Slide 1

On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world. Slide 2 o Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of: o social o political and o economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other Slide 3 Southwest dry, arid climate sedentary lifestyle Hohokam, Anasazi, Pueblo multifaceted societies farmed with irrigation constructed/lived in caves, under cliffs, multistoried buildings Slide 4 Southwest spread of maize cultivation spurred economic development (trade) spurred social diversification (division of labor) Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Northwest Pacific coast, Alaska to California longhouses Slide 9 Northwest a mix of foraging & hunting (gatherer-hunter) fishing, gathering nuts, roots, berries isolated by mountains hindered trade, development to a degree carved totem poles to preserve stories, legends, myths Slide 10 Great Basin & Great Plains few natural resources result in mobile lifestyles nomadic hunters buffalo lived in tepees sedentary farmers & traders raised corn (maize), beans, squash lived in earthen lodges along rivers migration movement of people within an area/country Slide 11 Midwest Settlements Woodland American Indians hunted, fished, farmed Adena-Hopewell large earthen mounds present day Ohio Cahokia 30,000 inhabitants present day East St. Louis Slide 12 Northeast Settlements mixed agricultural & gatherer-hunter economy permanent villages lived in longhouses Iroquois Confederation political union of 5 tribes Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk matrilineal heritage families organized through female lineages Slide 13 Slide 14 Atlantic Seaboard Settlements Coastal Plains from New Jersey to Florida built timber & bark lodgings along rivers rivers & Atlantic Ocean utilized for food Slide 15 o European overseas expansion resulted in the: o Columbian Exchange o a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic Slide 16 Widespread deadly epidemics small pox, measles, influenza, chickenpox, malaria, and yellow fever disease & Spanish brutality decimates indigenous populations Racially mixed populations mestizo, mulatto Caste system based upon intermixture of Spanish settlers, Africans, and indigenous Native Americans Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Spanish/Portuguese traders reach West Africa trade for resources, slaves Prince Henry the Navigator New crops, livestock introduced to New World Columbian Exchange sugar cane, bluegrasses, wheat, apples, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, the wheel, iron implements, guns effected economic, social, & political development Slide 20 Slide 21 Encomienda System slave labor used in New World Spanish colonies introduces new form of social/economic organization to region vast tracts of land AND, the indigenous people living there, given to the Spanish lord/conquistador, who promises to uplift and Christianize them! slavery by any other name often brutalized, exploited in sugar fields, silver mines Slide 22 Slide 23 African Chattel Slavery becomes increasingly important population of native Indian workers dwindle disease, brutality, etc increased importation of African slaves alters encomienda system Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Causes of European expansion: The 3 Gs Gold, God, Glory New crops from the Americas fuel population growth in Europe Columbian Exchange beans, corn (maize), sweet/white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, various squashes, chiles, and manioc Slide 27 Slide 28 New sources of wealth gold, silver fuel shift from feudalism to capitalism Slide 29 Improvements in technology and trade arms social technology bureaucracy, double-entry bookkeeping, mechanical printing amassing wealth/dominating people positively valued on Earth and towards salvation (Lies, p.36) nature of European Christianity rationalized conquest the Requirement (Lies, p. 36-37) Slide 30 Improvements in technology and trade European success in island conquests Malta, Sardinia, Canary Islands, Ireland, etc a route to wealth caravel sextant joint-stock companies precursor to corporation Slide 31 o Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group. Slide 32 Contact with people different from themselves caused debates comparisons of nature and degrees of civility Juan de Sepulveda Bartolome de Las Casas ethnocentrism belief that ones own culture and way of life is best, superior to all others common among all human cultures belief in white superiority evolves Slide 33 Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Politically, challenged European ideas of government, social organization Lies, p 61 without monarchs, without much hierarchy some Europeans glorified American Indian nations as examples of simpler, better societies from which European civilization had devolved Slide 38 Religiously, challenged Europes uniformity leads to Protestant Reformation established mission system presidio fort & mission to protect selves and Christianize natives looked down upon Native Americans earth-centered religion reverence for the land, resources, etc assumed the superiority of Christianity! Slide 39 Forms of resistance - Native Americans: refused to plant food abandoned towns near Spanish settlements fled beyond mountains and rivers suicide shunned conception & childbirth aborted murdered their children slave revolts Slide 40 Forms of resistance African Americans: run away to Native American communities slave revolts New York City 1712 21 blacks executed over a slow fire Stono Rebellion 1739 South Carolina 21 whites and 44 blacks killed Slide 41 Juan de Onate Spanish conquistador attempted to spread Catholicism among natives of New Mexico Acoma War - 1598 800 villagers, including men, women, and children killed enslaved the remaining 500 they amputated the left foot of every Acoma man over the age of twenty-five females sent off to be slaves for twenty years Popes Rebellion -1680 also known as the Pueblo Revolt an uprising of Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonizers in present day New Mexico the Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province Slide 42 Gullah blend of English & several African languages spoken by blacks in South Carolina & Georgia Ring Shout West African religious dance contributed to development of jazz Maroon communities runaway black slaves who formed their own communities Caribbean Islands & South America