Oil Seeds, Crush and Refining

FEED and FOOD safety

Barry Brakenhoff

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- OilSeeds- Origin- Uses for the Oilseeds

- Uses for the Oilseeds Oil- Uses for the Oilseeds Meal- Food / Feedsafety

Agenda

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Cargill GOSCE focuses on the six major Grains & Oilseeds

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Sunflower Seed Rape Seed (Canola) Soya Bean

Wheat

Maize (Corn)

Barley

OILSEEDS

GRAINS

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Countries of origin Oilseeds

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Sunflower Seed Rape Seed (Canola) Soya Beans

OILSEEDS

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EenGoeBegIs hHal Wer

A Goo StaIs hThe Batt

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FEED FOOD Technical

Uses for Oilseeds

Uses for Oilseeds

Products made from / with Oilseeds

FOOD TECHNICAL FEED

Uses for Oilseeds

Products made from / with Oilseeds?

Did you think this?

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Uses for Oilseeds

Oilseeds are processed for production of FOOD products

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Oil42%

Meal (*)58%

Rape and Sun

Oil20%

Meal(*)80%

Soy

Uses of Oilseed Oil

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Oil42%

Meal (*)58%

Rape and Sun Oil

Oil20%

Meal(*)80%

Soy Oil

Uses of Oilseed Oil

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Main use Seed Oils in Feed Stuffs

Crude Rapeseed Oil Aqua feed

Crude Sunflower Oil Poultry feed

Crude soybean Oil Poultry feed / Dairy feed

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58%

42%

Rape and Sun Meal

Meal (*)

Oil80%

20%

Soy Meal

Uses of Oilseed Meal

>80% FEEDSome FoodSome Tech

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Feed safety

1kg Beef

3kg Pork

5kg Chicken

10 Kg of Feed results in:

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Soy Meal63%

Rape and Sun Meal

25%

Others12%

Sources of Protein in Feed

Source: Fevac.eu

Oilseed meals are the main source of protein in feedstuffs

Sources of Protein in Feed

Here are your oilseeds again!

Food / Feed safety of Oilseeds/products

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Most important hazards OilseedsRISK OIL MEAL By Products

Pesticides X (crude) X

PAH4/BaP X (refined) X

Bacteria (salmonella)

X

Dioxins / PCB’s If coconut Coconut and FAD

Mineral Oil X X

GMO X X X

In depth incoming raw material risk assessment is advised, combined withgood process knowledge, in order to assure food/feed safe products.

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Raw material material risk assessment

Adjustment of

Combine Harvester

Previous crop Tillage Cultivar

(seeds)

Fungicides

Storage - Elevators

FOODFEED

+ if MAIZE- if WHEAT or OILSEEDS

VARIETIES - or + SENSITIVE

more dust & admixture= more mycotoxins

Field

Use of fungicide at right time minimize mycotoxins spread

+ if NO TILLAGE- if TILLAGE

CUSTOMERS

Mycotoxins

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• Knowledge of the practices and local requirements in the supply chain

• Data such as monitoring results

• Product characteristics, change in (GMO) varieties

• Climate circumstances (e.g. aflatoxin, wet means drying, etc)

Raw material risk assessment based on

HIGH RISK

MEDIUM

LOW RISK

This means:Risks may vary from year to year(crop to crop)

Pesticides / Chemicals

Fertilizer

Herbicide

Insecticide

Fungicide

• Fertilizer• Treated seeds: Insecticide + Fungicide• Insecticide for bottom insects• Herbicide: weeds

• Herbicide: Generiek•Fungicide: Fusarium, Eyespot

•Fertilizor: Nitrogen

•Insecticide: At aphid contamination Fungicide: Septoria treatment

Herbicide: weeds •fertilizer: Foliar •Insecticide: Sesamia/PyraleMais

Fungicide: Flag leaf protection

Herbicide: Drying of the product before harvest

Pesticides (limits)

http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/

Pesticides (oil seeds)

The majority of the pesticides we find (in oil seeds / oil)

are:

Lipophilic / Fat Soluble (F)

and are hardly solvable in water.

Water solvable pesticides are normally flushed away by

rain before the harvest. If present they will end up in the

meals (and sometimes in the oil)

Pesticides Transfer

5x 2,5x

Oil seed or fruit

Oil % Transfer factor

Palm fruit 50-55 2

Cocos 20 5

Palm kernel 45 2

Rapeseed 40-45 2,5

Sunflower 40-45 2,5

Soy 19 5

20% oil

Soybean

42% oil

Rape&

Sun

If there is (F) mentioned(* And if the P Log > 3 ( in limited countries an accepted method)

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Pesticides Transfer QUIZ

Soy Bean Oil Rape Seed Oil

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Pesticides (limits)GORBE Product Assurance Team

20% oil

Soy

42% oilRape

MRL of Chlorpyrifos in oilseeds is 0,05 mg/kg

0,125 mg/kg0,250 mg/kg

5x 2,5x

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• One of the most common contaminants found in extracted

rapeseed, soya and sunflower oils

• PAH4 and BaP contamination usually comes from the exhaust

residues of poorly maintained direct heat grain dryers, or

dryers using dirty fuels such as heavy fuel oil or diesel

PAH4

Poorly maintained burners often burn with a yellow flame, showing incomplete oxidation of the fuel and causing additional contaminants in the exhaust gasesIn (old fashioned) grain dryers pass the burner exhaust gasses directly through the grains and seeds

PAH4

• PAH4 is group of 4 types of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Benzo(a)pyrene

• Chrysene

• Benzo(a)antracene

• Benzo(b) fluoranthene

The sum of above is called “PAH4“

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PAH4

Food stuffs:

PAH4 as a group in food products is 10 µg/kg

And there is a separate limit for BaP: 2 µg/kg

Feed stuffs:

There is no official limit, but GMP+ has the following limits:

Product Action limit Rejection limit

Oils and fats (excluding palm(kernel)-,

coconutoil and products derived thereof)

Palm(kernel)-, coconutoil and and

products derived thereof)

160 µg/kg

320 µg/kg

200 µg /kg

400 µg/kg

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Feed safety Bacteria / Salmonella

• 2300 strains of salmonella have been identified but only a few cause problems in humans

• 40% of food poisoning outbreaks are caused by salmonella

Salmonalla is not a problem in oil, but a problem in meal

• Feed limits:Absent in 25 grams

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Dioxins and PCB’s

The source of dioxins :- Byproducts of PCB production- Waste incineration- Formed by burning hydrocarbons and chloride

PCB’s were used in the past as cooling and insulating fluid for industrial transformers and capacitors

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Dioxins and PCB’s (Limits)

Food WHO-TEQ

0,75 pg/g

and for feed is

WHO-TEQ 0,75 ng/kg

0,00000000075 g/kg

0,00000000000075 g/g

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Dioxins(Limits)

Undesirable substances Action threshold Maximum content

Dioxins (1) 0,5 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture

content of 12 %

0,75 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a

moisture content of 12 %

Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCB’s (2) // 1,5 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture

content of 12 %

Dioxin-like PCB’s (3) 0,5 ng/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture

content of 12 %

Non-Dioxin-like PCB’s (4) 10 000 ppt (10 ppb)

= 10 µg/kg relative to a feedingstuff with a

moisture content of 12 %

(1) Dioxins = sum of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), expressed as World Health Organisation (WHO) toxic equivalent using the WHO-toxic equivalency factors (WHO-TEFs, 2005) (2) sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs = sum of PCDDs, PCDFs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), expressed as WHO toxic equivalent using the WHO-TEFs (toxic equivalency factors, 2005)(3) DL PCB’s = sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), expressed as WHO toxic equivalent using the WHO-TEFs (toxic equivalency factors, 2005)(4) Non-DL PCB’s = sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 (ICES-6)

Feed based on 12% moisture

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PCB’s(Limits)

Food: PCB 10: 40 ng/g = 40 µg/kg

Feed:

d: PCB 10: 40 ng/g = 40 µg/kg

– Feed:

Action limit Rejection limit

Non-dioxin-like PCBs (sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180

Dioxin-like PCBs

Sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs 18 (sum of polychlorinated dibenzo- para-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

10 µg/kg

0,5 ng/kg

1,5 ng/kg

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• Moulds and fungi

Often found in cereal grains (and in lesser

extent oilseeds), while not toxic themselves, are often able to produce toxic by-products (mycotoxins)

• Naturally occurring poisons

Found in some weed seeds such as

ambrosia*, mustard, cotton, datura etc

Mycotoxines / Natural Poisons

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• Moulds and fungi e.g. AflatoxinLimits in Feed: (EU) 574/2011 / 2002/32/EC:

0,02 mg/kg

GMP+ dairy farmer : 0,005 mg/kg

• Naturally occurring poisonsLimits: Most of the cases not detectable

Mycotoxines / Natural Poisons (Limits)

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Mercury(Hg), Cadmium (Cd),

Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As)

From environmental contamination (field)

Or by admixture e.g. adding soil (adding weight)

Feed limits

Hg (0,1 mg/kg),

Cd (1 mg/kg),

Pb (10 mg/kg),

As (2 mg/kg)

Heavy metals

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Oil, grease and fuel contamination

• Oilseeds are particularly high risk

as contaminating oil, grease and

fuel will get extracted into the

finished oil products

• Mineral oils, greases and fuels

could contain dioxins, heavy

metals and polychlorinated

biphenyls (PCBs) which are all

highly carcinogenic

• US uses mineral oils for dust

suppression on the soybeans

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Ukraine Sun Flower oil:

Sat C10-C56 from external sources

Max 50 mg/kg ((EC)1151/2009)

Repealed by EC 853/2014

Other vegetable oils:

Hydrocarbons C10-C40:

400 mg/kg (GMP+)

Current attention of media.

Oil, grease and fuel contamination (limits)

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• GM varieties of rape (canola), soy beans, mais / corn

are being grown throughout the world

• Control of these crops at the farm level (outside US) is

often poor

• Many food products in the EU are sold as

containing no GM material

• Most of the soy imported in the EU is GMO

GMO

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• In Europe the legal limit for approved GM ‘inclusion’ is

0.9% and grains with a level greater than this must be

labelled as GM

• Labelling required for all products containing >0,9%

GMO

Whole seeds need to be labelled with

GMO type e.g. MON-Ø4Ø32-6, not

Products made made from these

GMO products

GMO (Limits)

Questions?