OMA LwM2M Workshop - Friedhelm Rodermund, OMA LwM2M in the IoT Space
Oma
-
Upload
william-wijaya -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Oma
OMA(OTITIS MEDIA
EKSTERNA)Disusun oleh :Patricia 2013-061-036Willian 2013-061-043
Pembimbing : Dr. Daniel Widjaja, Sp. THT-KL
ANATOMI
EMBRIOLOGIKavum timpani berasal dari endoderm
yaitu kantong faringeal pertama.
Kantong melebar ke arah lateral dan bersentuhan dengan dasar faringeal
cleft pertama
Bagian distal dari kantong yaitu resesus tubotimpani melebar dan
membentuk kavitas timpani primitif dan bagian proksimal membentuk
tuba eustachius.Sumber : Langman’s Embriology 12th Ed.
Sumber : Langman’s Embriology 12th Ed.
Malleus dan incus berasal dari
kartilago arcus faringeal pertama.
Stapes berasal dari kartilago arcus yang
ke dua.
Ossicles muncul di awal perkembangan janin namun tetap tertananam dalam jaringan mesenkim
selama 8 bulan menunggu luruhnya jaringan saat kavum
melebar.
Sumber : Langman’s Embriology 12th Ed.
Saat ossicles terbebas dari
mesenkim maka epitel endoderm
membentuk jaringan pengikat
mirip mesenterika. Jaringan ini lalu
menjadi ligamen.
Maleus berasal dari arkus faringeal pertama maka ototnya tensor
timpani di persyarafi oleh
nervus trigeminal sedangkan otot
stapedius dipersyarafi oleh
nervus facial
Sumber : Langman’s Embriology 12th Ed.
Sumber : Langman’s Embriology 12th Ed.
Pada masa akhir janin, kavum timpani melebar ke dorsal dan membentuk tympanic antrum. Setelah lahir, epitel dari kavum timpani masuk ke tulang yang sedang berkembang yaitu prosesus mastoid dan membentuk mastoid air sacs.Apabila terjadi infeksi telinga tengah yang mencapai antrum dan mastoid air cells maka disebut sebagai otitis media
Sumber : Langman’s Embriology 12th Ed.
MEMBRAN TIMPANI
DEFINISIOtitis Media Akut (OMA)• inflamasi pada membran mukosa telinga tengah,
termasuk cavum timpani, antrum mastoid, dan tuba Eustachius Akut = 0 – 3 minggu
Efusi dan non-efusi• Efusi : serous (thin, watery), mucoid (viscid,
thick), purulent (pus)• Non efusi : inflamasi membran timpani
dengan/tanpa melibatkan mukosa telinga tengahKenna MA, Latz AD. Otitis media with effusion. In Bailey BJ, Johnson J, Newlands SD. Head & Neck Surgery
- otolaryngology 4th ed. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins p. 1268
EFUSINON EFUSI
ETIOLOGIStreptococcus pneumoniae (30%-50%)Haemophyllus influenzae (20%-30%)Moraxella catarrhalis (10%-20%)Grup A Streptococci (1%-5%)Staphylococcus aureusAnaerobic organismsGram-negative bacilliLain-lain
Kenna MA, Latz AD. Otitis media with effusion. In Bailey BJ, Johnson J, Newlands SD. Head & Neck Surgery
- otolaryngology 4th ed. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins p. 1268
FAKTOR RISIKO
Ramakrishnan K, Sparks RA, Berryhill W. 2007. Diagnosis and Treatment Otitis Media. American Family Physicians.
PATOFISIOLOGITrauma inflamasi
Obstruksi kanal telinga
Disfungsi tuba eustasius
Staphylococcus aureus masuk ke tuba eustasius yang berasal dari sekresi
nasofaring yang terkontaminasi
Invasi telinga tengah
Perforasi membran timpani dan membentuk abses
Eksudat purulen dan otorea berbau busuk
EritemaEdemPruritus
Merusak ossicles erosi osteomielitik dan mastoid air cells ggn pendengaran konduktif
Refleks cahaya
menurun dan terjadinya retraksi
membran timpani
nyeriInfeksi sistemik :
- Limfadenopati
- Demam
MANIFESTASI KLINISMcCornick et al (2005)
• OM-3 : • Physical suffering : otalgia,
demam• Emotional distress : iritabel,
nafsu makan ↓• Limitation of activity
• ETG-5 (Ear Treatment Group Symptom Questionnaire, 5 items) : demam, otalgia, iritabilitas, nafsu makan ↓, gangguan tidur
Sumber : Clinical Practice Guideline : The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AAP)
MANIFESTASI KLINISShaikh et al (2009)AOM-SOS (Acute Otitis Media Severity of Symptom Scale):
• Ear tugging/rubbing/holding• Menangis• Iritabel• Sulit tidur• Aktivitas dan nafsu makan menurun• Demam
Sumber : Clinical Practice Guideline : The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AAP)
PEMERIKSAAN OTOSKOP PNEUMATIK
“cloudy” dan bulging membran timpani dengan mobilitas tergangguMobilitas terganggu (Sensitivitas 95%; spesifisitas 85%)Cloudiness (sensitivitas 74%; spesifisitas 93%)Bulging (sensitivitas 51%; spesifisitas 97%)
Membran timpani sangat merah, hemoragik masih berhubungan dengan adanya Otitis media akutNormal membran timpani: translusen, pearly gray, ground-glass appearanceSumber : Clinical Practice Guideline : The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AAP)
Sumber : Clinical Practice Guideline : The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AAP)
TATALAKSANA
AGE Otorrea with AOM
Unilateral / Bilateral AOM with Severe Symptoms
Bilateral AOM Without Otorrhea
Unilateral AOM Without Otorrhea
6 mo to 2 y
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic therapy or additional observation
> 2 y Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic therapy or additional observation
Antibiotic therapy or additional observation
Sumber : Clinical Practice Guideline : The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AAP)
Recommendation for Initial Management for Uncomplicated AOM
TATALAKSANAInitial Immediate or Delayed
Antibiotic TreatmentAntibiotic Treatment After 48 – 72
h of Failure of Initial Antibiotic Treatment
Recommended First Line Therapy
Alternative treatment (if Penicillin Allergy)
Recommended First Line Therapy
Alternative Treatment
•Amoxicilin (80-90 mg/kg/day in 2 divided dose)
•Amoxicilin Clavulanate (90 mg/kg/day of amoxicilin, with 6.4 mg/kg/day of clavulanate [amoxicilin to clavulanate ratio 14 : 1] in 2 divided doses)
•Cefdinir (14 mg/kg/day in 1 or 2 dose)
•Cefuroxime (30 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses)
Cefpodoxime (10 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses)
•Ceftriaxone (50 mg IM or IV per day for 1 or 3 day)
•Amoxicilin-Clavulanat (90 mg/kg/day of amoxilin, with 6.4 mg/kg/day of clavulanate in 2 divided dose)
•Ceftriaxone (50 mg IM or IV for 3 day)
•Ceftriaxone, 3 d Clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/day in 3 divided dose) with/ without 3rd generation cephalosporin
•Clindamycin (30-40 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses) plus 3rd generation cephalosporin
• Tympanocentesis•Consult specialist
KONTRAINDIKASI OBSERVASIKontraindikasi absolutUmur < 6 bulanImmunodefisiensiSevere illnessTidak dapat dilakukan follow-up
Kontraindikasi relatifRelaps dalam 30 hariOtorrheaBilateral AOM dengan usia < 2 tahunSindrom, malformasi kraniofasial
Sumber: In Bailey BJ, Johnson J, Newlands SD. Head & Neck Surgery, otolaryngology 4th ed. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins p. 1268
TERAPI OTALGIATreatment Modality Comments
•Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen
•Home remediesDistractionExternal application of heat / coldOil drops in external auditory canal
•Topical AgentBenzocaine, procaine, lidocaineNaturopathic agents
•Homeopathic agents•Narcotic analgesia with codein or analogs•Tympanostomy / myringotomy
For mild – moderate pain
May have limited effectiveness
Benefit over acetaminophen in patient > 5 yo≈ amethocaine/phenazone drops in > 6 yo
Moderate-severe pain
KOMPLIKASI•Mastoiditis•Otitis media supuratif kronik•Abses post auricular•Paresis nervus kranial•Meningitis•Labyrinthitis•Petrositis•Abses Intrakranial
Sumber: In Bailey BJ, Johnson J, Newlands SD. Head & Neck Surgery, otolaryngology 4th ed. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins p. 1268
PENCEGAHAN•Terapi bedah : tympanostomy tube (pada pasien dengan efusi)•Vaksin•Pneumococcal vaccine• Influenza vaccine•Menghindari paparan asap rokok•Breastfeeding •Perubahan pola hidup: menghindari supine bottle feeding, dan penggunaan dot•Xylitol
Sumber : Clinical Practice Guideline : The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AAP)
TYMPANOSTOMY TUBE
TERIMAKASIH