OMMI Literature Identification for the Latin American ......Jun 19, 2014 · Multicultural Media...

Multicultural Media and the Latin American Community OMMI Annotated Bibliography

1

Reference Alexandre, L., & Rehbinder, H. (2002). Separate But Equal: Comparing Local News in English and Spanish. Journalism.org: Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.journalism.org/node/230

Source Type Think Tank Website

Target Audience Academics, Researchers, Media Producers

Geographic Scope Lost Angeles, New York, Miami, Houston, United States

Data Collection Method

Content Analysis, Comparative Method

Key Words English Language, Spanish Language, Television, Content, News

Abstract and Key Findings

What is on Spanish-language TV news and how does it compare with and differ from the English-language variety? To find answers, this year's local news study examined eight Spanish-language stations in the four largest Hispanic markets: Los Angeles, New York, Miami, and Houston. Two weeks of programs were analyzed - one sweeps, one non-sweeps - during the most popular time slot for news in each market.

Annotation This article reports on the findings of a study done on Spanish language Univision and Telemundo TV news programs in Los Angeles, New York, Miami, and Houston over two weeks to determine its differences from English language news programs and between the cities and companies. While the quality of the Spanish TV news was comparable to English language TV news in terms of number of stories and the ambitiousness of the stories, Spanish TV news was more inconsistent in sourcing their information. Spanish TV news was found to report on stories without competing view points more often than English language counterparts although their stories were often longer. Spanish TV news reported a much higher incidence of crime stories and interviewed lawyers and police far less, often casting law enforcement as the villain. Immigration was far more prevalent in Spanish TV news, and most so in Los Angeles and Houston, translating into a greater number of international coverage, mostly about Latin America. Differences in content between the cities in the study depended on demographics of Latin immigrants, with Miami being largely Cuban, Houston and Los Angeles being Mexican, and New York being very mixed.

Reference Ben Amor, L. (2001). Television et construction d’une “communauté” américaine.

http://www.journalism.org/node/230


2

Réseaux, 107(3), 41.

Source Type Academic Journal

Target Audience Academics, Researchers

Geographic Scope United States


Qualitative Analysis

Key Words Historical Context, Media, Identity Formation, Latin American/Spanish Speaking, Television, Naturalization


Cet article s’emploie à replacer le développement de la dernière communauté à s’être constituée aux États Unis non seulement dans le contexte médiatique dont il retrace l’histoire, mais aussi dans le cadre politique national. L’auteur souligne la transformation qui s’est effectuée par le passage de médias identitaires à des chaînes de télévision hispaniques qui ont tendance à ne légitimer que les représentants de la communauté ayant acquis un statut national. This article places the development of the most recent community to be formed in the US, into the national political framework and the historical context of the media. The author highlights the transformation that has taken place with the movement from media with a strong identity to Hispanic television channels which tend to legitimize only the representatives of communities with a national status.

Annotation This article takes a theoretical and historical look at the role of the media in creating the notion of the American community, as homogeneous and white, and the occurrence of ethnic media in the Unites States, beginning in the nineteenth century. The author emphasizes that minority ethnic public spheres are not self-contained spaces, but porous ones that are also part of the larger public sphere of the United States. The article discusses especially to role of Spanish-language Latin American-oriented television programming that claims to represent the Latino community, but really serves to create and reinforce the politicized status quo nation of the United States and the Latino community’s position within the state.


3

Reference Bérubé, F. (2010). Production médiatique immigrante au Québec : les professionnels des médias issus de l’immigration et leurs pratiques. Presented at the 17ème Congrès de la Société Française des Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne. Retrieved on April 14, 2012, from http://tabarqa.u-bourgogne.fr/outils/OconfS/index.php/SIC/SFSIC17/paper/view/34

Source Type Conference Presentation


Geographic Scope Quebec, Canada


Semi-Structures Interviews, Structured Interviews, Ethnography, Participant Observation, Qualitative Analysis, Content Analysis, Document Analysis

Key Words Immigration, Media, Media Representation, Audience, Ethno-cultural Minorities, Media Professionals, Journalists, Immigrant Produced Media, Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community


Dans les pays occidentaux, une hausse de l’immigration et la diversification des populations sont observées. Parmi les sphères touchées par ces phénomènes, des changements s’opèrent dans l’espace médiatique. Notamment, la recherche observe des impacts sur la représentation des immigrants dans les médias ainsi que sur celui des auditoires et de la réception par les groupes minorisés. Dans le même ordre d’idées, on peut penser que la pratique des professionnels des médias est affectée et plus particulièrement celle des professionnels issus de l’immigration. Qui sont ces journalistes, documentaires et autres acteurs médiatiques issus de l’immigration? Quel est leur parcours et comment ont-ils investi l’espace médiatique? Ont-ils innové et donné lieu à de nouvelles pratiques? Diffusent-ils des messages et des visions différentes? Un vaste projet de recherche ayant pour terrain les médias québécois et ses acteurs se penche actuellement sur ces questions. Ce papier fait d’abord état de la recension des écrits portant sur les médias et la diversité humaine selon quatre principales approches. Sont ensuite discutés la problématique de recherche et la méthodologie employée alors que sont actuellement étudiés les pratiques et les productions médiatiques de journalistes issus de l’immigration. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires sont présentés en guise de conclusion.

Annotation This conference discusses the role and impact of immigrant journalists on issues of immigration in Western countries, in Quebec City. This paper is a follow-up to the author’s PhD thesis, annotated above, about how the ethnic media consumption habits of immigrants affects their levels and rates of acculturation in their host countries. The author examines how news media professionals, journalists, can influence the environment for the reception and acculturation of immigrants. The author uses content analysis, interviews, and document analysis in the research on first and second generation immigrant journalists’ work and preliminary results suggest that Quebec City is a difficult industry for immigrant journalists to join and the remain apart. Although immigrant journalists work very hard to be good cultural representatives in their host communities, the role of the immigrant journalist is a marginalized one.

http://tabarqa.u-bourgogne.fr/outils/OconfS/index.php/SIC/SFSIC17/paper/view/34

http://tabarqa.u-bourgogne.fr/outils/OconfS/index.php/SIC/SFSIC17/paper/view/34


4

Reference Cohen, J. (2004). Situer les médias hispaniques/latinos aux États-Unis : quelques repères sociopolitiques. Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire. Les Cahiers ALHIM, (8). Retrieved on April 02, from http://alhim.revues.org/index425.html





Content Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking, Media, Multicultural Media, Print Media, Radio


Content Analysis of Latino Media in the United States.

Annotation This article is organized as a sociological discussion of Americans of Latin American origin and non-citizen immigrants from Latin America in terms of the Latin media presence in the United States and their socio-political opinions. The author bases conclusions on a content analysis of a variety of Hispanic print journals from all over the United States, some online journals, and a monthly magazine, since the late 1990s. The author finds that the examined materials can be organized into four categories: local journals aimed at informing new immigrants, cultural or political journals in Spanish or that are bilingual, Spanish language daily newspapers distinguished from English counterparts by cultural considerations, and niche or professional magazines with small readerships that are published largely in English. The author concludes by suggesting further areas of research into the Latino mediascape in the United States.

http://alhim.revues.org/index425.html


5

Reference Coll, K. (2009). Genre et citoyenneté culturelle à San Francisco: Subjectivité et « estime de soi » dans l’organisation de la communauté latino immigrante. Anthropologie et Sociétés, 33(2), 167–192.



Geographic Scope San Francisco, California, United States


Content Analysis, Document Analysis, Discourse Analysis

Key Words Cultural Citizenship, Immigration, Political Participation, Subjectivity, Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women, Multicultural Media<


Cet article reconfigure la citoyenneté culturelle en termes féministes en analysant comment un groupe d’activistes latino-américaines immigrantes de la Californie du tournant du XXIe siècle parvient à revendiquer des droits politiques, sociaux et individuels. Des concepts associés d’habitude au néolibéralisme, comme par exemple la notion d’estime de soi (autoestima), ont joué un grand rôle dans les analyses hautement politisées que ces femmes font de la société américaine et des politiques sociales et d’immigration. La réutilisation créative de ces termes par les femmes implique que l’on comprenne la dynamique subversive autant que conservatrice du discours et des pratiques politiques démocratiques dans les mouvements pour les droit des immigrants contemporains, ainsi que les racines de l’activisme actuel, qui s’inscrit dans des actions à long terme dans le but de transformer la subjectivité politique. This article reconfigures cultural citizenship in feminist terms by analyzing how a group of immigrant Latina activists’ in turn-of-the-21st century California come to make claims for political, social, and personal rights. Concepts associated with neoliberal agendas, such as autoestima (self-esteem), played a significant role in women’s highly politicized analyses of U.S. society, immigration and welfare policies. Women’s creative redeployment of such terms demands an understanding of the subversive as well as self-conserving dynamic of democratic political practice and discourse in contemporary immigrant rights movements, and the roots of current activism in long standing efforts that transform political subjectivity.

Annotation This article concerns itself with creating a new theory of citizenship for marginalized minority ethnic communities in the United States that are not normally taken into account in questions of political identity and participation. The author examines the changes in immigrant attitudes for the moment of realisation that they have the right to demand their rights through social and political participation, specifically here those of Latina American women whose civic participation is often influenced not only by personal opinions, but cultural and familial obligations. This phenomenon is examined as a part of the construction of marginal cultural identities. The data collected for this paper was done with a San Francisco organization of Latina women, Mujeres Unidas y Activas, a political, social, and empowerment mobilisation group for Latina immigrants, in the 1990s, with the author acting as a participant researcher and interviewer. The author concludes that self-esteem development and support between the women was key to their political, economic, and personal mobilisation and empowerment as Latina women in the United States, where they are consistently marginalized as a group.


6

Reference Correa, T. (2010). Framing Latinas: Hispanic women through the lenses of Spanish-language and English-language news media. Journalism, 11(4), 425–443.



Geographic Scope Miami, Florida, United States


Comparative Method, Content Analysis

Key Words Media, Stereotype, Ethno-cultural Minorities, Media Framing, English Language, Print Media, Spanish Language, Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women


It is argued that the media's tendency to stereotype minority groups is due, in part, to a weak identification with them. This study compared the frames used by the Miami Herald (MH), an English-language newspaper targeted to general audiences, and El Nuevo Herald (ENH), its Spanish-language counterpart targeted to Hispanics, to explore whether the stronger media identification with the audience affects the type of frames used to depict Latinas. Using framing as a theoretical framework, this investigation found that the MH emphasized the individual achievements of successful women and described them as a new profitable market. ENH highlighted the family sacrifices of successful females and depicted them as family-devoted and sensual. As a result, the greater cultural identification with the audience may avoid manifest negative stereotypes but embrace pan-ethnic stereotypes that, eventually, may become harmful because they contribute to the homogenization and racialization of a group such as Latinas.

Annotation This article examines the representations of Latin American women in both an English- and a Spanish-language newspaper in Miami for sexual and racial stereotyping to determine whether greater ethnic identification translates to a more diverse and representative framing of Latinas in the media. The author frames the analysis based on the theory of identification that explains how minorities are stereotypes by dominant groups because members of one group are not able to see the same level of diversity in other groups as in their own. The author also uses the hierarchies-of-influence model. Data were gathered through a content analysis of 188 articles, from the Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald, between 2000 and 2006, and from interviews done with a journalist from each newspaper. The research reveals that the ethnic media represent Latinas according to the same stereotypes as English language mass media, as family-oriented, sensual others, and that El Nuevo Herald may even rely on them more than the Miami Herald. The author concludes that while ethnic identification between media and audience may lessen overtly negative stereotypes, stereotypes that are just as harmful, but less obvious, are often perpetuated by ethnic media reporting on group values as collective stereotypes.


7

Reference Correa, T., & Rodriguez, A. (2008). Ahora es Cool hablar Espanol: The Growth and Fragmentation of Contemporary Latino-oriented Newspapers. Conference Papers -- National Communication Association.

Source Type Conference Paper

Target Audience Academic, Researchers

Geographic Scope Austin, Texas, United States


Varied

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Identity Formation, Audience, Media Market, Print Media, Market Fragmentation, Spanish Language, Immigrants, Ethno-cultural Minorities, News


This article examines how the 'discovery' and development of the social construction of 'Hispanics' as a commercially attractive audience has reshaped and fragmented the Latino media market in mid-size U.S. cities. This confirms a national trend in which the unitary creation of Hispanics has blurred. Using the newspapers of Austin, TX as a case study this article explores how these newspapers have evolved as new corporate players entered the marketplace. This study also examines market fragmentation as five Hispanic publications compete for two main audiences: the Spanish-language papers target the new immigrants as bilingual publications aim for U.S.-born Latinos. The newspapers have taken different approaches to news production in order to attract their imagined publics. The formats and story selection are dissimilar; as journalists’ personal and professional experiences. The advertisers also vary.

Annotation As a result of growing populations of Hispanics in the United States, now a recognized economic target population, and the increasing readership of Latino newspapers even while English readership is steadily dropping, the author examines the trends and topics in five Latino newspapers in Austin, Texas, by conducting a content analysis and interviews. While Spanish-language Latino media in Austin target new immigrants to the United States, and thus discuss immigration issues much more, bilingual and English-language Latino media focus more on second and third generation Hispanics who are assimilated to American language and culture. Although each newspaper’s characteristics depended on the language of communication, and thus on the audience segment targeted in terms of topics, advertisements, and formatting, the author concludes that these papers are used in order to promote social cohesion in the community and to publicize events and services relevant to it.


8

Reference Dávila, A. M. (2001). Latinos, Inc: The Marketing and Making of a People. University of California Press.

Source Type Book




Content Analysis, Discourse Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Hollywood, Marking, Latin American Culture, Mainstream Media, Identity, Multicultural Media


Both Hollywood and corporate America are taking note of the marketing power of the growing Latino population in the United States. And as salsa takes over both the dance floor and the condiment shelf, the influence of Latin culture is gaining momentum in American society as a whole. Yet the increasing visibility of Latinos in mainstream culture has not been accompanied by a similar level of economic parity or political enfranchisement. In this important, original, and entertaining book, Arlene Dávila provides a critical examination of the Hispanic marketing industry and of its role in the making and marketing of U.S. Latinos. Dávila finds that Latinos’ increased popularity in the marketplace is simultaneously accompanied by their growing exotification and invisibility. She scrutinizes the complex interests that are involved in the public representation of Latinos as a generic and culturally distinct people and questions the homogeneity of the different Latino sub-nationalities that supposedly comprise the same people and group of consumers. In a fascinating discussion of how populations have become reconfigured as market segments, she shows that the market and marketing discourse become important terrains where Latinos debate their social identities and public standing.

Annotation This book discusses the creation of the monolithic Latinidad, Latino or Hispanic identity, in the United States by the marketing and advertising industry. This production of the Latino identity is examined as a process in which Latinos themselves have been involved: Hispanic marketing. The author discusses how Hispanic marketing has been instrumental in both cognizantly correcting mainstream Anglo stereotypes of Latinos by making Latino culture more visible and simultaneously contributing to the invisibility of Latinos in the United States by perpetuating conceptions of Latino pan-ethnic unity that undermines the complexity and diversity of Hispanic cultures, as well as the real hybridity of many Latino Americans’ identities. This book is an ethnography that examines the processes of identity creation that happen in the political and economic course of marketing a culture in several New York City Hispanic ad agencies, as well as information and interviews conducted with ad executives nationwide. The book also presents data from focus groups and interviews with media consumers. The author concludes that Hispanic marketing, like all ethnic media, ends up creating an image of the ethnic consumer that encourages the mainstream image of the “good American consumer” in order to allay mainstream fears of the other.


9

Reference Downing, J. D. (1992). Spanish-language media in the greater New York region during the 1980s. Ethnic minority media: An international perspective (p. 256–275).

Source Type Book Chapter




Case Study

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Multicultural Media, Print Media, Broadcast Media, Ethno-cultural Minorities


This book focuses on the challenge of ethnic survival and empowerment and discusses the positive role that ethnic minority media play in the process. Examining print and broadcast media, as well as linguistic and cultural diversity, the contributors provide a broad international sampling of case studies spanning a variety of ethnic minorities and countries, each representing a different set of cultural, political and economic conditions. Cases studied include the United States (Hispanic and Native), Great Britain (Welsh), Ireland (Irish), Canada (Native), Australia (Aboriginal), Israel (Romanian), France (Occitan and Basque), Greenland (Inuit), Chile (Native) and Algeria (Berber).

Annotation This chapter considers the Latino ethnic media in New York City in the 1980s and its role in empowering the Latino community in the face of economic and political campaigns targeting Latinos as an important new economic market and a potentially vital political community. The author considers empowerment to be one of the main goals of minority ethnic media and examines the process of segmenting audiences based on cultural and class differences. The author discusses a range of Latino media including two newspapers, two radio stations, and two television stations, in order to draw conclusions about the Latino media’s role in empowering the ethnic minority community of Latinos in New York. The author concludes that the Latino media of New York City missed the opportunity to be a force for community empowerment based on the lack of public services announcements, community service information, and two-sided political discussions. The author also points what the author considers to be a dramatization of Anglo media that contributes to the negative stereotyping of Latinos and is not optimistic for the future contribution of the Latino media to its community’s empowerment.


10

Reference Félix, A., González, C., & Ramírez, R. (2008). Political Protest, Ethnic Media, and Latino Naturalization. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(4), 618–634.



Geographic Scope California, United States


Survey Methods

Key Words Immigrant, Legislation, Protest, Naturalization, Voting, Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Civic Organizations, Multicultural Media, Spanish Language, Political Participation


In the spring of 2006, anti-immigrant legislation triggered historic immigrant rights protests in cities throughout the United States. In places like California, protest of immigrant-targeting legislation is not new. A hostile political context in California during the mid-1990s stimulated naturalization rates, voter registration, and turnout among Latinos therein. The spring 2006 immigrant rights protests provide a unique research opportunity to further examine the relationship between a contentious political climate and Latino immigrants' decision to naturalize. Earlier work highlights the role of Latino civic organizations in naturalizing and mobilizing co-ethnics to vote. This article considers an additional key variable: the ethnic media. Unpublished data from citizenship application workshops sponsored by a national Latino civic organization and a pilot survey of workshop participants were used to examine patterns of participation in the protests and use of Spanish-language media for political information among Latino naturalizers. Although this article examines an unfolding issue, it may hold implications for the future of Latino politics. A link between the recent immigrant protests and the decision to naturalize by Latino immigrants may suggest that a cohort of newly enfranchised Latinos will have high rates of participation.

Annotation This article presents a discussion of ethnic media’s effects on the naturalization and civic participation of Hispanic immigrants in Los Angeles, in the context of the immigrants’ rights protests in the mid-1990s and in 2006. The Latino community in the United States, and in California, has historically been slow to naturalize when eligible for a variety of reasons, from the prejudice experienced in the process to loyalty for home countries. Recent increases in rates of naturalization are examined in this article in light of the role of ethnic media, especially Spanish-language radio, in informing Hispanic immigrants about the process and encouraging it as a form of political protest over unjust political conditions. Data were gathered from surveys collected at workshops held in California in 2006 for immigrants applying to becoming U.S. citizens. Most respondents reported having received their information about demonstrations and citizenship workshops from television and radio, and interestingly, most had not participated in protest marches. The author cautiously concludes that Spanish-language media has great potential for the political mobilization of immigrant communities.


11

Reference Guskin, E., & Mitchell, A. (2011). Hispanic Media: Faring Better than the Mainstream Media (Annual Report on American Journalism). The State of the News Media 2011. Pew Research Centre’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retrieved on April 5, 2012, from http://stateofthemedia.org/2011/hispanic-media-fairing-better-than-the-mainstream-media/

Source Type Think Tank Report, Website




N/A

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Multicultural Media, Spanish Language, English Language, Mainstream Media


The ethnic media play an important role by providing news in both foreign languages and in English about places and issues that are often absent from the mainstream media. To provide greater depth, this year’s Annual Report on the State of the News Media offers reports on different groups at different times.

Annotation Although the United States’ Latino population is a very young ethnic group that is largely bilingual and increasingly American-born, the Hispanic news media is doing proportionately better than English-language media. Hispanic newspapers remained stable in numbers and grew in terms of numbers of audience audits. Spanish-language television networks are growing in both audience and revenue. Hispanic focused radio stations are also growing in numbers and reach. Magazines, mainly for women and entertainment, are doing well. Latinos have lower rates of usage of digital media, with English-speaking Latinos more likely to access the internet, but numbers are increasing and when socioeconomic factors were adjusted for, there was no difference between Latinos and Whites in digital media use. Hispanic press groups were found to be suffering though.


12

Reference Gutierrez, B. (2001, Summer). El Nuevo Herald Provides a Latin American Take On the News. Nieman Reports, 55(2), 37.

Source Type Magazine Article

Target Audience General Public



Comparative Method, Case Study, Discourse Analysis



Discusses the transformation of the Èl Nuevo Herald' from a supplementary issue of the `Miami Herald' to an independent Spanish-language newspaper in Miami, Florida. How Èl Nuevo Herald' became an independent newspaper; Format of Èl Nuevo Herald'; Circulation; Difference between the two newspapers in their coverage of the Elian Gonzales story.

Annotation This article discusses the separation and independence of the Miami Herald and its off-shoot Spanish-language newspaper, El Nuevo Herald, that serves a large Hispanic population in Miami. The article uses the different approaches used by the two newspapers during the Elian Gonzalez events, amongst others, to illustrate the separate journalistic cultures of the papers that serve Miami’s diversity despite their common origins and occasions of cooperation.


13

Reference Guzmán, I. M. (2006). Competing Discourses of Community Ideological Tensions Between Local General-Market and Latino News Media. Journalism, 7(3), 281–298.





Comparative Method, Case Study, Discourse Analysis



Based on a critical analysis of the news coverage and editorial content regarding the Elián González international custody case in The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald, this article explores the ideological tensions between local general-market and Latino news outlets during moments of increased social crisis. Specifically, it documents the newspapers’ relationship with each other and analyzes the competing discourses of ethnic, community and national identity embedded in the journalistic texts. The study suggests that, as US ethnic and racial demographics continue shifting in its major cities, particular attention must be paid to the dynamic role of the ethnic media. Examining the production of meanings in ethnic and general-market news coverage in relation to one another presents an opportunity for rethinking the role of journalism in public negotiations over constructs of community, national identity, and ethnic and racial difference.

Annotation The author of this article takes a social constructionist point of view in order to examine how the news media framed the Elian Gonzalez immigration/custody controversy in Miami in 1999-2000. The author examines the Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald in order to determine how ethnic media construct competing narratives of racial and ethnic identity. The article builds on Stephen Riggins’ work on the media’s effect on ethnic identity formation. The author bases his textual analysis on articles from each newspaper on Elian Gonzalez between 1999 and 2000. The author concludes that the coverage in the competing newspapers presented two separate political, cultural, and racial conceptions of the general Miami and Cuban Miami communities. El Nuevo Herald was the ethnic media countermeasure to the Miami Herald’s representative anti-immigration backlash and racialized reporting during the Elian Gonzalez controversy, and in some capacity legitimized the Miami Herald community’s reporting. Miami’s cultural tensions about host and immigrant culture and identity were played out by the conservative conversations in the two papers.


14

Reference Hernandez, E. (2001, Summer). Being a Latina Journalist at a Spanish-Language Newspaper. Nieman Reports, 55(2), 28.


Target Audience General Public



N/A

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women, Journalists, Print Media, Multicultural Media, Spanish Language


Presents an article about the experiences of a female Hispanic American journalist in working for èl diario,' a Spanish-language newspaper in the United States. Examples of the negative views about working in a Spanish-language newspaper; Staff of èl diario'; News stories championed by the newspaper; Background on Spanish-language media; Ambience at èl diario.'

Annotation This opinion-editorial magazine article is a personal explanation of the author’s experiences as a Latina journalist in the United States. The author defends the journalistic integrity and skill of Spanish-language media in the United States, which is often denigrated by those outside, and particularly lauds her own Spanish-language newspaper, el diario/La Prensa, where she feels that the community building and advocacy work they do through their journalism is very important. The author also emphasizes how affirming it is for her as a Latina journalist in the United States not to have to justify to her editorial board why stories about the Latino community are relevant and valid; working at a Spanish-language newspaper is key to the maintenance of her Latino heritage.


15

Reference Johnson, M. A. (2000). How Ethnic Are U.S. Ethnic Media: The Case of Latina Magazines. Mass Communication & Society, 3(2/3), 229.





Qualitative Content Analysis, Quantitative Content Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women, Print Media, Magazines, Multicultural Media


Examines news and features in five nationwide women's magazines targeted to Hispanics. Review of three waves of ethnic media scholarship; Description of how the dominant paradigm shifted from assimilation concerns to pluralism; Use of qualitative and quantitative content analysis.

Annotation This article discusses magazines targeted to Latinas in the United States in the 1990s and how the publication of these magazines in English, or bilingually, challenges the assumption that language is inextricably linked to cultural identity. The author conducted her research on five English-language or bilingual magazines distributed nation-wide to a Latina audience from 1997 to 1998 in the US. Research was a content analysis on the topics mentioned and a qualitative coding for the tone of the articles. The author concludes that a new model of cultural identity formation through ethnic media should exclude the language-focus since the results indicate that US Latino ethnic identity is not dependent on Spanish-language. Although political activism was not found to be a key part of ethnic community identity in this study, elements of cultural transmission and ethnic pride were prevalent. US media were found to frame Latina culture as consumer-focused as a means of social control and is recognized through visual symbols instead of language-driven recognition. Latina media are also highly motivated to communicate ethnic culture to the host country as well as providing guidance on acculturation for Latinas. The author concludes that Latina media in the US are both assimilative and pluralistic.


16

Reference Karim, K. H. (Ed.). (2003). The media of diaspora. New York, NY: Routledge.

Source Type Academic Book

Target Audience Academics

Geographic Scope Transnational: Fiji Indians, Aboriginals, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Iranians, Jews, Hispanics, Kurds, Turks, Macedonians, Vietnamese, Muslims, Chinese, Greeks, Rhodesians, Tibetans, and Ghanaians


Qualitative Analysis, Comparative Analysis

Key Words Multicultural Media, Globalized Communication Media, Diasporas, Transnational Identity


The Media of Diaspora examines how diasporic communities have used new communications media to maintain and develop community ties on a local and transnational level. This collection of essays from a wide range of different diasporic contexts is a unique contribution to the field.

Annotation This book compiles a variety of essays on how globalized communication media have transformed ethnic media, and the effect that these ethnic media have on diasporas, both locally and transnationally. The various diasporic communities discussed in terms of the wide range of communication media available include: Fiji Indians, Aboriginals, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Iranians, Jews, Hispanics, Kurds, Turks, Macedonians, Vietnamese, Muslims, Chinese, Greeks, Rhodesians, Tibetans, and Ghanaians. Instead of examining local ethnic medias, this book addresses the cross-border flows of audio-visual and computer-mediated ethnic media, in order to advance the available theory on migration, diasporas, media, and transnational identity.


17

Reference Levine, E. (2001). Constructing a Market, Constructing an Ethnicity U.S. Spanish-language Media and the Formation of a Syncretic Latino/a Identity. Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, 20, 33.






Key Words Media Ownership, Media Programming, Media Marketing, Identity Formation, Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community


Focuses on the shift in the ownership, programming, and marketing of Telemundo Network LLC in the U.S. Reason for the reorganization of the company; Effect of the construction of bicultural and bilingual Latino identity by the company on social conditions; Classification of the identity created by the company as syncretic; Efficacy on the identity creation initiative of the company.

Annotation This article looks at the Spanish-language American broadcaster Telemundo’s ownership, programming, and marketing changes in order to understand the impact of the broadcaster’s recreations of popular American television series with Latin twists on Latino identity construction in the United States. The author argues that while market forces may drive this Latin media-constructed identity, Latin identities are not defined nor confined by them. The author relies on Naficy’s 1993 theory of syncretic identity in which ethnic identities are affected by host cultures to create a third, discrete identity. This syncretic identity, that is more stable than shifting hybrid identities, is created and sold by the media to Latin Americans. The author takes as a case study Telemundo’s recreation of Charlie’s Angels into a Latina version and examines the network’s negotiation of Latina identity as more empowered than traditional telenovela norms. Telemundo’s attempt at creating a syncretic Latino identity was not successful and they returned to traditional programming, something the author attributes to the falseness of the syncretic Latina American identity, which is still fluid and hybrid.


18

Reference Louie, J. (2003). Media in the lives of immigrant youth. New Directions for Youth Development, 2003(100), 111–130.


Target Audience Academics

Geographic Scope U.S.


Comparative Longitudinal Study, Survey Methods

Key Words Media Ownership, Use Patterns, Content Preferences, Media Consumption


This chapter uses data from the Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study to examine media use patterns among immigrant teens. Similarities and differences in media ownership levels, use patterns, and content preferences between immigrant teens and the U.S. teen population as a whole, as well as across immigrant groups and gender, are explored. Implications for educators and others who work with immigrant youth include active discussion with youth about their media choices and media messages.

Annotation This article presents research on the different patterns of youth media consumption in immigrant populations as compared to non-immigrant American youth. The data were drawn from the 2002 Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study at Harvard, which looked at immigrant youth from China, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Central America, and Mexico. Open-ended questions were asked about media ownership, exposure levels, and content preferences. Major findings suggest that immigrant youth consume a large amount of English-language media their parents may not be able to engage with, and that girls were more likely to engage with large amounts of ethnic media that educators and peers may not relate to as much. The author suggests a larger role for both families and those who deal with children in being aware of media viewing habits and preferences in order to be able to positively influence and discuss issue with immigrant youth.


19

Reference Martinez, K. Z. (2004). Latina Magazine and the Invocation of a Panethnic Family: Latino Identity as It Is Informed by Celebrities and Papis Chulos. The Communication Review, 7(2), 155–174.





Textual Analysis, Interview Methods, Entertainment Industry

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women, Magazines, Spanish Language, Multicultural Media, Identity, Popular Culture, Marketing


Latina magazine is a bilingual women’s magazine that was launched in 1996 for a target audience of bicultural college-educated Latinas between the ages of 18 and 45. In an attempt to reach such a wide range of Latinas, the magazine makes an appeal to familial forms of identification, often presenting discourses of familial allegiances alongside calls for pan-ethnic solidarity. This article presents a case study of the construction of Latinidad through a textual analysis of Latina articles on entertainment and romance and through interviews with the magazine’s editorial staff. Latina oscillates between celebrating the inclusion of Latina/os in the U.S. entertainment industry and speaking out against the criminalization of Latino men and the hypersexualization of Latina/os. This study situates the creation of Latino media in relation to theories of pan-ethnic identification and research on the ideological function of popular culture and the marketing of ethnicity.

Annotation This article discusses the assumption of the existence of a Latino pan-ethnic community in the bilingual magazine Latina and its attempts at creating and reinforcing this identification. Latina is a bilingual magazine aimed at young American women of Latin American origins and produced in the United States. The magazine seeks a close familial identification between its readers and the Latina entertainment celebrities featured in the magazine as a way of constructing a group panethnic identity, informing readers about these celebrities’ personal lives and their heritage as well as celebrating their professional successes as the successes of a panethnic Latino identity. Latina is also involved in a rescue mission of the character of the negatively stereotyped Latin male as criminal, dunce, or Latin lover. The author’s analysis is based on scholarship about Latino ethnic identity and mobilization to conclude that Latina’s project is a redemptive one, but also that it could potentially lead to further class distinctions by serving only a bilingual middle-class audience.


20

Reference Mayer, V. (2001). From Segmented to Fragmented: Latino Media in San Antonio, Texas. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(2), 291–306.



Geographic Scope San Antonio, Texas, United States



Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Multicultural Media, Identity Formation, Media Producers, Media Consumers


Historical evidence reveals that the definition of Latino mass media is a fragile but useful way to examine how cultural identity is forged through economic and industrial practices. Focusing on the development of Latino media and their political economy in San Antonio, Texas, the researcher describes four constructions of Latino producers and audiences: segmentation, massification, pan-ethnicity, and fragmentation. These constructions demonstrate that these media were sites for Latinos to define themselves as producers and audiences within the structural constraints of race and class in two nations, Mexico and the United States. The paper concludes the coexistence of these constructions today could be interpreted as positive signs of growing multiculturalism or negative effects of global trends that divide Latinos by class.

Annotation This article examines constructions of Latino identity in the United States, specifically San Antonio, Texas, with reference to structural networks and economic constraints of the Latino media that contribute to the construction. The author describes four manners of identity construction and framing employed by Latin traditional media produced in San Antonio: segmentation, massification, pan-ethnicity, and fragmentation. The characterizations of the types of construction done by Latin media producers depend on economic factors of ownership, investment, and target markets. These economic industrial differences in the conceptions between the media means that different media producers often present significantly different and even competing notions of Latino identity. The author concludes that based on economic factors, the viability of Latino media will be determined by media producers’ ability to cater to segmented audiences with high levels of consumer power and to present flexible notions of Latino identity.


21

Reference Moran, K. C. (2007). The Growth of Spanish-Language and Latino Themed Television in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 1(3), 294–300.


Target Audience Academics, Researchers, Governments



N/A

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Children, Media Environment, Television


The media environment for children in the United States has experienced rapid change as a result of the expansion of 24‐hour cable services and the development of other new technologies, which have made it possible for children to spend their entire day interacting with media products. Although experts agree that spending time with media should be limited, American children under 6 years spend on average 2 hours a day with some sort of screen media (Rideout & Hamel, 2006). While television programming in the United States has traditionally focused on the general, English‐speaking market, recent developments in children's television are changing that phenomenon. In response to the population growth of Latinos, new Spanish‐language media channels have emerged. The number of Latino‐themed children's programs in English that target not just US‐born Latinos but all ethnic groups has increased. The official recognition by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) that the educational and informational needs of Spanish‐speaking children are not being served by the US Spanish‐language media has sent the message that the FCC is taking notice of the needs of Spanish‐speaking audiences.

Annotation This article discusses how American children of Latin American origin are being served by the media in the United States following a ruling by the Federal Communication Commission that the needs of Spanish-speaking children in the United states were not being adequately considered in Spanish-language programming. The author presents an overview of the programming in the United States that is aimed at Spanish-speaking children, including observations that much of this programming amounts to nothing more than translations of programming from other countries with little bearing on the lives of Latino children in the United States, as well as mentioning broadcasters who have made the worth-while effort to serve Latino children. The author concludes that increasing ethnic representation of Latinos and other ethnicities in children’s programming must be further studied in terms of its effects on the identity formation not only of Spanish-speaking children, but also children of all ethnicities.

http://www.tandfonline.com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/doi/full/10.1080/17482790701532076#ref15


22

Reference Rios, D. I. (2003). U.S. Latino Audiences of “Telenovelas”. Journal of Latinos and Education, 2(1), 59–65.





Audience Response Research

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Multicultural Media, Television, Soap Operas, Cultural Maintenance, Identity


This audience response research focuses on Latino cultural-based experiences with television serial novels. I want to know why Latino audiences watch and what they get out of watching American soap operas and "telenovelas." Based on previous research Latinos' experiences with mass media is part of a cultural maintenance and assimilation process. That is, in various degrees, television serial novels may hold sociocultural value for U.S. Latinos, whether in English or Spanish. Latinos use melodramatic serials to keep in touch with Latino culture as well as learn more about and keep in touch with the dominant European American culture that surrounds them in their daily lives.

Annotation This article examines, through interviews with working and professional class adult Latinos living in Connecticut, the uses and gratifications of Latino Americans consuming televised English-language soap operas and Spanish-language telenovelas. While Latino audiences were found to watch both types of serials as a form of escapism, entertainment, and bonding activity with friends and family, telenovelas were used in order to maintain cultural links to Latin America and English-language soap operas were watched as a form of cultural and language education in their new homes. The author concludes with plans to further study Latino serial watching habits in terms of gender, class, and generational differences, given that two of the male respondents were not fans of serial television.


23

Reference Rios, D. I., & Gaines Jr., S. O. (1998). Latino Media Use for Cultural Maintenance. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 746–761.





Correlation Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Spanish Language, English Language, Gender, Cultural Maintenance, Multicultural Media


Presents information on a study which investigated the influence of gender and ethnic subgroup membership on Latino audiences' use of English- and Spanish-language mass media for cultural maintenance.

Annotation This article presents the results of research on Latino Americans’ consumption of Spanish- and English-language mass media. Data were collected from self-administered questionnaires completed by adult Latinos in Ne Mexico, with questions about heritage, language abilities, demographics, and media use habits. The results of the data collection were analysed for individual/difference clusters. Respondents were clustered into three groups with differing levels of Latino identification levels: low Latino heritage, bicultural heritage, and high level Latino heritage. The clusters yielded conclusions that predicted respondents’ attitudes towards mass media use for cultural maintenance. The authors conclude that their clusters confirm research done by Keefe and Padilla on audience types, but that their study goes further in examining the heterogeneity of Latino mass media audiences.


24

Reference Rodriguez, A. (1997). Creating an audience and remapping a nation: A brief history of US Spanish language broadcasting 1930–1980. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 16(3-4), 357–374.






Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Spanish Language, Broadcast Media, Multicultural Media


N/A

Annotation Through the frame of Benedict Anderson’s “imagined communities,” the author seeks to problematize the marginalized, but successfully commoditized Latino-American audience market, as an economic process and as a site of cultural contestation, created largely by Spanish-language American and Mexican broadcasters. The author presents this explanation through an historical exploration, from Spanish-language radio to Spanish-language television and music. After the mid-1900s, while other foreign-language broadcasting was disappearing, Spanish-language broadcasting was continuing to expand, most significantly into television, and Hispanic Americans were being grouped into a pan-ethnic market audience. The author concludes that the Hispanic minority identity in the United States is characterized by an oscillation between nationalization and denationalized, or pan-ethnicization, of Latino Americans, created by both English- and Spanish-language media broadcasters throughout the history of Latino media presence in the United States.


25

Reference Rodriguez, A. (1999). Making Latino News: Race, Language, Class (1sted.). Sage Publications, Inc.

Source Type Book




N/A

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, News Media, Identity Formation, Spanish Language, Newspapers, Multicultural Media


This book examines Latino news making as part of a larger narrative - the cultural productions and conceptions of Latinos. The author traces historical and commercial contexts of Latino orientated news production, beginning with late 19th century and early 20th century US Spanish language newspapers, examines the production of contemporary Latino news, and postulates future developments in the field.

Annotation This book discusses the creation of the US Latino identity, a cultural symbol system that is neither Latin American nor American, by the elite of this group, including Latino journalists and Hispanic marketing professionals. The author asks what factors contribute to the creation of the community’s race, language, and class, especially where they are implicated in the Latino media, whether televised, printed, or broadcast on the radio. Although Latino media in the United States are key to both preserving home cultures and promoting adaptation to American culture, the author argues that Latino culture is itself a distinct culture. Latino journalists are key in this cultural formation as a result of being Latino advocates who have been educated and employed largely in the United States, with loyalties both to American journalistic integrity and to serving their community. The Latino audience is examined as a politically and socioeconomically constructed and constitutive market, of and by Latino journalists and the Hispanic marketing industry. The research in the book is draw from interviews with journalists and market researchers conducted in major cities across the United States, as well as from content and textual analyses done on Latino news media and market research reports.


26

Reference Rodriguez, A. (1996). Objectivity and ethnicity in the production of the Noticiero Univisión. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 13(1), 59–81.





Comparative Method, Content Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, New Media, Spanish Language, Television, Media Producers, Media Consumers, Audience, English Language, Multicultural Media


This study analyzes the production of the Noticiero Univisión, the nightly national newscast of the largest U.S. Spanish language television network, as an interaction between the demands of the commercial enterprise Univisión, the twin social forces of pan-ethnicity and pan-Americanism, the professional ideals of the U.S. trained journalists, and the Latino ethnic identification of the journalists and their imagined audience. The study draws on a comparative content analysis with ABC's World News Tonight, and a production ethnography.

Annotation This article discusses the differences between the largest Spanish-language national nightly news broadcast, Noticiero Univision, and ABC’s World News Tonight. The two are compared on the bases of content analyses, and data are presented from an ethnographic study of the production process of Noticiero Univision, a transnational cultural product, in order to highlight similarities and differences between how Hispanic audience-making is done by primarily US-trained Latino professional journalists striving for the ideal of objectivity. Production of each is examined in terms of economic processes, ethnic identification and representation, and journalistic integrity, which all affect the creation of the Hispanic audience. In contrast to ABC’s nightly news production, Noticiero is a transnational ethnic cultural product that integrates both American journalistic values of objectivity with Latino cultural emphases, making the production a unique cultural product of US-integrative pan-ethnic identity, bringing its audience and the civic processes of their host country into closer proximity, and making the audience a particularly desirable market for advertisers.


27

Reference Rodriguez, A. (1997). Commercial Ethnicity: Language, Class and Race in the Marketing of the Hispanic Audience. The Communication Review, 2(3), 283–309.





Interview Methods, Audience Research, Primary Literature Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Marketing, Audience Construction, Class, Spanish Language, English Language, Multicultural Media


This essay examines the historical construction of the Hispanic audience and analyzes how contemporary Hispanic audience researchers/marketers have disrupted that unitary, essentialist construction by segmenting the Hispanic audience by class. The principal tool in this effort is language: the Spanish language is proxy for the “mass” of lower socioeconomic class Hispanic audience; English language usage by Hispanics is the sign of a higher class of Hispanic audience. The clearly defined pan-ethnic conceptualization of the Hispanic audience, the nexus of which is the Spanish language, has been blurred. The study draws on interviews with Hispanic media marketers and audience researchers and on analysis of Hispanic market research reports.

Annotation This article analyses interview and document collection data collected from market researchers working on Hispanic media firms in television, newspapers, magazines, and radio, in order to gather an image of how the cultural audience of “Hispanics” is constructed. The author considers how culture and economic processes interact in the commodification of the Hispanic audience. The results of the author’s research shows that this audience, once considered monolithic, has been segmented by media that target fragments on the basis of language-based conceptions of class. The author concludes that because of this audience fragmentation on the bases of language and class divisions, Hispanic audiences will never form a part of normative American audiences, and so future marketing will need to continue to address these cultural identity divisions.


28

Reference Rojas, V. (2004). The Gender of Latinidad: Latinas Speak About Hispanic Television. The Communication Review, 7(2), 125–153.



Geographic Scope Austin, Texas, United States


Interview Methods, In-depth Interviews,

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women, Popular Culture, Spanish Language, Multicultural Media, Television, Gender, Race, Class


There is a lack of information on how Latinas consume popular culture in general and how they interact and respond to Spanish-language media in particular. Studies on representation and stereotyping in the Spanish-language media as well as audience research within the Latino community are recent phenomena in the Latino media scholarship. This article examines how a group of 27 immigrant and non-immigrant Latinas from the city of Austin, Texas, evaluate and negotiate women’s representations in Univision and Telemundo, the two largest Hispanic networks in the United States. Women of diverse income levels participated in a series of 1 to 3 in-depth interviews between 1999 and 2002. The main focus of the study is on the respondents’ evaluations of gender, race and class representations in the talk shows El Show de Cristina and Laura en América. Interview transcripts reflected Latinas’ ambivalent and conflicted relationship with the television programs. Latinas felt attacked, insulted, offended and embarrassed by women’s portrayals in certain entertainment and humor shows. The respondents used their criticism of women’s sexualization on Spanish-language television as a strategy to escape labels and stereotypes ascribed to Latinos by the majority groups. Women used class as a marker of difference and distinction among different groups of Latinas. They also challenged the concept of Latino cultural unity—Latinidad—so promoted by the networks and in general disagreed with Cristina and Laura’s declared philosophy of Latino empowerment. Two concepts emerged from the relationship Latinas experienced with the Hispanic TV: ambivalence and distinction. These results are discussed in terms of Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice.

Annotation This article discusses how Latina women in the United States interact with Hispanic media in terms of their evaluations of the general value and of gender representations on Univision and Telemundo television, particularly talk shows on each of these broadcaster’s stations. The author uses interview research done with 27 Latina women in Austin, Texas and analyses it based on Bourdieu’s theory of practice and Davilla’s work on Hispanic media. The author concludes that Latina interaction with Hispanic media is complex and often conflicted, with the women being obviously reflexive of issues of representation on these shows. The respondents largely reported feeling embarrassed about the over-sexualized representations of Latinas and also of the media’s targeting of lower class, defined variably as uneducated or lacking in moral respectability, Latinos, with whom the respondents did not identify. Respondents also felt that these shows, produced in Latin America, did not sufficiently represent the varied Hispanic experience of Latinos in the United States, and that they reinforced negative Hispanic stereotypes


29

of the Latino by capitalizing on entertainment functions and not contributing to the education of Hispanic audiences.

Reference Salinas, M. E. (2001). The Evening News en Espanol. Nieman Reports, 55(2), 32.





N/A

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Women, Television, Spanish Language, Television, Audience, Marketing, Broadcast Media


Presents an article about the experiences of a female Hispanic American news anchor in working for Univision, a Spanish-language television (TV) network. Background on KMEX-TV, a TV station owned and operated by Univision in Los Angeles, California; Responsibility of Hispanic broadcasters to the Hispanic American community; Challenges in catering to a Spanish-speaking audience.

Annotation This article is a Hispanic journalist’s account of his personal experiences working in the Spanish-language media industry in Los Angeles. The author recounts an experience early-on in his career when he realized that along with his job as a Hispanic news reporter he was also tasked with informing and empowering the Hispanic audience on its civic rights and responsibilities in their adopted country. Since then, the author applauds the strides made in the reputations of Hispanic media companies who now have a significant share of the mediascape in the United States.


30

Reference Shoemaker, P. J., Reese, S. D., & Danielson, W. A. (1985). Spanish-Language Print Media Use As an Indicator of Acculturation. Journalism Quarterly, 62(4), 734–762.



Geographic Scope United states


N/A

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Print Media, Acculturation, Spanish Language, Newspaper, Magazines


Examines the use of Spanish-language print media as an indicator of acculturation of Hispanics in the U.S. Importance of age as a predictor of acculturation level; Indication that young Hispanic adults are more acculturated than their parents; Assumption that the more acculturated Hispanics are, the less they will read Spanish-language newspapers and magazines.

Annotation This article researches the media consumption habits of Hispanics in the United States as an indicator of the level of acculturation that has occurred in the Hispanic community. Research was conducted on a broad sample of Anglo-Americans and Spanish-speaking people across Texas through telephone interviews and questionnaires. Results indicated that age was a significant indicator of the level of acculturation in terms of print media consumption. The authors use Young Yun Kim’s theory of acculturation and communication in order to analyze their data. The article concludes that Spanish-language print media demand is declining as a result of the high levels of acculturation among young Hispanic people, but add the corollary that reverse acculturation may emerge in the future. Although the article is dated, its predictions of a possible resurgence in the importance of Spanish-language media for Hispanics in the United States may be something we are now able to confirm.


31

Reference Valdivia, A. N. (2008). Latina/o Communication Studies Today. Peter Lang.

Source Type Book




Cross-cultural Analysis, Content Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Advertising, Cultural Values, Consumers, Marketing, Communication


U.S. Hispanics represent an important consumer segment in the North American market, but research in the area of U.S. Hispanic advertising remains limited. This study provides cross-cultural analysis of print advertising targeted to Hispanic and non-Hispanic American consumers in an attempt to explore the differences or similarities in their depictions of cultural values. The authors develop a scheme for content analyzing cultural values based on cultural theory literature. Results show meaningful differences in the core cultural values emphasized to target U.S. Hispanic consumers. The study has implications for marketers and academics who want to differentiate between culturally adapted advertising appeals for U.S. Hispanic and non-Hispanic American consumers. The coding scheme developed in this study can help marketers identify and depict Hispanic cultural value appeals in their marketing communications.

Annotation This book is a collection of mostly qualitative scholarly essays on the emerging interdisciplinary field of Latina/o media studies, the intersection of two fields of study that have been historically marginalized in the academy. Latina/o studies have been resisted because of a lack of resources and a lack of willingness to give up resources and space to race studies that add to the white/black dichotomy that was dominant for so long. Media studies is another field the author feels has been denigrated on the basis of its perceived lack of depth. The editor takes issue with essentializations of Latina/os as a nominally acknowledged heterogeneous community of people of Latin American origin living in the United States when Latinidad is now a global phenomenon that should be discussed as a diaspora of hybrid identities. The first section of the book deals with the construction of Latinidad, the second with self-ethnography and performance studies in identity formation, the third with media representation studies, and the fourth with youth identity negotiations of the media.


32

Reference Vargas, L. (2000). Genderizing Latino News: An Analysis of a Local Newspaper’s Coverage of Latino Current Affairs. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 17(3), 261–293.



Geographic Scope North Carolina, United States


Content Analysis, Textual Analysis

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, News Media, Feminist Theory, Postcolonial Theory, Gender, Media Stereotype, Race, Class


In this essay I examine the coverage of U.S. Latino news by the North Carolina‐based Raleigh News & Observer to bring to light the latent construction of Latinos and their current affairs. Drawing on feminist and postcolonial theorizing, I argue that the coverage genders Latino news as feminine and (re)produces the stereotype of Latinos as an underclass of peons. The study combines content and textual analyses to look at four years of coverage (1992–1995). At the heart of the analysis are the workings of the techniques, which I call newsroom processes of genderization, that enable the newspaper to operate as a technology of gender, race, and class.

Annotation This article takes a critical feminist and postcolonial cultural perspective on newspaper coverage of events concerning Latinos that reinforces social constructions of inequality in terms of gender, race, and class. The author conducts a longitudinal analysis of Latino public identity coverage in a liberal North Carolina newspaper, the Raleigh News & Observer, and uses content analysis and critical discourse analysis to draw conclusions. Latino representations are found to be quantitatively and qualitatively lacking, and largely reinforce negative Latino stereotypes by portraying them as subjects of the news instead of reliable sources of information. The author adds to these accepted findings that Latino identity is linked, through the news stories, to a “womanish” character. The responsibility for these dominantly socially oppressive imaginings of Latino identity rests on the shoulders of journalists’ conceptions of the Latino other, as well as organizational attitudes of media companies.


33

Reference Wilkin, H. A., & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2006). Reaching at Risk Groups The Importance of Health Storytelling in Los Angeles Latino Media. Journalism, 7(3), 299–320.





Survey Methods

Key Words Latin American/Spanish Speaking Community, Health, Communication, Television, Health Professionals


Latinos are at high risk for many health problems, but are often missed by traditional health communication campaigns aired through general audience channels. This article explores Latinos’ connections to communication channels for health goals - both mediated and interpersonal and media that is general audience and geo-ethnic (targeted toward a specific ethnicity and/or community). Data from a random digit dial telephone survey of Latinos in two Los Angeles communities are analyzed. The results indicate that Latinos have strong connections to media that target their ethnic group or community, to interpersonal networks of friends and family, and to health professionals. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations made for increased health storytelling about the dominant health risks facing Latino communities.

Annotation This article discusses the failing of public health campaign planners to consider the potential impact of ethnic media for reaching specific ethnic groups at risk of health problems. The study undertook research on the intersection of mediated and interpersonal outreach for reaching at-risk ethnic populations, particularly Latinos in Los Angeles. New Latino immigrants to the Los Angeles area were interviewed by telephone on their health information-seeking habits with respect to the media and interpersonal communication. Whereas health crisis information is often presented to populations via mass media tools, Latino populations that are at high risk for health crises are often missed in this targeting because they prefer Latino ethnic media and interpersonal communication. One important missing element is health storytelling in the ethnic media because of a lack of connection to health organizations and resources. Interpersonal communication networks also need to be expanded to reach out to ethnic audiences by telephone hotlines and internet help.

OMMI Literature Identification for the Latin American ......Jun 19, 2014 · Multicultural Media...

Documents

Transcript of OMMI Literature Identification for the Latin American ......Jun 19, 2014 · Multicultural Media...