance to the

eligible candidates for the establishment of

feed mills of large scale (installed capacity

five tonnes/ha), medium scale (two tonnes/

ha), and small scale (1.2 tonnes/ha) units.

For the first two categories a loan up to 40

percent of the cost of machinery equipment

and building is sanctioned at an annual inter-

est rate of five percent.

For the small scale unit a subsidy of

20 percent of the total unit cost (which is

Rs750,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) in this casewith a limit of Rs15,000 per unit) will be

provided.

For freshwater fish culture NFDB sanc-

tions Rs300,000/ha for construction of a

new fishpond for culturing existing species

or new species, (for example pangus), with

20 percent subsidy, but with a ceiling of

Rs60,000/ha. For special category of farmers

belonging to scheduled castes and schedule

tribes the subsidy is 25 percent, with a ceil-

ing of Rs75,000 / ha.

For cost of inputs, including feed, NFDB

sanctions Rs50,000/ha (with 20 percent sub-

sidy) for one crop period for Indian major

carps, and all other existing species, (for

example Chinese major carps which have

been cultured in the state for many years).

For pangus culture, the input cost pro-

vided is Rs500,000/ha with 40 percent

subsidy for an initial period of two years

and there after 20 percent for all farmers,

and 25 percent for the special category

farmers mentioned. NFDB also provides

financial assistance for renovation of aged

aquaculture ponds, fish seed farms, estab-

lishment of fish hatcheries, prawn and

shrimp hatcheries.

Besides, NFDB provide grants to the

government fishery institutes, and the other

eligible agencies for conducting training

programs, demonstrations for the benefit of

aquaculturists.

16 | IttIol AquAFeed | January-February 2012

FEATURE

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The effects ofdissolved oxygen

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On-farmfeed managementpractices forthree Indianmajor carpspecies inAndhraPradesh, India

Oxygenation in aquaculture

Developing a plant-based diet- forCobiaR achycentroncanadum

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On-farm feed management practices for three Indian major carp species - in Andhra Pradesh, India

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