Oklahoma History Center

466 Oklahoma History Center

At a ceremony on April 26, 2006, “Unconquered”, a bronze by Allan Houser, was unveiled at its new

home at the entrance to the Oklahoma History Center.

The state’s new Oklahoma History Center was opened in 2005. It is located just across the street from the Governor’s Mansion near the State Capitol Building. Dr. Bob Blackburn, Executive Director, said “We encourage you to enjoy the Oklahoma experience while exploring more than 200 interactive audio and visual exhibits of the stories, spirit, triumphs and tragedy of Oklahoma’s adventurous past.”

Oklahoma History Center 467

An outdoor bronze statue honoring

the Civilian Conservation Corps (1933-

1942) stands next to a plaque which tells the history of the organization.

(Sculpture by John Gooden, 2005)

468 Counties and County seats

ADAIR - Stillwell ALFALFA - Cherokee ATOKA - Atoka BEAVER - BeaverBECKHAM - Sayre BLAINE - WatongaBRYAN - Durant CADDO - Anadarko CANADIAN - El Reno CARTER - Ardmore CHEROKEE - TahlequahCHOCTAW - HugoCIMARRON - Boise CityCLEVELAND - NormanCOAL - CoalgateCOMANCHE - LawtonCOTTON - WaltersCRAIG - VinitaCREEK - Sapulpa CUSTER - Arapaho DELAWARE - Jay DEWEY - Taloga ELLIS - Arnett GARFIELD - Enid GARVIN - Pauls Valley GRADY - Chickasha GRANT - Medford GREER - Mangum HARMON - Hollis HARPER- Buffalo HASKELL - Stigler HUGHES - Holdenville JACKSON - Altus JEFFERSON - WaurikaJOHNSTON - Tishomingo KAY - Newkirk KINGFISHER - Kingfisher KIOWA - HobartLATIMER - Wilburton

LeFLORE - Poteau LINCOLN - Chandler LOGAN - Guthrie LOVE- Marietta MAJOR - Fairview MARSHALL - Madill MAYES - Pryor McCLAIN - Purcell McCURTAIN - Idabel McINTOSH - Eufaula MURRAY - Sulphur MUSKOGEE - Muskogee NOBLE - Perry NOWATA - NowataOKFUSKEE - Okemah OKLAHOMA - Oklahoma City OKMULGEE - Okmulgee OSAGE - Pawhuska OTTAWA - Miami PAWNEE - Pawnee PAYNE - Stillwater PITTSBURG - McAlester PONTOTOC - AdaPOTTAWATOMIE - ShawneePUSHMATAHA - Antlers ROGER MILLS - Cheyenne ROGERS - Claremore SEMINOLE - Wewoka SEQUOYAH - SallisawSTEPHENS - DuncanTEXAS - GuymonTILLMAN - FrederickTULSA - TulsaWAGONER - WagonerWASHINGTON - BartlesvilleWASHITA - CordellWOODS - AlvaWOODWARD - Woodward

Counties and County Seats

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Oklahoma Counties 469

• Thename“Oklahoma”comesfromtheChoctawwords,“okla”meaningpeopleand“humma”meaningred,sothestate’snameliterallymeans“redpeople.”

• OklahomahasthelargestAmericanIndianpopulationofanystate.Manyofthe252,420AmericanIndianslivinginOklahomatoday are descendants of the original 67 tribes inhabiting Indian Territory.

• Thirty-nineoftheAmericanIndiantribescurrentlylivinginOklahomaareheadquarteredinthestate.

• Oklahoma’sbipartisanstategovernmenthousesabicamerallegisla-ture.

• Oklahomahas43collegesanduniversities.• ThehighestpointinthestateisBlackMesainCimarronCounty

(4,973feet);thelowestisdueeastofIdabelinMcCurtainCounty(287feet).

• Oklahomahasmoreman-madelakesthananyotherstate,withmorethanonemillionsurfaceacresofwaterand2,000moremilesofshorelinethantheAtlanticandGulfcoastscombined.

• Oklahomaisthethirdlargestgas-producingstateinthenation.• Oklahomaranksfourthinthenationintheproductionofall

wheat,fourthincattleandcalfproduction;fifthintheproductionofpecans;sixthinpeanutsandeighthinpeaches.

• Oklahoma’sfourmountainrangesincludetheOuachitas,Arbuck-les,WichitasandKiamichis.

• Forestscoverapproximately24percentofOklahoma.• Oklahomaisborderedbysixstates:Texastothesouthandwest,

ArkansasandMissouritotheeast,Kansastothenorth,andColo-radoandNewMexicoatthetipofthenorthwesternOklahomapanhandle.

• Oklahomaiscomprisedof77counties.• Oklahomahasalandareaof69,919squaremilesandranks18th

inthenationinsize.• Accordingto2000U.S.censusdata,Oklahoma’spopulationis

3,450,654.Ofthose,76.2percentarewhite,7.9percentAmeri-canIndian,7.6percentAfrican-American,5.2percentHispanicand1.3percentAsian.

• Oklahoma’stwomostpopulouscitiesareOklahomaCity,with506,132residents,andTulsawith393,049.ThenextlargestcitiesareNorman,withapopulationof95,694andLawton,whichhas92,757people.

Interesting Facts About Oklahoma

470 Interesting Facts About Oklahoma

1.Algonquian2.Iroquoian3.Muskhogean4.Siouan5.Caddoan6.Shoshonean7.Shahaptian8.Athapascan9.Kiowan10.Tonkawan

Major Linguistic Classifications

of Indian Tribes

in Oklahoma

State Emblems State Seal-Centeredbyafive-pointedstar,eachraycontains

thesealsoftheFiveCivilizedTribes.Inthecenterofthestarare an Indian and pioneer shaking hands under a figure hold-ingbalancedscales,representingJustice.Thestarissurroundedby45smallerstarsrepresentingtheotherstatesadmittedtotheU.S.beforeOklahoma.Oklahoma’sstatesealhasadarkbluebackground.Thelargecenterstariswhite,thesmallerstarsaregoldandtheringaroundtheedgeofthesealisgold.Theletterswithinitaredarkblue.

State Flag-AnOsagewarrior’sbuckskinshield,decoratedwithpendanteaglefeathersisthebasicdesign.Incrossedpo-sitions over the shield are an Indian peace pipe and an olive branch,thewhiteman’ssymbolofpeace.Theflagisarichskyblue.Theword“Oklahoma”iswhite.TheOsagewarshieldistanoutlinedinred;thepeacepipeiswhitewithredtipsandtheolivebranchisgreen.

State Floral Emblem - Mistletoe grows on trees throughout the state and is particularly bountiful in southern regions of Oklahoma.Thedarkgreenleavesandwhiteberriesshowupbrightly during the fall and winter in trees that have shed their ownleaves.

State Tree - The Redbud grows in the valleys and ravines of Oklahoma.Inearlyspring,itsreddish-pinkblossomsbrightenthelandscapethroughoutthestate.

State Rock - Found only in a streak of rock that runs north andsouththroughthemiddleofOklahoma,theBariteRoseRock is a reddish-brown stone that resembles a rose in full bloom.AnoldCherokeelegendsaystherocksrepresenttheblood of the braves and the tears of the maidens who made the devastating“TrailofTears”journeyinthe1800stoOklahoma.

State Bird - The Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher is a somewhat quiet bird with beautiful plumage and a long sleek tail that is twice aslongasitsbody.Thedeeply-forkedtailresemblesapairofmodernscissors.TheScissor-TailedFlycatcherhasablackandwhitetail,adarkgrayback,alightgraychestandheadandpaleorange-redcoloringbeneathitswings.

State Animal -TheAmericanBuffalo,orBison,isamassiveanimalthatweighsfrom800to2,000poundsandstandsnearlysixfeethighattheshoulder.Alargehead,highhumpontheshouldersanddarkbrownshaggyhaircharacterizethebuffalo.

Oklahoma Emblems 471

State Wildflower-TheIndianBlanketisaredflowerwithyellowtips.ItsymbolizesOklahoma’sscenicbeautyaswellasthestate’sIndianheri-tage.IndianBlanketflowersbloominJuneandJuly.

State Fish-TheWhiteBass,alsocalledaSandBass,isdarkblue-greenontop,withsilverysides,awhitebellyandblackhorizontalstripesrun-ningalongthelengthofitsbody.

State Reptile-TheMountainBoomer,orCollaredLizard,isaprettyturquoisebluecolorexceptforitsheadandneck,whicharebrightyellowwithblackstripesalongitsneck.

State Musical Instrument - The fiddle State Colors - Green and White State Motto-“LaborOmniaVincit,”meaning“LaborConquersAll

Things.”State Song-“Oklahoma!”fromtheRodgersandHammersteinmusi-

calofthesamename.State Salute-“IsalutetheflagoftheStateofOklahoma.Itssymbols

ofpeaceuniteallpeople.”State Waltz-“OklahomaWind”State Soil - Port Silt Loam State Poem-“HowdyFolks”byDavidRandolphMilstenofTulsa.

472 Indian Tribes of Oklahoma

AlabamaAnadarkoApacheApalachicolaArapahoCaddoCahokiaCatawbaCayugaCherokeeCheyenneChickasawChippewaChoctawCitizen PottawatomiComancheConestoga

Indian Tribes of OklahomaCreekDelawareEel-River IndiansErieHainaiHitchitiIllinoislowaKaskaskiaKansaKichaiKickapooKiowaKiowa-ApacheKoasatiLipanMiami

MichigameeModocMoingwenaMohawkMunseeNatchezNez PercésOsageOto and MissouriOttawaPawneePeoriaPiankashawPoncaQuapawSaukandFoxSeminole

SenecaShawneeSkidiStockbridgeTamaroaTawakoniTonkawaTuscaroraTuskegeeUteWacoWeaWichitaWyandotYuchi

Oklahoma’s U. S. Senators 473

Name - Political Party - Years ElectedThomasPryorGore-Democrat1907,1908,1914,1930RobertLOwen-Democrat-1907,1912,1918J.W.Harreld-Republican-1920W.B.Pine-Republican-1924ElmerThomas-Democrat-1926,1932,1938,1944JoshLee-Democrat-1936E.H.Moore-Republican-1942RobertS.Kerr-Democrat-1948,1954,1960A.S.“Mike”Monroney-Democrat-1950,1956,1962J.HowardEdmondson-Democrat-1963(appointed)FredR.Harris-Democrat-1964,1966HenryBellmon-Republican-1968,1974DeweyBartlett-Republican-1972DavidBoren-Democrat-1978,1984,1990DonNickles-Republican-1980-2004JamesInhofe-Republican-1994-presentTomCoburn-Republican-2005-2015JamesLankford-Republican-2015-present

U. S. Senators From Oklahoma

Brand new state! Brand new state, gonna treat you great!

Gonna give you barley, carrots and pertaters,

Pasture fer the cattle, spinach and temayters!

Flowers on the prairie where the June bugs zoom,

Plent’y of air and plent’y of room,Plent’y of room to swing a rope, Plent’y of heart and plen’y of hope

Oklahoma, where the wind comes sweepin’ down the plain,

And the wavin’ wheat can

OKLAHOMA! by Rodgers and Hammersteinsure smell sweet

When the wind comes right behind the rain.

Oklahoma, ev’ry night my honey lamb and I

Sit alone and talk and watch a hawk makin’ lazy circles in the sky.

We know we belong to the land

And the land we belong to is grand!

And when we say—Yeeow! A-yip-i-o-ee-ay!

We’re only sayin’ you’re doin’ fine, Oklahoma! Oklahoma—O.K.

Glossaryabolishv:doawaywith;“Slaverywasabolishedinthe

mid-19thcenturyinAmericaandinRussia”[syn:getridof ][ant:establish]

abolitionn:theactofabolishingacculturation n1:theadoptionofthebehaviorpatterns

ofthesurroundingculture[syn:socialization,socialisation]2:alltheknowledgeandvaluessharedbyasociety[syn:cul-ture]3:theprocessofassimilatingnewideasintoanexistingcognitivestructure[syn:assimilation]

accustom v:makeused(tosomething);“Shebecamehabituatedtothebackgroundmusic”[syn:habituate] acquisitionn1:theactofcontractingorassumingoracquir-ingpossessionofsomething;“theacquisitionofwealth”;“theacquisitionofonecompanybyanother”2:somethingacquired;“arecentacquisitionbythemuseum”3:thecogni-tiveprocessofacquiringskillorknowledge;“thechild’sacquisitionoflanguage”[syn:learning]4:anabilitythathasbeenacquiredbytraining[syn:skill,accomplishment,acquirement,attainment]

ad valoremadv:inproportiontotheestimatedvalueofthegoodstaxed;“thegoodsweretaxedadvalorem”[syn:adval]

agitationn1:amentalstateofextremeemotionaldistur-bance2:astateofagitationorturbulentchangeordevelop-ment:“thepoliticalfermentproducedanewleadership”;“socialunrest”[syn:ferment,fermentation,unrest]3:thefeelingofbeingagitated;notcalm[ant:calmness]4:distur-banceusuallyinprotest[syn:excitement,turmoil,upheaval,hullabaloo]5:theactofagitatingsomething;causingittomovearound(usuallyvigorously)

agrarianadj:“anagrarian(oragricultural)society”;“farmingcommunities”[syn:agricultural,farming(a)]

alienadj1:notcontainedinorderivingfromthees-sentialnatureofsomething;“aneconomictheoryalientothespiritofcapitalism”;“themysticismsoforeigntotheFrenchmindandtemper”;“jealousyisforeigntohernature”[syn:foreign]2:beingorfromorcharacteristicofanotherplaceorpartoftheworld;“aliencustoms”;“exoticplantsinagreenhouse”;“movedtoastrangecountry”[syn:exotic,strange]n1:apersonwhocomesfromaforeigncountry;someonewhodoesnotoweallegiancetoyourcountry[syn:foreigner,noncitizen,outlander][ant:citizen]2:anyonewho does not belong in the environment in which they are found[syn:stranger,unknown]3:aformoflifeassumedtoexistoutsidetheEarthoritsatmosphere[syn:extraterrestrialbeing,extraterrestrial]v:arouseenmityorindifferenceinwheretherehadformerlybeenlove,affection,orfriendliness[syn:estrange,alienate,disaffect]

allegev:reportormaintain;“Heallegedthathewasthevictimofacrime”;“Hesaiditwastoolatetointerveneinthewar”;“TheregistrarsaysthatIowetheschoolmoney”[syn:aver,say]

alliance n1:thestateofbeingalliedorconfederated[syn:confederation]2:aconnectionbasedonkinshipormar-riageorcommoninterest:“theshiftingallianceswithinalargefamily”;“theirfriendshipconstitutesapowerfulbondbetweenthem”[syn:bond]3:anorganizationofpeople(orcountries)involvedinapactortreaty[syn:coalition,align-ment,alinement][ant:nonalignment]4:aformalagreementestablishing an association or alliance between nations or othergroupstoachieveaparticularaim5:theactofform-inganallianceorconfederation[syn:confederation]

allotmentn1:asharesetasideforaspecificpurpose[syn:allocation]2:theactofdistributingbyallottingorapportioning;“theapportionmentofseatsintheHouseofRepresentatives is based on the relative populaton of each state”[syn:apportionment,apportioning,allocation,parcel-ing,parcelling]

Allotment in Severalty Portions of land given to individ-ualIndiansratherthanthelandbeingownedbythetribe.Inthiswaylandswerefreeforwhiteownership.

ammunition n:projectilestobefiredfromagun[syn:ammo]

annuity n:incomefromcapitalinvestmentpaidinaseriesofregularpayments;“hisretirementfundwassetuptobepaidasanannuity”[syn:rente]

antebellum adj:belongingtoaperiodbeforeawarespe-cially the American

antinuclear v:Opposingtheproductionoruseofnuclearpowerornuclearweaponry;anti-nuke.

archeologist n:ananthropologistwhostudiesprehistoricpeopleandtheirculture[syn:archaeologist]

arid adj1:lackingsufficientwaterorrainfall;“anaridclimate”;“awaterlesswell;“milesofwaterlesscountrytocross”[syn:waterless]2:lackingvitalityorspirit;lifeless;“atechnicallyperfectbutaridperformanceofthesonata”;l“adesiccateromance”;“aprissyandemotionlesscreature...settlesintoamoldofdesiccatedsnobbery”-C.J.Rolo[syn:desiccate,desiccated]

artifact n:aman-madeobject[syn:artefact][ant:naturalobject]

artillery n1:largebuttransportablearmament[syn:heavyweapon,gun,ordnance]2:anarmyunitthatusesbigguns[syn:artilleryunit]3:ameansofpersuadingorargu-ing;“heusedallhisconversationalweapons”[syn:weapon]

assignment n1:asdutythatyouareassignedtoperform

474 Glossary

especiallyinthearmedforces:“hazardousduty”[syn:dutyassignment]2:theinstrumentbywhichaclaimorrightorinterest or property is transferred from one person to anoth-er3:theactofdistributingsomethingtodesignatedplacesorpersons;“thefirsttaskistheassignmentofanaddresstoeachdatum”[syn:assigning]4:(law)atransferofpropertybydeedofconveyance[syn:grant]5:theactofputtingapersonintoanon-electiveposition;“theappointmenthadtobeapproviedbythewholecommittee”[syn:appointment,designation,naming]

assimilation n1:theabsorbingofoneculturalgroupintoharmonywithanother[syn:absorption]2:thestateofbeingassimilated3:alinguisticprocessbywhichasoundbecomessimilartoanadjacentsound4:theprocessofabsorbingnutrientsintothebodyafterdigestion[syn:absorption]5:theprocessofassimilatingnewideasintoanexistingcogni-tivestructure[syn:acculturation]6:inthetheoriesofJeanPiaget:theapplicationofageneralschematoaparticularinstance

atheism n1:thedoctrineorbeliefthatthereisnoGod[syn:godlessness][ant:theism]2:alackofbeliefintheexistenceofGodorgods

atlatln:Aspear-throwingdeviceusuallyconsistingofastick fitted with a thong or socket to steady the butt of the spearduringthethrow.

avidadj1:(oftenfollowedby‘for’)ardentlyorexcessivelydesirous;“avidforadventure”;“anavidambitiontosuc-ceed”;“fiercedevouringaffection”;“theesurienteyesofanavidcuriosity”;“greedyforfame”[syn:devouring(a),esuri-ent,greedy]2:markedbyactiveinterestandenthusiasm;“anavidsportsfan”;“agreatwalker”;“aneagerbeaver”[syn:great,eager,zealous]

barricade n1:abarriersetupbypolicetostoptrafficon a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect trafficetc.[syn:roadblock]2:abarrier(usuallythrownuphastilysoastoimpedetheadvanceofanenemy);“theyenemystormedthebarricade”v1:renderunsuitableforpassage;“blocktheway”;“barricadethestreets”[syn:block,blockade,blockoff,blockup,bar]2:preventaccesstobybarricading;“ThestreetwherethePresidentlivesisalwaysbarricaded”3:blockoffwithbarricades[syn:barricado]

bicameral adj1:composedoftwolegislativebodies[ant:unicameral]2:consistingoftwochambers;“thebicameralheartofafish”[syn:two-chambered]

blockaden1:awarmeasurethatisolatessomeareaofimportancetotheenemy[syn:encirclement]2:preventsaccessorprogressv1:hinderorpreventtheprogressorac-complishmentof;“Hisbrotherblockedhimateveryturn”[syn:obstruct,block,hinder,stymie,stymy,embarrass]2:renderunsuitableforpassage;“blocktheway”;“barricadethestreets”[syn:barricade,block,blockoff,blockup,bar]3:obstructaccessto[syn:blockoff ]4:imposeablockade

on[syn:sealoff ]Bolshevism n:aformofcommunismbasedonthewrit-

ingsofMarxandLenin[syn:collectivism,Marxism-Lenin-ism,Leninism,Marxism,Sovietism,sovietism]

bombard n:alargeshawm;thebassmemberoftheshawmfamily[syn:bombardon]v1:cast,hurl,orthrowrepeatedlywithsomemissile;“Theypeltedeachotherwithsnowballs”[syn:pelt]2:throwbombsat[syn:bomb]

bovine adj1:oforrelatingtoorbelongingtothegenusBos(cattle)[syn:bovid]2:dullandslow-movingandstolid;likeanox;“showedabovineapathy”n:anyofvariousmembers of the genus Bos

candid adj1:characterizedbydisconcertingdirectnessinmannerorspeech;withoutsubtletyorevasion;“blunttalk-ingandstraightshooting”;“abluntNewEnglandfarmer”;“Igavethemmycandidopinion”;“forthrightcriticism”;“aforthrightapproachtotheproblem”;“tellmewhatyouthink—andyoumayjustaswellbefrank”;“itispossibletobeoutspokenwithoutbeingrude”;“plainspokenandtothepoint”;“apoint-blankaccusation”[syn:blunt,forthright,frank,free-spoken,outspoken,plainspoken,point-blank]2:informalornatural;especiallycaughtoffguardorun-prepared;“acandidphotograph”;“acandidinterview”3:openly straightforward and direct without reserve or secre-tiveness;“hiscandideyes”;“anopenandtrustingnature”[syn:open]4:starklyrealistic;“Ihaveneverlackedcandidcriticsinmyownranks”-ClementAtlee

carpetbagger n:anoutsiderwhoseekspowerorsuccesspresumptuously;“aftertheCivilWarthecarpetbaggersfromthenorthtriedtotakeoverthesouth”

cede v1:giveover;surrenderorrelinquishtothephysicalcontrolofanother[syn:concede,yield,grant]2:relinquishpossessionorcontrolover;“Thesquattershadtosurren-derthebuildingafterthepolicemovedin”[syn:surrender,deliver,giveup]

census n:aperiodcountofthepopulation[syn:nosec-ount]v:conductacensus;“Theycensusedthedeerintheforest”

century n1:100years2:ten10s[syn:hundred,100,C,oneC,centred]

certified adj1:endorsedauthoritativelyashavingmetcertainrequirements;“acertifiedpublicaccountant”[ant:uncertified]2:havingqualityorpaymentordeliveryguar-anteed;“certifiedmilk”;“certifiedcheck”;“certifiedmail”3:fittobecertifiedasinsane(andtreatedaccordingly)[syn:certifiable]4:holdingappropriatedocumentationandof-ficially on record as qualified to perform a specified function orpracticeaspecifiedskill;“aregisteredpharmacist”;“aregisteredhospital”[syn:qualified]

chattel n:anytangiblemovableproperty(furnitureordomesticanimalsoracaretc)[syn:personalchattel]

cistern n1:asacorcavitycontainingfluidespecially

Glossary 475

lymphorcerebrospinalfluid[syn:cisterna]2:holdsthewaterusedtoflushatoilet[syn:watertank]3:anartificialreservoirforstoringliquids;especiallyanundergroundtankfor storing rainwater

civilized adj1:havingahighstateofcultureanddevel-opmentbothsocialandtechnological;“terroristactsthatshockedthecivilizedworld”[ant:noncivilized]2:markedbyrefinementintasteandmanners;“cultivatedspeech”;“culturedBostonians”;“culturedtastes”;“agenteeloldlady”;“politesociety”[syn:cultivated,cultured,genteel,polite]

clamor n1:aloudharshorstridentnoise[syn:blare,blaring,cacophony,din]2:loudandpersistentoutcryfrommanypeople;“heignoredtheclamorofthecrowd”[syn:clamoring,clamour,clamouring,hueandcry]v1:makelouddemands;“heclamoredforjusticeandtolerance”[syn:clamour]2:utterorproclaiminsistentlyandnoisily;“Thedelegatesclamoredtheirdisappointment”[syn:clamour]3:compelsomeonetodosomethingbyinsistentclamoring;“Theyclamoredthemayorintobuildinganewpark”

coffer n1.Astrongbox.2.Financialresources;funds.3.Atreasury:stolemoneyfromtheunioncoffers.

collateral adj1:descendedfromacommonancestorbutthroughdifferentlines;“cousinsarecollateralrelatives”;“anindirectdescendantoftheStuarts”[syn:indirect,oblique][ant:lineal]2:servingtosupportorcorroborate;“collateralevidence”[syn:confirmative,confirming,confirmatory,corroborative,corroboratory,substantiating,substantiative,validating,validatory,verificatory,verifying]3:accompani-menttosomethingelse;“collateraltargetdamagefromabombingrun”4:situatedorrunningsidebyside;“collateralridgesofmountains”n:asecuritypledgedfortherepay-ment of a loan

compensation n1:somethinggiventorecompenseforlossorinjury2:adefensemechanismthatconcealsyourun-desirableshortcomingsbyexaggeratingdesirablebehaviors3:theactofcompensatingforlossorinjury[syn:recom-pense]

concession n1:acontractgrantingtherighttooperateasubsidiarybusiness:“hegotthebeerconcessionattheballpark”[syn:grant]2:theactofconcedingoryielding[syn:conceding,yielding]3:apointconcededoryielded;“theywonalltheconcessionstheyaskedfor”

conclusive adj1:forminganendortermination;es-peciallyputtinganendtodoubtorquestion;“conclusiveproof”;“theevidenceisconclusive”[ant:inconclusive]2:finalanddeciding;“theconclusivereason”3:expressingfinalitywithnoimplicationofpossiblechange;“anabsolute(orunequivocal)quaranteetorespectthenation’sauthor-ity”;“inabilitytomakeaconclusive(orunequivocal)refusal”[syn:absolute]

confiscate adj1:surrenderedasapenalty[syn:forfeit,forfeited]2:takenwithoutpermissionorconsentespecially

bypublicauthority;“thecondemnedlandwasusedforahighwaycloverleaf”;“theconfiscatedliquorwaspoureddownthedrain[syn:appropriated,condemned,confiscated,seized,takenover]v:takebylegalauthority[syn:impound,attach,sequester,seize]

confrontation n1:aboldchallenge2:ahostiledisagree-mentface-to-face[syn:encounter,showdown]3:theactofopposinggroupsconfrontingeachother;“thegovernmentwasnotreadyforaconfrontationwiththeunions”;“theinvadersencounteredstiffopposition”[syn:opposition]

constitute v1:formorcompose;“Thismoneyismyonlyincome”;“Thestonewallwasthebackdropfortheperformance”;“Theseconstitutemyentirebelonging”;“Thechildrenmadeupthechorus”;“Thissumrepresentsmyentireincomeforayear”;“Thesefewmencomprisehisentirearmy”[syn:represent,makeup,comprise,be]2:asofacommitteeforatemporarytask[syn:appoint,name,nominate]3:tocomposeorrepresent:”Thiswallformsthebackgroundofthestagesetting”;“Thebranchesmadearoof”;“Thismakesafineintroduction”[syn:form,make]4:setuporlaythegroundworkfor;“establishanewdepart-ment”[syn:establish,found,plant,institute]

contending adj:strivingorstrugglinginrivalryorbattle;“contendingarmies”;“twocontendingparties”

contingent adj1:possiblebutnotcertaintooccur;“theyhadtoplanforcontingentexpenses”2:determinedbyconditionsorcircumstancesnotyetestablished;“armssalescontingentontheapprovalofcongress”[syn:contingenton(p),dependenton(p),dependanton(p),dependingon(p)]3:uncertainbecauseofuncontrollablecircumstances;“theresultsofconfessionwerenotcontingent,theywerecertain”-GeorgeEliotn1:agatheringofpersonsrepresentativeofsomelargergroup;“eachnationsentacontingentofathletestotheOlympics”2:atemporarymilitaryunit;“thepeace-keepingforceincludesoneBritishcontingent”[syn:detail]

controversy n:adisputewherethereisstrongdisagree-ment;“theywereinvolvedinaviolentargument”[syn:contention,contestation,tilt,argument,arguing]

convert n:onewhohasbeenconvertedtoanotherreligiousorpoliticalbeliefv1:changefromonesystemtoanother;“Weconvertedfrom220to110Volt”[syn:changeover]2:changethenatureofsomething;“convertleadintogold”3:changereligiousbeliefs,oradoptareligiousbelief;“SheconvertedtoBuddhism”4:exchangeorreplacewithanother,usuallyofthesamekindorcategory;“Couldyouconvertmydollarsintopounds?”“Hechangedhisname”[syn:change,exchange,commute]5:causetoadoptadif-ferentfaith;“ThemissionariesconvertedtheIndianpopula-tion”6:make(someone)agree,understand,orrealizethetruthorvalidityofsomething;“Hehadfinallyconvincedseveralcustomersoftheadvantagesofhisproduct”[syn:winover,convince,turn]7:exchangeapenaltyforalesssevere

476 Glossary

one[syn:commute,exchange]8:changeinnature;esp.undergoachemicalchange;“Thesubstanceconvertstoanacid”

conveyance n1:documenteffectingapropertytransfer2:thetransmissionofinformation[syn:imparting,imparta-tion]3:somethingthatservesasameansoftransportation[syn:transport]4:actoftransferringpropertytitlefromonepersontoanother[syn:conveyanceoftitle,conveyancing,conveying]5:theactoftransportingsomethingfromonelocationtoanother[syn:transportation,transfer,transferral]

covet v:wish,long,orcravefor(something,esp.thepropertyofanotherperson);“Shecovetshersister’shouse”

debilitatingadj:impairingthestrengthandvitality[ant:invigorating]

defected v:1.Todisownallegiancetoone’scountryandtakeupresidenceinanother:aSovietcitizenwhodefectedtoIsrael.2.Toabandonapositionoranassociation,oftentojoinanopposinggroup:defectedfromthepartyovertheissueoffreetrade.

deliberation n1:(usuallyplural)discussionofallsidesofaquestion;“thedeliberationsofthejury”2:carefulcon-sideration;“alittledeliberationwouldhavedeterredthem”[syn:weighing,advisement]3:planningsomethingcarefullyandintentionally;“itwasthedeliberationofhisactthatwasinsulting”[syn:calculation]4:aratedemonstratinganab-senceofhasteorhurry[syn:slowness,deliberateness,unhur-riedness]5:thetraitofthoughtfulnessinactionordecision;“hewasamanofjudicialdeliberation”[syn:deliberateness]

demand n1:anurgentorperemptoryrequest;“hisde-mandsforattentionwereunceasing”2:theabilityanddesiretopurchasegoodsandservices;“theautomobilereducedthedemandforbuggywhips”;“thedemandexceededthesupply”[ant:supply]3:aconditionrequiringrelief;“shesatifiedhisneedforaffection”;“Godhasnoneedofmentoaccom-plishHiswork”;“thereisademandforjobs”[syn:need]4:requiredactivity;“therequirementsofhisworkaffectedhishealth”;“thereweremanydemandsonhistime”[syn:re-quirement]5:theactofdemanding;“thekidnapper’sexorbi-tantdemandsformoney”v1:requesturgentlyandforceful-ly;“Thevictim’sfamilyisdemandingcompensation”;“Thebossdemandedthathebefiredimmediately”;“Shedemand-edtoseethemanager”2:requireasuseful,just,orproper;“Ittakesnervetodowhatshedid”;“successusuallyrequireshardwork”;“Thisjobasksalotofpatienceandskill”;“Thispositiondemandsalotofpersonalsacrifice”;“Thisdinnerdemandsaspectaculardessert”[syn:necessitate,ask,need,require,take,involve,callfor][ant:obviate]3:claimasdueorjust;“Thebankdemandedpaymentoftheloan”[syn:exact]4:laylegalclaimto5:summontocourt6:asktobeinformedof:“Idemandanexplanation”

desecration n:blasphemousbehavior[syn:profanation,blasphemy,sacrilege]

destitute adj:poorenoughtoneedhelpfromothers[syn:impoverished,indigent,necessitous,needy,poverty-stricken]

devastating adj1:makinglightof;“afirewithannihilat-inginvective”;“adevastatingportraitofhumanfolly”;“tocomplimentsinflatedI’veawitheringreply”-W.S.Gilbert[syn:annihilating,withering]2:wreakingorcapableofwreakingcompletedestruction;“possessingannihilativepower”;“adevastatinghurricane”;“thegunsopenedawitheringfire”[syn:annihilative,annihilating,withering]3:physicallyorspirituallydevastating;oftenusedincombina-tion;“acrushingblow”;“acrushingrejection”;“bone-crush-ing”[syn:crushing]

devastation n1:thestateofbeingdecayedordestroyed[syn:desolation,ruin]2:aneventthatresultsintotaldestruction[syn:desolation]3:plunderingwithexcessivedamageanddestruction[syn:ravaging]4:terminationbyanactofdestruction[syn:destruction]

diplomatic adj1:relatingtoorcharacteristicofdiplo-macy;“diplomaticimmunity”2:skilledindealingwithsensitivemattersorpeople[syn:diplomatical][ant:undiplo-matic]3:abletotakeabroadviewofnegotiationsbetweenstates[syn:wise]

disastrous adj:(ofevents)havingextremelyunfortu-nateordireconsequences;bringingruin;“thestockmar-ketcrashedonBlackFriday”;“acalamitousdefeat”;“thebattlewasadisastrousendtoadisastrouscampaign”;“suchdoctrines,iftrue,wouldbeabsolutelyfataltomytheory”-CharlesDarwin;“itisfataltoenteranywarwithoutthewilltowinit”-DouglasMacArthur;“afatefulerror”[syn:black,calamitous,fatal,fateful]

discrimination n1:unfairtreatmentofapersonorgrouponthebasisofprejudice[syn:favoritism,favouritism]2:thecognitive process whereby differences between two or more stimuli are perceived

disenfranchise v:depriveofvotingrights[syn:disfran-chise][ant:enfranchise]

disgruntle v.Todissatisfy;todisaffect;toanger.dissension n1:disagreementamongthoseexpectedto

cooperate[syn:discord]2:aconflictofpeople’sopinionsoractionsorcharacters[syn:disagreement][ant:agreement]

dragoon n:amemberofaEuropeanmilitaryunitfor-merlycomposedofheavilyarmedcavalrymenv:compelbythreatening[syn:railroad]

dry (alcohol)v:opposedtoorprohibitingtheproductionandsaleofalcoholicbeverages;“thedryvoteledbypreach-ersandbootleggers”;“adrystate”[ant:wet]

dugout n1:eitheroftwolowsheltersoneithersideofabaseball diamond where the players and coaches sit during thegame2:acanoemadebyhollowingoutandshapingalargelog[syn:dugoutcanoe,pirogue]3:afortificationofearth;mostlyorentirelybelowground[syn:bunker]

Glossary 477

dwindle v:becomesmallerorlosesubstance;“Hersav-ingsdwindleddown”[syn:dwindleaway,dwindledown]

emigrate v:leaveone’scountryofresidenceforanewone;“ManypeoplehadtoemigrateduringtheNaziperiod”[ant:immigrate]

encouragement n1:theexpressionofapprovalandsupport[ant:discouragement]2:theactofgivinghopeorsupporttosomeone[syn:boost]3:thefeelingofbeingencouraged

endowment n1:naturalqualitiesortalents[syn:gift,talent,naturalendowment]2:thecapitalthatprovidesin-comeforaninstitution[syn:endowmentfund]3:theactofendowingwithapermanentsourceofincome;“hisgenerousendowmentofthelaboratorycamejustinthenickoftime”

enforce v1:ensureobservanceoflawsandrules;“Applytherulestoeveryone”;[syn:implement,apply][ant:ex-empt]2:compelorimpose;“Socialrelationsimposecour-tesy”[syn:impose]

enforcement n:theactofenforcingentrant n1:acommoditythatenterscompetitionwith

establishedmerchandise;“awellpublicizedentrantisthepocketcomputer”2:anynewparticipantinsomeactiv-ity[syn:newcomer,fledgling,fledgeling,starter,neophyte,freshman]3:someonewhoenters;“newentrantstothecountrymustgothoughimmigrationprocedures”4:onewho enters a competition

envoy n1:adiplomathavinglessauthoritythananambassador[syn:envoyextraordinary,ministerplenipoten-tiary]2:someonesentonamissiontorepresenttheinterestsofsomeoneelse[syn:emissary]3:abriefstanzaconcludingcertainformsofpoetry[syn:envoi]

epidemic adj:(especiallyofmedicine)ofdiseaseoranythingresemblingadisease;attackingoraffectingmanyindividualsinacommunityorapopulationsimultaneously;“anepidemicoutbreakofinfluenza”[ant:endemic]n:awidespreadoutbreakofaninfectiousdisease;manypeopleare infected at the same time

established adj1:broughtaboutorsetuporaccepted;especiallylongestablished;“theestablishedsocialorder”;“distrustofestablishedauthority”;“ateamestablishedasamemberofamajorleague”;“enjoyedhisprestigeasanestab-lishedwriter”;“anestablishedprecedent”;“theestablishedChurch”[ant:unestablished]2:securelyestablished;“anes-tablishedreputation”;“holdsafirmpositionasthecountry’sleadingpoet”[syn:firm]3:settledsecurelyanduncondi-tionally;“thatsmokingcauseshealthproblemsisanaccom-plishedfact”[syn:accomplished,effected]4:conformingwithacceptedstandards;“aconventionalviewoftheworld”[syn:conventional]5:showntobevalidbeyondareason-abledoubt;“theestablishedfactsinthecase”6:introducedfromanotherregionandpersistingwithoutcultivation[syn:naturalized]

ethnic adj1:relatingtoorbeingamemberofanethnicgroup;“ethnicfrontiers”;“ethnicChineseinSanFrancisco”[syn:ethnical]2:denotingorderivingfromordistinctiveofthewaysoflivingbuiltupbyagroupofpeople;“influencedbyethnicandculturalties”-J.F.Kennedy;“ethnicfood”[syn:cultural]

evict v:expelfromone’sproperty;forcetomoveout[syn:forceout]

evolution n1:aprocessinwhichsomethingpassesbydegreestoamoreadvancedormaturestage;“thedevelop-mentofhisideastookmanyyears”;“theevolutionofGreekcivilization”;“theslowdevelopmentofherskillasawriter”[syn:development]2:thesequenceofeventsinvolvedintheevolutionarydevelopmentofaspeciesortaxonomicgroupoforganisms[syn:phylogeny,phylogenesis]

excursion n1:ajourneytakenforpleasure;“manysum-merexcursionstotheshore”;“itwasmerelyapleasuretrip”;“aftercautioussashaysintothefield”[syn:jaunt,outing,junket,pleasuretrip,expedition,sashay]2:wanderingfromthemainpathofajourney[syn:digression]

exile n1:voluntarilyabsentfromhomeorcountry[syn:expatriate]2:expelledfromhomeorcountrybyauthority[syn:deportee]3:theactofexpellingapersonfromtheirnativeland[syn:deportation,expatriation]v:expelfromacountry[syn:expatriate,deport][ant:repatriate]

expectation n1:beliefabout(ormentalpictureof )thefuture[syn:outlook,prospect]2:wishingwithconfidenceoffulfillment[syn:anticipation]3:thefeelingthatsomethingisabouttohappen4:thesumofthevaluesofarandomvariabledividedbythenumberofvalues[syn:arithmeticmean,firstmoment,expectedvalue]

expedition n1:amilitarycampaigndesignedtoachieveaspecificobjectiveinaforeigncountry[syn:militaryexpedi-tion,hostileexpedition]2:anorganizedgroupofpeopleundertakingajourneyforaparticularpurpose;“anexpedi-tionwassenttoexploreMars”3:ajourneyorganizedforaparticularpurpose4:ajourneytakenforpleasure;“manysummerexcursionstotheshore”;“itwasmerelyapleasuretrip”;“aftercautioussashaysintothefield”[syn:excursion,jaunt,outing,junket,pleasuretrip,sashay]5:thepropertyofbeingpromptandefficient;“itwasdonewithdispatch”[syn:dispatch,expeditiousness]

expenditure n1:moneypaidout[syn:outgo,outlay][ant:income]2:theactofspendingmoneyforgoodsorservices[syn:expending]3:theactofconsumingsomething[syn:consumption,usingup]

expertise n:skillfulnessbyvirtueofpossessingspecialknowledge[syn:expertness]

expostulate v:reasonwith(somebody)forthepurposeofdissuasion

extended family n:1.Afamilygroupthatconsistsofpar-ents,children,andothercloserelatives,oftenlivinginclose

478 Glossary

proximity.2.Agroupofrelatives,suchasthoseofthreegenerations,wholiveinclosegeographicproximityratherthanunderthesameroof.

extensive adj1:largeinextentorrange;“anextensiveRomansettlementinnorthwestEngland”;“extendedfarmlands”[syn:extended]2:havingbroadrangeoreffect;“hadextensivepresscoverage”;“far-reachingchangesinthesocialstructure”;“sweepingreforms”[syn:far-reaching,sweeping]3:largeinnumberorquantity;“shetookcopiousnotes”;“extensivepresscoverage”[syn:copious]4:greatinrangeorscope;“anextendedvocabulary”;“surgeonswithextendedexperience”;“extensiveexamplesofpicturewriting”;“suf-feredextensivedamage”;“awideselection”[syn:extended,wide]5:ofagriculture;increasingproductivitybyusinglargeareaswithminimaloutlayandlabor;“producingwheatunderextensiveconditions”;“agricultureoftheextensivetype”[ant:intensive]‘

extensively adv1:inawidespreadway;“oxidationpondsareextensivelyusedforsewagetreatmentintheMidwest”2:toagreatextent

extortion n1:anexorbitantcharge2:unjustexaction(asbythemisuseofauthority):“theextortionbydishonestoffi-cialsoffeesforperformingtheirswornduty”3:thefeloni-ousactofextortingmoney(asbythreatsofviolence)

extract n1:asolutionobtainedbysteepingorsoakingasubstance(usuallyinwater)[syn:infusion]2:apassageselectedfromalargerwork;“hepresentedexerptsfromWil-liamJames’philosophicalwritings”[syn:excerpt,selection]v1:draworpullout,usuallywithsomeforceoreffort;“extractabadtooth”;“takeoutasplinter”;alsousedinanabstractsense:“extractinformationfromthetelegram”[syn:pullout,takeout,drawout]2:getdespitedifficultiesorobstacles:“IextractedapromisefromtheDeanfortwonepositions”3:deduce(aprinciple)orconstrue(ameaning)[syn:educe,evoke,elicit,drawout]4:extractbydistillation,makebydistillation[syn:distill,distil]5:separate(ametal)fromanore6:obtainfromasubstance,asbymechanicalaction,asofcoffee[syn:pressout,express]7:takeoutofaliteraryworkinordertociteorcopy[syn:excerpt,takeout]8:calculatetherootofanumber

factorn1:anythingthatcontributescausallytoaresult;“anumberoffactorsdeterminedtheoutcome”2:anabstractpartofsomething:“jealousywasacomponentofhischarac-ter”;“twoconstituentsofamusicalcompositionaremelodyandharmony”;“thegrammaticalelementsofasentence”;“akeyfactorinhersuccess”;“humor:aneffectiveingredientofaspeech”[syn:component,constituent,element,ingredi-ent]3:anyofthenumbers(orsymbols)thatformaproductwhenmultipliedtogether4:oneoftwoormoreintegersthatcanbeexactlydividedintoanotherinteger;“whatarethe4factorsof6?”[syn:divisor]5:abusinessmanwhobuysorsellsforanotherinexchangeforacommission[syn:

agent,broker]v:resolveintofactors[syn:factorin,factorout]

forge v:1.Toadvancegraduallybutsteadily:forgedaheadthroughthrongsofshoppers.2.Toadvancewithanabruptincreaseofspeed:forgedintofirstplacewithsecondstogo.

formidable adj1:extremelyimpressiveinstrengthorexcellence;“aformidableopponent”;“thechallengewasformidable”;“hadaformidablearrayofcompositionstohiscredit”;“theformidablearmyofbrainsatthePrimeMinis-ter’sdisposal”2:inspiringfear;“theformidableprospectofmajorsurgery”;“atougherandmoreredoubtableadversarythantheheel-clicking,jackbootedfanatic”-G.H.Johnston;“somethingunnervingandprisonlikeabouthighgraywall”[syn:redoubtable,unnerving]

fundamental adj1:servingasanessentialcomponent;“acardinalrule”;“thecentralcauseoftheproblem”;“anex-amplethatwasfundamentaltotheargument”;“computersarefundamentaltomodernindustrialstructure”[syn:cardi-nal,central,key,primal]2:beingorinvolvingbasicfactsorprinciples;“thefundamentallawsoftheuniverse”;“afunda-mentalincompatibilitybetweenthem”;“theserudimentarytruths”;“underlyingprinciples”[syn:rudimentary,underly-ing]3:far-reachingandthoroughgoingineffectespeciallyonthenatureofsomething;“thefundamentalrevolutioninhumanvaluesthathasoccurred”;“thebookunderwentfundamentalchanges”;“committedthefundamentalerrorofconfusingspendingwithextravagance”;“profoundsocialchanges”[syn:profound]n:thelowesttoneofaharmonicseries[syn:fundamentalfrequency,firstharmonic]

generosity n1:thetraitofbeingwillingtogiveyourmoneyortime[syn:generousness][ant:stinginess]2:actinggenerously[syn:unselfishness]

geology n1:asciencethatdealswiththehistoryoftheearthasrecordedinrocks2:thegeologicalfeaturesoftheearth[syn:geologicalformation,formation]

geologist n:aspecialistingeology[syn:geophysicist]grandfather clause n:anexemptionbasedoncircum-

stancesexistingpriortotheadoptionofsomepolicy;usedtoenfranchise illiterate whites in US south after the Civil War

gusher n:anoilwellwithastrongnaturalflowsothatpumping is not necessary

gypseous v:Resemblingorcontaininggypsum;partakingofthequalitiesofgypsum.

gyp water (seeGypseous)gypsum n:acommonwhiteorcolorlessmineral(hy-

dratedcalciumsulphate)usedtomakecementsandplasters(especiallyplasterofParis)

heartland v:Acentralregion,especiallyonethatispoliti-cally,economically,ormilitarilyvitaltoanation.

hinder v:1.Tobeorgetinthewayof.2.Toobstructordelaytheprogressof.3.Tointerferewithactionorprogress.

Glossary 479

hospitalityn:kindnessinwelcomingguestsorstrangers[syn:cordialreception]

hysterical adj1:characterizedbyorarisingfrompsycho-neurotichysteria;“duringhystericalconditionsvariousfunc-tionsofthehumanbodyaredisordered”-MorrisFishbein;“hystericalamnesia”[syn:hysteric]2:markedbyexcessiveoruncontrollableemotion;“hystericallaughter”;“amobofhystericalvigilantes”

imperialism n1:apolicyofextendingyourruleoverforeigncountries2:apoliticalorientationthatadvocatesimperialinterests3:anyinstanceofaggressiveextensionofauthority

implement v:1.Toputintopracticaleffect;carryout:implementthenewprocedures.SeeSynonymsatenforce.2.Tosupplywithimplements.

impractical v:1.Unwisetoimplementormaintaininpractice:Refloatingthesunkenshipprovedimpracticalbe-causeofthegreatexpense.2.Incapableofdealingefficientlywithpracticalmatters,especiallyfinances.3.Notapartofexperience,fact,orpractice;theoretical.

impudentadj1:markedbycasualdisrespect;“aflipanswertoseriousquestion”;“thestudentwaskeptinforimpudentbehavior”[syn:insolent,snotty-nosed,flip]2:improperlyforwardorbold;“don’tbefreshwithme”;“impertinentofachildtolectureagrownup”;“animpudentboygiventoinsultingstrangers”[syn:fresh,impertinent,overbold,smart,saucy]

incarceration n:thestateofbeingimprisoned;“hewasheldincaptivityuntilhedied”;“theimprisonmentofcapturedsoldiers”;“hisignominiousincarcerationinthelocaljail”;“hepracticedtheimmurementofhisenemiesinthecastledungeon”[syn:captivity,imprisonment,immure-ment]

inconvenient adj1:notsuitedtoyourcomfort,purposeorneeds;“itisinconvenientnottohaveatelephoneinthekitchen”;“thebackhallisaninconvenientplaceforthetelephone”[ant:convenient]2:notconvenientlytimed;“anearlydepartureisinconvenientforus”

incorporate adj:formedorunitedintoawhole[syn:incorporated,integrated,merged,unified]v1:makeintoawholeormakepartofawhole;“Sheincorporatedhissug-gestionsintoherproposal”[syn:integrate][ant:disintegrate]2:includeorcontain;haveasacomponent;“Atotallynewideaiscomprisedinthispaper”;“Therecordcontainsmanyoldsongsfromthe1930’s”[syn:contain,comprise]3:formacorporation;inbusiness4:uniteormergewithsomethingalreadyinexistence;“incorporatethisdocumentwiththosepertainingtothesamecase”

incur v1:makeoneselfsubjectto;bringupononeself;becomeliableto;“Peoplewhosmokeincuragreatdangertotheirhealth”2:receiveaspecifiedtreatment(abstract);“Theseaspectsofcivilizationdonotfindexpressionorre-

ceiveaninterpretation”;“Hismoviereceivedagoodreview”;“Igotnothingbuttroubleformygoodintentions”[syn:receive,get,find,obtain]

indemnity (lands)n1:protectionagainstfutureloss[syn:insurance]2:legalexemptionfromliabilityfordamages3:asumofmoneypaidincompensationforlossorinjury[syn:damages,amends,indemnification,restitution,redress]

indictment n1:aformaldocumentwrittenforapros-ecutingattorneychargingapersonwithsomeoffense[syn:billofindictment]2:anaccusationofwrongdoing;“thebookisanindictmentofmodernphilosophy”

indomitable adj:impossibletosubdue[syn:never-say-die,unsubduable]

inevitability n:thequalityofbeingunavoidable[syn:inevitableness]

inevitable adj1:incapableofbeingavoidedorprevented;“theinevitableresult”[ant:evitable]2:invariablyoccurringorappearing;“theinevitablechangesoftheseasons”n:anunavoidableevent;“don’targuewiththeinevitable”

infamous adj:havinganexceedinglybadreputation;“anotoriousgangster”;“thetenderloindistrictwasnotoriousforvice”[syn:ill-famed,notorious]

infiltrate v1:cause(aliquid)toenterbypenetratingtheinterstices2:joinagroupinordertospyonthemembers3:passthroughanenemy-line;inamilitaryconflict[syn:passthrough]

influx n:theprocessofflowingin[syn:inflow][ant:outflow,outflow]

inheritance tax n:ataxontheestateofthedeceasedperson[syn:estatetax,deathtax,deathduty]

initiative adj:servingtosetinmotion;“themagazine’sinauguralissue”;“theinitiativephaseinthenegotiations”;“aninitiatorysteptowardatreaty”;“hisfirst(ormaiden)speechinCongress”;“theliner’smaidenvoyage”[syn:inaugural,initiatory,first,maiden]n1:readinesstoembarkonboldnewventures[syn:enterprise,enterprisingness,go-ahead]2:thefirstofaseriesofactions;“hememorizedalltheimportantchessopenings”[syn:firststep,openingmove,opening]

interdependence n:areciprocalrelationbetweeninterde-pendentindividualsorgroups[syn:mutuality,interdepen-dency]

interim adj:servingduringanintermediateintervaloftime;“aninterimagreement”n:thetimebetweenoneevent,process,orperiodandanother[syn:lag]

intrusion n1:anyentryintoanareanotpreviouslyoc-cupied;“aninvasionoftourists”;“aninvasionoflocusts”;“aviralinvasion”[syn:invasion,encroachment]2:entrancebyforceorwithoutpermissionorwelcome3:entrytoanother’spropertywithoutrightorpermission[syn:trespass,en-croachment,violation]

invalid adj1:havingnocogencyorlegalforce;“invalid

480 Glossary

reasoning”;“aninvaliddriver’slicense”[ant:valid]2:nolongervalid;“thelicenseisinvalid”n:someonewhoisincapacitatedbyachronicillnessorinjury[syn:shut-in]v1:forcetoretire,removefromactiveduty,asoffiremen2:injurepermanently[syn:disable,incapacitate,handicap]

invincible adj:incapableofbeingovercomeorsubdued;“aninvinciblearmy”;“herinvinciblespirit”[syn:unbeat-able,unvanquishable]

Jim Crowism n1:barrierpreventingblacksfrompartici-patinginvariousactivitieswithwhites[syn:colorbar,colourbar,colorline,colourline,JimCrow]2:acrowbarfittedwith a claw for pulling nails

journalism n1:newspapersandmagazinescollectively[syn:newsmedia,fourthestate]2:theprofessionofreport-ing or photographing or editing news stories for one of the media

jurisdiction n1:(law)therightandpowertointerpretandapplythelaw:“courtshavingjurisdictioninthisdis-trict”[syn:legalpower]2:inlaw;theterritorywithinwhichpowercanbeexercised

larceny n:theactofstealing;“thethievingisawfulatKennedyInternational”[syn:theft,thievery,thieving,steal-ing]

latitude n1:theangulardistancebetweenanimaginaryline around a heavenly body parallel to its equator and the equatoritself2:freedomfromnormalrestraintsinconduct:“thenewfreedominmoviesandnovels”;“allowedhischil-drenconsiderablelatitudeinhowtheyspenttheirmoney”3:animaginarylinearoundtheEarthparalleltotheequator[syn:lineoflatitude,paralleloflatitude,parallel]4:scopeforfreedomofe.g.actionorthought;freedomfromrestric-tion

loan shark n:someonewholendsmoneyatexcessiveratesofinterest[syn:usurer,shark,moneylender]

luxurious adj1:furnishinggratificationofthesenses;“anepicureanbanquet”;“enjoyedaluxurioussuitewithacrystalchandelierandthickorientalrugs”;“Lucullusspenttheremainderofhisdaysinvoluptuousmagnificence”;“achinchillarobeofsybariticlavishness”[syn:epicurean,syba-ritic,voluptuary,voluptuous]2:richandsuperiorinquality;“aprincelysum”;“gildeddiningrooms”[syn:deluxe,gilded,opulent,princely,sumptuous]

manslaughter n:unlawfulkillingofahumanbeingwithout malice

marauding adj:characterizedbyplunderingorpillagingormarauding;“bandsofmaraudingIndians”;“predatorywarfare”;“araidingparty”[syn:predatory,raiding]n:thepracticeofplunderingingangs[syn:banditry]

massacre n:thewantonkillingofmanypeople[syn:massmurder]v:killalargenumberofpeopleindiscrimi-nately;“TheHutusmassacredtheTutsisinRwanda”[syn:slaughter,mowdown]

memoir n1.Anaccountofthepersonalexperiencesofanauthor.2.Oftenmemoirs.Anautobiography.

menial adj:usedofunskilledwork(especiallydomesticwork)[syn:humble,lowly]n:adomesticservant[syn:dogsbody]

meridian adj:oforhappeningatnoon;“meridianhour”n:animaginarygreatcircleonthesurfaceoftheearthpassing through the north and south poles at right angles to theequator;“allpointsonthesamemeridianhavethesamelongitude”[syn:longitude,lineoflongitude]

migrationn1:themovementofagroupofpeoplefromonecountryorlocalitytoanother2:theperiodicpassagefrom one region to another for feeding or breeding

militant adj1:engagedinwar;“belligerent(orwarring)nations”;“afightingwar”[syn:belligerent,fighting,war-rid-den,warring]2:showingafightingdispositionwithoutself-seeking;“highlycompetitivesalesrepresentative”;“militantinfightingforbetterwagesforworkers”;“hisself-assertiveandubiquitousenergy”[syn:competitive]n:amilitantreformer[syn:activist]

Millennium n1:aspanof1000years2:(NewTesta-ment)inRevelationsitisforetoldthatthosefaithfultoJesuswillreignwithJesusovertheearthforathousandyears;themeaningofthesewordshavebeenmuchdebated;somedenominations(e.g.Jehovah’sWitnesses)expectittobeathousandyearsofjusticeandpeaceandhappiness3:the1000thanniversary

misnomer n:anincorrectorunsuitablenamemission n1:anorganizationofmissionariesinaforeign

landsenttocarryonreligiouswork[syn:missionarypost,missionarystation,foreignmission]2:anoperationthatisassignedbyahigherheadquarters;“theplaneswereonabombingmission”[syn:militarymission]3:ataskthathasbeenassignedtoapersonorgroup;“aconfidentialmissiontoLondon”;“hischargewasdeliveramessage”[syn:charge,commission]4:theorganizedworkofareligiousmissionary[syn:missionarywork]5:agroupofrepresentativesordel-egates[syn:deputation,commission,delegation,delegacy]

mollify v1:causetobemorefavorablyinclined;gainthegoodwillof;“Shemanagedtomollifyherangryboss”[syn:pacify,lenify,conciliate,assuage,appease,placate,gentle,gruntle]2:makelessrigidorsofter

mourning adj:sorrowfulthroughlossordeprivation;“bereftofhope”[syn:bereaved,bereft,grief-stricken,griev-ing,mourning(a),sorrowing(a)]n:stateofsorrowoverthedeathordepartureofalovedone[syn:bereavement]

negotiate v:discussthetermsofanarrangement;“Theynegotiatedtheterms”[syn:negociate,talkterms]

nominate v1:proposeasacandidateforsomehonor[syn:putup,putforward]2:putforward;nominateforappointmenttoanoffice;“ThePresidentnominatedherasheadoftheCivilRightsCommission”[syn:propose]3:

Glossary 481

chargewithafunction;chargetobe;“ShewasnamedHeadoftheCommittee”;“Shewasmadepresidentoftheclub”[syn:name,make]4:asofacommitteeforatemporarytask[syn:appoint,name,constitute]

nomination n:theactofnominating(especiallyacandi-dateforelection)[syn:nominating]

notorious adj:havinganexceedinglybadreputation;“anotoriousgangster”;“thetenderloindistrictwasnotoriousforvice”[syn:ill-famed,infamous]

numerous adj:amountingtoalargeindefinitenumber;“numeroustimes”;“thefamilywasnumerous”

obsidian n:acidorgraniticglass;usuallydark,buttrans-parent in thin pieces

Oklahoma n:astateinsouthcentralUnitedStates[syn:Oklahoma,SoonerState]1.redland.

papyrus n1:papermadefromthepapyrusplantbycut-tingitinstripsandpressingitflat;usedbyancientEgyptiansandGreeksandRomans2:tallsedgeoftheNilevalleyyield-ingfiberthatservedmanypurposesinhistorictimes[syn:Egyptianpaperreed,paperrush,Cyperuspapyrus]3:adocu-ment written on papyrus

parallel adj1:beingeverywhereequidistantandnotinter-secting;“parallellinesneverconverge”;“concentriccirclesareparallel”;“dancersintwoparallelrows”[ant:perpendicular,oblique]2:(computerscience)oforrelatingtothesimulta-neousperformanceofmultipleoperations;“parallelprocess-ing”[syn:inparallel(p)]n1:somethinghavingthepropertyofbeinganalogoustosomethingelse[syn:analogue,analog]2:animaginarylinearoundtheEarthparalleltotheequa-tor[syn:latitude,lineoflatitude,paralleloflatitude]v1:beparallelto;“Theirrolesareparalleledbyours”2:makeorplaceparalleltosomething;“Theyparalleledtheditchtothehighway.”[syn:collimate]3:duplicateormatch;“Thepolishedsurfacetwinnedhisfaceandchestinreverse”[syn:twin,duplicate]

patronage n1:theactofprovidingapprovalandsupport;“hisvigorousbackingoftheconservativesgothimintroublewithprogressives”[syn:backing,championship]2:custom-erscollectively;“theyhaveanupperclassclientele”[syn:clientele,business]3:acommunicationthatindicateslackofrespectbypatronizingtherecipient[syn:condescension,disdain]4:(politics)grantingfavorsorgivingcontractsormaking appointments to office in return for political sup-port5:thebusinessgiventoacommercialestablishmentbyitscustomers:“evenbeforenoontherewasaconsiderablepatronage”[syn:trade]v1:supportbybeingapatronof2:beacustomerorclientof;“Wepatronizethisstore”[syn:patronize,support]

pelt n1:thedressedhairycoatofamammal[syn:fur]2:bodycoveringofalivinganimal[syn:hide,skin]v1:cast,hurl,orthrowrepeatedlywithsomemissile;“Theypeltedeachotherwithsnowballs”[syn:bombard]2:attackwith

missilesorquestions[syn:pepper]3:rainheavily;“Putonyourraincoat—it’spouringoutside!”[syn:pour,stream,raincatsanddogs,rainbuckets]

perimeter n1:theboundarylineortheareaimmediatelyinsidetheboundary[syn:margin,border]2:alineenclosingaplaneareas3:thesizeofsomethingasgivenbythedis-tancearoundit[syn:circumference]

phenomenon n1:anystateorprocessknownthroughthesensesratherthanbyintuitionorreasoning2:aremark-able development

plantation n:anestatewherecashcropsaregrownonalargescale(especiallyintropicalareas)

preside v1:ofmeetings[syn:chair]2:actaspresident:“presideovercompaniesandcorporations”‘

proclamation n:aformalpublicstatement;“thegovern-ment made an announcement about changes in the drug war”[syn:announcement,annunciation,promulgation]

proficient adj:havingorshowingknowledgeandskillandaptitude;“adeptinhandicrafts”;“anadeptjuggler”;“anexpertjob”;“agoodmechanic”;“apracticedmarksman”;“aproficientengineer”;“alesser-knownbutnolessskillfulcomposer”;“theeffectwasachievedbyskillfulretouching”[syn:adept,expert,good,practiced,skillful,skilful]

profound adj1:showingintellectualpenetrationoremotionaldepths;fromthedepthsofyourbeing;“thedif-ferencesareprofound”;“aprofoundinsight”;“aprofoundbook”;“aprofoundmind”;“profoundcontempt”;“pro-foundregret”[ant:superficial]2:ofthegreatestintensity;complete;“aprofoundsilence”;“astateofprofoundshock”3:far-reachingandthoroughgoingineffectespeciallyonthenatureofsomething;“thefundamentalrevolutioninhumanvaluesthathasoccurred”;“thebookunderwentfundamentalchanges”;“committedthefundamentalerrorofconfusingspendingwithextravagance”;“profoundsocialchanges”[syn:fundamental]4:comingfromdeepwithinone;“aprofoundsigh”5:(ofsleep)deepandcomplete;“aheavysleep”;“fellintoaprofoundsleep”;“asoundsleeper”;“deepwakelesssleep”[syn:heavy,sound,wakeless]6:situatedatorextendingtogreatdepth;toodeeptohavebeensoundedorplumbed;“theprofounddepthsofthesea”;“thedarkunfathomedcavesofocean”-ThomasGray;“unplumbeddepthsofthesea”;“remoteandunsoundedcaverns”[syn:unfathomed,unplumbed,unsounded]

progressive adj1:favoringorpromotingprogress;“pro-gressiveschools”[ant:regressive]2:favoringorpromotingreform(oftenbygovernmentaction)[syn:reformist]3:(oftaxes)adjustedsothattherateincreasesastheamountin-creases[ant:regressive]4:graduallyadvancinginextent5:ofillness;markedbygradualdeteriorationoforgansandcellsalongwithlossoffunction;“degenerativediseasesofoldage”[syn:degenerative]6:advancinginseverity;“progres-siveparalysis”n1:atenseofverbsusedindescribingaction

482 Glossary

thatison-going[syn:progressivetense,imperfect,imperfecttense,continuoustense]2:apersonwhofavorsapoliticalphilosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civilliberties[syn:liberal][ant:conservative]

prolific adj1:intellectuallyproductive;“aprolificwriter”;“afecundimagination”[syn:fecund,fertile]2:bearinginabundanceespeciallyoffspring;“flyingfoxesareextremelyprolific”;“aprolificpeartree”[syn:fertile]

proposition n1:(logic)astatementthataffirmsordeniessomethingandiseithertrueorfalse2:aproposalofferedforacceptanceorrejection[syn:suggestion,proffer]

protectorate n:aterritorycontrolledby(butnotapos-sessionof )astrongerstate

provisional adj:undertermsnotfinalorfullyworkedoutoragreedupon;“probationaryemployees”;“aprovision-algovernment”;“justatentativeschedule”[syn:probation-ary,provisionary,tentative]

public domain n:propertyrightsthatareheldbythepublic at large

quarantine n1:enforcedisolationtopreventspreadofdisease2:isolationtopreventthespreadofinfectiousdiseasev:placeintoquarantine,asformedicalreasons;“MydogwasquarantinedbeforehecouldliveinEngland”

railhead n1:arailroaddepotinatheaterofoperationswheremilitarysuppliesareunloadedfordistribution2:theend of the completed track on an unfinished railway

rationn1:thefoodallowanceforoneday(especiallyforservicepersonnel);“therationsshouldbenutritionallybalanced”2:afixedportionalloted(especiallyintimesofscarcity)v1:restricttheconsumptionofarelativelyscarcecommodity,asduringwar;“Breadwasrationedduringthesiegeofthecity”2:distributeinrations,asinthearmy;“Cigarettesarerationed”[syn:rationout]

reapportionment n:anewapportionment(especiallyareallotment of US congressional seats on the basis of census results)[syn:reallotment,reapportioning,reallocation]

reconstruction n1:theperiodaftertheUnitedStatesCivil War when the southern states were reorganized and reintegratedintotheUnion;1865-1877[syn:Reconstruc-tion]2:theactivityofconstructingsomethingagain3:aninterpretationformedbypiecingtogetherbitsofevidence4:recall via mental reconstruction

referendum n:alegislativeactisreferredforfinalap-proval to a popular vote by the electorate

refuge n1:asafeplace;“Herantosafety”[syn:safety]2:somethingorsomeoneturnedtoforassistanceorsecurity:“hisonlyrecoursewasthepolice”;“tookrefugeinlying”[syn:recourse,resort]3:ashelterfromdangerorhardship[syn:sanctuary,asylum]4:actofturningtoforassistance:“haverecoursetothecourts”;“anappealtohisunclewashislastresort”[syn:recourse,resort]

refugee n:anexilewhofleesforsafety

regulation adj:prescribedbyoraccordingtoregulation;“regulationarmyequipment”n1:anauthoritativeruleorlaw[syn:ordinance]2:aprincipleorconditionthatcustom-arilygovernsbehavior;“itwashisruletotakeawalkbeforebreakfast”;“shorthaircutsweretheregulation”[syn:rule]3:theactofregulating;“fiscalregulationsareinthehandsofpoliticians”[syn:regulating]

relinquish v1:partwith[syn:release,free,giveup]2:relinquishtothepowerofanother;yieldtothecontrolofanother[syn:surrender]3:dowithout;“Wearedispens-ingwithformalities”[syn:waive,forgo,foreswear,dispensewith]4:turnawayfrom;giveup;“Iamforeswearingwomenforever”[syn:foreswear,renounce,quit]

remuneration n1:somethingthatremunerates;“wageswerepaidbycheck”;“hewastedhispayondrink”;“theysavedaquarterofalltheirearnings”[syn:wage,pay,earn-ings,salary]2:theactofpayingforgoodsorservicesortorecompenseforlosses;“adequateremunerationforhiswork”

renovation n1:theactofrenovating[syn:redevelop-ment]2:thestateofbeingrestoredtoitsformergoodcondition;“theinnwasarenovationofaColonialhouse”[syn:restoration]

reprimand n:anexpressionofcriticismandcensure;“hehadtotaketherebukewithasmileonhisface”[syn:rebuke,reproof,reproval,reprehension]v1:rebukeformally[syn:censure,criminate]2:censureseverelyorangrily;“Themotherscoldedthechildforenteringthestranger’scar”;“ThedeputyraggedthePrimeMinister”;“Thecustomerdresseddownthewaiterforbringingcoldsoup”;“check”isarchaic[syn:rebuke,check,rag,reproof,lecture,jaw,dressdown,scold,chide,berate,bawlout,remonstrate,chewout,chewup,havewords,lambaste,lambast]

reservation n1:adistrictthatisreservedforparticularpurpose[syn:reserve]2:astatementthatlimitsorrestrictssomeclaim;“herecommendedherwithoutanyreserva-tions”[syn:qualification]3:anunstateddoubtthatpreventsyoufromacceptingsomethingwholeheartedly[syn:mentalreservation,arrierepensee]4:theactofreserving(aplaceorpassage)orengagingtheservicesof(apersonorgroup):“wonderedwhohadmadethebooking”[syn:booking]5:the act of keeping back or setting aside for some future oc-casion

restrained adj1:coolandformalinmanner[syn:re-served,reticent,unemotional]2:underrestraint[ant:unrestrained]3:markedbyavoidanceofextravaganceorextremes;“moderateinhisdemands”;“restrainedinhisre-sponse”[syn:moderate]4:notshowyorobtrusive;“clothesinquietgoodtaste”[syn:quiet]5:freefromostentationorpretension;“therestrainedeleganceoftheroom”[syn:mod-est,unostentatious]6:prudent;“guardedoptimism”[syn:guarded]

restriction n1:aprinciplethatlimitstheextentof

Glossary 483

something;“Iamwillingtoacceptcertainrestrictionsonmymovements”[syn:limitation]2:thequalityofbeinglimitedorrestricted;“itisagoodplanbutithasseriouslimita-tions”[syn:limitation]3:anactoflimitingorrestricting(asbyregulation)[syn:limitation]4:theactofrestrictingbyrestraint

retain v1:holdonto[syn:reserve,hold]2:holdwithin;“Thissoilretainswater”;“Iretainthisdrugforalongtime”3:allowtoremaininaplaceorposition;“Wecannotcontinueseveralservantsanylonger”[syn:continue,keep,keepon]4:astorepresent;oflegalcounsel;“I’mretain-ingalawyer”[syn:engage]5:keepinone’spossession[syn:hold,keepback,holdback]6:keepinone’smind;“Icannotretainsomuchinformation”

retaliate v1:takerevenge;“avengeforawrong”;“takevengeanceorrevengeforawrong”[syn:revenge,avenge]2:strikeback,asinrevengeforanattack

revenue n1:theentireamountofincomebeforeanydeductionsaremade[syn:gross,receipts]2:governmentincomeduetotaxation[syn:taxincome,taxation,taxrev-enue]

runes n:1.AnyofthecharactersinseveralalphabetsusedbyancientGermanicpeoplesfromthe3rdtothe13thcen-tury.2.Asimilarcharacterinanotheralphabet,sometimesbelievedtohavemagicpowers.

school lands n:landsetasideforuseorbenefitofpublicschools

sedition n:anillegalactionincitingresistancetolawfulauthority and tending to cause the disruption or overthrow of the government

shackle n1:anythingthatrestrains(especiallysomethingusedtotiedownorrestrainaprisoner)[syn:bond,hamper,trammel,trammels]2:aU-shapedbar;theopenendcanbepassedthroughchainlinksandclosedwithabarv1:bindthearmsof[syn:pinion]2:restrainwithfetters[syn:fetter]

skirmish n:aminorshort-termfight[syn:brush,clash,encounter]v:engageinaskirmish

soddy (sodhouse) n:ahousebuiltofsodoradobelaidinhorizontalcourses[syn:soddy,adobehouse]

specie n:coinscollectively[syn:coinage,mintage,metalmoney]

speculation n1:amessageexpressinganopinionbasedonincompleteevidence[syn:guess,conjecture,supposition,surmise,hypothesis]2:ahypothesisthathasbeenformedbyspeculatingorconjecturing(usuallywithlittlehardevidence);“speculationsabouttheoutcomeoftheelection”;“hedismisseditasmereconjecture”[syn:conjecture]3:aninvestmentthatisveryriskybutcouldyieldgreatprofits;“heknewthestockwasaspeculationwhenheboughtit”[syn:venture]

spewed v:1.Tosendorforceoutinorasifinastream;ejectforcefullyorinlargeamounts:avolcanothatspewed

moltenlava;spewedinvectiveathisopponent.2.Tovomitorotherwisecastoutthroughthemouth.

stalemate n1:asituationinwhichnoprogresscanbemade:“reachedanimpasseonthenegotiations”[syn:dead-lock,impasse,standstill]2:drawingpositioninchess:anyofaplayer’spossiblemoveswouldplacehiskingincheckv:subjecttoastalemate,inchess

staunch adj:firmanddependableespeciallyinloyalty;“asteadfastally”;“astaunchdefenderoffreespeech”;“unswerv-ingdevotion”;“unswervingallegiance”[syn:steadfast,un-swerving]v:asoftheflowofaliquidflowing,suchasbloodfromawound[syn:stem,stanch,halt]

stockaden1:afencemadeofalineofstoutpostssetfirmlyfordefense2:apenalcampwherepoliticalprison-ers or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions)[syn:concentrationcamp]v:surroundwithastockade in order to fortify

stringent adj:demandingstrictattentiontorulesandprocedures;“rigorousdiscipline”;“tightsecurity”;“stringentsafetymeasures”[syn:rigorous,tight]

subscription n1:apaymentforconsecutiveissuesofanewspaperormagazineforagivenperiodoftime2:agree-mentexpressedby(orasifexpressedby)signingyourname3:apledgedcontribution

subsequent adj:followingintimeororder;“subsequentdevelopments”[ant:antecedent]

subside v1:sinkorfalltoalowerlevel;“Thepainsub-sided”[syn:lessen]2:sinkorfall[syn:settle]

subsidize v:supportthroughsubsidies;“TheartsinEuropeareheavilysubsidized”

subsidy n:agrantpaidbyagovernmenttoanenterprisethatbenefitsthepublic:“asubsidyforresearchinartificialintelligence”

subsistence n1:minimal(ormarginal)resourcesforsub-sisting;“socialsecurityprovidedonlyabaresubsistence”2:ameansofsurviving;“farmingisahardmeansofsubsistence”3:thestateofexistinginreality;havingsubstance

subversive adj:inoppositiontoacivilauthorityorgov-ernment[syn:insurgent,seditious]n:aradicalsupporterofpoliticalorsocialrevolution[syn:revolutionist,revolution-ary,subverter]

suffrage n:alegalrightguaranteedbythe15thamend-menttotheUSconstitution;guaranteedtowomenbythe19thamendment;“Americanwomengotthevotein1920”[syn:righttovote,vote]

supplement n1:textualmatterthatisaddedontoapub-lication;usuallyattheend[syn:addendum,postscript]2:aquantityadded;e.g.tomakeupforadeficiency3:asupple-mentarycomponent[syn:accessory,appurtenance]v1:addasasupplement2:addtotheveryend;“Heappendedaglossarytohisnovelwhereheusedaninventedlanguage”[syn:append,addon,affix]

484 Glossary

tactic n:aplanforattainingaparticulargoal[syn:ma-neuver,manoeuvre]

tentative adj1:undertermsnotfinalorfullyworkedoutoragreedupon;“probationaryemployees”;“aprovisionalgovernment”;“justatentativeschedule”[syn:probationary,provisional,provisionary]2:unsettledinmindoropinion;“drewafewtentativeconclusions”[syn:doubtful]

tenure n1:thetermduringwhichsomepositionisheld[syn:termofoffice,incumbency]2:therighttoholdproperty;partofanancienthierarchicalsystemofholdinglands[syn:landtenure]v:givelife-timeemploymentto;asofuniversityposts;“Shewastenuredaftershepublishedherbook”

terminated adj1:havingcomeorbeenbroughttoaconclusion;“theharvestingwascomplete”;“theaffairisover,ended,finished”;“theabruptlyterminatedinterview”[syn:complete,concluded,ended,over(p),allover]2:(ofe.g.acontractortermofoffice)havingcometoanend

teutonic adj1:oforpertainingtotheancientTeutonsortheirlanguages;“TeutonicpeoplessuchasGermansandScandinaviansandBritish”;“Germanicmythology”[syn:Teutonic,Germanic]2:ofamoreorlessGermannature;somewhatGerman;“Germanicpeoples”;“hisGermanicnature”;“formidablevolumesTeutonicintheirthoroughness[syn:German,Germanic,Teutonic]

thwart n:acrosspiecespreadingthegunnelsofaboat;usedasaseatinarowboat[syn:crossthwart]v1:tohinderorprevent(theefforts,plans,ordesires)of:“Whatultimate-lyfrustratedeverychallengerwasRuth’samazingSeptembersurge.”[syn:queer,spoil,scotch,foil,cross,frustrate,baffle,bilk]2:hinderorprevent(theefforts,plans,ordesires)of;thwart[syn:frustrate,spoil]

tributary adj:ofastream;flowingintoalargerstreamn:abranchthatflowsintothemainstream[syn:feeder,affluent]

ultimatum n:afinalperemptorydemandunkempt adj1:notneatlycombed;wildunkempthair”

2:notneatorcaredfor;slovenly;“hisunkemptappearance”3:notproperlymaintained;“anunkemptgarden”;“nativevistasandunkemptramblingpaths”

unscrupulous adj1:withoutscruplesorprinciples;“unscrupulouspoliticoswhowouldbehappytosell...theircountryinordertogainpower”[ant:scrupulous]2:lackinghonestyandoblivioustowhatishonorable[syn:dishonest]

velocity n:distancetravelledperunittime[syn:speed]viceroy n1:governorofacountryorprovincewhorules

astherepresentativeofhisorherkingorsovereign[syn:vicereine]2:showyAmericanbutterflyresemblingthemon-archbutsmaller[syn:Limenitisarchippus]

vigilante n:memberofavigilancecommittee[syn:vigi-lanceman]

vigorous adj1:characterizedbyforcefulandenergeticac-

tionoractivity;“avigoroushiker”;“gaveherskirtavigorousshake”;“avigorouscampaign”;“avigorousforeignpolicy”;“vigorousoppositiontothewar”2:strongandactivephysi-callyormentally;“avigorousoldmanwhospenthalfofhisdayonhorseback”-W.H.Hudson

volunteer adj:withoutpayment;“thesoupkitchenwasprmarilybyunpaidhelpers”;“avolunteerfiredepartment”[syn:unpaid,volunteer(a)]n1:apersonwhofreelyenlistformilitaryservice[syn:militaryvolunteer,voluntary][ant:draftee]2:apersonwhoperformsvoluntarywork[syn:unpaidworker]v1:tellvoluntarily;“Hevolunteeredthein-formation”2:agreefreely;“Shevolunteeredtodrivetheoldladyhome”;“Iofferedtohelpwiththedishesbutthehost-esswouldnothearofit”[syn:offer]3:dovolunteerwork

wet (alcohol)adj:supportingorpermittingthelegalproductionandsaleofalcoholicbeverages;“awetcandidaterunningonawetplatform”;“awetcounty”[ant:dry]

women’s liberation (liberate)1:giveequalrightsto;ofwomenandminorities[syn:emancipate]2:grantfreedomto;freefromconfinement[syn:free,release,unloose,loose][ant:confine]3:grantfreedomto;“Thestudentsliberatedtheirslavesupongraduatingfromtheuniversity”[syn:set free]

workman’s compensation (compensation)n1:some-thinggiventorecompenseforlossorinjury2:adefensemechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggeratingdesirablebehaviors3:theactofcompensatingforlossorinjury[syn:recompense]

Y2K bugn:Acommonnameforallthedifficultiestheturnofthecentury,ordatesingeneral,bringtocomputerusers.

yellow journalismn:sensationalistjournalism[syn:tabloid]

yeoman n1:officerinthe(ceremonial)bodyguardoftheBritishmonarch[syn:yeomanoftheguard,beefeater]2:informer times was free and cultivated his own land

WordNet®1.6,©1997PrincetonUniversity

Glossary 485

486 Index

IndexSymbols

37th Parallel 16545th Infantry Division 301,35096th Meridian 164100th Meridian 30,164101 Ranch 191,411160-acre farm 176

A

Adair, Thomas 240Adams, John Quincy 76Adams-Onis Treaty 34,209,223Afrika Korps 304agriculture 287,394Ahearn, Maurice 349Alabama 74,76,90Albert, Carl 366Albert, David 450Alcoholic Beverage Control

Board 360Alfalfa Bill 289Alfred P. Murrah Federal Build-

ing 392Alligator Jaws Hill 350Allotment 65allotments in severalty 218Almon, Baylee 388alphabet 106Al-Qaeda 403,404American Hereford Association

347American Red Cross 398American Revolution 61American Vegetable Triad 13,46Anadarko 153Anderson, James 356Anderson, Park 370Anglin, Tom 348Antelope Hills 23,39Anthony, W. B. 257Anzio 344Apache 136Appalachian Mountain 111Appalachian Mountains 41Appomattox Courthouse 140Arapaho 154Arbuckle Mountains

39,40,41,201Arkansas 64,132,133Arkansas River 28,31,41,306Arkansas Territory 33Arthur, Chester A. 174Asah, Spencer 454Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe

163Atkins, Hannah D. 422,434Atkinson, W. P. 359Atlatl 12Atoka Agreement 203Auchiah, James 186AWACS 383Aztec 16,19

B

Baghdad 405Ballard, Perry 262banking 295barbed wire 191Barnard, Kate 254,425Barnes, Cassius McDonald 214Barrett, Charles 278Barrow, Clyde 285Bartlesville 255Bartlett, Dewey 365Basie, “Count” 285Battle of Bird Creek 138Battle of Cabin Creek 140Battle of Chustenalah 138Battle of Honey Springs 108,139Battle of the Washita 181,184beans 13Bean’s Salt Works 36Bear Paw Mountains 150Beavers Bend 42Becknell, William 31bedroll 191beef 384Beef Creek 163Belle Point 29Bell, John R. 30Bellmon, Henry 362,435Bend, Younger’s 249Benedict, Omer 282Beringia 10Berryman, Craig 383Better Schools Amendment 355Big Pasture 202,223Big Tree 186bin Laden, Osama 404

Bishop, Bill 368Bishop’s Restaurant 365Black Blizzard 334Black Dispatch 417Black Hat 374Black Kettle

154,155,157,181,183Black Mesa 39,41Black Sunday 336Blankenship, G. T. 366Blue Devils 285Board of Education 261Board of Public Affairs 262Board, Prison 262Bohanon, Luther 371,421Bolivia 289Bonaparte, Napoleon 27boomer 173,239boom towns 260bootleggers 359,360bootleg liquor 279Boren, David 369,373Borgstrom, George 340Boudinot, Elias 86,88,172,239boundary dispute 274bovine spongiform encephalopa-

thy 384Bradford, William A. 30Bradley, Diana 388Branch Davidian 388Brand and Barbour 35Branson, Fred S. 283Bricktown 393Bridge Creek 398Brooks, Garth 389Brownfields Assessment Pilot

Grant 393Brown, John F. 228Brown, Neal 247Brown vs. Board of Education

354Buckner, Simeon 82buffalo 44,156,158Buffalo Soldier 249,410Bull Bear 182Bumgartner, Bruce 333bunkhouse 191Bureau of Indian Affairs 74Bureau Weights and Measures

272Burford Corporation 385Burford, Earl 449

Index 487

Burke, Caroline 419Bush, George W. 404Bushyhead, Jesse 178Butler, B. F. 410Butler, Elizur 85,178Butterfield Stage 132Byrd, Edward 201

C

Caddo 46,153Caddoan language group 46Cahokia 147Caldwell, Kansas 165Calhoun, John C. 68Camp Alice 173Camp Doniphan 269Camp Gruber 303Canadian River 30Canby, E.R.S. 131Cannon, Joe 359capital location 258capitol building 263Capone, Al 313Captain Jack 148Carpenter, Scott 325carpetbagger 213Carson, Kit 154Carter, Charles 261Carter, Jimmy 435Cascia Hall 391Cass, Lewis 71category six tornado 397Catlin, George 407Cattle Annie 249Cauthron, Robin 439Cavanaugh, Linda 388Cayuga 145Central Purchasing System

360,361Cernan, Gene 325Chandler 201Charles V 19Chelsea 201Cherokee 28,64,65,85,87,129,13

2,135,136,140,142,174Cherokee Almanac 100Cherokee Bill 200Cherokee Commission 218Cherokee Kid 311Cherokee Outlet 137,164,220Cherokee Rifles 108Cherokee Strip 165

Cherokee Strip Livestock Asso-ciation 165,220

Chesley, Frank 259Cheyenne 154,158,159Cheyenne-Arapaho land opening

219Chibitty, Charles 301Chickamauga Cherokees 64Chickasaw

5,78,79,83,115,129,139,142Chickasaw Nation 79,80,202Chief Joseph 149,151Chief Micanopy 93Chief Pushmataha 68Childers, Ernest 455child labor laws 254Chippewa 147Chisholm, Jesse 161,238Chisholm Trail 161,238Chivington, John 154Choctaw 28,65,68,73,74,84,112,

129,136,139,142cholera epidemic 72Choteau, Auguste Pierre 34,51Choteau, Jean Pierre 34Choteau, Yvonne 429Chouteau family 34Christian, Charlie 285christian plantations 61Christie, Ned 249Chustenalah 137Cibola 20cigarette tax 363Cimarron River 137Cinco de Mayo 444city lots 177Civic Center Grill 420Civilian Conservation Corps 340Civil Rights Act 364Civil Rights Bill 230Civil War 73,98,107,140,141,147Claiborne, William C.C. 33Claremore 28Clark, Andrew 248Clark, “Jocko” 456Clark, Joseph James 344Clark, William 27,33Clements, Pete 194climatic zones 38Clinch, Duncan L. 94Clinton, Bill 398clouds 319

Clovis 11Clowers, David 383Clyde Brothers Circus 361coal 168Coalgate 168coal miners 274coal mines 239Cobb, Jerrie 326codetalkers 301Coffee, John 70Coggins, Clarence E. 301Coheia, John 131Colbert, Bill 248Colbert, Frank 130Colbert, James 81Colbert’s Ferry 167Colonization Association 172Colorado 28Colville Reservation 152Comanche 84,97,136,139,154Commerce and Industry Depart-

ment 355communist 298Communists 353Compromise of 1850 209Conestoga 146Confederacy 139Confederate 133Confederated Peoria 147Confederate Indian Territory 139Congress 69Congressional Medal of Honor

410Connors prison riot 376ConocoPhillips 382Conquistadors 19Conrad, Pete 325Constitution 74,360Constitutional Convention 233Cook Gang 200,249Cookson Hills 39,303Cooley, Dennis 140Cooper, Douglas 137Cooper, Gordon 324Cooper, Roy 194Cooper, Walter 345Copinger, J. J. 173Cordell, Harry B. 283corn 13Corn 264Corn, Nelson 363Coronado 8,18,19,51

488 Index

Corporation Commission 237,260,272,292,294,365

Corrections Corporation of America 396

Cortes 19cotton 384Couch, William L. 173,176county commissioner scandals

378County Reform Bill 378court 198court reform 365Cowboy Philosopher 312Crawford, Joan 272Crawford, William H. 65Crazy Horse 157,159,184Crazy Snake 205Crazy Snake Rebellion 206Creager, Charles E. 261Creek 65,68,74,75,76,90,93,129,

136,137,142,143,174Creek Council 74Creek Nation 90Creek War 76Crippled Children’s Hospital 345Cross, Bill 257,266Cross, George 421Cross Timbers 11,43,239Crowe, William J. 380Cruce, Lee 261crude oil 385Cudd Pressure Control 383cultural difference 58culture 51Currin, Green I. 230,412Curtis Act 204Curtis, Charles 204Cushing 260Custer, George Armstrong

157,182,410

D

Dachau 302Dalton, Bill 246Dalton Gang 245,285Dancing Rabbit Creek 70Davenport, James 261Davis, Alice Brown 272Dawes Act 202Dawes Commission 204,227Debo, Angie 154debt 300

de Campo, Andres 20de la Harpe, Bernard 48Delaware 147,148,153de Mendoza, Don Antonio 19Democrat 275,361demonstration 372de Narvaez, Panfilo 52Denison, Hoppy 374de Onate, Don Juan 23de Padillo, Juan 20depletion allowance 294DeSoto, Hernando 21Diamond Jubilee Commission

376dime novels 251Dirty Thirties 341Doak’s Stand 68Doaksville 81,115,140Doan’s Crossing 162DOC 395Doctrine of Discovery 57Dodge City Trail 162dome 263Domebo 11Doolin, Bill 199,250,251Doolin Gang 246Doolins 285dormitory fire 349double-celling 371Doves 372Dragoons 132Drew, John 132drilling rigs 383dry 359dugouts 208Dull Knife 157,184Dundy, Elmer S. 187Dunjee, Roscoe 414,417,421Durant-Denison crossing 290Dust Bowl 296,334,340Dynamite Dick 246

E

Eaker, Ira C. 344East Shawnee Trail 161Eaton, John 70,71ecological blunder 340economic program 282Edmondson, Jeannette 435Edmondson, J. Howard 359,435education lottery 400Edwards, Bronson 454

Eel River Indian 147Ellis, A.D. 402Emathla, Charley 93Enabling Act 230Eneah Micco 117Enola Gay 344Environmental Protection Agency

393Epworth University 300equality 364equal rights 47Erie 146Estevan 51ethnic groups 223Everglades 90Ewe lamb rebellion 284Exendine, Albert 330Ezell, John S. 358

F

Fabri’s Cliffs 112Faith 7 325farm 44farmer 287Farmer-Labor Reconstruction

League 275Farmer, Ruben 375Farris, Scott 261Federal Factory System 64Federal Homestead Act 176Fences 60Ferdinandia 46Ferguson, Phil 359Ferguson, Thompson Benton 215Ferris, Giles 262Fields, Chris 388fight 295Firestone 385First Regiment of Indian Home

Guards 138First Seminole War 90Five Civilized Tribes 66,84,97,9

8,128,134,136,141,142,145,147,153,161,174,202,238

Flint Hills 39Flipper, Henry O. 410Florida 34,97Floyd, “Pretty Boy” 285Flynn, Dennis T. 256folksong 298folsom man 13forestry 395

Index 489

Fort Coffee 37,82,84Fort Gibson 36,77,129,139,228Fort Holmes 37Fortier, Larry 389Fort Klamath, Oregon 148Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 151Fort Mims, Alabama 75Fort Orange, Missouri 29Fort Reno 173,208Fort Sill 159,269,303Fort Smith 30,36,198Fort Towson 36,115,132Fort Washita 37Fowler, Jacob 31Frantz, Frank 215freedmen 406Freeman, Emma Lou 414French and Indian War 26Frisco 167Fulton, Elmer 261

G

Gadsden, James 93Galbreath, Bob 259Gantz, Stanley 396garden agriculture 47Garrett, Charles 283Garrett, Sandy 379Garriott, Owen 324,325Gary, Raymond 354Gatty, Harold 316Gaylord, E. K. 280Gaylord family 385Geneva Convention 304geography 38Georgetown University 391Georgia 67,74,76,85,90Georgia Compact 67German-American 264Geronimo 157,159,180,193G.I. Bill 344Gibson, Arrell M. 11,60Gibson, George 36Gibson, “Hoot” 193Gill, Vince 265,389Glass Mountains 39Glenn, Hugh 31,35Glenn, Ida 259Glenn Pool 259gold 201Goldman, Sylvan 447,449Goldsby, Crawford 200,249

Goodman, Benny 285Goodyear 385Gopher John 131Gore, Thomas P. 260graduated tax 294Grall, Frank 266Grandfather Clause 255,263Grand River 34Granite Reformatory 319Grant, Ulysses S. 140Grapes of Wrath, The 296,339Great Bend of the Arkansas 31Great Depression 287Great Plains 31Great Salt Plains 29Great Spirit 58Greenwood 278Greer County 223Grierson, Benjamin 410Grimes, William C. 215Grover, Devonna 402Guinn vs. United States 263,416Gulf of Tonkin 371Gulf Oil Company 260Gulf War 383gun 24guns and ammunition 183Guthrie 177,236,255Guthrie, Woody 298

H

Hall, David 366,368,369Hall, F. C. 317Halliburton, Erle P. 449Hamilton, Alexander 157Hamilton Bill, The 228Hamilton, Louis M. 157Hamlin , A. C. 415Hammonds, O. O. 283Hancock, Winfield Scott 182Haney, Kelley 455Hanger, Charlie 388Hanging Judge 198Harjo, Chitto 205Harjo, Oktarharsars 136Harlan, James 141Harmon, Linda 387Harney, William S. 182Harris, LaDonna 454Harrison, Benjamin 175,239Harrison’s Hoss Race 177Harrison, William Henry 33

Hartshorne 168Haskell, Charles N.

227,236,254,258,415Hatch, Edward 410Hauser, Allen C. 454Hawkins, Ben 35Hawks 372Hawks, Rex 306Hayes, George Price 269Hearrell, Mary Alice 289Heavener runestone 18H.E. Bailey Turnpike 354Hefley, Lem 222,223Henry, Brad 400Herring, Elbert 74Heston, Charlton 365He-Who-Yawns 159Heyerdahl, Thor 10highest elevation 41Hightower, Rosella 429Highway Commission 282,283Highway Department

261,262,295Highway Patrol 299Hill, Mozell 224Hill, Mrs. Claud A. 304Hills, Cookson 285Hiroshima 344Historical Society 273Hitachi 384Hitchcock, Ethan Allen 95Hitler, Adolph 301Hoeltzel, Gerald E. 379hog farms 394Hokeah, Jack 454Hokkaido, Japan 350Holloway, William J. 284Holt, Smith 379Hoover, Herbert 293,344horse 21,48,53House Bill 1017 379Houston, Sam 35Houston, Tom 248Howard, O.O. 150Huckens Hotel 283Hunkpapa Sioux 157hunting 47Hurley, Patrick J. 344,442Hussein, Saddam 383,404Hutchins, Bob 248Hutchins, Robert 250

490 Index

I

Ice Age 8ice cap 8Idabel 374Illinoi 148impeachment 284income tax 294indemnity lands 216Indian Appropriations Act 174Indiana Territory 33Indian blanket 43Indian commissioners 68Indian gaming 401Indian Problem 60,80Indian Removal Act 69Indian Territory 128,130,133,136

,140,143,145,146,148,151,153,157,161,163

Industrial Finance Authority 360infantile paralysis 345Interstate highway system 354Interstate Oil Compact 299Ioni 153Iowa 148Iraq 404Iron Jack 280iron lung 346Iroquoi 145Irving, Washington 35,407Isaac Warrior 142

J

Jackson, Andrew 65,68,69,75,86,90,91,102,134,147

Jackson, J. Coody 416Jackson McCurtain 167James, Edwin 30James, Jesse 199,251,285jazz 285Jefferson, Thomas 27,62,63Jen Hai 350Jenkins, Willliam Miller 215Jerome Commission 218,220Jessup, Thomas S. 95Jester, Brian 387Jesup, Thomas 119jetstream 320Jim Crow 236,413Jim Crowism 255,355Joe Duck 106Johnson, Bapoleon B. 456

Johnson, Henry 374Johnson, N. B. 363Johnston, Douglas H. 352Johnston, Henry S. 282Jolly, John 102Jones, Buck 193Jones, Evan 178Jones, Wilson Nathaniel 164Journal of Jacob Fowler 406Journal-Record building 390Julesburg, Colorado 154July, “Booly” 248July, Jim 250Jumper 94

K

Kansa Indian 148Kansas 133,137,148Kansa Shawnee 148Kansas Pacific Railroad 161Kaskaskia 147Katy 167Katz Drug Store 364,419Kauger, Yvonne 435Kaw 34,148,204Keating, Frank 396Keechi 153Kelley, Ed 248Kelly, “Machine Gun” 285Kennedy, John F. 364Kennerly, T. M. 292Kent State University 372Kermac Nuclear Fuels 357Kerr, Joseph 113Kerr-McGee 305,356Kerr, Robert S. 305,356Keys, Earl 257Kiamichi Mountains 39Kiamichi River 36Kickapoo 136,148Kickapoo Reservation 222Kickingbird 181Kiefer 260Kindergarten Law 369King Louie of France 26King Louis XIV 23King, Martin Luther Jr. 364King, Martin Luther, Jr. 427King Phillip 61Kingsbury, Cyrus 178Kiowa 84,97,136,139,154Kiowa-Apache 154

Klamath 148Klan 279,282Knox, Henry 62,65Korea 350Koresh, David 388Kravis, Henry Roberts 382Krebs 168Ku Klux Klan 279,375Kurds 405Kuwait 383Kuykendall, Dan 370

L

Labbadie, Sophie 35labor unions 274Lafayette, Benjamin Franklin

226LaHarpe 23Lake Roebuck 43Lamb, Carolyn 399landforms 39land office 239Land Rush 163Land, Wood and Water 306Langston 412Langston City Herald 226Langston University 348Lapwai Reservation 149,150,152Largent, Steve 400largest city 361Larkin, Moscelyn 429LaSalle 23,26Latting, Patience 368Laverne 162Lawson, Wayne 370Lawton 157Leased District 153Leavenworth 198Leavenworth, Colonel 154Leavenworth, Kansas 198Lee-Huckins Hotel 257Lee, Josh 299Lee, Robert E. 140LeFlore County 15Lehigh 168LeSueur, Lucille 272leveraged buy-out 382Lewis and Clark Expedition 27Lewis, Meriweather 27Lexington 163Liguest, Pierre Laclede 34Lincoln, Abraham 134

Index 491

Lindbergh, Charles 314Lindsey, Ray 345liquor 359Liquor Control Act 360Little Big Horn 184Little Bill 246Little Breeches 249Little Giant 366Little, Janna Lou 374Little New Deal 299Little River 37Little Rock 82Livingston, Robert 27Locke, Victor M. Jr. 178Lockheed Vega 316log house 244Lonabaugh Decision 259Lone Wolf 185Long, Grover 331Longhorn 162Long, Stephen H. 29Lopez Foods 445Lopez, John 445lottery 222,400Louisiana 23,33,146Louisiana Purchase

26,27,34,64,67Louisiana Territory 33Louis XIV 23Love, Kiziah 130Lovely, William L. 51Love, Robert 129Lower Creeks 74lowest elevation 41Loyal 264Lucid, Shannon 324,326Luper, Clara 419Luper, Clara M. 364,426Lyons, John F. 165Lytle, John 162

M

Mack, William 375Macy, Bob 389mad cow disease 384Madsen, Chris 246Major Crimes Act 200Manday, Kenny 333Mankiller, Wilma 437Maples, Daniel 249MAPS Project 393Marietta-Gainesville crossing

290Marland, Ernest W. 299Marshall, John 66martial law 292Martinez, Jesse 445Martin, Robert 211Mary Sudik 288Matsch, Richard 389Mauldin, Bill 302Max Westheimer Field 303Mayans 16Maysville 163McAlester 168,223McCabe, Edward 412McCabe, E. P. 226McCoy, Joseph G. 161McCracken, Leo 370McCurtain, Green 228McCurtain, Jackson 172McDole, Robert G. 420McDougal, Myrtle Archer 272McFall, Clara 418McGee, Dean A. 356McGee Eye Institute 357McGuire, Bird 256,260McIntire, Reba 389McIntosh family 74McIntosh, Roley 77McIntosh, William 76McKeever, Horace G. 270McLain, Ray S. 344McLaurin, George W. 348McLaurin., G. W. 421McLaurin vs. Oklahoma Board of

Regents 348McVeigh, Timothy 388Mecham, Scott 402Medicine Lodge Creek 155,184Medicine Lodge Treaty 156Medicine Springs 201Mellon, Mary Ellen 367Memorial Center Museum 390Memphis 82Mennonite 263,395Merit System 360,361Mexican War of 1846-1848 98Meyer, Leo 262Miami 147Michigamea 147migration 8Mike Monroney Aeronautical

Center 367

Miles-LaGrange, Vicki 423,439Miles, Nelson A. 150,158Millard, John M. 82Miller, George Washington 192Miller, James 33Miller, Joe 191Miller, Shannon 333Miller, Zack 411Miller, Zeke 248Minerva Place 272Miss Alice 271missionaries 63,178missionary 63Mississippi River

22,27,29,62,69,76,82Missouri 148Missouri, Kansas and Texas Rail-

road 167Missouri River 27Missouri Territory 33Mitchell, Edgar 324Mitscher, Marc A. 344Mixed Seneca 146Mix, Tom 193mock wedding ceremony 237Modoc 148,159Modoc War of 1872-1873 148Mohawk 145Moingwena 147molten mantle 40Momaday, Scott 455Mongols 10Monroney, Mike 364,367Montezuma 19Montgomery, Alabama 77Moon, E. C. 413,420Mopope, Stephen 454Morgan, Dick T. 261Mraz, Anabel 272Muldrow, Hal 455Mundis, Flora Quick 249Munnson, H. H. “Rube” 265Munsee 147Murrah building 387Murray, Johnston 352Murray, William H.

227,233,256,270,289Murray, Willie 353Muscle Shoal 78Muskogee 139,199,303

N

492 Index

NAACP 414,417,428Nagasaki 344Nagle, Patrick S. 270Napoleon 33NASA 324Natchitoches 29National Council for Relief 294National Guard 268,353,383natural hazards 219Navajo 159NEA 363Neblett, Colin 292Nesbitt, Paul 257Newcomb, George 246New Deal 296New Echota 86New Orleans 26,27,33,35,129New State Tribune 255New World 60Nez Percé 149,151,159Nichols, Phil 163Nichols, Terry 388Nigh, George

361,364,374,375,377Nix, W. M. 248nomadic lifestyle 44No Man’s Land 98,209Norman, James 227North Carolina 147Northern Sioux 159Northern Writer 385Northwest Ordinance 62Noxubee County 70

O

O’Banion, Dion 313OCAW 357Oconee 90OEA 363,365Office of Handicapped Concerns

376Ohio 145oil 201oil boom 381oil booms 260oil producers 259Okie 296Okies 338Oklahoma! 375Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Associa-

tion 347Oklahoma Centennial Commis-

sion 355Oklahoma Enabling Act 228Oklahoma Organic Act 207Oklahombi, Joseph 455Old Baldy 350Old Greer County 201Old Settlers 65,84,88Olympic Festival 380Omahas 34Omnibus Treaty of 1867 147Onate 23Oneida 145Onondaga 145Oolagah 297Opala, Marian P. 441Operation Desert Storm 383Opothleyahola 74,76,136,137Opothleyaholo 179Oregon 34,98,148Organic Act 202,208,255Orza, Vince 400Osage 27,28,34,85,136,148Osage Hills 31Osage Nation 402Osceola 94,95,124Oto 34,148Ottawa 147Ottawa County 147Ouachita Mountains 39,41outlaws 199Owen, Robert L. 260Ozark Plateau 39

P

Page, Sarah 276panhandle 39,98,243,335Panhandle 41Pardon and Parole Board 305pari-mutuel betting 377Parker, Bonnie 285Parker, Cynthia Ann 158Parker, Isaac 198,200Parris, Dick 310Patton, George S. 301Pawnee 28,34,148Pawnee Killer 182Payne, David L. 172Payne’s Landing 93,94Pearl Harbor 300Penn Square Bank 377,381Penn, William 61Pensacola 90

Pensoneau, Shawn 401Pentagon 403Peoria 147Peoria Confederacy 147Peoria Confederation 202Perez, Manuel 446Philadelphia 140Phillips, Frank 320Phillips, Leon 300physical strength 45Piankashaw 147Pick 3 400Pickens, T. Boone 382Pickett, Bill 193,411Pierce, Charley 246Pike, Albert 136Pike’s Peak 28Pike Treaty 139Pike, Zebulon Montgomery 28pipeline industry 255Plains Indians 238Planning and Resources Board

299Plant, Cimarron 357plates 40Pleasant Porter 174,227Pleistocene Age 8Plessy vs. Ferguson 236Pogue, William 324Pogue, William Reid 325Point Barrow, Alaska 297polio 345politics 254Ponca 34,148Ponca agency 151Ponca City 424Poor Bear 183Poppleton, Andrew J. 187pork 384Porter, Charles 388Porter, E. Melvin 420,422Post, Wiley 268,297,309,316Poteau River 29Pottawatomie 148Powder River country 154Powell, Alvin 305Powerball 400Pratt, Charles 453Pratt, Harvey 452praying Indians 61PRCA 194pressurized suit 320

Index 493

Prettyman, William S. 220Price, Don 376Prichard, Pete 442prison 396,426prisoners of war 304Prison Riot 369,379private prison 396prohibition 359Promised Land 176property ownership 58Proration Order 292Pryor, Nathaniel 31,35public housing bill 363Public Land Strip 209Pulitzer Prize 302Purcell 163Purgatory River 31Putnam City Schools 326pyramid 11

Q

Quahada Comanches 158Quakers 61Quanah Parker 158,164,180Quantrill’s Raiders 139Quapaw 34,47,136,146,147Quapaw agency 151,202quarantine 162Quartz Mountains 39Quinnipiac tribe 61Quinonez, Jose 444Quivira 23

R

race riot 374racial tension 275railroad 143,167rain 39ration 346ration stamps 346Reapportionment 363Reconstruction 141Reconstruction Treaty 164,167Rector, Wharton 146Redbird, Robert 454Redhawks 393Red River

29,42,162,189,202,274,290Red River Bridge Company 292red river bridge war 290Red River Crossing 161

Red Scare 353Red Sticks 65,68,75Reed, Ed 250,251Reed, Jim 199,250Reeves, Bass 248,412Reggio, Michael 219Registration Law 416relief aid plan 299Remington Park 385Renfrow, William Cary 213Republican Party 400Republicans 361revolt 266Reynolds, Allie P. 457Rhodes Scholar 373Ride, Sally 325Ridge, John 86,88Ridge, Major 86,88rights of discovery 26Rio Grande Valley 31riot 376Rittenhouse, Brad 383Riverwalk 393RJR Nabisco 382Roastingear, Chris 106Robb, John 72Robertson, Alice Mary 271,433Robertson, J. B. A. 270,271Robertson, William 271Rockne, Knute 309rodeo 194Rodrigo Ranjel 21Rodriguez, Rufino 445Rogers, Ike 248,412Rogers, John 369Rogers, W. C. 228Rogers, Will

193,272,297,309,322Roman Nose 180,182Roosa, Stuart 324Roosevelt, Theoadore 215Roosevelt, Theodore 236,267Rosie the Riveter 303Ross, John 86,88,120,121,135,13

6,140,142,199Ross party 88Round Mountain 137round-up 190Route 66 339Rowland, Dick 276runestone 18Run of 1889 239

Russell Amendment 284

S

Sac and Fox 148safe room 399Sahmaunt, Ace 454Sahmaunt, Daniel 454Salina 34Salk, Dr. Jonas 346Sallisaw 402salt 15Sampler, Samuel H. 269Sanborn, J.B. 155San Buenaventura River 23Sand Creek Massacre 154,184Sands 136Sandusky River 145Sandusky Seneca 145Sango, A. G. W. 416Santa Fe 35,98Santa Fe Railroad 395Satank 180Satanta 155,180,183Saul, C. Terry 454Savage, Susan 393,396Savings and Loan 382Sawokla 271School-Land Board 217school lands 216schools 216Schwarzkopf, Norman 383Scott, Jimmie 348Scott, Winfield 76,87,122Seabourn, Bert 453Sears, T.C. 172Seay, Abraham Jefferson 211second removal 72Second Seminole War 94Secretary Education 379Semi-Centennial Celebration 355Seminole

90,128,129,130,142,174Seneca 141,142,145,147separate but equal 413Sequoyah 85,102Sequoyah Convention 227Seven Cities of Cibola 20,52Seventh Cavalry 157Seven Years’ War 26Severn, Joe 248Severs, Frederick 164Seward, William H. 134

494 Index

Shadley, Lafe 248Shadlow, Ann 453Shawnee 75,136,146Sherman, William Tecumseh 184Shiites 405Shi, Molly 374short-grass county 219Shoulders, Jim 194Sibley, George C. 29Sicily 344Silkwood, Karen 357silver 201Silver Broach 183Simmons, William Joseph 279Sioux 154Sipuel, Ada Lois 348,420Sitting Bull 158,159slavery 130slaves 99,130,406Smith, Art 319Smith, Chuck 194Smith, John 333Smith, Thomas A. 29Smoky Hill 154Smoky, Lois 454Snake River 149Socialism 264Socialist Party 264soddies 208,244Sooner Oil Company 354Sooners 175,222,239Southern Cheyenne 97Sovereign nation 56Spanish Conquistadors 20Spanish Influenza 269Sparks, Richard 29Spaulding, Porter 257Spending Sixteenth 299Spiro 37Spiro Mounds 15Spiro people 44spoils system 261squash 13Stafford, Thomas 324,325Stagg, Alonzo 331Standard Oil Company 255,260Standing Bear 181,188Stand Watie 102,106,135,140Starr, Bean 199Starr, Belle 199,249Starr, Ellis 199Starr, Jim 250

Starr, Sam 199,250Starr, Thomas 199statehood 236statehood convention 226State Supreme Court 363Stecker 11Steed, Tom 306Steele, George Washington 210Steinbeck, John 296Sterling, Ross 290Stewart, David 402Stillwater Creek 173St. Louis 33,35St. Louis and San Francisco Rail-

road 167Stockbridge 147Stock Market Crash 287Stokes Commission 147Stokes, Montfort 147Stone, William 454Stout, Juanita Kidd 423Stuart, John 90,105Sugar Loaf Mountain 18Sunni Muslims 405Supreme Court 348survey 207survivors’ tree 390Swimmer, Ross 438syllabary 103

T

Tahlequah 136,140,402Tallchief, George 51Tallchief, Marjorie 429Talleyrand 27Tamaroa 147Tampa Bay 90Taovayas 46Tapscott, George 302Tatum, Laurie 179Tax Commission 290Taylor, N.G. 155T-Bone Hill 350Teague, Bertha Frank 431Tecumseh 74temperature 38Ten Bears 155,156,183Tennessee River 78term limits 401Terral-Ringgold Crossing 290territorial capital 210territorial government 208

territorial governor 211Territorial Guard 268terrorists 403Terry, Alfred 155Texaco 260Texas 34,132Texas Jack’s Wild West Circus

311Texas Longhorn 189Texas Panhandle 158textbook 273The Bowl 64third removal 73Third Seminole War 96Thomas, Heck 245,246Thomas, John R. 206Thompson, Wiley 94Thorpe, Jim 328Three Forks 34,51thunderbird 301Thunderbirds 325Tiger, Jerome 454Tilghman, Bill 246Tinker, Clarence L. 344Tinker Field 303Tisdale, Wayman 333toll bridge 292Tonkawa 148Topeka, Kansas 156topography 43tornado 38,397Townsites 177Towson, Nathan 36trade 34,46,48Trading Expeditions 31Trail of Tears 73,84,107,128Trapp, Martin E. 273,282Treaty at Doaksville 81Treaty at Payne’s Landing 93Treaty of 1817 85Treaty of Camp Moultrie 90Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek

70Treaty of Doak’s Stand 68Treaty of Doaksville 115Treaty of Fort Gibson 93Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

209Treaty of Indian Springs 76Treaty of New Echota

88,121,164,165Treaty of Pontotoc 81

Index 495

Treaty of San Ildefonso 27Treaty of Washington of 1866

164Treaty party 88Tribal Courts 200tribal customs 49tribal government 48Truman, Harry 346Truscott, Lucius K. 344Tsatoke, Monroe 454Tucker, Morgan 248Tule Lake 148Tulsa 137,167,393Tulsa Jack 246Tulsa race riot 276Tulsa Tribune 276Tulsey Town 137,138Turner Falls 42Turner, Harold L. 269Turner, Roy J. 347Turner Turnpike 347,353,354Turnpike Authority 347Tuscarora 146twin territories 226

U

Unassigned Lands 165,174,175,239

Ungerman, Irvine 370Union 133,139Uniroyal-Goodrich 385United Nations 350University Hospital 273University of Oklahoma 295,300Upper Creeks 74Upshaw, A.M.M. 82uranium 357Urschel, Charles 285U.S.S. Yorktown 344Ute 159

V

vaudeville 311Velez, Emma Yolanda 444Verdigris River 31Viet Cong 371,372Vietnam 365,447Vietnam Veterans Memorial 373Vietnam War 371Viking 18

W

Waco 153Walker, Eugene 248Wallace, D. J. 412Wallowaw Valley 149,151Walters, David 380,381,421Walton, John C. 275Walton, Jonh 280Wampanoag chief 61war 344War Department 158Ward, William 73Warner, “Pop” 329War of 1812 65War of the Rebellion 88war on terror 405Washington, George 62Washita River 157Waters, Clara 436Watson, Ed 250WCU 265Wea 147Webber’s Falls 28Webber’s Falls 132Webster, John. L. 187Weightman, George 246Welch, Earl 363Wentz, Lew 272,295We Seven 324Wesselhoft, Paul 403Western Apache 159Western Cherokees 65Western Trail 162West, “Little Dick” 246Wewoka 132Weyerhaeuser 385,395wheat 219,384,394wheel 25White Antelope 154White Bear 183White Eagle 192White Horse 182white settlement 175Wichita 153Wichita Mountains 46,201Wilburton 168,223Wild Bunch 245,249Wild Cat 95wildcatters 259Wild Mary Sudik 288Wilkinson, James 28,33Williamson, Mary Brown 229Williams, Robert L. 262

Willie and Joe 302Willis, Bill 456Will Rogers Says 308Will Rogers Turnpike 354Wilson, Alma 435Wilson, Charles Banks 451Winchester 245wind 39Winding Stair Mountain 18,39Winnett, Buddy 385Winnie Mae 318,320Wirth Brothers Circus 311Wolf’s Sleeve 155women 271Wood, Leonard 267wood reserve 222Woodward, Neil 326Worcester, Samuel 85,88,178Workensten, Bernard 395Working Class Union 265workmen’s compensation 272Works Projects Administration

299World Neighbors 444World Trade Center 403,404Worth, William J. 95Wright, Alfred 178Wright, Allen 207Wright, Muriel H. 456Wyandotte 147Wynkoop, Edward W. 181

Y

Yahooshin Snake 148Year of the Cutthroat Massacre

180Younger, Cole 199,249Youngers 285Younger’s Bend 199

Z

Ziegfeld 312Zudhi, Nazih 449

496 Credits

IllustrationsTitle page and page 401 Holly Baumann Photogra-phy 2012; Sharon Calhoun; Bob Daemmrich; J. V. Dedrick; C. S. Fly; Geostock; Gilcrease Museum (page 8, Stone Axe [Monolithic], Spiro, Mississippi-an period, 6125.18.910; page 286, Crucified Land oil by Alexander Hogue, 0127.2000; page 286, Scaffold Burial oil by Woody Crumbo, 0227.494; page 307, Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder oil by John Wesley Jarvis, 0126.1007-page 45; all from the collection of the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa); Hulton Getty; page 11, Illinois State Museum; Charles Ken-nedy; The King Center page 363; Herman J. Koko-jan; Robert Lindneux, page 56; W. H. Martin,;Carol Maws page 101; National Park Service; Joseph Nettis; Oklahoma Historical Society-4, 12, 19, 34, 35, 59, 80, 81, 91, 96, 107, 109, 111, 119, 129, 131, 133, 138, 143, 145, 146-147, 150, 153, 157, 164, 172, 173, 174, 181, 183, 185, 191, 195, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 209, 211, 212, 216, 219, 222, 224, 227, 229, 231, 232-233, 234, 238, 239, 246, 247, 248, 249, 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 266,

267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 275, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 287, 289, 291, 293, 295, 297, 300, 301, 305, 316, 319, 321, 330, 333, 335, 337, 338, 339, 345, 347, 349, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 361, 362, 365, 368, 374, 376, 390, 400, 401, 407, 408, 411, 415, 421, 422, 425, 429, 431, 432, 435, 437, 438; Fred Olds; Harvey Payne; Philbrook Art Museum; Page 32, Prairie Fire, © 1953, Francis Blackbear Bosin, Kiowa-Comanche, 1921-1980 Gouash on brown paper, Museum purchase, The Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1953.7; William S. Prettyman; Tom Quaid; Martin Rogers; Arthur Rothstein; L. S. Schoff; F. Schussler; Loren Snodgrass; Albert O. Tieman, page 47, Turner Entertainment, page 176; Henry M. Wantland; Charles Banks Wilson pages 5, 6, 7, 37, 54-55, 105, 126-127, 135, 162, 168, 178, 196-197, 214, 243, 298, 311, 329; Western His-tory Collections, University of Oklahoma, Page 12, 19, 34, 35; Woolarock Museum; Getty Images page 252-253, 378, 382, 384, 386, 387, 392, 403, 342-343, 366; Will Rogers Memorial page 309, 313, 315; NASA page 324, 325; Mona Marks, Atlatl