Old Oil Palm Trunks as Promising Feedstock for Biofuel and...
Transcript of Old Oil Palm Trunks as Promising Feedstock for Biofuel and...
Old Oil Palm Trunks as Promising Feedstockfor
Biofuel and Bioplastics
JIRCAS
4th BMWS 2007.11
In collaboration with University of Science Malaysia
and Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Yutaka Mori
Problems occurred by introduction of bio-ethanol fuel
n Competitionwith food
n Shortage of feedstock
n Price hike in grain and
feedstock
Feedstock: corn, wheat, cassava, sugar cane, molasses
Second-generation ethanol thatdoes not compete with food
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
1963
/196
419
65/1
966
1967
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819
69/1
970
1971
/197
219
73/1
974
1975
/197
619
77/1
978
1979
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81/1
982
1983
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419
85/1
986
1987
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819
89/1
990
1991
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93/1
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1995
/199
619
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2003
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420
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2007
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8
100
0t
Source:USDA PSD Online 2008
Worldwide Palm Oil Production
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Palm Oil Production in Each Country (2007)
Source:USDA PSD Online 2008
Indonesia
Malaysia
Country
n 1911: Introduced from Africa
n 1917: Commercial Production started
n Exports: 2007
36,292M RM=13 billion US dollars
n Employment: more than 500,000
n Cultivation area: 430M ha (2007: 13% of total land)
peninsula(236Mha), Saba(128Mha), Sarawak(66Mha)
n Palm oil production (2007): 17.7M ton
n Kernel oil production (2007): 2M ton
n Productivity: 3.4-4.9 ton/ha (palm oil)
0.7-1.2 ton/ha (kernel oil)
Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
Re-plantation of Old Oil Palm
Plywood Production from Old Palm TrunkYoung’s Modulus
2 4 (GPa)
16 7 62 43
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10
9
15
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Young’s Modulus
2 4 (GPa)
16 7 62 43
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10
9
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16 7 62 43
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10
9
15
14
13
Moisture Content of Oil Palm Trunk
A
B
CBark
Inner part of the stem
MoistureA
(core)83%
B(middle)
75%
C(outer)
68%
HPLC Profile of Sugar Analysis on Sap
Sucrose
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose
A B C
Sucrose 20.6 23.6 22.1
Glucose 68.4 60.8 54.7
Fructose 23.3 27.0 30.9
Total sugars 113 112 108
Sugars contained in oil palm sap(g / L)
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2.0
4.0
6.0
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Time, h
Redu
cingsugar,%
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1.0
2.0
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5.0
6.0
EtO
H,%
Reducing sugar, %
EtOH, %
Ethanol production from oil palm sap
Lactic Acid Production from Oil Palm Sap
○,●:sap □,■:reference
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cose
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Lactic
acid,
g/L(●
,■)
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0 12 24 36 48
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5inches
2ft
Uppermost
(centre)
half
half
5inches
5inches
5inches
8ft
Sugar content andcomposition atdifferent height
n Same amount andcomposition throughout theheight except uppermostpart
nApproximately 20% less atuppermost part
0 1 3 7 15 30 60 90 120
days
2’’
2’’
2’’
2’’
Accumulation of sugars during storage of OPT
2inches
L
1/2L
1/2L
ABC
We found out:
sugars in the sap increase significantly during storage.
Comparison of Oil Palm Trunk with Sugar Cane
SugarCane
Oil Palm Trunk( after proper aging)
A (中心) B (中間) C (外層)
Moisture content70% 83% 75%
68%×0.8
Sugar content in juiceor sap
16% 16% 14% 15%
Amount of sugarscontained
112g/kg 95.4g/kg ⇒ 107.8 kg/trunk
Cane or trunkproduced per area
60-90ton/ha
154-168 ton/ha(136-148 trunks/ha)
Possible ethanol yield 4.5-7.2kL/ha
9.5-10.3kL/ha
SugarCane
Oil Palm Trunk( after proper aging)
A (Core) B (Middle) C (Outer)
Moisture content70% 83% 75%
68%×0.8
Sugar content in juiceor sap
16% 16% 14% 15%
Amount of sugarscontained
112g/kg 95.4g/kg ⇒ 107.8 kg/trunk
Cane or trunkproduced per area
60-90ton/ha
154-168 ton/ha(136-148 trunks/ha)
Possible ethanol yield 4.5-7.2kL/ha
9.5-10.3kL/ha
Oil palm sap squeezing system
Trunk
Sap Tank
Fermentation
water
Plywood material
Shredder Squeezer
Peeler
right side
Prototype Shredding machine
Shredded oil palm trunk
trunk
Capacity; 550 kg/h
Squeezer
Specs:
3 roller hydraulic press
Size of roller:φ240mm, 340 w
Capacity: 500kg/h
7.5kw x 2 (AC415Vx50Hz)
8RPM variable
2450 x 2030W x 1800H
Parenchyma Vascular bundles
Solid residues of sap-squeezed trunks
Cross-section
55% 45%
Ethanol production from parenchyma hydrolysate
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time, h
Glucose,%
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0.5
1
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EtO
H,%
A5
A6
A7
A8
Ethanol yield A8) 86%control: 80%)
A5 hydrolysateA6 hydrolysate + 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yest extract
A7 hydrolysate + 1% (NH4)2SO4
A8 hydrolysate + 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract
Control glucose + 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract)
Parenchyma separating equipment
Parenchyma and vascular bundlesseparated by the separator
Possible amount of ethanol and lactate produced from oil palm trunk
Heatetc.
Fermentable sugars:16.8kg(core)39.7kg(middle)51.3kg(outer)
From one trunk
Solids(317kg)
Parenchyma(174kg)
Vascular bundles(143kg)
Fermentablesugars
(63.9kg)
Fermentablesugars
(59.6kg)
Fermentable sugars(107.8kg)
Ethanol 69.8L
41.4L
Diameter:38cmLength:10msp. gr.:1.0
Sap
Lactate: 107.8kg
63.9kg
Characteristics and advantages of the OPT as theresource for fuel ethanol and lactic acid production
• Large amounts of sap
• High sugar content
• Easily degradableparenchyma
Promising feedstock for ethanol and lactic acid
• Constantly discharged waste
• Very large amount
• Available all year around
Potential: Malaysia (4.3M ha) 2.7M kL (1.7M kL ) ethanol /year
4.2M ton (2.6M ton) lactate /year
Indonesia (7.0M ha)* 4.4M kL (2.8M kL) ethanol /year
6.8M ton (4.3M) lactate /year