5.1 U W ~ I ,

uyv~uqnrrsn 7 6ii.r~hdi-i unisdil i~~ua: 'b~$a~U"uo~miusssu"~~~~ul d = l a a d riluai~ir 'buqnria 7 uiruou~iuquds:ainsuinu~rs~u q n i s 6 ~ w i o i ~ i s

ainsrsuaitodi~rSiuqri'ubr$urw o td6ku!nisIii$awifil1 (wild species)

u l$ l n1slwi:d gn (domestication) $i'b%k'Ufini3ih ~%mw'~fn"d~m omsuai t ua: 64.4' d lmuu y ~ h d n l % $ ~ ~ r t ~ ~ i f ] a n w " ~ ' b f l ~ a ~ ~ m m u ~ r s o u 91 q o i ks:u:r-rainiruiquiu

nisKmrlon%u$musrsu.situa:uyud ma~~~uni~nai~%ufmi~sss~ait riuf ~aku!nisdi(uurrf]a~~in%~filinaiuuirilu%~frwi:d~n'b~~~m (cultivated

species)

5.2.1. nlsallu&u%h (interspecific hybridization) I& nisw ~ u $ i 8.l d B d n w

r

( Rqfl (intergeneric hybridization) k0didtdu ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ? ( 3 1 ~ i n i ~ ~ i ~ i n n i ~ ~ ~ ~ I

d uiuR~asrMild$imiii (Triticum spp.) <uagi ~ e $ i l o ~ spp. (niwn 5.1)

nisu~uuiuairna~viiu~qa ratiid ~ i ~ ~ ~ r i i m ~ j ~ 1 u i n i s ! ~ ~ ~ a ~ m ~ a ~ j 7 dY tU d

uuuiuinuiu~uain$m~m~d~oi~~:nnsiiu~am!f]rwaona~m~d 91 91 1muns:uqu

ni7 introgension d~vluiu~rnisdhiauuo~lnslul~usin$a~Qm~d~~nsiiu u d

non!dod'buwaonaQm~d~ w ~muniruruwi@iuaQma3o w~u$iu~qa 4'

5.2.2. IrcSrtnousl (polyploidy) r0wnisr&u7muo~lnslulgu d~niasld q

rdu~uuir~t iauni l~r~un"&uni i autopolyploid rrri61~sluod~ns~u16]1~~bduU"u - A' u l ~ ~ ~ n ~ a q P I f ~ u o d ~ ~ ~ ~ n " & e ~ n - d i allopolyploid Im~ra~i:~un3fiMfld~0:ri0'b~bn^m n - aas3luiniruo~$al2iuin rcrmrr~unisuruw'~@i~~aQm~iou'iurqa dduon-ain

- & d l uia~i2iuh u~uwar~sv~fiaBu 7 Bnuinuiu i r ~ u allopolyploid rdu uiru w

i l iu u i q l k o'on uod~fa rnsoulo': rilwn'w

Triticum monococcum

a Aegilop speltoides

'0

Chromosome I Doubling ,

X A.squarrosa ' 77 dicoccum

I \

2n = 4x = 28 2 n = 2 x = 1 4

a 2 n = 3 x = 2 1

Chromosome 1 Doubling

\

T.aestivum (common wheat)

5.2.3 nmuuddnun7uwSnaod b~~ubma (Mendelian variation) 4 s IRR I r

n"nwardis q (segregation) miunaiurrdsdsauni~w'u~nssu Y

5.2.4. nisnaiuw'uf (mutation) ~ ~ r i i m u u l 6 ~ i u s r n u a i 5 (spontaneous w c 8:

mutation) amtdsri~riimnisnst~uoinmarionaiuwup (mutagens) I I J M R ~ ~ ~ J Y w w cd' uywdr6iPa d~r~mnisnaiuw'u~6uinruanwa~nianaiuw~umui.mriiunomId

t7"judo q Wl6 ~&a~uds~rn~~u~r~moinn isna iuw'u~u inu iuva iua i im

u a t m u i m i i s ~ w i c f e i o I d l 6 ~ ~ o s ~ i n ~ ~ i u w ' u ~ ~ m u l s j o i ~ u r w ~ t ~ n w a z ~ ~ . r t . j i d i ~ w u i n ~ m o~iaZuirviilfliaw'udflinalu q riluiadgnIiiuin

B dl u i u n"nuaeciic q dorriimi~auin?sl6 I6rrri uuim .a~wawifkwitd$nCnPrii uuimlv ~ h n i i w i d f l i q n a i w o n ~sw'ufrwirdgnu'notsonl6w4ou nir h u a t C(wifdiCnatnruoo~on

a d' w

nsurilurwn~%yaiay~m~unidls~rwiw'u&osui~~niriindu~~~~ q 6-1 A d a viau v?a Idfl i ordau1os"buQmlsjaaw'ud W e ' q niaanrrri q n"~iluGntYnwat~usnr~ul6

iimImudariuffliu'not~nr~riIai w?oun"u luunrrd~jaw'ufrwitd~not~n~mr$ anui a: d ' d d ' a ~ lfl~nrrriwiounir nsurwanaiuatnqnluniaCmnis R'nwmtfh 7 uonoinunu B

u osmonuatrua"n nuiruuatnnrriTryrGulm nisiatuos ruin (shattering) rrat nisdduwudasasaa~5a~"ao~wCns rYui'u &wir6windanstnn<mr$onuil09' q %I 91

auosnaiu&snisuo~u yvuluuatflawicfdisrd%ryaimyidunisciis~rciiw'uf uosmurasl5 ~ilflBR'nwatrr~neii~5uoonld

I

5.3 fiuri?riimaodi+f (centers of origin)

J.R. Harlan

5.3.1 N.I. Vavilov. (Vaviolv, 1951) b~u~nininui~iRa+aiaT"Rbbiiu id ~dhnoia~fiounl?lsn ~u i~6~naua : :~nwdwdoduo~ iau i~ ia i in~3~~a~ iu iu PI

d d i i d 20 B k u t ~ ~ d R.R. 1916 Vavilov ~ n d i ~ n ~ n r ( ~ r u u o ~ i a (center of

A' diversity) ~ d v l ~ i uii~~~vld~ds~u"uosw"ufd~~ q ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ n k n l ~ n v l d d d b b ~ d d ~ ~ : .

wuwi@ir q vod~aaicn~wuinniibbvldddu ~ooiondi?1$iidu~6jdu"~aaiin a: wuor!n~iuvlainvlaiunit$u!nnu (genetic diversity) yip d?nlw6nrn~uo~

buij~qi u ~,~,ansiidni~w"w~nssu~d uariiJu~'nwrttdu (dominant genes). uin k w

u?~mii~oon!d n~iuuandi~ni~wi~nssu~"ouuact3u~o~uo~8u~namt6ou

(recessive genes) Vavilov fioiidunu (center of diversity) rilu~wfii ~ i i n

(center of origin) u o ~ i a ~ w n n i i ~ ~ f ~ d ~ ~ n " ~ ~ i ~ a ~ u i n ~ ~ d i u ' ~ 3 u w a u i o i n n i s - 6 naiuwif (mutation) niswauu'iusrvldi~wq nis<n~ZnnCwf Inurnsum8 b i

~ q a i w i u q a u f i ~ ~ ~ n w i t f l v l ~ h i n n i i ~ b v l d ~ d u q ainwanishnodnneiibia

u1~aiinoiowuIRrw~a~t;~~iiua u i u l ~ a i i ~ ~ . ~ ^ s r y ~ ~ u I R n I w v l a i u ~ ~ i d aiIsilrdc d d a: dd

duri i r i in~a~iaaont~~u drtfilrii~rlu (primary center) smuiunJnununqiu

u ~ n d i ~ ~ v l i i ~ r ~ ' w f u i n d ~ n r3wuvld~duuafl6~iflaaii,~u"~ui~witd~n q

a: (domesticate) L U ~ R ~ J usn ua:, ~u~~+IL(~APHJ (secondary center) I d I d d ~ f i ~irn

d u e &s~Gmo~ria ud~iluu~iddflannfi PI nui uaz~oiry~ondiu Aouu w~qdid q 6nu'u

uinuiu n d i ~ ~ ~ n " ~ n ~ i u u n n d ~ ~ n ~ d ~ w ~ n s s u ~ 0 6 ' o u n i i d ~ b ~ i b i i~b~u

5.3.2 J.R. Harlan (Harlan, 1851 U p 1956) ~ n ~ ~ ~ l R l ~ ~ + ~ l l ? ~ ~ u ~ ~ M

!~b~uni~~d~isaa~aa~nua::a"Moonnaid l~u~~witdst~nertilsil q l w ? ~ ~ . q . 1948 I

. l~n~iurH'uAa~dufi i r i h ~ ~ ~ d a u ~ n d ~ ~ n i r a o n W ruirH'udibia~Jdir~uo~~o~i

6ufii~~aoinrrclci~din~iuuan~i~ni~Cu~nnuuind9a~auo~~ q ,cl+oncii~8nriu OI d cld~iii;ufii L Q R ~ ~ ~ ~ U M ~ J L G O ~ ~ U Q U S ~ U (center of diversity) miunqlr&tod

t: Y Vavilov ndurwnrn.nu~ainclaiusrcldid~uf (diversity) ~iliwau19innls~1u

t: d src l i idwi f l r i i~h aruuuclci~C(~n~iuuslndi~ni~wi~nrsu~~~~u~~u~~rclci~nwu

n i r y o d w i f i i c q rrii$uro~ n~sor~ilurrclci~dr~alcl~uinnii~~~ci~R"~rftuao~bia ' d d 0 u n u n ? 1 u u a n d i ~ n i ~ ~ ~ n s ~ u ~ ~ r ~ u w a a o ~ n i s n u & a a ~ 8 ~ n ? s ~ r r 0 u b u a ~ ~

nm?u& (center of recombination) uinndib~fi l i~f l%od~ia Harlan L ~ Q ~ I ~ U d d fii r~adun'%aod~a&od~~urrcl~dr8n q (microcenter) .adunis~~a~cinimadfia

rfiafu'bu~mnadndirr~~jd~u 91 6iorr~uu?;ufii rGaao~biaraiinuwneu (niwd a 2

5.2) aa~u~naidrya~?inau~d~ilu9ar~n 91 q q nooufiirhradfiauar!a'clnnis POI

mauin isp i ~ ~ i ~ o n n W o i n ~ u ~ n s 1 5 o ' n n n i s i f i a i ~ u i n i s d ~ a a i i a ~

u ~ r ~ m d . r ~ n ~ u ~ u n ' u o ~ ~ O u ~ ~ ~ c i ~ d i n i ~ i n $ i l $ n m ~ rrmndid

s:clii~w'who~lap q ~~?r~mifclildbufii , ~itnao~fiarriatii~lald

center of diversity= center of origin (Vavilov)

microcenter = center of origin (Harlan)

center of diversity = center of recombination (Harlan)

!

niwd 5.2 u u ? ~ a ~ ~ d ~ u f i l r ~ a ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y b ~ ~ Y 5 ~ ~ ~ l d Vavilov uar Harlan

~nlrm:ao9bufi~ r ~ c l a o d f i a n ? s a : d s : n o u ~ d k ? a $ d d o ~ ~ o ~ i d ~ o u c l ~ d ~ ~ d od~r~odirilu6ufii rhuacbia ~nam~d~~r0u~nmw~uni~fiiclua~ufii LQR l6rrTi

d - c, n. uwu91 (wild species) Y O J ~ ~ ~ V Q R ~ ~ q

9. i!~h;iunirlunnm k (archeological evidence) tdu !dt$nuniu

n i a u e ~ ? o ~ ~ n p u n i ~ ~ 5 & 5 n n i tdw doa6a tiluiTu A ' d d a n. anlwwun (topography) ~&~t!~n~a:flislL~u( ~~u?~tYiM.iou$m

d. i!niruauuiuwi+u~iTfla"d~sl~~ai q (introgressive hybridization) tdu P d Y iinisuauu'ounguIdn~uisr~$idfrjo uai , r y i s lwuo~ visarr~-i i~iadti lu

c Y 1 related species ~uod&gu~aTf~6t~'Md q Yuui

Y P A' o. i!lw^nw wou~~snsluuludrrmnm~~fla

nisadddunirircluoada vavllov o i k ~ i ~ ~ j i ~ F i a d n i ~ u ~ r s r ~ i 6 ~ < a n ~ ' u

u i o i n n i s h s a o 1 a i a u l ' ~ ~ d n i ~ l ~ a o w u ~ ~ u F i . a d l ' n ~ s r w i r d ~ n o d ~ a u o I 91

8 d' (cultivated varieties) ~ i ~ d ~ i ( ~ i d r r n ~ ~ ~ d ~ d 9 WJUQIO ~~u~wsirnaiu"ru b$dlpanif

A ' d hnqrdoatnsounrjuwunh'iao~w'uindasl~"ro~a~n q ciafii lw'nisu~~dufii r ~ s l

Y odda~rinn&~~unaiur~uo^adtnidnas r~siarduh rirnuo~fla~rri~oon~inn'ulsln t

pi ~"ii nrrs nrrannn uaraniwuamkou~u q 6uu.mnbd n.R. 1962

ni l~ rd~du~ i~~s luodf lanont~u 6 dusarluna~dauid n.R. 1935 l&uiu

oonrgu 8 du njsialdiT

1. dudsrm~$u (The Chinese Center) tilududh~dty ~ S Q U R ~ ~ U O I Q U

naituae~riuslnra~d~rrn~~Qu #.aC(riirfisllu~usl&iT~rri ni?rcliin~ ban W du lau 41 +ialwm +iar'~llina Wlflnisl nou ~ m ~ n a i Zit& JiO md wKu (rU

Y6JY

2. ~UZULE~LI (The Indian Center) d~sauwaiiaarok~ ad~rinuslou

r~iiouad8utn"s ns lCr~u6uf i i t i i s l rod i ia b d n a usldnai nl?+u urrdo n'an

C 3. dutoL$nnaw (The Central Asiatic Center) saundninslriunnt~ud

r'~Qouo~Sut8u $dniiianiu ~srslauln'Ya~a~niwl~r3usl ~ f I u d u ~ ? ~ t i i ~ ~ o ~ ~ i a

4. dwnz~uonnln~ (The Near Esatern ~ e n t e r ) ~ d n s n u ~ ~ u d s e b n ~ ~ t ~ i l u

ua:rods~u~wof b~uuvl~dfiirirnuodu'iam6~aiuairn &34ad1 d i fi(u nzvlii

5. ~WLUILRD~~TLGLI -1.4 (The Mediterranean Center) 4 ~ ~ ? L ? N ' ~ Q I J

nzraruW rclofrsriiau riludufii 4nuo~hamiiul~airn u i a h ni?hrni ad L vlrio~uds~ I Y A Y

A ' d 6. dug~~r~ i i o (The Abyssinian Center) I&rd ~vlw~knuad i38rZu uaz

u i ~ i n ~ a u ~iludufii r i rn ro~~iau~~au ' 4'1amGwan 2n -14 41

u 'w! id didou a z i s q niud yay

7. d w ~ ~ n ~ ~ a o u I C ~ r s z a r u i n i n a ~ r (The South Mexican and Central

American center) riludufii ricnuo~halwn Cwrna t l lu uzamn diw

arwisiuti obaniln play

'8. dworuiniI6 (The South American Center) r~w6ufi1 rirnv n ~ h d t d

uzr4nrnn o i y ui twin niiru n i ? ' ~ r r ~ Eu Jzsn uzJa~ Auwid r a y

o l k r w a (asexual reproduction) u i~a i (n f i !n ls#uu aoiKurwa (sexual

. reproduction) ~raz~iauira~niiiinisduw'u~~M"d 2 LLUU fia6(dnis'iuwir$nu

o~~obw~$~nd%d~w'uf~no:~~naiu~ab~ou~nndi tdodainmuisoii

5.4 nl~iluriw6?auldolriubw~ (asexual reproduction)

!~~uIM ~d!~oz~iimoindau'~96~dauImu0~6u~Gu (vegetative part M?Q

vegetative) d!d~dO?ll?ZL~fl (sex . organs) IPlu h ~ d ~ f i n i r u u i u w ' u f

"clone" ddl&~i fii&k%u (rhizome) ~o~~$ ia i i ~ l ! i d q !va (stolon) TJQJ

R C R T Q L Y ~ ~ vciuwrn nfiuga (bulb) Yamou nrzLduu fiasid $3 (corm) .am

LCQn n f l i8~6k n n (r00t)~uoahmfl vi? (tuber) uad~ud+d m i (bud) !do4

rp~aiu y n n U [ I E ~ (leaf) VOJ~IUHIJOSZL~ n ~ i m i u ~ i u ~ 3 % ~ i l u h #ad dl ibadiii~oinnimuiur~'u~am Ri~vdaeiiwirgnl.iubvdaun'wr~uqndrznir

un~iunr8Liinmmaluwi(d (bud mutation M?Q chimera) nisd?ud~,q$~faiol3

%flil~biianirnaiurjuf (mutation breeding). vPro61muim~ onnonlps"~u6~!6 n' f l i nirw ~ u w i f (hybridization) U ~ $ J & R i6 0nfi%@4 o!d!6

\

5.5 n l s ~ l m i c ~ u n i k r u ~ ~ d a n s 1 ~ ~ b n ~ d 8 n ~ 1 (apomixis)

oldGnQ. ~uluO4 nirluwit~~uuolk~w~dfi~dnG"ua4Ga & ~ u i ~ l o ~

5.5.1 vegetative apomixis r fh rnSwf im6uL ib q bsm~~uudomon ~ d u

diufls-uirud rro u$31vlqiiu;uujns Teosinte ~ f l uh 5.5.2 agamospermy L U U ~ I S R ~ ~ ~ L U R I R ~ R Q U L L E ~ ~ ~ I ~ q

n. adventitious ernbryony ~u8mae~o5;l~a~~~uioindauu 09r'9!d

d ~ u n integument unz nucellus (2") I n u ! ~ i n i s u ~ i ~ ~ ~ s i ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I i ~ n i r - 8 : w do,

wcnrLnm ~ l ~ u u ~ u ~ ~ C ( h o ~ u w u ~ n n u ~ ~ ~ ~ u 6 u ~ ~ d ~ n d ~ z n 1 ~ wululumr

TI. parthenogenesiS LL¶-idoOnbi(u 2 ?few a haploid

parthenogenesis ~ J L U ~ ~ O Z L!~I%&PIUCRS~~ loin haploid egg (n) G~r6uI~d-atO

1nsIuku~iu~f i :~~f luauaz~i lu~uir w u l u u ~ y uzr8o h ~ ? u diploid 8:

parthenogenesis uu ~ u ~ ~ - a r ~ - a ? ~ l ~ u o l s ~ u i ~ i n r ' ~ l s i &i!ddniramdiuau

~ T ~ ~ " I U R ~ ? U (Compositae) uidah L ~ U Taraxacum spp. W C

n. pseudogamy b u ~ ~ ~ z ~ a u i ~ i n ~ d ~ d d n i a b b d d b ~ a ~ t u w u ~ $1

W h G a diploid (2n) ~aoiinisciiuazaodbn~s ud~riiinisucrubnm aeoodbnm

si?{q~rl~~~~ndns~itb\~"Ili$~'tb~ei~'bdbi~w"~ ~ % ~ M ~ J L ~ ~ ~ ~ s s u L H $ Q u ~ ' ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~

5.6 n l s ~ u ~ f $ k ~ u o l ~ u k * r ~ (sexual repmductlon) a, W

t~un~r'.u<~fd~ii~u"ul'tbd~~~~~~iu~t~w~~ l~uiinis-rauaanurr~i15 W e'

H ~ ~ L I ~ ~ W U ~ L W R { (male gamete) ~unz~ia~~Puwir+w~~iiu (female gamete) biin

b h zygote U&~$WNI LOU embryo ~ J D Q ~ B ~ ~ L ~ ~ L U U I U B R (seed) n'ord

5.6.1 hudrmouuoaaonla riou~azfieu#n~natuaun?s&d 91

~ ~ a u i r u w ' u f ~ a r ~ i n a i u ~ u ' i ~ o ~ d u a n ' u l n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ a ~ n ~ " ~ ~ ~ i rdod~ulfl~$ilq

nstuaunirdio q IGY%~LP& A' aon8aoeJsrnouRiukudid q riilbri 2iusodaon (receptacle) ~ G U I ~ U J

I W P ~bdatniiu6un sepal ~ a ~ i a m ~ ~ w u d u ~ ~ u a n ' u o r ~ u n i i calyx niiuaonb~dazn~u

8on petal uaeoiGnnirr0u~aoauia~"run corolla nongaf (stamen) Jsznau w d cr - w F i ? o ~ n ~ ~ ~ a $ u a r a o d b n ~ a ~ a u 91 (anther) wuaroodbnarna~ (pollen) o$nllll%

* W d uneiiriiu;$uaroo~~n~raay~sun filament ci?unonsi?tdn (pistil) d.r.nauci?a d oom~nm&rdu (stigema) uaziir i iua~nmau 91 Guy, style ~~as~lnun'iu;+ar

~i lua"dI l i (ovary) niului~'I.jstii ovule dddsznouniu integument

embryo sac kiltnillb.4 embryo O ~ ~ ~ ~ J L R ~ L I R 8 5% Wobgnfld 1 antipodal

+~IM?M 3 5% polar nuclei 2 $u bbar synergid 2 $u d a a.

1) aurd~ilu6u (spomphytic generation) ~o~umwa~oiuau~nr~u'F611u

KIN 2n n'oRud 13u1qrlnoluarw'auieia~J b~ub~uu~'Fa (embryo) duirudou

~3uciwur-i ~~eeoanaond~orr r i ioa to~~~nws~~nr~ l id~~J

2) s r ~ l z d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a u t i u ~ u (gametophytic generation) ~EI~sru:di!~~?id d cr ~ I a a h w i f (germ cell) rdun nisdid 7 miudotnrjiwio\dd

!

5.6.2 nsru-aunis a ugukf (gametogenesis)

5.6.2.1 n i s & d ~ 6 u # u ~ u f (male gamete) ! 2 a:

Tlumouffo

1 ) microsporogenesis I n u microspore mother cell M%

microsporocyte ulir ~ra6uuu meiosis \6~gasJ%~rj 4 ma 6 Eun microspore

v ~ o a r o o ~ ~ n ~ s n i i (pollen grain) ddijdiuqul~s~ulrn~EIu n

2) microgametogenesis ~nuaro~~~nrn.j~~tnnwi\dbnu PI 91

d uuad au .IR~ ~iomnuw~n~nrn(i?~ijun"~r~onrio~%i aroo4 (pollen 'tube) .ad

bm'io~qtulidt?quuu mitosis !6$u 2 nuclei ffo generative nucleus URZ

tube nucleus ~ ~ ~ n ' i u ~ ~ ~ n o ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ o u C ~ ! d m i n micropyle ~\iudfiouiilrflinis d

W H ~ generative nucleus q-n~di~niuuu mitosis 16 2 sperm cell wo-al~ri ld ~ ~ w ~ d ~ u ~ u h f ~ w ~ ~ ~ b l o ~ ~ i w ~ u n " U ~ ~ ~ u # u w " I b ~ b w ~ b ~ u d ~ ~

5.6.2.2 n ~ ~ ~ % d ~ d a u # u w ' ~ d f ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ u (female gamete)

1) megaspomgenesis i n u megaspore mother cell M%

megasporocyte - n ~ l i ~ ~aarirruu meiosis 16 4 ma6 4 4 L L O ~ R ~ ~aaiGi54i~q~ c Ci

InsInlru = n u s i I u d a ~ r ~ a i a \ q 3 ma6 ~ ~ l o r i u d 1 mas nun

megaspore

2) megagametogenesis ~nuii?~niiun~u megaspore o r a: a:

~ l i d f i l ~ u u mitosis 3 nscr 16 8 nuclei nuclei n~~un.~tfiu~t?qhrjbnuoJ . 51uuu 3 nuclei Gun antipodal msdnaid 2 nuclei Gun polar nuclei r~ar8n

addir? ~n2iumtoQ&u6jidb"aun\d ;egg) inu! 2 nuclei d'irnu~Q 2 .S~J~ IOJ \~ Gun synergid

nisdiuazootrnas (pollination) vuiuiit nisdazoatrnd~mnatufauo~

w c (fertilization) vu i udt nszu ~unisdvdau~uw'uf~w81~~u"ifaun'u )rldaufiu~W~~wfl

riiril$ilOuIglnn (zygote) t unszuaunis6~rriimu'fa 2 ntt i t isuni inis

d~flW^Fa w (double fertilization) I

2: nandiint6dsznou~sund 4 h w do niiuolan nlurfut mm&G 91 uaz

~ncrrhriis dun41 olonruysd (complete flower) 14% t i nL?rvi%~ fliu

rJu& hwnanduianiuazuiradiJrrl 1 4 ~ $17 u' ialwn Giar;lit uazbou IJ d d A' d d a: unau~autaaznGunan i iduni i ___-- aon~Jau;sd (incomplete flower) fianunt

~nasRiH'iaz~nmniriisa 91 dbman 91 ~Buanitisuniiolanwuysdrwfl (perfect flower)

~ b u imszeau iauaznL?a9~ 7 hifu nanauusd 91 itCmilrilunonauysd w w

LWR&U tiaumanC(ii~awizrnasaa~ duni i nannitJ' (staminate flower) rraz a: mandii rawirmar~iriis r iani l n on6a~ii n (pistillate flower) at dunmann~aot

Y airnusau 9 h 3 i nanIJau;s&w~ (imperfect flower)

-

lad~uwi$nmm<urw~~ifu rriiQwP'nz~+m~GnsQ?n -.. --- (life cycle). a( 2 6- .a' szuz lmaf ioaiu~iuavl~s lu l~uniulra~~aaol~-

1 sperm cell + e g b g zygote

1 sperm cell + polar n u c l e i b endosperm

u d rrd51 1 sperm cell ~ i n ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ R j y n u ~ u u u n ' u ~ d ~ ~ a ' F n ~ luucuzd d

on 1 sperm cell ui01ndi~arood~narn'u ru*iuaun'u polar nuclei 16~i3ur;u hw~deju 6uniilfifl "heterofertlliration" I

5.6.3 &fuau&la9 (self pollinated crop H ~ Q autogamy) vuiadd

~adaroo~rnar~ic~a~~aun'uldu~~mor~r~u~n'u 91 ~~nsrsuaiR~~j?fiawcluci?roouci 9. c atciuPzrBulawyui' uazr~awa;Riro~iiozlni~fi~ni.r~~ounouuo~~n~~r (li

lfi. inbreeding depression) f la~tt~ci?~~d~n'ur i C'1? f i?ms $11419 $ l ? T h P u*~?uifiab ALGLI? n L ? r ~ i i o ~ ~ ~ E R J itaY RIU dor~fi? n.rrraau 41 urtiio

MR. a l p ihclb u d o 989, 8

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d $ i ~ $ ~ a ~ ~ u d i a ~ o ~ u u ~ i o ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i n n i . r d i a a t o a a ~na.rst

r~flu"u~ufl ondliuiuu a (cleistogamy) riil%fiaR'od uau k ~ r i innla

nou ~ $ 1 Rhodes bromegrass hlh hrar$i? ~~UIJ'IIQI udfini.rd~n

aroodlnarrfinu"uiouflonu~u isandl chasmogamy l6~rri $12 OL?LH~OJ OL? ~Gsq &?IRJ 9a9 u ~ n 0 i n ~ r r n " ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ n i a n " i h ~ ~ ~ ~ l % 4 a r R ~ n i . r u ~ u

-. - s i? ro~ rdu 'luurdorn~. aom~nmRi~lieorpn$u6~uKu ~.rmaLi.ro~ 91 91 9 $ ~ l V i l f i ~ n i . rwclusi?~n~rBud~~I~~

5.6.4 hGmJ$iu (cross pdllinated crop fro allogamy) ~ul l l f id Q, w fid8zaodrnmfl?ywaun'u~d~~flonuodfl~w~~u &wiTnrruua~~awauJ~upt.

Q, w

L~uW?n~ufWld (heterozygosiv) ~ L ~ ~ O ~ I J J R U ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ? ~ ~ 9 0 r L i i f l inbreeding

depression I~LL~ $i?!tiahfl 176 i a ~ n f l ~ r ~ a ~ m d ~ ldw im ar4d urd7d

uretno niugnic HQU IJIB~~~I~U~U 989 ~ ~ r n ~ ~ ~ d ~ i l ~ ~ a u a u u " 1 u 6 ~

1) dioecious plant ~~ubi~d~flon~i~LLatflon~3~duLLunn'uo~fl~1f

4% rdu ariala clk 3unuL hops utarno (ui~Guf) w w

2) monoecious plant r0ufladinon~~~uatmondia~du~~unn'u~~ uuRir~iiu?n'u ~ d u Gnsl.rrpaa~~

3) protandry ~ u i u 8 ~ aroo~~nas~i~r~ririouuarvr~oudezwauriou

m anKa r$ u \6bibbri wan Asteraceae

4) protogyny nu iu i i~ rnasCa~iuaririoudatoot mrrrCa~orum n

oonuiuau lciuri P L ~ J G u h d r ~ G a m s o ~ ~ a ~

5) sterility (nisrgu~uir) ~ u i u f ! ~ #aC( rna.rhc~$o6ardubgu

~ u i c $il~?dmuisnuauniulumonrftuanii6 r;jadiimonniwiisaarood~nas6ac 91

b $ w h oriidsr~ua6u~nluni~erim~uGmW'ua'i"1!anerau q 91 (F, hybrid) ~dnnisni 2 \&n' fi? f i a f l i ~ niumt?u $iaaiii ~ d ~ a b ~ i i u u i d m u ~ u a ' o t $ a o n ~ a ~ ~ ~ u q

~oJ'ubrar5%iui(b$u8m~aanuau~6 - 91

dd z 6) self-i"oompatibility (?II~MHU&~QJ\~~) Mlliuf!d 6anund

bn~&{bb~f&bd~~d'b~m~nb:~an'~ 91 udldmuisnwaunirroJU r~nrGd@Sui

nid#arnflui~o81~ $ilcla:oo~~nrrmi~1jaiu~sn~on~~ld~au~uld~a~6u~#~1a

nit ~~obrah~ddiriiiiTu'hd niioun'un"wauniildl6 wuuin~uw'nn.rmr~di

1) f l 5 3 o $ l R 3 d ~ f i d ~ a d f l o n i l r 8 u dioecious H%I monoecious w s r z f io~dniund 2 rw~aei~umorr~ftua~u~osmraaaautiio~d 91

inbreeding depression tisob 61inf!lfldu' inbreeding depression ~bamd<ir~u I V s r $h~Ru&rad omniu inbreeding depression f i u~nd i i r~u iau au$iu ~did\.rfi

U

&~?uni~nnoanuml~daa~mfa'u a q !dn~r~u6wau$ia1rdil3

niola?idgn6adi;rGuf r$u Oir~Emflid 7 5% ~-1uid~nal j~~nani(r~oel3ao

rauiuclnii!rdnirGudw 'I 91 auQiurdi\~ Imnmoin~da~rQusini'in~toiu~a~u~ugn PI

~ d a 5.6.6 nl3wausi?rnd\ri~m (self-incompatibility) (iuluiid n3Nnwa

dihnm&irrarrna3~qrdu rtdkmui3nwausi?rnd\6 rrer~dmui~nwau$iu5u dsr w Rirnuwu~nnu1~Zlou5ul6 rdo~om!n. i tu~uni~wi~3arn!ui~ndi~u~~ut~ni~

donuad pollen tube ku~eni~w~u~a~od1d8mw"nnna~l~u1mer"uu 91 1-2 d wulu

GjaMcll~~3~ncl 91 Cruciferae, Compositae. Oramineae. Solanaceae,

Rosaceae, Leguminosae 1h6u

ni~wau~qras\ajGmr~d~rfl~ 3 aiim Tin

1 ) , gametophytic incompatibility fi!lf-il~lzw R U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E I W U " U ~ ' ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ W D

d dsr &r!unuululndr(iiioun'u 5nunrt6nnnauqulmuiiuriurl$r~u~~rsiri~u 91 multiple

alleless Tin S,, S2, S3 ,..... S, wulu Nimtiana sanderae

w w w oinbot unsuui~uuu"ot~~rn~r~ui~$~~'bu~~d gamete uadrnamq wnq 91

Ind~~i iou5u gamete uo;lrnmCqriiu iiae~dmui3nwau5ul6

w w 2) sporophytic incompatibility ~ ~ n l f i u " a t ~ ~ d L n m f l a ~ otdonuuuoslrn~l~i

B w d' rijrildieso!aitu~u diploid genotype va~6uda ~danvmrugnnauqu'b@ufiu d Y rWuddrgua udriru multiple alleles LLR: S alleles nnau?u~nwmruordun'umlu

Pigu Wo S, > s2 > S, >.....s,, riaulu6urrri s alleles idarRl?srlJijnidunicu

(no dominance effect) WU~U% w an Com positae, Cruciferae ~4% . Bassica

oleracea, Rhaphanus sativus (rraAa) nrriivod sporophytic incompatibility 661 rliniawaualriaai'uudu (reciporocal cross) n'oiooerl i~~~nirwau<aro~3~

vPaolri~mrrmndisn"ul6

nia~oiamiiioruau~nn"a~~~9/1'~fl'bfa~~Duos6udoriou 91 tYifl'bu!wdlaj aiioun"u gamete uo~nicrrri wivion'orai ic gamete l 'uarwaulkiudni 61 fl'bu~nduo~6ud o~dr~i?au gamete u ~~iiu~riGal~<~~6~n"0~rl~l~~dm~1an wau

IRiau n i a w r u ~ i ~ o ~ b f t n r ~ n f i d l 6 F, Cidsuniuynii'bhd ~ ~ o l r i m u i m

W ~ F I F1 , l6L~ ~ l l l ~ L ~ ~ J w " 3 9 LG ua $ddldCu gametophytic incompatibility

3) heteromorphic incompatibility ~ ~ ~ n l ~ ~ ~ ~ ( i ? ~ ~ d ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ l n ' b ~ f d

rriiruo~non wu~u~jrwan Prinula Imofiva~nZijmon 2 u u ~ o thrum &or A ~ l w O~ue~o~mGouonrnaaRirdu rrarrruu pin ~ ~ u ~ u ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ i n i i o ~ n m ~ ~ < a ~ ~ u

ainniaAnwwuiinanuuu thrum UR:: pin ~dmuian~muGa~adl6

c i w ~ w ~ u i i a i o o ~ r ~ o ~ ~ ~ l o i n ' b n ~ d ~ i d u o d n n n ~ d r ~ ~ ~ i u ~ u rrvini~ilunsriiuo~ w z a r r

pin iidlotwaul$ nduuodunlf flnwldoW wuii R i r a i thrum x pin iio~!6~nCi

a - A %hsiri?uuod thrum : pin = 1 : 1 od~uuqiui inaiu~~dbb~aniswau~abod'bBj~~ d'aa

Lbuuunna sporophytic incompatibility $dbnd lflui?ubduh S orliu8uriooiio s d d w

L Ss (thrum) x ss (pin) ~~!&nnunm~ldau~ o~i?buIwd 1,3u ss :ss = 1 : 1 pl

a: dd w

Iwui~n~~wui inioor!nan"u~~ Primula n u n u ~ s ~ ~ ~ a ~ u o n i n t n n j ~ G u u i a d t.n'inir6un long homostyle adriiotriinoin crossing over

~onun~aroo~~nmKa$

2. $7 bud pollination i i n n i f i ~ ~niazoo~masgaf dari~ffuGlu~aIdwau5u

~nas&riiu d ~ d i o u o l riaudu~isr~runo~lunr~nnshriiuort.~uwiimnisCl~ilu~jooin

nis~nnuo~arun~~nmKat d d d A A d

3. ~ i n ~ s ~ s u m ~ ~ l u n n u ~ ~ ~ ~ G X i i ~ ~ i ~ ~ $ o i i l u n n u ~ m ~ n G ~ i n s ~ u a u q 91

nisas"7dmsfl~or~iiwh wad d a

4. nisviilvi S alleles iiinnimaiuwirf: (mutation) ~nunisIas~n~sani'i , bn i

~ ~ n ~ ~ w n ~ d ~ ~ ~ i j r d u ~ ~ u n ~ r ~ ~ a o ~ n ~ s u w ; u 6 a ~ o ~ I d ~ ~ w

~$nnir~instuauni.r~iinniswau.i~o~Ii~nriuorr~fiau5~~ztuuni~aii~

antigen v n ~ h i 4~i~~niuun~cin~qe'b~uouiu-A;Iudandaouuae~~oIsni~~Iir~Iu

haniu ijni.innaodt.oildsffun"~n'fl'b~8in ~ o ~ ~ n m ~ a ~ ~ u I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i l u n s ~ o i i ~ ~ A n Zvin~tdio w Em antiserum o k 6 7 antiserum uinolaouKuld.riiudaKmIG~in~Iu

rndoiid 7 dsingii proein fkdhn'n genotype d ~ ~ i i n u h ~ r ~ i d ~ % u i n ' u

Nasrallah et a/. (1970) I ~ ~ u o u u ~ n r j l n n i s ~ i i ~ n ~ s w ~ u K a ~ ~ ~ ~ B j i m i i l l ~ d a r s allele ~ r ( t j i ~~ds i iud i~~Ggn 'u dd~i09tdidn'ub~udnsfl otGhuid6a ~arldsffund

1

l 'ozvi i~ iun k u 7 <ut3u$anqu~uniaw%~tBulqu' k ~ i t i l u k ~ i u n a z f u l X

arno~tnwsh$~ontdonna~uuuoarn~ani t~~~ 0, w a

5.6.7 m-ar.@.~liU (male sterility) & w

i ~ n ' t ~ i j o w ~ w ~ t t a ~ ~ ~ a ' n " o i o o z t i i ~ ~ t ~ u ~ u i r m ' n~aa$ttazsiltiiu d w w f l - A

r t . i l a ih imuh male sterility vlSJlu6J ~ n r n m a ~ t d ~ u u r ~ t i l u ~ n w w ~ i i dadu~hin~unid~udS~w'uf~~tta~~au~~wiznia~iui~.a"elaz~u~fluniaw8m~~

inwwu (F, hybrid)

nisr3u~ui~o~Ri~ozB'y1aiuttuu tdu pollen sterility 6 o ~dijazoostnws w w e A' w A' a?! tnauu stamina1 sterility 6n!dijtnwamat (stamen) t f i n ~ u ILPE structural

sterility MlJit'Jfid

Kuazo~~tnwaKaflsjttmnoonai 91 vii!flazoo~tnwa%afldwiuiand~?o~n~dwwu~u PI

tnaram"atiul6 I

w w a w a aawtelu~ultsu 3 ttuu Go w

1 ) genetic male sterility niat~u~~u"d~aw'dmt~~uisin~u6outfiu~~ d a d d d a

1:111 ( r n s ) h ~ i % n ~ u ~ ~ h d msms o e t i l ~ M U i ( [ i?u6~nuu~uhf l uuu Msms,

os?o MsMs ozwiuiaowimazaoostnwa%afi6miudnG PI wu~u$.6wan $la $awl;

4'iauiitad uzt?atnn Cud& ww niatil~~~uttuuu"ddaz1u~fluniadiuel~~ w C W darsinru Q J $ ~ (population improvement) hu3Sn1aKa tdnnwu$i (recurrent

w d d selection) uaza io~~un iaw~ntu~aw"u~~%anwwu~6 q PI ~ d 6 o ~ ~ i ~ w o l a o u w o ~ ~ a w a '3' nuuuu (linked gene) tdotdutndso~vluiu kdu ~ltsfiauiitau'tazuiam6oz~~tnol '

IRIjiu ~~a~zd~aonfl~ilu~~iozldtj~dut11ijoudnnondn~ ua~t~onnnuiunKuann

ozt9wuiuniidnG

2) cytoplasmic male sterility nim~u~&%iiolU'~uod<uadauw'u~nnu 91

u i~ai ia$o { lw cytoplasm

d~w17u sterile I d duw.dJ'u (fertile M'%I normal)

A' 3) cytoplasmic genetic male sterility n i b r ~ u ~ ~ u ~ r u u u o z b ~ m o i n d ~ ~ u i

ni.irilu~uicai~ffiid~~1~~6uin'buni~~.a"~i~~uimw'uf~nwau (F, hybrid) Y or w a

lur%ni~nirwndirnlrulmdlimui.inrn"ura1imw'u$a"bflm7n 6aio~u~aonugwam 8 d w rusmw'uhnn~~nmo~nibdin 9 q

a: Y %ma wniswimruimw'ufi.a~nwau (F, hybrid)

n i~~~mruimw'uBi .aanwauImul .a 'd~:Ou.a6oinnisr~uw.dJ 'u~u~~ 9 '4

cytoplasrhic genetic male sterility az6add~zna~~dha~1fl.aw'ufbrw' 3 9ik1

1 ) A-line rilumuw'ufrrlid'bdunibw~manwau PI

or b- or b- or b- 2) B-line ~ ~ u a i u w ~ r r ~ d l . a ' a ~ i n ~ ~ m u w u ~ ~ r l i ( ~ ~ l n ~ 1 u ~ ~ a ( f i n ~ w " b o

maintainer)

3) R-line r5umuw'ufindoz~unibwim~u8~w'u~~.aanwau 9 PI

rFfan~iur~~uni~rlix11uni~riluw~u"~a~i"11rruu ~~to~~asmic-~enet i=

male sterility ui1.a'd'iz~u.aoa"bud~~~~un6aadi~ni~w~msuimw'u~ia~i~anw~u PI

d P o r or b-C1 or A' (F, hybrid) nusw ru~mwu~wadiaiiunibm.~u

n isu8n ~ui~wicf$iadi~~nurulu~i~nis61u"uor6~~l.a"$iadi~aiuGu~~~n' a \ &

3 "I19bmno 6-d a

1. A-line i d L B U ~ UW~(;W ~d~~~~ub~arl.a"b~uw"uf~~i

2. 6-line ~ ~ L u w R ~ L I ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ L s o ~ H ~ ~ uer~#~ilu$l?oy?n!inu' (rnaintainer) a. 6-

~ninam:Lfl9b~h~~d A-line 14%; B-line oriiRi7~mznluuonb~~au A-line (?n w

d s ~ n i s ( f i u n d i ~ f l ~ isogenic line h) u n 6 u 6-line l d ~ ~ u ~ k ~ f i i ~ uar 6-line A d

51 :$ad! non-restorer gene ( ~ u ~ l r i r i i ~ % n ~ u ~ u l d L h $ ~ a d n ~ ) {u A-line l d LUO

~ ~ s ~ f h A-line LLhor l6 '~- l ine L H ~ n9bbGu

3. R-line L ~ U R I U W ' I A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O $ J ~ ~ restorer gene fu A-line f ln~da W I ~ U ~ ~ J A-

line uhorl'~lnwwudliriflu~aY~b PI a ~ z \ # ~ u ~ m d n n t ~ u n i s 6 i l 6 91 (commercial

hybrid)

~ u n i d n i ~ h r t h f i a d ~ a a n w w u u ' n o t w ~ n n i u n s s u ~ ~ ~ ~ u s i a $ ~ ~ ~ 91 $am

i i u n i i ~ q u w a n ~ n waurd e? (single Gross) ~~o iu i~n f t a i oo r~m uda~b l l 6~n wwu 6 - 8 8 afimgw 7 ~ i d n m ' ldu ~ i ~ w H u a $ U ~ : ~ < i d A-line ?% B-line u n d ~ n ~ u a v u d l d

d vY L ~ ~ W R ~ W ~ % Q I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ W I B J ~ S ) . ~ I ~ PI (three way cross) r i inu idnsda ioo~

6-d o. n!muin R-line YIRILI q [ c i ~ ~ ~ ~ w n n ~ B o n ~ n w m z d i ~ q sliu6odnis ~ i u o r r d i j

b: ~nuru~uiJodidunnsi15nirLvi~uu ~ n a n q n r u ~ ~ ~ l i i r i ? ~ n i l u ~ n n s i a t b d ~ ~ ~ i r a u 8:d 'd n ~ u r w o u 6 ~ c y ~ i n i s ~ n r u ~ n ~ i ~ ~ o a ~ i n n a n K a ~ a a r ~ a n h r i i u u i u ~ r i w i o u n i ~ u

d a ~ w ^ R n ~ u i ~ w i t

A-line

' f i l f i u n l d a n h f 91 A-line LLRt 6-line ~ ~ ~ d ~ d f ! ~ i i d ~ l n ~ L d a d d ~ n $ l l ? ~ l d PI

hf&4 q (isolated plot) O ~ I J ~ Q ~ 200 LURT I 0 1 U d p A-line ~ n ? ~ f i f % B-line Y

2 -una (&I kwualo~dduuudad!6b~$a ~ ~ d n a i u ~ ~ u i r ~ u ' h k o o q uarsau q 8: A 8 :dYd Y

~~ds~snasorden B-line 8ousouGnau~tbd Wd9bb~ ol99'acoos~n wrna woinuna &line PI " f

I I l ~ Y ~ d n ~ n k g ~ h ~ dokc A-line ha:: 6-line onnnonwiou q Cu bwnen'dbui Z W a n

din4 A-line ua:: 6-line ~rbgu isagenic line nunPad ~~dInuh?dug? A-line a' W d W 444 W c l ~n~roonnon~indi~-l ine d3eu1r;rs 2-3 ~ u u o n o i n u ~ ~ a a u u o ~ a ~ ~ t a ~ ~ o n i u ~ u G n

~~o6uduuiCu A-line M ~ Q &line di0dri0l~u8n~drioud~nfionousiu6dn'ouoon 6 u BY Ron bwntbua'nd~~~ru?1wnf93~1u"u~o~iiun"d A-line bar 6-line : ~ l o u ' i a ~ i ~ u r i ~ n " u n ~ ~ ~ a ~ t ~ ~ u ~ d s a ~ a w i e ~ o n a n d ~ ' o i n ~ A-line L~~I&A

A d a .adbuod~1dua~u8abu~nd16~t10u A-line bm$oub~u hn?uuna B-line uunmq

arbn"ubu8flla"$1$~6ioldlfl?n 9

nl.r?nuicnu$uf BIine

~ L M G Q u~uniswiimbu8~w"u~a q q 7 ~~o~s~n ld tdu~~uuatmu73n

wauh~o~ lk ucin'o~~anl~$1~~1n~~ft~du'7aflid$u6~u 91 q kufliuo~~ls~Cuniswiiq - a * w d - 2 A w d w 2

A-line $ona33radnfloniubu~ndtbu~~~~~dRa~db~uri~u ~130nl~d~fi6'ddmfl~d d - A riounoraan~antdourin"mfiuru8n#d~uamun~~d~t~6bu~~ B-line b~d@ub6!u

~13?n~lcnu$%f R-line

rli ~du~loaCunin'nuicns~uf 6-line

ninl!n$iar;li~dnw8m~uQ~~nwau

v! iku~umeb~ua~un~~u~m A-line ni~a#of)an PI A-line 4 bbnasli?u?fu R- a: A W U d W d

line 2 bbna bbfl::!bbnalod R-line K ~ u a o u ~ n ~ u ~ u ~ u'ofla33::adnflonl&lbu~dilM3~

6uduuinYfl

A-line M?Q R-line 1 k f i n b ~ a ' ~ 1 6 d ~ i ~ u f ) ~ n f 9 ~ o ~ m ~ u ~ d d o ~ ~ ~ n ~ LwaIeflalu

u?qn& ad ~u8mrJ"uf~n w audlGs::u"uo~n'u~a~uu"aqn&o A-line une R-line ku L Y J n i ~ w ~ m ~ u ~ n w i f ~ n u ~ u u ~ ~ n a ~ ~ n ~ a m a ~ ~ ~ ~ n i a u ~dodauI~nisci~uatoo~~na

A a* 38u"u ~ ~ d h n i y d q n i i n d ~ t n i ~ ~ u ~ n ~ o ~ o ~ a i ~ ~ ~ w u d ~ n ~ 0 9 " A-tine ha:: Mine oon

1 ) introgression I

2) deletion

3) addition

4) yn+Q 3. ?Twuininruot4af]~nd~aiuY"unoul~ii~

%e

a

Q

G5 H

acz H

IP

s

C c

i3'

3) hormone

4) nnnnGa PI q

w Y d z 9. rn m.n"ln4Mi~uaI~wunuurauduni ~%n~aIiYrrri 7

1 ) iiFjvKu~diufizijnimnfiusf

2) fossil 4'4' d a

3) ~ J W M W ~ ~ M ' V \ U L " U ~

2) u i d w i r i

3) 'US1aim;

4) :uelzsn

nisiiuCu@ o d l a d d a

16. i + ~ u 1 1 a ~ ~ a i Y U n i ~ 1 1 ~ 1 i u ~ " u ~ m ~1~uni~Pl~~u~~~uuIaioi~u~w~1fiunii ?

1 ) Imau

2) bUgn

3) 1uW.a 4) HW

I 7. l.a"aG~1InCi15ubbuu stolon ?

1 ) r.sobuads

2) $73

3) winlnu

4) nsz~fiuu

18. Cj%.a~n~fl$ii6u~buub~uan"un~zbflu~ ?

1) MOU

2) fiasel 3) ~( iuwsn

4) $a I) ~ ~ l z i k 2 i n dd 0

19. 6"6?1~~53i~~bb~¶~ corm ?

2) iu1m

3) i%d?d

4) nszifiuu

20. ~ ~ ~ r m ! a d ~ ~ ~ q ~ i ~ i n d a u " ~ a ~ ? ~ ~ i f i m ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ? u n i ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ u n d i ?

1 ) nis i iuwi r$~~uuoi l~wg

2) nisi?uwif~~uulilriai+'u L W ~

3) aldijnQR.

4) lnau

21. vegetative apomixis wu~u!aaiinlm ?

1 ) iliumuinu ni 2) Mou%alMtj

3) fuujns

4) wnGa W d O ,

22. ~ u 8 n ~ ~ 5 q o i n f liuazGaraaaauwulnssu~~! nu6%iuuJynds:nisisunii ?

1 ) adventitious embryony

2) parthenogenesis

3) embryo genesis

4) qnGa 23. n i s ~ u $ u ~ r ~ u u ~ i + ' u ~ o ~ ~ a d m a n ~ ~ ~ ~ n d i a ~ n 6 o d ?

1 ) iiszuzallals~rl6~siu

2) ijsturun~n!rl6tdu 8:

3) ~iimnird~aob5aad~rd

4) $El 1) ILRZ 2) Qn$Eld 0ldd.4 O,

24. da~~osmanla~wuam~ausiul.a"do~~a~wser~urn~s4a ?

1) 2iusasmon

2) nGu~an

I) d iuau 2 q~ 2) diuau 3 wm 3) bwau 4 qn 4) d iuau 5 qn

I ) meiosis

2) mitosis

3) binary fission

4) ynQ d n A ' a

27. double fertilization erawrnet"llun8 ?

1) lahm

2) rauln~rTIQ

3) GabaaK~

4) I) rrs:. 2) inciac

28. mrsoindi~d<uwau<ul.li rrazbw s i f ~ a ~ 8 ' 1 . 0 a u ~ ~ ~ . ~ i b ~ ~ a n ' u ~ o n i ?

I ) homozygote

2) heterozygote

3) heterofertilization

4) homofertilization

29. ~ a d ~ l a u e i ? ~ a ~ ~ i i j n i s ~ i u a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n a s r i i n u " u r i a u n ~ n i u Wonii ?

1 ) chasmogamy

2) allogamy

3) cleistogamy

4) yn$a

30. u r a m o ~mb~uEiv#dnistflw"u$u~n~mr'bm ?

I ) protrandy

2) diecious

3) monoecious

I ) protrandy

2) diecious

3) monoecious

I ) protrandy

2) diecious

3) monoecious

I ) sporophytic incompatibility I

2) gametophytic incompatibility

3) heteromorphic incompatibility

4) homomorphic incompatibility

34. ~ ~ - ~ ' b $ L b f l f l thrum d i k ~ W b b f l f l ' b m ?

I ) b r s q o $ ~ ~ f i o a a m m m & ~ d u

2) <ursota~diniiuom~nmwi~da 3) <u~smotjsr&u~Guan"u5uuom~nm%a~Bo 91 91

4) I) oar 2) qnw'a~

35. ? $ n i s ~ ~ f l s l n i a w ~ u G a ~ o s l i i m m a a ~ ~ f l s l o tjw'bs ?

2) nisf l i bud pollination

3) n i s w 1 1 a ~ ~ n ~ s I ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ f i i

4) qnync~