On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Marine Fauna, inacle by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.),...

488 YR. JAMES RITCHIE ON EYDROIDS [May 28,.

3. On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Marine Fauna, inacle by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), F.Z.S., of St'. Andrews University, July to SepteniLer, 1904.*-The Hydroids By JAMES RITCHIE, M.A., B.Sc., Fullertoii Scholar, University of Aberdceii t.

[Received April 18, 1907.1

(Plates XXII1.-XXV1.S and Text-figures 142-144.)

The forms described in the present paper were entrusted to me for determination by Mr. Crossland, who collected them in vnrious localities off the Cape Verde Islands. Although the collection is not R large one, it forms a useful addition to our mther meagre knowledge of the Hyclroid fauna of the northern portion of the west coast of Africa. To the north of the Cape Verde Islands specimens have been recorded from the Canary Islands, from Madeira, from the Azores, and from the Soudnn coast ; from the south the ' Challenger ' records a solitwy species, Cryptoluria rli$csa Allni. from Sierra Leone ; while from the islands themselves, so far as I can learn, records have been made by only four workers 0. In 1883 Allmail, in his Report on the Plumularians collected by the ' Challenger,' described the type of a new genus, Streptoccczcl~cs pzilcherriniics Allm., found at Port0 Praya in 100 fathoms. I n July 1885 Mr. J. J. Quelch described a smdl collection of deep-sea , Hydroids, comprising nine species, and obtained from the cable off St. Vincent in a depth of over 500 fathoms, the species described being Eudendrimn annulatunz Norman 1864, Lafoea ten,ellula Allman 1877, Zygophylax profurda Quelch 1885, Phmduricc variabilis Quelch 1885, P. clelicatula Quelch 1885, dntennzdariu irregrduris Quelch 1885, A . projtrndm Quelch 1886, Aghophenia acacia Allman 1883, and Streptocwulus plcherrinius Allman 1883. More recently Professor J. Versluys has described two species from Isle Branco, one of t.he Windward G r o q ~ , Sertularia (Demoscyphus) Brevicyc~thus (Vers. 1899), and Desnto- mjphus inj7atus Vels. 1899, a synonym for the D. gracil.is of Allman 1888, which has been renamed Sertulario verslupsi by Professor Nutting (1904). Of these the latter occurs in our collection, with the important addition that the gonosome is also present and is here described for the first time. Lastly, within the past month or tm-o collections made by the ' Talisman ' in 1883 have been described by Dr. Armand Billard (1907), and these include a few species from two localities off the Islands. In lat.

* The expenses of Mr. Crossland's collecting trip were borne by the Caimegio Tiiistees. + Communicated by the SECRETAEY.

+ For explanation of tlie Plates, see p. 614. 1 Mince this paper was written I have found in t . h collections made by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition on its homeward voyage two species from St.. Vincent which were not represented among the specimens described in the Report on the ' Scotia ' Hydroid Collection (R,itchie, 19%'). These are E~copeZZa emata ? Hartlaub, 1901, and SsrtulnreZluficsifo,7nin? Hincks, 1881, hotli of which alee additions to the recorded Hgdroitl fauna of t.lw Iulands.

P.Z.S. 1907. P1.xXm.

Jas YAtchic. del. Lcu&m s t ~ ~ c o p u Gl imp.

HYDROIDS FROM CAPE TERDE ISLAKDS

P. Z.S. 1907. P l . X X N

Jas R ~ t c k u e . &el. Iandrm StEaoscnplc cc Imp

EYDROZDS FROM CAPE TERDE ISLANDS.

P. Z.S. 1907. P1.IIxv

Jas. Rtch ie . del. Lm&n ~ c o p l c ca Imp

HYDROIDS FROM CAPE ' JERDE I S L A N D S

1907.1 FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 489

17” 1’ N. and long. 27O 24‘ W. (Paris 0’) at a depth of 105 metres there were obtained Diphclsia pinaster (Ellis & Sol. 1786), An- tennularia rumwscl Lamarck 181 6, and ThecocurpLs myriophyllzum V:LI,. hedoti Billard 1907. I n lat. 16O 52’-16” 53’ N. and long. 27O 30-27’ 26’ W. at a depth of 400-580 metres, Diphasicc pinaster a i d Z’hecocuipus myriophylcum bedoti were again found.

The present collection is littoral, the greatest depth a t which specimens were gathered being 15 fathoms, while the majority were obtained in shore-pools or in quite shallow water. Hence it is iiot surprising to find that of the species previously described from the Islands only one, Sertzclaricl verslwysi above mentioned, sliould recur among Mr. Crossland’s specimens.

The collection contains in all 27 species, of which 18-one of them here represented by a new variety-have been previously described. Several of these species, which are distributed among 14 genera, have been recorded from more than one locality. For the remaining specimens 9 new species have been established, one species being referred to a new genus. I n all representatives of 20 genera occur in the collection.

The list of species is as follows :- I. GYMNOBLASTEA.

Family C o B T N I D B.

Family P E N N A B I I DB.

Family T u B U L A B I I D B.

Coryne (P) dubium, sp. 11.

Prnna~kc cavolinii Elireliberg 1832.

Tubalaria burnilis Allnia~~ 1864. ,, solitaria Warren 1006.

Soleniopsis dencZrifonnis, gen. et sp. 11.

Hydractinia verdi, ‘p. 11.

Podocoryne aneehiiwta, “1). 11.

Ehdendriicin ramosum Liiin. 1768.

Family c‘ L A v I D B.

Family H o u Q A I N V I L L I I D -x.

Family E U D E N D E I I D R .

11. CALYPTOHLASTEA. Family H A L E c I I Y x.

Haleciurn beanii Johliat. 1838. Ophiodes cacin+rinis, sp. 11.

PileU7t1ii serpeos (Hassall 1862). Cuspidella Irzmilis Hiucks MS. & 1866.

C‘lytia geniculata Thornelj 1904. Obelia dickntoma (Linii. 1558). Gonotli,yrrra .qraci?is (Ram 1861). Cnrirpnnalaria calicslata Hilick- 1863.

Family LA F 0 I D B.

Family C A M P A N u L A R I I D .x.

,, ptyclrocyafhics Allman 1888. iir?ctnhilis, SII. 11.

490 HR. JAMES RITCHIE ON 1IYDROlDS

Family S E R T U L A B I I D 1.

Sertulnria ilistnux Lainr. 1816. ,, ara.yeri Xutting 1904. ,, uersluysi Nutting 1901. ,, lmuimaq/innta, 41). 11.

Plitnrrilnria Aalecinidcs Alder 18.59. Mowostmhan quadrideas (IIcCmdy 1857). Aglaoplienia margiratn, 51). 11.

Lytocarpzis graadis, var. iiuilntcralin, mr. 11.

Family 1'1, u P LJ L .4 R I I 1) x.

,, crosslcrudi, q). 1 1 .

[May 28,

Of the 18 hitherto known forms wbove mentioned, 10 are recog- nihetl ILS British species, while 5 of the remainder (CffinLpa9&&6riC6 ptychocyuthus, Sertulariu moyeri, S. verslupi, Lytocarpw grandis, Jfonostu?chccs qwui%idens) are, with the exception of the last which has.been recorded from the 1ndi:in Ocean (Thornely, 1904), tlistinctively American. This contingent is probably to be nc- counted for by the oceanic whirlpool the centre of which is marked by the Sargmso Sea ant1 the streams of which wash the shores of tire West Indies, of eastern Mexico, and of the eastern United St:Ltes, antl, circling in the Korth Atlantic, sweep past the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde Islands.

The collection, as might he expected in a littoral one, k corn- pamtively rich in gymnoblastic forms antl includes an interesting bpecies, peculiar in branching arid in gonophore, which has been wade the type of a new genus, Soleniopsis.

We note also, as Pictet has already remarked (Pictet, 1893), that of those species which occur both in temperate and in tropical waters, the individuals existing in the colder seas are, in general, larger and more sturdy than their tropical specific equivalents.

The outlines of the figures, both in the plates and in the text, with the exception of those representing the appearance of the specimens to the unaided eye, were drawn with the help of Zeiss's camera lncirla.

The localities from which Mi,. Crossland obtained his specimens are shown below :-

ST. VINCENT, CAPE VEBDE ISLANDS. (1) GENERAL.

(a ) Prom tidal pool, '26th July, 1904. Pemar ia cauolinii Ehr.

(71) '2 fathoms, among coral, 221d July, 1904. P e u a r i a cavoliuii Ehr. Sertularia ma3ej-i Nutt. l'lu~nularia halecioiiles Hincks.

(c) 10 fatlroins, 87th July, 1904. Go)iotP,yraa gracilis Sarb. C'aaipmiularia ptychocjathu8 Allm.

(d) 15 Fdthoiuq, 30th July, 1904. Jfonostmckas padridens (M~cCrarly). L!jtocaiyus g r a d i s , var. unilaternli~, \ar. 11,

1907.1! YR0.W T H E CAPE VERDE ISLANDS.

(e) Irroin bottom o f a lighter, 20th July, 1904. Tubslaria liumilin Allin. C!aspidella humilis Hincks. Ylninularia halecioides Alder. Aglnopheiaia marginata, q~. 11.

Peunaria cavolinii Ehr. Tubnlaria humilis Alhu.

Solenioysis desdriformis, gen. et sp. 11. Halecium beanii Johnut. Filellum serpens (Hnssall). Ciispidella huniilis Hincks. C'lytia geniculata Thorn. Obrlia dichotoma Linn. Cainpanularia ptychocyatkus Allm.

(f) From bottom of a lighter, 30th July, 1904.

,, solitariaWnrren.

,, mutabibis, sp. n. (2). MATTIOTA, ST. VINCENT HAEBOER.

Sertularia Irevinrarginata, sp. 11.

Lytocarpss crosslaadi, sp. n. (3) POETO GRANDE.

(a) Shore-pools. Canipanularia caliculata Hincks.

Sertularia distans Lnmx. 1816. ,, ptychocyathus Allni.

,, mayeri Nut.t. (b) la fathoms.

Hydractinin aerdi, sp. 11.

I'ORTO PHAYA, SANTIAQO, CAPE VEBDE ISLANDS. (a) Piles of pier, 12th August, 1904.

Coryne (?) dubium, sp. n. Campanularia mutabilis, sp. n. Sertukaria versluysi Nutt.

(b) 6 fat.homs, 9th August, 1904. Podoeoryne anechinatn, sp. 11.

(c) 10 fnthoms, 12th August., 1904. Wldendrium rainosum Linn. Ophiodes caciniformis, sp. n.

llOA VISTA, CAPE VERDE IBL.ANDS. SoIeui(~psis dentlrifriais, gun. et sp. 11.

49 1

I. GYMNOBLASTEA.

Family C O R Y N I D A L

CORYNE (?) DUBIUM, sp. n. A species represented by small, irregularly ramified coloiiies

The colonies are The perisarc is transparent, tinged,

(Plate XXIII. figs. 1, 2.)

growing upon R Polysiphoniu-like red seaweed. only about 7 mm. in height.

492 MR. JAMES RITCHIE ON HYDROIDS [May 28,

except towards the tips of the branches, with a faint brown. The stem is slender, 0.1 mm. in diameter, and soon breaks UP into very numerous, irregularIy disposed branches which, arising at a small angle, lie for a short distance almost parallel with their parent shoot and thereafter gradually diverge from it. Branches even of the fourth order are present. The colonies are wrinkled throughout, but less strongly in the middle portions of the polyp- bearing branches ; while beneath the polyp, on the stems, and on the older portions of the branches distinct ringing occurs. There is no membranaceous cup surrounding the base of the hydranth. The hydranths are relatively long, 0.5 mm., slightly bulging beneath and tapering gradually upwards towards the tip and downwards to form a long "neck." The tentacles are from 0.1 to 0.1 5 mm. in length, and except for the distal four, which generally appear to be placed in a whorl, are scattered. They vary slightly in number. Thus of 10 heads examined, one bore 12 tent.acles, four bore 13, three bore 14, and on two 15 were found.

Uonosome not present. Locality. Growing on a seaweed taken from piles of pier.

Port0 Praya, Santiago, Cape Verde Islands ; 12th August, 1904. Owing to the absence of the gonosome this species cannot be

given a definite generic place within the family Corynida: as defined by Delage (1901). Notwithstanding I have assigned a s$ecific name to the form in order to facilitate references. The trophosome characters lie between those of Actinogonium pusilluin (Van Beneden 1844 ; Hincks, 1868, p. 45 ; Allman, 1872, p. 272) and Syncoryme sursii Lov6n 1835. From the former it differs in having B more tapering polyp, numerous rings and wrinkles, and in lacking a membranrtceous cup beneath the polyp ; from the latter it is distinguished by the shape of its hydranth, its much smaller size, its complicated branching, its more frequent rings.

The specimens bear many creeping polyzoon colonies (Cliomella?) and occasional stalked protozoa and diatoms.

Family P E N N A R I I D -a.

PENNARIA CAVOLINII Ehrenberg 1832. A number of colonies, frequently over 6 cm. in height, have

been obtained from one locality. They agree in general with Allman's description (1872, p. 364), but the following variations may be noted :-The colonies are less robust than those described by Allman. The branches, while alternate, lie generally in two planes, every other branch being in the same plane, and these planes are set forward on the stem, as in many Plumularirtn species, so as to meet at an angle varying from almost 180" to less than 20". Ringing is well marked, from four to six rings occurring on the stem above the origin of each branch, and a similar number at the base of the branch itself. Thus the ultimate hydranth-bearing ramuli, instead of being wholly ringed aa described and figured by Allman, bear a small number of basal

1907.1 FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLARDS. 493

rings ; the remainder, which varies much in length, being smooth or very slightly crumpled.

The gonosomes, which are present in numbers, agree exactly with Allman’s description.

The colonim here described agree in all but size with beautifully preserved specimens of the species from the Naples Biological Station.

Loca2it.y. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. Obtained from bottom of a lighter, 30th July, 1904; by diving among coral in 2 fathoms of water, 22nrl July, 1904; also fine colony in tidal pool, 25th July, 1904.

Family T U B u L A R I I D le.

TUBULARIA RUMILIS Allman 1864. A few simple or slightly branched stems varying from 0.5 t o

4 cm. in height, and 0.5 mm. in diameter, may be referred to this species. The specimens obtained in one dredging me much smaller than those described by Allman, varying from 5 to 12 mm. in height ; but the following point4 have been relied on in identifi- cation :-simple or slightly branched stems with, here and there, faintly marked transverse rugosities ; delicate, light-yellow perisarc ; a caenosarcal collar supporting the hydranth ; small hydranths, 1.2 mm. in height, longer than broad, with, in the individuals examined, 17, 13, 11 tentacles in the distal whorl, and 19, 17 in the proximal, The tentacles are in a state of contraction, and consequently the proximal whorl is only 1.8 mm. in diameter from tip to tip.

Gorcosonze.-In the specimens obtained on the 30th of July gouophores are present in erect clusters borne on short pedicels. In some of the more mature, actinulse can be seen.

Found growing on the bottom of a lighter on 20th and 30th July, 1904, and by diving among coral in 2 fathoms of water on 22nd July, 1904.

Loculity. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands.

TUBULARIA SOLITARIA Warren 1908. A few solitary individuals, 8 mm. in height, are growing upon

a sponge-like layer encrusting a small lamellibranch shell. The individuals are fixed in the layer by a club-like, sometimes branched ‘‘ root,” and are crowned by a distal circle of stout tentacles 13 or 14 in number, the lower portions of which are adnate to the Iiypostome, appearing as strong ridges upon it. The proximal tentacles, which are more slender than the distal, arise from the broadened base of the hydranth in a whorl of about 30, rather 1

more than in Dr. Warren’s specimens. Otherwise, the present specimens, with delicate perisarc, distinct endodermal canals in the hydrocaulus, erect blastostyles originating .just within the proximal whorl of tentacles and bearing from two to five or six gonophores, agree with the description of the type.

The gonophores in our specimens are mostly a t an early stage,

494 MR. JAiUES RI‘LCHIE 06 HPDROIDS [May 28,

showing in optical section a manubrium surrounded by a horse- shoe-shaped mass of geneyative plasma. In only one gonophoie of the many examined was there a trace of actinula-formation, tentacles being indicated by apparently about 8 flaments.

Localidy St. Vincent, Cape Vercle Islancls. Found on bottom of a lighter, 30th July, 1904.

Previous record, off Natal coxst.

Family C L A v I u 1 ~ .

SOLEXIOPSIS *, gel). 1 1 0 ) .

Type. 8. dei,dr$ownis, sl). n. GEKERIC C H A R A C T E R S . - ~ ~ ? . q ~ ? ~ O ~ O ? ~ ~ ~ . Colonies branched and

fascicled. The branches originate froni the division of a cceno- sarcal strand into two portions which lie parallel and close to one another for a considerable distance, each becoming sheathed in a chitinous perisarcal tube, the oiitermost strand finally bends outwards and becomes free to form a branch (vide text-fig. 142, p. 496). The hydmnth-bearing ramuli originate in the same way as the branches. Hydranths cylindrical, with club-shaped proboscis and many scattered Gliforrn tentacles.

GonosomR.--The reproductive bodies are permanently fixed gonophores of a simple type. They are blind sacs arising from the ccenosarc some c!istance beneath the hydranth and lying within the perisarcal tube from which the hydranth projects. The ova are developed in the wall of the sac.

The genus Soleniopsis is distinguished by its peculiar mode of branching and by its gonophore. The branching, which is more fully described in the discussion on the species, appears to be similar to that of Cor3dendrium (Weismann, 1883). I have not seen the original description, but Dr. Fowler says with regard to the branching of the genus, “The young buds, instead of breaking through the perisarc and growing outwards ws is usual, grow upwards for some distance inside it and surround themselves wit11 secondary perisarc ” (Fowler, 1900, p. 13) ; and this agrees with the structure in the present genus. C‘orydendriunnl differs from Soleitiopsis, however, in having gonophores which give rise to free medusre (Delage, 1901).

The gonophores here are of great length and of extremely simple structure. They are also peculiar in lying within, and thus being protected by, the tube which contains the trophosome, instead of bursting through the perisarc and .forming hernia-like globular projections like most other gonophores. The ova and spermatozoa apparently escape from the mouth of the tube, passing between the swollen bulb beneath the neck of the hydranth and the perisarcd wall.

On account of the scattered filiform tentacles on the hydrant11 lt The name of the genus, Solcniopsia, is intended to suggest the resemblance

betu\.een the prtrallel-lying ccenosrlrcal strands O f the colony and tlic “ solenia ” of Alcyoiiarianq.

1907.1 FROY THE UAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 495

and of the fixed gonophore, this genus has been included in the family Clavidie, although the simplicity of the gonophore and the complexity of the branching almost warrant the formation of a new family.

SOLENIOPSIS DENDRIFORMIS, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. fig. 1; text- figs. 142, 143.)

The colonies for which this species has been formed were found at two localities. The solitary colony from Boa Vista is the largest of the series, almost 10 cm. high, with a thick, fascicled stem which is, towards the base, covered by a mass of ramifying tubes, forming a spongy tissue through which here and there a hytlranth projects. This loosely-built basal mass attains a diameter of 1 cm. From this stem, which in transverse section shows a small central strand of chitin with a few minute ccenomrc- containing canals, surrounded by many parallel tubes which again are surrounded by irregularly arranged, loosely aggregated tubes, the branches arise approximately in one plane. The colonies from St. Vincent are smaller, only 6 cm. high, and lack the spongy basal thickening, possessing a cylindrical stem 2 mm. in diameter, composed of closely packed parallel tubes. From these stems, as from that of the previous specimen, flabeliate branches lying generally in one plane arise. The priinary branches bear alternate secondary branches, and these again may bear tertiary branches, all of these appearing to be fascicled owing to the apposition of several tubes. Single, monosiphonic bntnches, however, arise alternately in one plane, for the most part from branches of the second a.nd third order, and from the distal end of these the hydranths project.

The mode of branching is peculiar. I n the less strongly fascicled portions of the stem two or three periarcal tubes lie alongside of, a,nd inseparably united to, one another, each con- t:iining a strand of ccenosarc. Some conaidemble distance before a free branch originates (frequently 20 or 30 mm.) one of the outermost strands divides into two, and round the new ccenovrtrcal division ;L chitinous tube is formed, wedged in between the old tubes. Thus the number of parallel-lying and united tubes is increased, but finally, after a course of some 2 or 3 cm., the outer- nlost of the two portions into which the original strand divided becomes free to form n branch, and the number of tubes in the fascicle is thus reduced. The ccenosarc of the free branch divides, as did that of the stem, and becomes ensheathed in several united tubes which, on bending outwards and becoming free, form new branches or hydranth-bearing ramuli. The division of the mno Sarca.1 strands, and consequently the origin of the branches and mmnli, takes place alternately, first on one side, then on the other.

The hydranths project from simple, alternate ramuli 0.4 mm. in diameter. Extended they are long and slender, 2.0 mm. by 0.2 or 0.3 mm., almost cylindrical, with a prominent club-shaped PROC. ZOOL. Soc.-1907, No. XXXIV. 34

496 NR. JAMES RITCHIE ON HYDROIDS [May 28,

proboscis and short (0.3 mm.) stumpy tentacles. These, between 40 and 50 in number, are scattered over the body of the polyp, only the distal 4 or 5 being placed in a whorl, although an approximation to whorling is sometimes simulated by others of the tentacles. At the proximal end of the hydranth there is a short neck, and just within the margin of the tube a sharp bulge connecting the polyp with the ccenosarc of the ramulus and almost

Text-fig. 142.

e

-n.t,. f

Eoleniq8ia dmdriymnis. To show mode of branching, x8.

-., cmnosarc; peri., perisarc; br., branch bending off snd becoming free from main stem; at., main stem ; rum. 1, 2, 3, short ramuli from which hydranths project; n.t. 1, 2, 3, 4, new tubes, enveloping a branch from a ccenowrcal strand and wedged in between older tubes.

plugging up the entrance to the tube. Contracted, the hydntnths form almost spherical bulbs about 0.7 mm. in diameter. Although the tube from which the hydranth springs generally ends abruptly with an even circular margin, in not a few cams the terminal

1907.1 FROM THE CAP& VEIWE ISLANDB. 497

portion ie wrinkled and twisted as if i t were less strong, more collapsable than the other portions.

Gonosmu.-The gonophores are fixed, not developing into free medusoids, and lie within the tube from which the hydranth projects. They branch off from the ccenosarc of the ramulus from 2 to 3 mm. below the hydranth itself, and are long, slender, spindle-shaped bodies, sometimes 2.5 mm. in length by 0.1 mm.

Text-fig. 143.

-pd.

-&.

--

Soleniapsis dsndrifoforn~is. Hydranth and gonophore, X30.

&., holging portion at base of hydranth almost filling the opening of the tuba; psri., perisarc : eeto., ectoderm, represented within the tube by a dark line ; d o . , endoderm (lined) ; ov., ovum ; caw., central cavity of gonophore; yon., the arrow points to the place where the gonophore branches off the general cmnonarc ; cam., general cmnosarc.

in diameter. Their structure is simple, the gonophore being apparently a hollow cylinder closed distally, with two-layered walls, a thick ectoderm and thinner endoderm, within which ova develop to the number of about 13 or more. The ova develop

34*


ail along the walls, pushing the endoderm inwards until it pro- trudes into the hollow of the gonophore. The male gonophores are similar in origin and shape to the female, but are in eeneral considerably longer.

The structure of the gonophore above described is of the gimplest type. It appears to be merely a Mind branch of the general CCenosarc of the colony within the walls of which ova develop.

Associated with the speciinens were several creeping Hydroids, Filelluna serpem, Cuspidella humilis, Cunzpunulwiu mutabilis, and an endoproctan polyzoon (Clionella P).

Localitips. ( u ) St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands : growiiig on the bottom of a lighter, 20th and 30th July, 1904.-- (b) Dredged ; Bna Vista. Cape Verde Islands, August ? 1904.

9 I n no case could a spadix be distinguished.

Family B o U G A I N V I L L I I D B .

HYDRACTISIA VERDI, sp. n. Among dredgings taken at Porto Giande four Fms- l ike 5"s-

teropod shells were obtained overspread by Hydractinia colonies. The nutritive hydranths, which grow in the grooves of the shell- sculpture, are in various stages of contraction, the longest 5 nim., the shortest with their ring of tentacles almost resting on the surface of the shell. The tentaclbs are short, set in two almost indistinguishable whorls, and vary in number from 9 to 12, $1 being perhaps most frequent. The hypostome is club-shaped. No spiral filaments are present, although along the margin of the shell there occur elongated polyps with insignificant tentacles. Short chitinous spines, about 0.3 mm. long, with jagged edges, occur throughout the colony, being arranged for the most part 11pon the ridges of the shell. The blastostyles are somewhat smaller than the nutritive hydranths, being about 1 mm. in height, but unlike those of If. echinuta they bear well-developed tentacles eight or nine in number.

Qonosome.-The reproductive bodies are fixed gonophores :irising from the body of the blastostyle some distance below the tentdes . They occur in a single whorl containing three or four individuals and are borne on short peduncles. In the specimens examined the gonophores were all female, containing three large ova ; while in the more mature examples these were separated towaids the exterior by pigmented bands running from the base towards the summit of the gonophore-branches of the spadix.

This species is closely related to a. pacifica described froni Calhco by Hartlaub (1905, p. fjlg), but that species differs iii possessing about 15 tentacles on the nutritive hydranths, only 5 or 6 on the blastost,yles ; in lacking spines on the basal expansion ; in bearing only one ovum in each gonophore.

Localit?/. Porto Grande, St. Vincent, CRpe Verde Islands ; 10 fathoms.

(Plate XXIII. figs. G & 7.)

The basal rhizom expansion is thin.

1907.1 FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLASUR. 499

PODOCORYXE ANECHINATA, sp. 11. (Plate XXIII . figs. 8, 9, 10.) Sparsely scattered upon a small gasteropod sholl (Cem'thim? sp.)

are the minute individuals of a Podocoryne colony. The nutritive individuals are club-shaped, only 0.9 mm. in height, with a prominent, cylindrical, flat-topped hypostome, from beneath which arise tbbOUt nine tentacles, set in two closely approximated whorls. Both spiral filaments and spines are absent. The reproductivc polyps, although they are somewhat smaller than the nutritive with about seven well-developed tentacles, resemble the latter in shape, being also club-like and possessing a prominent cylindrical hypostome. The basal expansion is formed of a single layer of chitinous tubes, forming wide rectangular meshes, the individual tubes being almost 0.1 mm. in diameter, and being marked Iate- rally by minute honey-yellow dots, thickenings of the chitinous will. The whole expansion is covered by a thin layer of cmnomrc.

G'onosome.-The sexual stage consists of free-swimming medusoids which arise in consideioable numbers (as many as nine being present on one individual) from the median portion of the reproductive polyp. They are borne on well-defined peduncles. During the earlier stages the tentacles appear as four blunt knobs, but these develop considerably ere the medusoid is set free. Sexual products could not be distinguished in the medusoid buds.

The species here described is a near relative of P. hzcwtilis Hartlaub 1905. The latter form, however, differs in possessing a minute conical hypostome, small smooth spines, and a medusoid bud which is not mentioned as developing well-formed tentacles ere it is set free. The difference in the number of tentacles is of little importance, although it is to be noted that here they form two closely-set whorls, but the chitinous thickenings which occur along the sides of the rhizom strands (vide PI. XXIII. fig. 10) may help to distinguish the present species.

Locality. Porto Praya, Santiago, CapeVerde Islands, 5 fathoms; 9th August, 1904.

Family E U D E x D R I I D .E.

EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM Lillna?llS 1758. A single, small, unfascicled colony about 4 cm. high. The

branches and branchlets are strictly alternate, and the minute structure, except that the rings at the bases of the main branches are generally fewer in number, agrees closely with Hincks's figures (1868, pl. 13). The hydranths are well preserved and there were, in the examples counted, 23 or 24 tentacles surrounding a very distinct trumpet-shaped hypostome.

Gonophores not present. Locality. Porto Pmya, Santiago, 10 fathoms ; 12th August,

1904.

500 MR. JAMER RITCHIE 0s HYDROIDS [May 28,

11. CALYPTOBLASTEA.

Family H A L E C I I D z.

HALECIUM BEANII Johnston 1838. Several strongly fascicled, irregularly branched colonies. The

delicate structure of the terminal branchlets is characteristic of tlie species. The branches d S e r from those in the specimen figured by Allman (1888, pl. xii. fig. 3 a) in arising laterally from below a hpdrotheca, instead of directly from jhe branch. The majority of the primary hydrothem differ from Allman’s and from Hincks’s (1868) figures in being sessile and adnate to the

from which they arise-the liydrothem-tier springing from

with specimens from the French coast described by Dr. A. Billard (1904, p. 163), and with specimens from dredgings made by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition at Burdwood Bank, near Cape Horn (Bitchie, 1907).

The bright refringent points which encircle the base of the hydrotheca are in this species, as in others I have examined (1907, p. 515), points of attachment for strands from a 5eshy disc a t the base of the polyp, which is thus supported within its miiiute hyd rotheca.

The gonosome is abseiit in the presp t specimeiis. Locality. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, growing on the

bottom of a lighter ; 30th July, 1904.

OPHIODES CACINIFORMIS, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. figs. 11 &. 12 ; Plate XXIV. fig. 1 ; Plate XXV. fig. 5. )

Several small, delicate colonies, for which this species has been formed, arise at irregular intervals from a hydrorhizal stolon creeping upon a fragment of a sand-covered worm-tube. They are neither branched nor fascicled, and the largest is but 6.5 mm. in height. The stem is divided into short internodes, 0.4 mm. long in the proximal, but gradually lengthening to 0.6 mm. in the upper part of the colony. The distal end of each internode appears to divide into two equal, slightly diverging portions, one of which forms the peduncle of a hydrotheca, while the other bears the succeeding internode, the junction between the two internodes being marked by a single annulation.

The hydrothew lie in one plane, are placed one on each internode, and are alternate. They are borne on peduncles of varying length, from 0.05 to 0.2 mm., the upper portions of which are delicate and frequently crumpled, while the bases are thick-walled and, even when the hydrotheca itself has been destroyed, remain as projecting processes. The hydrothecs themselves are shallow, trumpet-shaped cups, with much-everted margins, delicate walls, and a thin septum separating their cavity from that of the stem. Around the wall just within the margin is a row of rafringunt points formod by slight thickenings of the perisarc within the

the primary hydrotheca ; but in these respects they agree

1907.1 FROM THE CAPE VERBE ISLANDS. 501

hydrotheca, and to these are attached strands supporting a flattened disc-like portion at the base of the polyp. Such an attachment, of course, makes the retraction of the polyp impossible. The structure is identical with that which I have already described and figured in the genus Hdeciurn (Ritchie, 1907, p. 525), except that in Hdecium the basal disc rests upon the perisarcal septum at the bottom of the cup, while here a considerable spcce intervenes between the two, traversed by a narrow strand of ccenosarc connecting the polyp with the common coma- mrc of the colony. I would draw attention to the seeming inaccuracy of Hincks’s figures (1868, pl. 45. figs. 2, 2‘) as regards the relations between polyp and hydrotheca. The hydranths, which are about 0.9 mm. in height, gradually increase in diameter upwards from the basal disc, but exhibit no distal contraction beneath the tentacles such as Hincks figures. The bases of the tentmles, which number about 23, are connected by a web within which the liypostoine arises. A secondary hydrotheca, borne 011

a relatively long peduncle, may arise from the lower portion of the peduncle of a primary hydrotheca.

Nematophores occur frequently but irregularly. There is iisually one on a peduncle, and sometimes one on an internode. They are sessile, cup-shaped, with delicate walls and everted margin, within which there is commonly a row of refringent dots. To these, as in the hydrothecae, it basal cenosarcal disc is attached. The simostyles correspond to those figured by Hincks (1868, pl. 45), with thin walls bearing scattered cnidoblasts, and a globular hesd where large numbers of these offensive and defensive cells are aggregated. When contracted, a sarcostyle measures about 0.4 mm., while one which was extended measured 2.0 mm. The cnidoblasts are narrowly oval, 17 p by 3 p, and each contains a thread 220 p long, armed near the babe with a whorl of four barbs in the form of a cross, distal to which are smaller barbs pointing towards the tip of the thread and placed in four longitudinal rows, each of which contains about nine gradually decreasing barbs (Plttte XXV. fig. 5). The cnidoblasts occur throughout almost the whole colony, but are particularly common on the basal discs of sarcostyle and polyp, and at the tips of the sarcostyles and of the tentacles.

Occasionally solitary hydrothem and iiematophores arise from the hydrorhizal tube.

The gonosoine is not present. Lomlity. Port0 Praya, Santiago, 10 fathoms ; 12th August,

1904. Fnmily L A F o 21 D R.

FILELLUM SERPENS (Hassall 1852). This species is represented by scanty specimens creeping on

a f i x p e n t of a Gymnoblast colony. I n essential characters the specimen8 agree with Hincks’s description (1868), but they appear to be of less robust growth, while the margins of the hydrothem


are frequently marked by several “ regeneration-lines,” as in Rpecimens from the North Sea in my possession.

The coppinie-gonosome is not present. Locality. Creeping on Soleniopsis dedriformis, which was found

growing on the bottom of a lighter: St. Vincent, Cape Verde Ielands ; %h July, 1904.

CUSPIDELLA HUMILIS Hincks MS. & 1866. Minute hydrothecse arising here and there from a tubular

stolon creeping upon Soleniopsis dendriformis. The hydrothecae are delicate and cylindrical, generally 0.2 mm. in height by about 0.05 in diameter, although a rare specimen attained a height of 0.4 mm. They show in many cases a tendency to contract slightly towards the proximal end, while the dktal end is crowned by convergent opercular segments. They agree with Hincks’s description and rgures of the species.

Gonosome not known. Locality. (a) Creeping upon a polyzoon, which was obtained

growing on the bottom of a lighter: St. Vincent, Cape Vercle Islands ; 20th July, 1904.-(b) Upon Soleniopsk dei~lr$wmis ; 30th July, 1904.

Family C A Y P A N u L A R I I D B .

CLYTIA GENICULATA Thornely 1904. Several small colonies, the largest rather under 1 cm. in height,

growing on a polyzoon. The specimens agree in every respect with the original description and figures, the peculiar method of branching being particularly noticeable. The hydrothem, which are some 1.1 mm. long by 0.6 mm. in greatest diameter, bear from 18 to 20 long teeth ; each taoth being strengthened by a median fold which is continued for a short distance down the wall of the hydrotheca as a more or less definite line.

The gonangia vary somewhat as reprds their opening, sometimes having a plain, cylindrical, distal end ; a t other times with a distinctly constricted neck below the aperture. Sometimes they arise in pairs from the base of a pedicel.

Locality. Growing on polyzoa found on the bottom of a lighter ; a single specimen on the back of a small crab. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands; 30th July, 1904.

OBELIA DICHOTOMA (Linnaeus 1758). A few delicate colonies, the largest only 4 min. high, occur on

the carapace of a minute crab. The stems, which are unfascicled, are divided by slanting nodes into regular internodes 0.4 mm. in length, from the distal end of each of which arises a hydrotheca. Branches are frequent, sometimes 1.5 mm. in length, arising in every case from the side of a pedicel. They are thus alternate, and, like the stem, they bear alternate hydrothem, from the pedicels of which smaller branchlets with one hydrotheca may


arise. Frequently the branches end in blind stoloiis. The hydrothem are alternate and are borne a t the distal ends of the internodes on short pedicels marked by four or five annulations, the base of the internode above that from which the pedicel springs bearing a like number of rings. The calycles are short and subtriangular, with a rather wide aperture ant1 an almost even, delicate rim. The whole colony is of delicate texture, the perisarc being remarkably clear and hyaline.

Gonosome not present. The form described above seems to be a young stage of

0. dichotonza Linn. Its much smaller size, its lack of horn- Golour, its branches arising from the side of a pedicel, and the shorter subtriangular shape of its hydrothem, are differences insufficient to distinguish it specifically from the older form.

Localzty. On the carapace of a small crab found crawling on the bottom of R lighter : St. Vincent, Cape Vertle Islands ; 30th July, 1904.

GONOTHYRACA GRACILIS (Sars 1851). A few small speciniens of this beautiful species occur growing

upon a fragment of calcareous material. The colonies are only 8 mm. in height, and differ from those described and figured by Hincks (1868) in that the hydrothem are somewhat less slender. The remaining characters-the peculiar origin of the branches, stuck on, one would almost think, as an afterthought, the gradual tapering of the hydrotheca towards its base, the number of the long pointed teeth, the ringing beneath the hydrotheca and at the proximal end of the branches-agree with previous descriptions.

Two long slender gonangia, with traces of a marginal collar as in Hincks's figures, are present, one arising from the hydrorhiza, the other from a peduncle.

Locality. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, 10 fathoms ; 27th July, 1904.

CAMPANULARIA CALICULATA Hincks 1863. Typical examples of this species, with crenatecl pedicel, distal

spherical segment, and thick-walled, smooth-rimmed hydrothem, occur creeping on a seaweed. I n our specimens the pedicels average 0.5 mm. in length and are marked by about 10 crenations.

The gonangia are absent. Locality. Port0 Granrle : creeping on seaweed in a shore-pool.

CAMPANULARIA PTYCHOCYATHUS Allinan 1888. Numerous crowded, pedunculate hydrothecs, and gonangia

springing from a creeping stolon have been found on a polyzoon. The specimens agree closely with Allman's description and figures, especially characteristic being the delicate, frequently collapsed, distal portion of the hydrotheca, which in our specimens bears 10 long teeth ; the stem with a few rings (generally two) beneath the liydrotheca and with several a t the base ; the smooth

504 YR. JAMES RITCHIE ON HYDROIDS [May 28,

cyliiidrical gonarigia mitlt marked coiistrictioii beneath tlie shallow saucer-like top.

From locality c there are only a few hydrothem growing upon Sertuluriu dktuns, gonangia being absent.

Localities. (u) Creeping on a polyzoon found on tlie bottom of a lighter : St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands ; 30th July, 1904. -(b) On a pebble, 10 fathoms : St. Vincent; 27th July, 1904.--- (c) Creeping on Scrtuluriu distcms : Porto Grande, shore-pools ; ? J d y , 1904.

CAYPANULARIA MUTAHILIS, Sp. n. (PliLte XXIII. figs. 3, 4, 5.) Rare specimens occur creeping upon Scrtsduria versltqsi and

Soleniopsis clendriformis. From a thick-walled, creeping, liydro- rhizal tube the hydrothecx arise a t irregular intervals. They are borne on thick-walled peduncles with a leiigtli roughly three- fourths that of the hydrotheca, varying from 0.4 to 0.8 nini., and niiwketl by froin four to eight well-defined twists. The hydro- t h e w are large but vary from 0% to 1.2 mm. in length and froiii about 0.5 to 0.6 inm. in breadth. They are almost campanulate in shape, gradually widening upwards to the margin, whicli is frequently oblique, is beautifully recurred, and is rometimes reduplicated (Pl. XXIII. fig. 3). A slight ridge of periswc a t the base of the hydrotheca forms i t platform upon which a cmnosarcal disc a t tlie bottom of the hydranth rests, and beneath this, seemingly within the peduncle, is a delicate basal septum. The hydrothecre are seldom set symmetrically upon their peduncles. Owing to the state of preservation, tlie structure of the hydranth could not be recognised. The tentacles appeared to be few in number.

Goiiosonie not known. Loculities. (u) St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands : growing on

specimens obtained from the bottom of a lighter ; 30th July, 1904.-(b) Piles of pier : Porto Praya; 12th August, 1904.

The specimens from Porto Praya (only a few hydrot,hecre hare been found) are considerably larger than those from St. Vinceiit, but the specific structures in the two sets of specimens are identical (cf. fig. 5 and figs. 3 &: 4, P1. XXIII.).

This species approaches Lufoih pocillum Hincks 1868, from which however it differs greatly in shape and in possessing an everted margin. From Cmzpu~auluriu corrugutu Thornely 1904, it may be distinguished by its strongly-twisted peduncle, its campmulate shape, and its non-corrugated walls.

Family S E R T u L A R I I DB.

SERTULARIA DISTANS * Lmiouroux 1816. A species represented by a few colonies growing u h n a sea-

weed. The largest specimens are 7 mm. high, while the internodes * In accordance with the recent determination of Dr. A. Billard (1907), who has had

an opportunity of examining the t.ype specimen of Lamouroux, I have snbstituted the desipnat'ion of that author for the inore usual synonym S . ,qraeilis Hassall.


average 0.4 mm. in length. The Iiydrothecie are free for rather more than half their height distally, the free portion being sharply divergent. The margin is divided into two lateral teeth, and there are two opercular flaps. The specimens agree closely with the descriptions and figures of Hincks (1868) and Nutting (1904).

Gonangia not present. Locality. Porto Grande : shore-pools ; ? July 1904.

SERTULARIA MAYERI Nutting 1904. Several specimens of this species have been obtained. Tlie

specimens agree in all respects with. the description given by Nutting, except that in our forms, which are smaller than the American specimens-the maximuin being about 7 mm.-the hydrothecie appear to be rather nio~e closely approximatetl, the length of an internode being only 0.6 mm. While in many cases the ma.rgin and opei.culum had collapsed, as described by Nutting, in others this portion of the hydrotheca retained its form, and two large lateral teeth, with sometimes a minute median superior tooth, a,nd a two-flapped operculum could be distinguished.

Gonosome not known. Localities. (a ) Porto Gmnde, St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands :

creeping on seaweed fonnd in shore-pools.-(b) On seaweed found by diving among cord in 2 fathoms of water : St. Vincent, 2211~1 Jnly, 1904.

SERTULARIA VERSLUYSI Nutting 1904. ( = Desmoscyphus ymci l i s Allman 1888.) (Plate XXIV. figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & text-fig. 144.)

A large number of colonies varying from 2 to 4 cm. in height. The stem is erect, unfascicletl, and springs from a spreading mass of hydrorhiza. The lower portion of the stem for a distance raryiiig from 3 to 10 mm. is smooth, thick-walled, and unbranched, and usually bears two straight internodes. The remainder, which is separated from the unbranched portion by a long, sloping, splice-like joint, is divided by slanting nodes into regular internodes about 0.7 mm. in length, each hearing three hydrothec- two on one side, one on the other. From beneath the lower of the two hydrothem the branches arise. They are about 4 mm. lsng, are regularly alternate, thus giving the colony a plumose appeaimnce, and are divided into internodes, 0.4 mm. long, by nodes which slope from hehind forward and downward. They are placed slightly on the front of the stem, and are b o n e on a long stem-process, but arise a t an angle of 60' rather than at right angles %q described by Nutting.

The hydrothem are placed on the front of stem and branches ; on the former they are alternate and apart, while on the latter they are opposite, and contingent for the greater part of their length, the distal free portion being bent a t right-angles to the adnate portion. The hydrotheca p i r s are distant from one another about, the height of a hydrotheca. The hydrothecae, short


and stout proximally, gradually narrow towards the opening, which is furnished with two long, thick-rimmed, lateral teeth. The operculum is composed of two flaps, in this agreeing with Nutting’s description and differing from that of Versluys (1899, p. 43), where only a single 5ap is mentioned.

Gonosome. -The gonangia, which are characteristic, have not been previously described. They are 1 mm. high, borne on short stalks on the front of the stem, generally one on each internode, and arise from near the base of a hydrotheca. They are strongly compressed from back to front, somewhat flask-shaped, with their greatest diameter (0.6 mm.) near the base and gradually narrowing towards the top, where a slight neck is surmounted by a flattened disc bearing two long, incurvetl, horn-like spines. These are placed, one on ehch side, immediately above the longitudinal lateral ridge formed by the compression of the gonangium. The gonangia are strongly ridged throughout, the ridges varying in number from five to eight. The gonangial contents escape through a longitudinal slit with toothed edges, stretching along the flattened top of the gonangium from L L horn ” to L L horn.’’

Text-fig. 144.

Maic Gonosome of Sertularia verslziysi.

ap., aperture with toothed lips through which gonanghl contents escape ; w., wall of gonangimn ; gub., gubernaculm ; up., spermary ; eol., centrnl column of gonophore; gon., gonophore ; ect., ectoderm ; d., endoderrn ; b h t . , blastostyle.

A peculiar modification was noted in one of the specimens examined, where the distal and posterior portion of a branch- internode had become free and WRS prolonged into a straight

1907.1 moiw TIIE CAPE VEIIDE ISLARDS. 507

sharp spine lying alinost parallel to the continuation of the brrtnch. The spiny appearance of the branch-bearing processes of the stem when denuded of their branches is also noteworthy (qf. Allman, 1888, p. 72).

Locality. Porto Prayn, Cape Vede Islands : piles of pier ; 12th August, 1904.

Other loodities :-Off Bermuda, 30 fathoms (‘ ChaZZeicger ’) ; Cape Verde Islands, 25 metres (Versluys) ; on floating gulf-weed (‘AEbcctross’) ; N.W. of Cape Blanc (Soudan), in 55 to 60 metres (BiUccrd, 1906).

I n the colonies examined, the gonophores were all male and in a n advrtnced stage of development. Their structures resemble those of Sertulccricc pwnaila as described by Nutting (1904, pp. 26 et sep.), but in most, owing perhaps to the advanced stage of the gonophore, the blastostyle is comparatively small, and in no case could be observed to terminate in a thickened plug or “ Decken- platte.” On the other hand, delicate strands of ectoderm stretched from the outer coat of the gonophore to the gonangial wall, to which they were attached, thus mooring the gonophore within the gonangium. Nutting, who also has found similar ‘‘ guber- nltcula” in a male gonangium but arising from a sperm-bearing blastostyle instead of from a true gonophore, suggests that they may connect the ectoderm of the blastostyle, or in this case of the gonophore, with a delirate ectodermal layer which in some cases lines the inside of the gonangial walls (Nutting, 1904, p. 29). In these specimens I have been unable to detect the presence of a n ectoclermic gonangial layer such as Nutting describes. He also suggests that they may possess the nutritive function attributed by Weisniann (1883) to the gnbernacula of “S’ertuztkcria

SERTULARIA LBVIMARGINATA, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. figs. 5 & 6.) Several minute colonies, less than 3 mm. in height, spring from

a creeping hydrorhizal tube which ramifies over a polyzoon- encrusted frond. The stems are unfascicled and unbmnched and are divided into distinct internodes, about 0 3 mm. long, which become much constricted in the neighbourhood of the nodes. The portion of the stem proximal to the first distinct node, which slopes at a high angle from back to front, is atheate, but each internode bears two opposite hydrothece towards its distal end.

The hychothece rest upon a bulging portion of the internode and are somewhat ventricose, the bulging portions meeting on the front of the stem, but being slightly separated, for 0.01 mm., behind. For less than half their height they are adnate to the stem, but the distal portion (about 0.28 mm. in length) bends sharply outwards, so that the apparent upper sides form an almost straight horizontal line. The free portion becomes gradually constricted and tube-like towards the margin, which is smootli and is chamcterised by a shallow sinus on i t s upper edge, at the base of which is attached a disc-shaped admuline operculum.

1)V(ltlilCL.”

508 MR. JAMES RITC'IIIE ON HYDROIDS [May 28,

'L'his opercnlum is frequently drawn within the hydrotheca. aperture faces obliquely upwards,

The

The gonosome is absent. Locality. Creeping upon a leaf found in one of the bottles

containing Mr. Crowland's collection of tunicates from Mattiota, tjt. Vincent Harbour, Cape Verde Islands.

The peculirly shaped hydrothecae in the present specimen bear some resemblance to those of Sertularia Zwer?zffiriffi Kirchen. 1864; but in that species the aperture is almost horizontal, with +I very distinct margin, the hydrothem are widely separated, :tnd the colonies are branched, with a bushy habit of growth, dtogether different from the minute, simple, and scattered colonies of S. hvirnargi7tata.

Family P L U M u L A R I I D a. PLUMULARIA HALECIOIDES Alder 1859. This species is represented by a few specimens, attaining a

maximum height of 2.5 cm., which agree closely with the description of Hincks (1868). The following variations from and additions to that description were noted :-The branches, which are rare and may arise on any side, spring in the specimens examined, not from the original hydroclade-bearing tube, but from one of the secondary tubes of the stem-fascicle ; the hydroclades bear up to six hydrothecae in place of. Hincks's maximum of four; intermediate athecate internodes are not always present between thecate internodes, thus in 100 internodes examined only 31 were athecate and intermediate, a pair of the latter rarely occurring together; the gonangia, for the most part strongly ringed, occur not only on the stem but also on the hydro- rhiml tubes. Similar variations have been noted by Billard (1904, pp. 181 et sea.) in specimens from the French coast and from Algeria. .

Loccdity. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands: growing on the bottom of a lighter; 20th July, 1904. ' Also found on 22nd July, 1904, by diving among coral in a depth of 2 fathoms.

MONOSTAXHAS QUADRIDENS (McCrady 1857).

Two colonies have been referred to this species.

(Plate XXV.

They differ markedly in size and habit from the flabellate,. dichotomously branched, 6-inch high specimens described by Nutting (1 900, p. 75) ; for they are unbranched and but 1 cm. in height. Never- theless the minute structure agrees so closely with Nutting's descriptions and figures, that I cannot regard these specimens aa specifically distinct. I noted, however :-( 1) The peculiar manner in which the hydroclades arise from the stem. The distal portion of the stem-internode bends over towards the anterior aspect of the stem, and to the end of this bent portion the hydroclade is attached by a slanting node; while from the posterior

fig. 4.)

1907.1 FKOX THE CAPE VERDE ISLASDS. 5!)9

portion of the bend a second stem-internode arises, at an angle with the first. Each hydroclade lies in a line with the stem- internode from which i t arises, and from the posterior aspect of which the succeeding stem-internode is thrown o f f a t an angle (Pl. XXV. fig. 4). The structure of the colony thus comes to resemble that of a helicoid cyme. (2) An unprotected mrcostyle, not mentioned by Nutting, issues from the angle between the hydrotheca and its internode. The arrangement of the nematophores agrees with that in Nutting's figure, pl. xiii. fig. 2, except that the supracalycine nematophores more closely resemble those in fig. 4, scarcely reaching the margh of the hydrotheca. On the stem-internodes, of which there are only four in our largest specimen, the nematophores vary from 3 to 5.

Gonosome not present. Loccclitp. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, 15 fathoms:

30th July, 1904. In the collections made by Professor W. A. H d m a n , F.R.S.,

in connection with the Gulf of Mananr Pearl Fisheries Invasti- gations, smdl specimens of this species occur similar in size to those above described-" half an inch is the height of the largest colony '' (Thornely, 1904, p. 120).

AQLAOPFIENIA MAROINATA, sp. 11. (Plate X X V . figs. 7, 8, 9,lO.) Slender, monosiphonic colonies reaching a height of 6 cm.

The normal condition of the colonies is simple, for in only one specimen was a branch found, springing from the anterior surface of the stem. The stem is divided into internodes, 0.5 mm. in lenuth, each bearing a hydroclade on a prominent, rounded and pe$orated process lying midway between the nodes. The hydroclades are short, generally less than 3 mm., set forward on the &em, alternate, and divided into internodes 0.35 mm. long, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Two internodal septa are present, one proximal and opposite the intrathcal septum and extending completely around the internodal wall ; the other distal and less pronounced, opposite the base of the supracalycine nematophores, and sloping slightly upwards.

The hydrothecae are small, 0.25 mm., closely approximated and rather deep, with a concave anterior profile, and a slightly oblique rnnrgin marked by nine teeth, which increase in size towards the anterior of the calycle. A distinct, horizontal septum traverses the hydrotheca cavity about a fifth from the base. The supracalycine nematophores are small, just reaching the level of the hydrotheca margin. The mesial nematophore is adnate for little more than half the height of the hydrothem, and has but a short divergent 6 ' beak " free. There are two nematophores on each stem-internode, one opposite, the other distal to, the hydmlade-bearing process.

The stem is of a horny-brown colour, which fades into a faint yellow towards the tip.

Qolaosm.-The corbulae are about 1.7 mm. in length by 1 mm. in breadth, elongate-oval in shape, with 7 or 8 pairs of corbula-

510 MR. JAMES RITCHIE ON HYDROIUS [May 28,

leaves, which are altogether free from one another. Every leaf bears a row of 6 or 7 large bulging nematophores on each margin. The ccenosarc from which the portions supplying these nematophores branch off runs up one side of the leaf, sending off as it passes a short process into each nematophore on that side, and then, having passed a considerable distance up the leaf, sends off a larger shoot which, running backwards, supplies the nematophores along the other side. Conforming with this branching of the ccenosarc, the ccenosarc-containing cavity in the leaf also shows a backward-running branch connected with the nematophore-cavities along one side (wide P1. XXIV. fig. 10). Without the walls of this cavity there is a delicate chitinous membrane connecting the nematophores and forming a wing-like extension to the body of the leaf proper. The specific name nwrginata indicates the presence of this extension. At the base of each leaf along only one side of the corbula there is a very small spur-like nematophore. Locality. Growing on the bottom of lighters: St. Vincent,

Cape Vercle Islands ; 20th and 30th July, 1904.

LYTOCARPC'S ORANDIS, Tar. UNILATEBALIS, Tal'.'ll. (Plate xxv. figs. 1, 2, 3.)

Maiiy much-branched colonies have been obtained from one locality : the largest, which is fragmentary, is 20 cm. in height, with a stem 6 mm. in diameter above the first branch, and a large basal portion covered with loose hydrorhizal tubes.

The stem is strongly fascicled and is divided near the base into several large branches, which bear smaller branches and so on sometimes to the sixth order. All the branches, except the smallest, spring from their parent branch on the side remote from the stem, a rather unusual arrangement to which the variety owes its name. The hydroclade-bearing tubes are divided into regular internodes, 0.4 to 0.5 mm. in length, each of which bears an alternate hydroclade almost on its anterior surface.

The hydroclades, which are borne on a perforated process of the internode, are about 8 min. long, and are divided into internodes 0-35 mm. in length, each with two very strong septal ridges, one opposite the intrathecal ridge and horizontal, the other less distinct opposite the base of the lateral nematophores and sloping obliquely upwards.

The hyclrothece are closely approximated, deep, slightly bulging below, with nine teeth, seven of which are apparent while one on each side is hidden by the lateral nematophore. The anterior tooth is slightly recurved. The intrathecal ridge is distinct and is horizontal, extending around the hydrotheca about + from the base. The mesial nematophores are long, adnate almost to tlie top of the hydrotheca and then free for some distance. The free portion varies much in length, sometimes scarcely rising above the hydrotheca on the proximal end of :I hydroclade while over- topping those on the distal portion for a considerable distance (cf. P1. XXV. 6gs. 2 & 3). I n the supracalycine nematophores

1907.1 FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 51 1

the same variability occurs, those on the proximal hydrothew rising just clear of the margin, those in the distal produced into long, prominent “ horns ” reaching 0.1 mm. beyond it. They have two apertures, one terminal, the other lateral and just above the hydrotheca margin. The cauline nematophores, of which there are two on each hydroclade-bearing internode, one on a level with, the other proximal to, the base of the hydroclade,+are large, from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in height, and triangular.

The colonies are of a rich dark brown d o u r which, however, is almost lacking in the more delicate hydroclades.

The gonosome is not present. The specimens here described, although they differ from

L. gradis (Clarke, 1879) in their unilateral mode of branching, agree so accurately with the minute structure of hydrotheca and branch as described and figured by Versluys (1899, p. 51), that they have been referred to that species. The black granular pigment-cells observed by Nutting (1900) in the ccenosarc of L. grandis and L. ckwkei are present in considerable numbers in my specimens. The branching here described is similar to that of L. rucemiferus of Allman (1883), but the 6peCimen~ differ in the greater length of the hydroclades, the bulging shape of the hydrothecle, the number of marginal teeth (apparently only five in Allman’s figures), and the presence of a distal internodal septum. Allman does not mention the presence of cauline nematophores in his species.

Locality. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands : depth 15 fathoms; 30th July, 1904.

LYTOCARPUS CROSSLANDI, sp. n. (Plate XXIV. fig. 11 ; Plate

Colonies unbranched, springing from a creeping hydrorhiza and attaining a height of about 15 mm. The stem is monosiphonic, divided into regular internodes 0.3 mm. in length, except the proximal millimetre which is undivided, and which is separated from the remainder by a deep constriction sloping downwards from posterior to anterior. The hydroclades, which are borne on each internode, are placed anteriorly on the sten1 and are approximate and alternate. They are divided into regular iuternodes 0.25 mm. long, each of which bears on its anterior surface a hydrotheca, and contains two septa1 ridges, one opposite the intrathecal ridge, the other under the lateral nematophores. Tn no case was a third septum, between the other twn, observed.

The hydrothecre are closely approximated, and are marked in front by a deep fold which brings the aperture into a vertical position. The margin has anteriorly a stsong, sharp, upturned tooth and on each side a prominent lobe, while the interior is divided into two regions by an intrathecal ridge projecting forwards from the internode about 0.5 mm. from the bottom. A second stout intrathecal ridge projects bnckwards into the hydrotheca fiwm between the mesial nematophore and the margin.

XXVI. figs. 2, 3, 4.)

PROC. ZooL. soc.-1907, No. xxxv. 35


The mesial nematophore is long (almost 0.3 mm.), remhing 0.05 mni. above the level of the hydrathecal margin, adnate for little more than half its length, and with two apertures. The supracalycine nematophores are divergent, long and tubular, inclined at an angle similar to that of the mesial nematophore. and rising a short distance above the margin of the hydrotheca, to which they are adnate. On each stem-internode there are two triangular nematophores, one proximal, the other distal to the base of the hydroclade, while the base itself bears anteriorly a tubular nematophore.

Gonosome.-The gonangia are borne on modified recurved hydrocladia, divided into about ten short internodes, the proximal bearing a hydrotheca, which is replaced on the following two or three internodes by a gonangium. Each of the remaining internodes bears one or two dirergent tubular nematophores, each with two apertures, one terminal, the other in the angle formed between nematophore and internode. The gonangia are almost circular, and are much compressecl. As many as twenty-two gonangia on eight phylactocarps were counted on one specimen. The arrangement of the nematophores on the pliylactocarp suggests that which occurs in connection with the hydrothecs, two divergent nematophores frequently occiirring a t the same level ancl beneath them a single mesial nematophore.

Locality. Growing on a leaf found in a bottle containing tunicates from Mattiota, Bt. Vincent Harbour.

The trophosome of the present species is almost identical with that of AgEuophenio plumosu Bale (1884), but there the recurvecl gonangial pinna bears “ 15-20 pairs of alternate pinnules,” these again bearing the nematophores which are amnged differently from those in the specimen before me, the whole structure forming a corbula.

LIST OF LITERATURE CITED.

ALDER, J., 1859.--“Description of two new Species of Sertularinn Zoophytes, found on the coast of Northumherland” ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. iii.

ALLMAN, G. J., 1864.--“ Notes on the Hydroicla ” ; ibid. 3rd ser. vol. xiv.

ALLMAS, G. J., 1871, 1872.-A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Ray Society. London.

ALLMAN, G. J., 1877.-“ Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream.” Harvard Mus. Zool. Mem. 5 .

ALLWAN, G. J., 1883.-“ Report on the Plumularians.” 6 Chal- lenger ’ Expedition, Sci. Reports, Zool., vol. vii.

ALLMAN, G. J., 1888.--“ Report on the Hydroids,” Part 11. ; ibid. vol. xxiii.

BALE, W. M., 1884.-A Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. Sydney.

BENEDES, P. J. VAN, 1844.-“ Recherches b u r 1’EmbryogBnie des Tubulnires ” ; Nouv. MBm. de 1’Acad. de Brux., tome xvii.

BILLARD, A,, 1904.-“ Contributions it 1’Btude cles Hydroi’des ’’ ; Ann. cles Sri. Nat. sCr. 8, vol. xx.

1907.1 FROX THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. 51 3

NILLARD, A., 1906.--" Hydroi'des : Mission des PGcheries de la Crlte Occidenhle tl'Afriqne " ; Actes SOC. Linn. de Bordeaux, vol. lxi.

BILLARD, A., 1907.-Hydro?des : Expeditions scientifiques du ' Travailleur ' et du ' Talisman,' tome viii.

CLARKE, S. F., 1879.-Bnll. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., vol. v. no. 10.

I)ELAGE, Y., 1901.-Traite de Zoologie ConcrAte, tome ii. part. 2. Les Ccelenteres.

EHRENBERG, C. G., 1832.--'* Beitrag z ~ i r phys. Kenntniss der Corallenthiere in1 Allgemeinen und besonderes des Rothen Meeres " ; Abh. der Berlin. Akad.

ELLIS, J., & SOLANDER, D., 1786.-The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes collected from various part8 of the Globe. London.

FOWLER, G. H., 1900.-The Hydromedusze : in ' A Treatise on Zoology,' edited by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, Part 11.

HARTLAUB, CL., 1905.- '' Die Hydroiden der magrtlhaenischen Region und chilienischen Kuste" ; in Fauna Chilensis- Suppl. vi. to Zoolog. Jahrbiicher.

HASSALL, A. H., 1852.-Trans. Micr. SOC. vol. iii. HINCKS, T., 1863.-Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xi. HINCKS, T., 1866.-Ihid. vol. xviii. HINCKS, T., 1868.-A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes.

JOHNSTON, G., 1838. - A History of British Zoophytes.

KIRCHENPAUER, G. H., 1864.--" Ueher neue Sertulariden." Acta

LAMARCK, J. DE, 1816.-Histoire naturelle des animaux sans

LINNIEUS, 1758.--Systenia Natiirz, etl. 10. L O V ~ N , S., 1835.--" Bidrag till kiinnedomen af slaegterna Cam-

paizreZrwicc och r S y v ~ ~ ~ v y v m "; Hand. Svensk. Akad. Stockholm. MCCKADP, J., 1857.-Proc. Elliott Society, April 1857. NUTTING, C. C., 1900.-" American Hydroids." Part I. Plumu-

NUTTING, C. C., 1904.-Ihid. Part 11. Sertnlarida. PICTET, C., 1893.--''Etude sur les Hydraires de la Baie

cl'Aniboine " ; Rev. Suisse Zool. vol. i. QUELCH, J. J., 1885.-" Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydroeoa " ;

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. xvi. RITCHIE, J., 1907.--" Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic

Expedition"; Trans. Roy. SOC. Edinburgh, vol. xlv. part 2. SARS, M., 185l.-<'Beretning om en Zoolog.-Reise in Lofoten og

Finmarken " ; Nyt Mag. Naturvid. vol. vi. THORTELY, LAURA B., 1904.--"Hydroida "; in Report on the

Pearl Oybter Fisheries of the Gulf of Manam, by Prof. Herd- man, F.R.S. Muppl. Rep. vol. viii. Roya Soc. London.

VERSLUYS, J., 1892.--" Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueilles dans la nier cles Antilles "; Mem. de la SOC. Zool. de France, tome xii.

London.

Edinburgh.

Ac. German. xxxi. pp. 1-16.

verthbres, vol. ii. Paris.

larid= ; in Special Bull. Smithsonian Institution. Ihid.

35*

514 ON HYDROIDS FROM THE CAPE VERDE IBLANDS. [May 28,

WARREN, E., 1906.--" On Tubuhvia solit(cria, sp. n., a hydroid from the Natal Coast"; Annals of the Natal Gov. Mus., vol. i. part 1.

WETSMANN, A., 1883.-Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen. Jena.

EXPLANATION OF T H E PLATES. PLATE XXIII.

Fig. 1. c o m e . (?) dubium. bn. 11. A comolete coloiiv to b h o w abundance Of br&chii;g. X 4. . (1. 491.)

branches. X 30. (D. 491.) 2. Coryne (?) dubium, sp. n. Fragment, showing polyps and origin of

. . ~ . 3. Campanularia mutabilis, Sp.. 11. Specimen from St. Yincent, with

regenerated margin. x 20. (p. 604.) 4. Campanularia mutabilzs, sp. n. Specimen from St. Vincent, showing

asymmetry. X 20. (p, 604.) 6. Campanularia mutabilis, sp. 11. Specimen from Porto Piaya. X 20.

6. H.ydractinia verdi, sp. n. Portion of colony with polyps in various states of contraction. X 20. (p. 498.)

7. Hydructinia verdi, sp. n. Reproductive person bearilig gonophores with ova. x 60. (p. 498.)

8. Podocoryne anechinuta, sp. 11. Portion of colony with nutritive mid reproductive person. X circ. 30. (p. 499.)

9. Podocorytte anechinata, sp. n. Medusoid before it is set free. X90. (p. 499.) 10. Podocol-yne anechinata, sp. 11. Chitinous tubes forming mesh-like basal

expansion. X 26. (p. 499.) 11. Ophiodes cacinfformis, sp. 11. Colonies creeping upon fragment of wor~n-

tube. Nat. sire. (p. 600.) 12. Ophiodes cacin$ormis, sp. 11. General structnre of colony. X 16. (p. 600.)

PLATE XXIV. Fig. 1. Ophiodes carinifrmis, sp. 11. Hydianth, hydrotheca nematophore, Bc. X 40.

2. Sertularin versluysi Nutt. Cluster of colonies. Kat. sire. (p. 605.) 3. ,, Fragment of colony showing arrangement of

branches. X14. (p.505.) 4. I , Rvdrothecoe from front. X 60. (p. 606.) 6. 1, Hidrothecre from side. X 60. (p. 606.) 6. Gonangia. X 26. (p. 606.) 7. Agladphenin ma&inata, sp. n. Colonies. Slight.ly reduced. (p. 509.) 8. Hydrothecae. X 60. (p. 609.) 9. Corbula. X 40. (p. 608.)

(P. 604.1

(P. 600.)

10. Leaf of corbula. X 70. (p. 609.) 11. Lytocn~yms crosslaudi, sp. 11. Colonies on leaf. Nat. sire. (p. 611.)

PLATE XXV. Fig. 1. Lytocarpus grandis, var. unilateralis, vwr. 11. Fragment of colol~y showiiig

Hydrothecre from base of a

Hydrothem from tip of a

Showing cyme-like origin of stem-

mode of branching. Sa t . size. (p. 610.)

hy(1rcXcle. x SO. (p. 610.1

hjdroxde . 60. (p. 610.)

internodes. X 20. (p. 608.)

2. L?/tocar UI g r a d i s , var. unilateralis, var. 11.

3. Lytoca u8 yrandip, var. unilateralis, var. 11.

4. dlonosteeclms partridens (McCrady).

6 . Ophiodes caciniJi~nris, sp. 11. Protruded nematocyst. X 700. (p. 601.)

PLATE XXVI.

(1). 611.)

Fig. 1. Rolenioynis derd~*~fufo,riris, gen. et sp. nov. Colony. Nnt. size. (p. 496.) 2. T,!/toca.rrl.pns rrosslnndi, sp. 11. Phylwctocarp, with Sillglr gonangiuni.

3. ,. Phylactocarp. X 45. (1). 611.) 4. Hydrotheca. X 80. (p. 611.) 6. Srrtulavia lmwhwyinnta, sp. 11. Colonies on a leaf. Nut. size. (p. S07.) 6. Hydrotheca. X 60. (p. 607.)

1907 .] ON A LUMINOUS BEETLE FROX THE BRAZIL. 51 5

June 18, 1907.

Q. A. BOULENQER, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-president, in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions that had been made to the Society’s Menagerie in May 1907 :-.

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of May were 220 in number. Of these 103 were acquired by presentation and 37 by purchase, 68 were received on deposit, 3 in exchange, and 9 were born in the Gardens. The total number of departures during the eame period, by death and removals, was 208.

Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :- An Elegant Mongoose (Galidia ekgans) and a Broad-banded

Mongoose (Galidictis striata), the latter new to the Collection, from Ambinaninbrano, E. Madagascar, presented by Archdeacon Kestell-Cornish on May 28th.

Two Capybaras (Hydrochmw capybara) and a Brazilian Tapir (lhpirus americonus) from Venezuela, presented by Mr. H. G. 0. Bax-Ironside on May 30th.

A pair of Indian Onagers (Equus oimger itdiczcs) from Bokhara and N. Khorassan, presented by Capt. Keyes on May 7th.

A Black-gloved Wallaby (Macropus irma), two Cervine Kan- garoos (M. cerwinw), two Owen’s Kangaroos (M. mgnw), and two Woodward’s Kangaroos (M. woodwardi), the last two species new to the Collection, from Australia, deposited on May 3rd.

A Collection of Birds from Venezuela, including 13 Felicia’s Humming-birds (Anzazilia felicice), a Blue-chinned Hnmming- bird (Ezccephala cmrtrkea), two Ruby-crested Humming - birds (Chrysokampis nzoschitus), three Prevost’s Humming-birds (Lam- porn2 prewosti), a Shining Tanager (Calliste witreoliw), and an Orange-browed Tanager (Etcphonia ekgantiasima), new to the Collection, presented by Messrs. A. and H. Pam on May 27th.

An Owl-Parrot (St~ingops hctbroptilus) from New Zealand, tleposited on May 28th.

Two cocks and a hell Great Bustards (Otis tarda) from Spain, presented by Mr. W. J. Buck, C.RI.Z.S., on May 6th.

Mr. C. J. Qahan exhibited a remarkable luminous insect recently presented to the British Museum by MY. J. Kempthorne, of Great Crosby, near Liverpool, who brought it alive from Manaos in Brazil. Perfectly larva-like in form, nearly an inch and a half long, mostly of a creamy-yellow colour, but with the head and anal segment of a darker, reddish-brown tint, the insect glowed with a rich fire-red light from the head and fore pait of the first body-segment, while it had R pair of bright green lights on each of the following segmeiits except the last-11 pairs in all. The anal segment, much narrower than the others and used as a support in walking, was the only segment of the body that was

516 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HYDROMEDUSAN. [Jane 18,

not luminous. The green lights were placed near the hirid margins of the segments--those on the penultimate segment close to the median dorsal line, the others a t the sides. Luminous, larva-like insects similar to this one were known in America since the beginning of the nineteenth century, but were met wit,li only at rare intervals, and for a long time were supposed to be the larne of Pyrophortcs or some other genus of Elateride. Not until 22 years ago were they first definitely ascertained to belong to the Phengodimi, a group of Malacoderni beetles allied to the glowworms. The males of this group are ordinary winged beetles, with well-developed plumose antenns, and rather short, narrow, wing-cases ; they are slightly luminous from one or more of the sternites of the abdomen. The females, apart from their greater luminosity, are of especial interest, inasmuch as they are inore larva-like than any other known beetles ; they retain not only the general form but all the external features of the larva, including short, four- jointed antennce provided with a sensory organ like that of the larva, simple eyes, and five-jointed legs ending each in a single claw j they apparently differ from the larva only in having somewhat shorter jaws and shorter tarsal claws. It was impossible, therefore, to say whetlicr the specimen exhibited was an adult female or only a woll-&own larva. It agreed very well on the whole with the figure and description of the female of Phe~godes hieronynai Haase *, but was not so lar,pe, was less hairy, and had one pair more of green lights--the pair situated near the middle line on the penultimate segment.

Mr. H. 0. Bax-Ironside, H.M. Miniciter to Venezuela, exhibited a series of I 8 models of Venezuelan Animals. The models had been made from living specimens by a native Indian, the material employed being Balhta gum.

Mr. C. L. Boulenger exhibited and riiade remmks on a new Hydromedusan of which examples of both polyp and medusa stages were obtained by Dr. Cunnington and himself during their recent exploration of the lake Birket Qurun in the Fayum.

The medusa, for which Mr. Boulenger proposed the name Moerisia lyonsi, g. Bs sp. n., was an Anthomedusan which appeared closely related to Sursia.

The hydroid was gymnoblastic and resembled C'ordylophora, differing, however, from that genus in possessing a more complex mode of branching, and in the situation of the gonophores, which were on the polyps themselves.

Mr. R. I. Pocock, the Superintendent of the Gardens, exhibited two young English Squirrels (h'ciurtcs vulguris ulbicuudu) showing

* Deutnche Eiit. Zeit. xxxii. (1888).

1907.1 ox ABNORMALLY-COLOURED COMMON SQUIRRELS. 517

an abnormal change in the colour of the fur. The Squirrels, which had been reared by a domestic cat, were presented to the Society by Mr. A. Heneage Cocks, P.Z.S., and had been exhibited in the Gardens with their foster-parent and one of her kittens. When received at the beginning of May, they were just strong enough to crawl feebly Rnd were well covered with their first coat of fur, which was of the rich ruddy-brown hue daracteristic of the new coat in ordinary English Squirrels. A week or two later, when they were sufficiently active to climb about the cage, it was noticed that the f u r was gradually losing its colour and turning grey. The change was effected with tolerable uniformity all over the head, tail, and body, with the result that by June 18th the animals were of a silvery-grey tint. On the feet and along a narrow strip bordering the white of the belly the red persisted longest. Ultimately the feet also turned white, but on the ventral area, especially on the inner side of the thigh, some red hair underwent no alteration in colour. The change was accom- plished without any sign of alteration in the thickness, length or quality of the coat; nor was there any other evidence of moulting. In fact, careful watching of the process left very little doubt that the greyness resulted from the fading away of the red pigment in the individual hairs.

[During the three weeks that followed the exhibition of these Squirrels before the Society, the fur lost a good deal of its silvery lustre and became somewhat duskier, apparently from soiling ; but no further change in the colour took place except the fading of the feet above alluded f.0. By the middle of July there was evidence of the recovery of the colour natural to the species. This showed itself first on the head and tail. The tail began to look thin and meagre from the dropping of the hair; and the hairs that were shed were gradually replaced by others of a dark- brown hue, the distal darkening before the proximal portion. Similarly on the head, the greyish-white hairs were moulted and rcplaced by reddish-brown hairs ; but on this region the coloured area, beginning on the forehead and nose, gradually spread back- 'wards over the nape, encroaching upon the greyish-white area and being marked of€' therefrom by a sharp line of demarcation. That the greyish-white haid did not themselves become pigmented and turn dark was shown by the circumstance that they were longer than the coloured hairs.

No explanation could be offered either for the loss of the colour in the hair or for the midsummer moult of the faded hair. The only abnormal featlire in the history of the Squirrels was their nurture on Cats' milk instead of on Squirrels' milk. There was conceivably R connection between the unusual food and the condition that caused the canescence or fading of the hair.]

The following papers were read :-

On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Marine Fauna, inacle by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.),...

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