OH UNCLASSIFED EhhmOhmhiOMmlN · Masterson at HQ USAF/LEY and Mr. John Tirpack, PRAM at...

AD-A35 608 ANATTIUDE SURVEY ANALYSISOCONUSAIR FORCE JEF - 1 3PROPULSION TECHNICINNS..U) AIR FORCE INS 0F TECHWRIOHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL FSS.

UNCLASSIFED MA MDA TAL SEP 83 AFI-SSR-10-83 FOS5/O N

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19. 136. -

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTkATrOkAL. BuR(AU OF. STAkOAROS 1963 A

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OCF

AN ATTITUDE SURVEY ANALYSIS OF CONUSAIR FORCE JET PROPULSIONTECHNICIANS TOWARDS THE

WARRANTED TOOLP ROG RAM

Marilyn A. Miday, Captain, USAFJames D. Worthy, GS-12

LSSR 110-83

DrlcEECTE

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

_AIR UNIVERSITYE

"AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

f Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

tIl'% vl'vea'. NU 1 ,L vj 83 12 09 129

AN ATTITUDE SURVEY ANALYSIS OF CONUSAIR FORCE JET PROPULSIONTECHNICIANS TOWARDS THE

WARRANTED TOOLPROGRAM

Marilyn A. Miday, Captain, USAFJames D. Worthy, GS-12

LSSR 110-83

. it If.

' ,:

The contents of the document are technically accurate, andno sensitive items, detrimental ideas, or deleteriousinformation are contained therein. Furthermore, the viewsexpressed in the document are those of the author(s) and donot necessarily reflect the views of the School of Systemsand Logistics, the Air University, the Air Training Command,the United States Air Force, or the Department of Defense.

Acceonsgon For

J:'. f .

K 1I- 1' r ' r !

' :£

" . ,.Sn

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASS-FIC-ATION OF THIS -4G (hen flate lntterd)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE C01,1PLETING FORM

1. RE1PORT NUMOER 2. GOVT ACCFSSION NO 3. PECI'FOT'i CATALOG NUMBER

LSSR 110-83 A D-/ G CPO-4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYFE -F REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

AN ATTITUDE SURVEY ANALYSIS OF CONUS AIRFORCE JET PROPULSION TECHNICIANS TOWARDS Master's ThesisTHE WARRANTED TOOL PROGRAM 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(e) S. CONI RACT ORl GRANT NUMBER(.)

Marilyn A. Miday, Captain, USAFJames D. Worthy, GS-12, USAF

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORESS 10. PPOGPAM $ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK

School of Systems and Logistics APEA A WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Air Force Institute of Technology, WPAFBO1

II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO ADDRESS 1i. REPORT DATEDepartment of Communication, AFIT/LSH September 1983WPAFB OH 45433 1s. NUMBER FI PAGES

25214. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(II different from Controllind Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

UNCLASSIFIEDIS&. OECLASSI FICATION, DOWNGRAOING

SCH EDULE

IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abetred entered In Block 20. It different from Report)

19. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

zaw JnIW7L Jl F~ut orce Imtte at Tscl:Aology (ATC) .-

Jl'tkllAGI-Pmma AnI on 4544

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on r-ever*@ side II neceesary and Identify by block number)

Hand Tools Maintenance BehaviorAttitude Propulsion Jet EnginesSmall Tools Maintenance Equipment Jet PropulsionWarranty Maintenance Personnel Guarantee

20. ABSTRACT (Continue on rev.erse aide If neceesay and IdeitlOf by block number)

Thesis Chairman: Anthony S. Babiarz, Major, USAF

DD , O 1473 EDITION O' 1NOV45 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATIN OF THIS PAGE (Whien Dte Entered)

UNCLASS IFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(10,. Deta Enste)e

Recently more emphasis has been placed on using life-cycle costs,availability, and reliability concepts for procuring items. Oneset of such items, identified by Headquarters Strategic AirCommand as needing incorporation of these concepts, is the handtools used by aircraft technicians. Air Force Logistics Manage-ment Center (AFLMC) project number 780205 tested the use oflong-term warranted nonpowered, nonedged hand tools, Federal StockClass 5120, in CONUS Air Force jet propulsion shops. Part of theevaluation of this Warranted Tool Program (WTP) involved analyzingthe technicians' attitudes toward the quality of the tools pro-vided. This thesis analyzes those attitudes by evaluating thecollected data from the AFLMC questionnaire and this researchteam's telephone interviews. The statistical methods employedwere the Paired-T Test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Cross-tabulation, and Frequency. The results indicated overall approvalof the WTP. A significant difference in attitudes of techniciansbased on Major Command and whether the base was north or south of180 North latitude were noted. Senior technicians also expressed'attitudes significantly different from the lesser experiencedworkers. A brief background of the hand tool quality problem,the results of the analysis, and recommendations are presented.

UNCLASSIFIED

. . .. .. . . i, , ' . . . -. . . II I II I-_-

LSSR 110-83

AN ATTITUDE SURVEY ANALYSIS OF CONUS AIR

FORCE JET PROPULSION TECHNICIANS

TOWARDS THE WARRANTED

TOOL PROGRAM

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the School of Systems and Logistics

of the Air Force Institute of Technology

Air University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for'the

Degree of Master of Science in Logistics Management

By

Marilyn A. Miday, BSEd James D. Worthy, BBACaptain, USAF GS-12

September 1983

Approved for public release;distribution unlimited

f * ;

This thesis, written by

Captain Marilyn A. Miday

and

Mr. James D. Worthy

has been accepted by the undersigned on behalf of thefaculty of the School of Systems and Logistics in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

DATE: 28 September 1983

Co CHIRM

I ii

"iE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sincere appreciation is extended to all those who

contributed to the completion of this thesis. A special

thanks to Captain Travis M. Wheeler at AFLMC, Gunter AFS,

Alabama, who provided the topic and constant guidance. The

section on past technicians' attitudes owes its strength to

the much appreciated support from Brigadier General Gordon P.

Masterson at HQ USAF/LEY and Mr. John Tirpack, PRAM at

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. The statistical analysis could

not have been completed without the able and patient guidance

of Major Joseph Coleman, AFIT/EN. Our indebtedness to him

cannot be measured, only acknowledged.

Special thanks go to Connie Pavliga for her technical

expertise and swiftness in the typing of this thesis.

Our most heartfelt gratitude to the one person who

provided the much needed and timely stimulus and guidance,

Major Anthony S. Babiarz.

Finally, we wish to express our sincere appreciation

to our families for their understanding, sacrifice, and

encouragement during the long hours required for this research

effort.

i iii

r4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... ................. iii

LIST OF TABLES ...... .................. xi

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION ......... ................ 1

Definitions ......... ............... 2

Tool Specifications ...... .......... 2

Warranties ......... ............... 4

Advantages of Warranties .... ....... 6

Disadvantages of Warranties...... 6

Attitudes of Maintenance Personnel ... 8

Problem Statement ...... ............ 10

Background ........ ................ 10

Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR) ... 11

Composite Tool Kit (CTK) .......... . 12

* Economic Analysis .. ........... .14

The Warranted Tool Program (WTP) . . 15

Justification .... ............ .. 17

Scope ........ .. .................. 18

Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses . 19

iv

CHAPTER Page

II. METHODOLOGY .. ............. . 23

Introduction .. ................. 23

Universe......................23

Population,......... ......... 24

Sampling Methods......... ....... 24

AFLMC Survey,....................24

Telephone Interview. ..... ........... 26

Instruments..................27

AFLMC Survey.. ............... 27

Telephone Interview. ............. 28

Instructions to Branch Chief. .. ..... 29

Instructions to Subjects. .. ....... 30

Statistical Techniques.. ........... 30

Data Preparation .. ............. 30

Statistical Methods. ............... 31

Paired T-Test.... ........... 33

Analysis of Variance, ANOVA.........34

CROSSTABS. ................. 35

Frequencies....... ............. 36

Telephone Interviews.. ........... 36

Assumptions and Limitations .. ........ 37

Assumptions. ................ 37

Limitations........ ... 38

I v

CHAPTER Page

III. DATA ANALYSIS .................... 39

Introduction .................... 39

AFLMC Survey .................... 39

objectivel1...................40

Null Hypothesis. ............... 40

Test. ....................... 40

Results .................... 40

objective 2.....................41


Test. ..................... 41

Results....................42

objective 3...................43


Test. ..................... 43

Results .................... 43

objective 4...................44


Test. ..................... 44

Results....................45

objective 5...................45


Test. ..................... 45

Results .................. 46

I vi

CHAPTER Page

Objective 6.................46

Null Hypothesis. ............. 46

Test. ................... 46

Results..................46

Objective 7.................47


Test. ................... 47

Results..................47

objective 8.................48


Test. ................... 48

Results..................48

CROSSTABS .................. 48

Frequencies.................49

Survey Comments................49

Telephone Interview. ............. 65

objective 9.................66


Test. ................... 66

Results..................66

objective 10 ................. 66


Test. ................... 67

Results..................67

vii

CHAPTER Page

Objective 1............... 67


Test. ................... 67

Results .................. 67

Objective 12 ................. 68


Test. .................

Results .................. 68

Objective 13 ................. 68


Test. ................... 69

Results .................. 69

Objective14 ................. 69


Test. ................... 69

Results .................. 69

IV. CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION, ANDRECOMMENDATIONS................70

Introduction .................. 70

Conclusions .................. 71

AFLMC Questionnaire ... ........... 71

Objective 1................71

objective 2................71

Objective 3................72

Objective 4................72

viii

CHAPTER Page

objective 5................73

objective 6................73

objective 7................73

objective 8................73

Telephone Interview. ............ 74

Objective 9................74

objective 10 ................ 74

objective 11 ................. 74

objective12 ................. 75

objective13 ................ 75

objective14 ................ 75

Discussion ................... 76

Recommendations................79

For the WTP.................79

For Future Research. ............ 80

APPENDICES.......................81

A. DEFINITIONS ................... 82

B. SPECIFICATIONS .................. 84

C. POPULATION BASES. ............... 117

D. AFLMC SAMPLE BASES. ............... 125

E. NORTH/SOUTH LISTING ............... 128

F. TELEPHONE SURVEY SAMPLE BASES. ....... 130

G. AFLMC SURVEY. .................. 132

H. TELEPHONE QUESTIONNAIRE ............. 138

ix

APPENDICES Page

I. COMPUTER PRINTOUTS .................. 141

J. AFLMC SURVEY DATA..................219

K. ACRONYMS......................230

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY...................232

A. REFERENCES CITED..................233

B. RELATED SOURCES..................234

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE AUTHORS. ........... 236

It / .- -- - - --. -x --

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Warranted Tool User Survey Responses ..... . 25

2. Variable Pairings and HypothesesAFLMC Survey ..... ................ . 32

3. Variable and Hypotheses Telephone Interview. . 37

4. ANOVA Difference Computation .. ......... . 41

5. Experience ...... .................. . 42

6. Major Command Segments ............ 43

7. Affected Commands ..... ............... . 44

8. Crosstabs ETA ..... ................ 50

9. User Survey Question Analysis ........... ... 51

10. Summary of AFLMC Survey Comments ....... 63

xi

- I--l-&

In

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The Department of Defense (DOD) complex continuously

seeks to achieve fiscal responsibility for every purchase

made. Each service, down to its smallest component, scru-

tinizes all areas of their budget to encourage cost-effective

buys. Under today's austere budgeting, all organizations

must cut costs in every way possible. Today, nearly 80

percent of the total life-cycle cost of an Air Force weapon

system results from the maintenance and operational support

cost. A large proportion of the maintenance budget is

* expended on hand tools which, to date, have not shown the

desired reliability. The tools appear to be of poor quality

and design which, in turn, contributes to premature tool

failure, equipment damage and, at times, injury to maintenance

personnel. According to Hauck and Herndon, two major factors

have contributed to this problem:

1. The General Services Administration's (GSA)

Quality Deficiency Reporting System for hand tools has been

ineffective.

2. Federal hand tool specifications designed to

control the quality of hand tools are voluminous, costly to

administer and, in some cases, outdated (6:12).

He . ... II I a1

This problem of hand tool deficiencies in Air Force

maintenance organizations has existed for more than twenty

years. Then, in 1978, the Strategic Air Command (SAC)

requested an investigation into hand tool quality after

technicians throughout the command complained of breakage

and tool failure. With the current trend of putting more

emphasis on total cost and reliability concepts, new views

of tool specifications and warranties have developed.

Definitions

Tool Specifications

The DOD refers to a specification as ".. . a document

intended primarily for use in procurement [11:9]," indicating

DOD's emphasis on the buyers' needs. On the other hand, the

National Bureau of Standards views its use in procurement or

manufacturing with the buyer and seller considered. The

following review of a specification development for Government

procurement shows the impact of the difference. A specifica-

tion aims to adequately state the requirements defined by

the "... characteristics which the item must possess to

meet the needs of the purchaser [11:10]." Examples include

size, weight, length, specific type (such as standard, six-

inch, woodhandle screwdriver). Reliability, maintainability,

and availability requirements are also stated.

2

.. .. -------.- -- • -_____--_____ f "

--

A significant problem encountered is the large amount

of specifications in the system. For example, in Federal

Stock Class (FSC) 5120, nonpowered, nonedged hand tools,

there are 315 specifications supporting 55,072 National

Stock Numbers (NSN), indicating that the system is in need

of overhaul (6:16). In addition, the complexity of the

specifications has resulted in difficulty in finding manu-

facturers willing to bid on items of this nature or in

bids that are within acceptable cost parameters (11:13).

For example, Federal Specification GGGW 1437 (Appendix B)

calls for stronger forging practices for wrenches than

commercial manufacturers are currently using. If a manu-

facturer followed the above specification, it would result

in a special production run to satisfy one customer, the

Federal Government, who may or may not be a customer the

following year (7). Keep in mind that the Government

accounts for only 2 percent of commercial tool companies'

business (22:22). If a company has to retool just to meet

Government specifications, it incurs higher costs. Compound

this with the fact that Government contracts are typically

short-term and one sees that it can be a prohibitive proposi-

tion for business. Because the DOD has viewed specifications

only from the purchaser's vantage point, it has incurred

increased difficulty in acquiring the best, cost-effective

buys.

3

In a move away from the ". . . outdated and

inappropriate Federal specifications . . . [6:i]," the GSA

Tools Commodity Center (the central procurement agency for

all DOD hand tools) is developing Commercial Item Descriptors

(CIDs) or using ". . . typical commercial specifications

for off-the-shelf tool items [6:ii]." One such attempt is

the use of Aerospace Standard (AS) 954A covering sockets,

box end wrenches, and similar tools (Appendix B), which is

geared toward improving Federal Specification GGGW 1437 (7).

While this ensures more competition and thereby lower costs

for hand tools, there is still no guarantee the tools will

meet the needs of the users (6:26). Could warranties be

the answer?

Warranties

A warranty is a ". . . contractual obligation that

provides for a contractor to satisfy a system's field

operational objectives (1:3-211." While the warranty

obligates the contractor, it also specifies the limitations

of the contractor's liability. In essence, the warranty

specifies what the contractor is and is not liable for. A

warranty need not be spelled out in the contract (21:6).

The Defense Acquisition Regulation (DAR) states that

a warranty is a promise or affirmationgiven by a seller to a purchaser regarding thenature, usefulness, or condition of the suppliesor performance of services to be furnished [20:55].

4

#PI

The former takes the seller into consideration by including

the concept of incentives. The buyer's view comprises the

entire DAR definition. The importance of this distinction

will be seen when the advantages of warranties are discussed

later.

The Uniform Commercial Code further delineates

warranty into types: implied and expressed. Implied warranty

encompasses "merchantability" and "fitness for purpose" of

the item sold. The first states the item ". . . shall be of

the general kind described . . . [5:3]," and the latter covers

items that "... shall be reasonably fitted for the purpose

[5:3]." Expressed warranty refers to a ". . . promise made

by the seller to the buyer and relating to the goods [5:3]."

Two evident distinctions of expressed warranty involve com-

mercial warranty and DOD expressed warranty. Commercial

warranty refers to "warranties with a purchaser other than

the Government." Warranties considered as DOD expressed

comply with DARs (5:3). Lifetime warranties fit into the

expressed commercial category. Captain Jack L. Grubb's

master's thesis points out industrial warranty as another

type, defined as ". . . an obligation of the seller to the

buyer with respect to title, quality, state of past or future

performability of goods sold or to be sold [5:1]." With the

buyer and the seller working with different ideas of what a

warranty is, there is bound to be confusion and misunderstand-

ings.

5

I... .

Advantages of Warranties. The reason any consumer

would desire a warranty is evident; in general, a warranty

guarantees that the item purchased will work as promised. A

warranty offers a guarantee that the seller will stand behind

the product and will assume at least part of the risk should

the product fail to perform as stated. The risk, of course,

is generally limited to the loss of the investment in the

product. Another important reason a warranty is desirable

is that it provides an added incentive for the manufacturer

to increase the quality and, therefore, the reliability of

his products. It also gives the buyer time to uncover

latent defects. The Government enjoys two other advantages.

One relates to the sovereignty of the Government, implying

that the Government sets the conditions for doing business.

The other involves the Government's right to inspect and

still be covered by the warranty should the item break

after acceptance, even if the defect could not be discovered

during reasonable inspection (5.12). Note that there are

responsibilities the user must fulfill as well as the

seller.

Disadvantages of Warranties. Past problems in

warranty management include lack of knowledge by those

responsible for implementing procedures, vague guidance,

lack of compliance with established procedures, and a per-

ception that warranties are not worth the time, effort, and4 6

II°

• I

expense (3:5). These problems, identified over the past ten

years by various researchers and investigative agencies, are

still prevalent today (19:1-17). Current DARs require a

contracting officer to price every aspect of a procurement

(16). Because the supplier may incur costs under a warranty

at a later date that are beyond manufacturing and distribution

costs, these costs are incorporated into the initial cost

of the item (10:2).

The problem is not only one of a higher initial

cost but, also, of the difficulty in determining what that

cost should be.

In the majority of cases, Government procure-ment officers cannot determine how much a warrantyis costing, because most manufacturers considerwarranty costs to be proprietary information andwill not divulge it [8:141.

Because it is "impossible to accurately evaluate the risks

to the contractors," one study suggests that products not

"pushing the state-of-the-art are unsuited" for warranties

based on long-term reliability (15:22). Another negative

aspect looks at transition costs for switching to and track-

ing of warranted items (8:16). Coupled with that is the

prospect of increased paperwork necessary for item management

(8:16). One study contends that the extra administrative

work required of the owning unit has caused the traditionally

poor reception within the military units (8:16).

1 7

' 4,4s

The impact of the disadvantages depends on the

management of the program. By considering the total cost and

reliability concepts during the formulation of specifications,

warranties, and, finally, the purchase contract, the concerns

over cost elements may be lessened. While some additional

paperwork will be required, it is believed that, in the Air

Force, warranted items will be accepted (11:20).

Attitudes of Maintenance Personnel

An attitude is defined as ". . . an organismic

state of readiness to respond in a characteristic way to a

stimulus [17:73]." Whether our reaction is positive or

negative depends on how we perceive the stimulus. A descrip-

tion of past attitudes of personnel toward their tools

would have to include frustration and dissatisfaction,

indicating an overall negative attitude. Most mechanics

take as much pride in their hand tools as they do in their

work. In this case, the higher quality hand tools would be

the stimulus. The quality tools would cause the maintenance

personnel to have a more positive outlook toward their work,

resulting in increased morale and higher quality maintenance.

One SAC Chief Master Sergeant, Charles L. Reynolds, contends

that the Warranted Tool Program will have a ".. . positive

influence on morale and attitudes of our maintenance

personnel [12:14]." The chief also referenced "knuckle

busters," injury to fingers and knuckles from tools slipping

8

-- ~ ~ ..... ...... ... .. .... I. ..

I!

when pressure is applied, as a common source of past frustra-

tions. The poor quality of the hand tools and their subse-

quent failure under use were the culprits (12:14). Mr. John

Tirpack, the Propulsion Branch Chief of the Productivity,

Reliability, and Maintainability (PRAM) office at Wright-

Patterson Air Force Base, found that the mechanics in the

field, concerned over the quality of their tools and atuned

to the ever-present cost considerations, experienced a

feeling of going "up against a stonewall" when seeking

hand tool improvements. The blame was placed on "the

system [14)."

Brigadier General Gordon P. Masterson, Headquarters

USAF/LEY (Supply and Maintenance) attributed the formation

of the attitudes to the procurement policy of ".. . buying

tools with what money was left . . . [9]" and failure to

take advantage of commercial warranties. This caused concern

on the part of the technician because he or she could have

tools ranging from good to unsatisfactory. It appeared that

tool selection was random and, as a result, each tool became

an unknown in the performance of tasks. According to General

Masterson, this in essence said to the technician, ". . . we

set high quality standards, but provide you with junk

tools [9]."

9

Problem Statement

In 1978, the Director of Aircraft Maintenance,

Strategic Air Command (SAC), identified hand tool quality as

a problem ". . . has caused considerable concern throughout

our command [11:4]." A survey conducted by the Air Force

Logistics Management Center (AFLMC) confirmed that the

problem also exists in the other commands, the Air National

Guard, the Air Force Reserve, and even the Army and Navy

(11:4). After conducting a study of procurement procedures,

field tool management, and the material deficiency reporting

system, the AFLMC established a test program involving CONUS

Air Force jet engine shops. These shops will use the newly

procured, long-term warranted hand tools. The main thrust

of this thesis centers on an analysis of the attitude survey

distributed to Air Force jet propulsion technicians in the

United States to determine the acceptance of the lifetime

warranted hand tools program.

Background

AFLMC started the requested investigation into poor

hand tool quality by studying the contributing factors of

the problem: the Federal specifications, GSA hand tool

quality, the Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR) system, and

the Consolidated Tool Kit program. As noted earlier, the

effect of numerous, detailed and often outdated Federal

specifications used by GSA resulted in a reluctance of

10

manufacturers to ". . produce products within acceptable

cost constraints [6:26]." Attempts to correct the problem

include reviewing the specifications and incorporating

commercial "off-the-shelf" hand tools and using CIDs (6:ii).

However, AFLMC found the items obtained by GSA ". . . -- not

always meet user needs [6:26]." Nor do they include life-

time warranted tools (6:i). Throughout this thesis, the

term, GSA supplied tools, refers to tools procured under this

policy.

Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR)

The procedures for reporting defective tools is

established in Air Force.Regulation (AFR) 74-6 and Technical

Order (TO) 00-35D-54. An examination of the QDR system

brought out several areas of weakness. Ideally, when a

technician has discovered a defective tool, a Sta:3.rd Form

(SF) 368 is filed in accordance with TO 00-35D-Si. Next,

the SF 368 is forwarded for review to the Air Force Item

Manager (IM), who then sends it to GSA. Then, the Air Force

IM must provide an answer to the sender within sixty days

(13). GSA conducts laboratory testing on the same type tool

from the same lot buy. Only after a deficiency is confirmed

is any corrective action taken to include reimbursement to

the using organization submitting the SF 368 (6:8). It was

discovered that 80 percent of the forms never went beyond the

Air Force IM because of administrative errors (6:11). Failure

)1

-4

to 'include required information such as contract, purchase

order, or document numbers led to the automatic closing of the

investigation. Those required numbers are not available to

the maintenance technician or the base supply personnel

(6:11). In addition, the GSA allows reimbursements only for

those items priced at twenty-five dollars or more; only 13

percent of the reported defective hand tools fell in this

category (6:9,12). The time span between the turn-in of a

broken tool and the reimbursement to the unit has an effect

on motivation for compliance of deficiency reporting,

particularly when the technician does not see the pay-back

(8:16). Because of these weaknesses in the QDR system, most

maintenance personnel do not feel it is worth the "hassle" to

file an SF 368 (8:19).

Composite Tool Kit (CTK)

The management of tools in operational units is under

the relatively new Consolidated Tool Kit (CTK) program. Prior

to CTK, hand tools were issued to maintenance personnel upon

arrival to the unit and returned at the individual's end of

tour. Each individual had the responsibility of maintaining

the same number and type of tools as received throughout the

tour. Should one of the tools break, the technician would

turn in that one and receive a new one from the tool crib;

records of replacement or breakage were kept. Worse yet was

the practice by some, according to Major Reyer's research

12

. I

-'. .. - n -l l--"

(11:1), of "scrounging" from another worker's tool box. As

a consequence, control and accounting procedures were prac-

tically nonexistent, causing ever-climbing tool costs.

In 1971, the United States Air Force implemented the

CTK concept originated by the United Kingdom's Royal Air

Force. The four basic concepts forming the core of the

program are:

1. Tools for several technicians are consolidated

into a single tool kit.

2. Tools are arranged in an orderly manner with a

specific location for each tool, either on a shadow board or

in a box, with inlays of plastic or foam.

3. Tools are inventoried frequently to maintain

accountability, which reduces the incidence of foreign object

damage (FOD).

4. Functional area managers assume a large share of

the responsibility of tool control (15:22).

Captain Hauck reports ". . . by 1976, CTKs were widely used

in aircraft maintenance and reports of cost savings into the

hundreds of thousands of dollars have been common [4:21]."

In surveys conducted in 1973 and 1975, the attitude of the

maintenance personnel swung from 69 percent preferring

individual tool boxes to 62 percent favoring the CTKs (6:3).

Maintenance organizations soon realized the benefits

of the program. A reduced inventory created more space,

1 13iI

lessened the weight of some kits, and simplified control

procedures; accountability improved. This program, however,

highlighted another problem. Because each tool was being

used more often, tool failures increased. Due to increased

supervisory involvement and improved inventory practices,

this problem received proper attention. SAC, in particular,

felt the impact as evidenced by the following partial quote

from the Director of Maintenance's letter to AFLMC:

The quality of hand tools being procured forAir Force use has caused considerable concernthroughout our command--especially at the levelof the user where specific tech order torque/stressrequirements exist for the application and removalof component parts, instruments, etc. Too fre-quently there is a great deal of breakage or toolfailure indicating either the tool did not meetthe required tool specifications, or the toolspecifications did not meet the job requirements.In the past, we have bought quantity at thecheapest cost. Now, with improved tool control,reduced tool authorizations, and increased utiliza-tion of each tool possessed as a result of theConsolidated Tool Kit Program, we urge a comprehen-sive evaluation of the cost impact of purchasing

* quality tools versus the economy of purchasing lowbid contract tools [11:4].

Economic Analysis

The AFLMC study found that the specifications and

QDR system were both ineffective for hand tool assurance.

It also verified the problem existed Air Force-wide. To pro-

vide accurate data for the next step, economic analysis,

actual hand tool failure data was collected from twenty-five

stateside Air Force jet engine shops. Captain Wheeler (20:23)

14

L

cited the workload and "crucial application placed on hand

tools" as reasons for choosing the jet propulsion shop.

Other reasons listed in the January 17, 1983 issue of the

Air Force Times (4:6) pointed to the requirements for tools

that ". . can deal with high torques, tight accesses, high

heat and corrosion [4:6]."

In eight months of data collection, 5,010 hand tools

failed. Of these, just fifty-four types of hand tools were

responsible for 42 percent of the failure (20:3). Because

the main disadvantage to long-term warranted tools is the

high initial investment cost, an economic life-cycle cost

analysis to determine pay-back periods of the collected data

was performed. The comparison between 186 SNAP-ON tools and

similar GSA tools indicated thirty-five of the SNAP-ON

tools had five years or less pay-back periods (20:24). An

estimated $2 million per year, after pay-back, could be saved,

compared to the current replacement cost of $8.2 million per

year for the Air Force (6:40).

The Warranted Tool Program (WTP)

Recommendations were made to replace selected GSA

tools with lifetime warranted hand tools (20:24). In

coordination with HQ USAF/LEY (Maintenance and Supply) and

GSA, AFLMC developed a test program. Guidelines stipulated

that no more than one hundred hand tool types would be

involved and, because of cost, only one Air Force shop

specialty in the United States was eligible (20:24). Next,

15

9 *

D 0 'I

solicitation for warranted tools without the typical hassles

of Federal specifications, metallurgical testing, and sampling

was put before the tool industry. A guarantee to purchase a

minimum quantity of each item was proposed by the Air Force.

An additional enticement of an incentive for longer warranty

periods was offered, implying that longer warranties mean

better quality (20:24). Of the five responding companies,

GSA made final negotiations with two--SNAP-ON Tool Corpora-

tion and Fraunholtz Tool Company (20:24).

The SNAP-ON Tool Corporation offers an indefinite

commercial warranty for its top-of-the-line hand tools with

on-base exchange procedures. However, not all locations

will have a representative on base; some will exchange during

the representatives' periodic visits. In case of an

emergency, the representative will respond at the customer's

request (21). Repair or replacement of a tool by SNAP-ON

will occur at the company's expense after it has been

inspected (20:24).

Fraunholtz guarantees the other twelve hand tools for

a period of fifteen years. The top-of-the-line, high-quality

tools include needle nose pliers and diagonal cutting pliers

manufactured by Diamond Tool Company and #4 Phillips screw-

drivers manufactured by Stanley Tool Company (18:1). The

remaining nine, ranked as economy grade fourth-from-the-top

screwdrivers, are also made by Stanley. The quality of the

16

,,,______m * -- II *annu --i -- I I|

latter tools is still thought to be better than similar GSA

tools, but will be monitored closely (18:2). Tool replacement

will be via mail with the Air Force paying shipping costs for

broken tools to Fraunholtz, and the commercial company paying

the bill for the replacement postage (18:2).

During the next phase of the program, which the Air

Force Times (4:6) quotes as being the "evaluation stage,"

the data from the participating bases will be gathered,

compared, and analyzed.

The one aspect not addressed in the data researched

is information on the attitudes that maintenance personnel

might have toward tools. This attitude, positive or negative,

could affect their performance. Because of the possible

impact on performance and effectiveness, a survey has been

sent to 623 individuals at the bases participating in the

Warranted Tool Program (WTP) to measure any changes in their

attitudes. This thesis is an analysis of the maintenance

technicians' perceptions.

Justification

Once SAC had identified a problem with hand tool

quality, AFLMC distributed a survey requesting maintenance

technicians to voice their concerns about tool quality. A

few of the concerns listed were overall poor tool quality,

personnel injury, foreign object damage, tool replacement

costs and, finally, frustration (6:37). Under the WTP, it

17

is assumed that many of the aspects leading to frustration

are lessened or eliminated. However, no measure of the

attitude difference currently exist; AFLMC has requested

some measurement be taken (21). An attitude survey was

developed and issued to sixteen bases by AFLMC. However,

this thesis team felt that the survey failed to address the

maintenance technicians' concerns and did not incorporate

correct sampling techniques to insure random sampling; another

measure was developed. This instrument, a telephone survey,

consisted of questions incorporating the expressed concerns

of the technicians. The analysis of both surveys will be

addressed in Chapter III.

Scope

Our intent is to expand the understanding of the

attitudes of tool users towards the quality of their tools.

The investigation of what effects, if any, experience,

geographic location, and major command have on the attitudes

encompasses another part of the task. A total of 623 surveys,

compiled by AFLMC, were sent to jet engine shops at sixteen

bases in the United States (22:Atch 1). The personal tele-

phone interviews covered three experience ranges from twenty-

five CONUS Air Force bases. In all, four major commands--

Strategic Air Command (SAC), Military Airlift Command (MAC),

Tactical Air Command (TAC), Air Defense Tactical Air Command

j 18

I .I "I - -... - ...

(ADTAC), plus Air National Guard (ANG), and the Air Force

Reserve (AFRES).

Objectives, Questions, and

Hypotheses

The following is a list of research objectives (0),

questions (Q), and hypotheses (H) used for the AFLMC survey:

1 0: Determine if there is a difference in perceivedquality of tools supplied by SNAP-ON and thosesupplied by GSA.

1 Q: Do technicians perceive a difference in toolquality of GSA tools and SNAP-ON warrantedtools?

1 H: There is no difference in perceived quality ofGSA supplied tools and SNAP-ON warranted tools.

2 0: Determine statistically whether years ofexperience has an affect on quality perception.

2 Q: Does the number of years experience make adifference in quality perception?

2 H: There is no difference between years ofexperience in how quality is perceived.

3 0: Determine statistically whether assigned majorcommand affects perception of tool quality.

3 Q: Does the assigned major command affect howtool quality is perceived?

3 H: There is no difference as to how quality isperceived based on major command.

4 0: Determine statistically whether personnelstationed north and south of 380 N latitudeexhibit differences in attitudes pertaining tohand tool quality.

S..19

4 Q: Is there a difference in attitudes pertainingto tool quality based on whether techniciansare stationed north or south of 380 N latitude?

4 H: There is no difference in attitudes toward handtool quality between personnel stationed northand south of 380 latitude.

5 0: Determine statistically whether the DiamondTool Company (DTC) needle nose pliers are per-ceived to be of better quality than thosesupplied by GSA.

5 Q: Do technicians feel that DTC needle nose pliersare of better quality than GSA pliers?

5 H: There is no difference in attitudes towardneedle nose pliers supplied by DTC as comparedto those supplied by GSA.

6 0: Determine if technicians feel that there isis a difference in quality of the diagonalcutting pliers from DTC as compared to thosesupplied by GSA.

6 Q: Is there a difference in attitude towardsdiagonal cutting pliers from the DTC and GSA?

6 H: There is no difference in attitude towardsdiagonal cutting pliers from DTC as compared tothose from GSA.

7 0: Determine statistically if technicians perceivea difference in quality between Stanley and GSAscrewdrivers.

7 Q: Do technicians' opinions of Stanley versus GSAscrewdriver quality differ?

7 H: There is no difference in screwdriver qualitybetween GSA and Stanley in the opinion of thetechnicians.

8 0: Determine if technicians feel that warrantedtools have reduced their frustrations.

20

- - - , . . Li -

8 Q: Is there a difference in frustration felt withGSA tools and with warranted tools?

8 H: There is no difference in the frustration feltbased on which tools are used.

The following is a list of research objectives (0),

questions (Q), and hypothesis (H) for the telephone interviews:

9 0: Determine whether the mechanics know whichtools are under the WTP.

9 Q: Do mechanics know which tools are in the WTP?

9 H: The mechanics do not know which tools are inthe WTP.

10 0: Determine whether technicians detect a differ-ence between GSA and WTP tool performance.

10 Q: Do the technicians feel there i3 a differencebetween GSA and WTP tool performance?

10 H: Technicians do not detect a difference in toolperformance between GSA and WTP tools.

11 0: Determine if the technicians preferred theWTP broken tool exchange program.

11 Q: Do technicians prefer the WTP broken toolexchange program?

11 H: Technicians show no preference for the WTPbroken tool exchange program.

12 0: Determine whether technicians are dissatisfiedwith the Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR)system for broken tools.

12 Q: Are technicians dissatisfied with the QDR systemfor broken tools?

12 H: The technicians are satisfied with the QDRsystem for broken tools.

21

I

13 0: Determine whether mechanics feel there hasbeen an improvement in the areas of safety,FOD, production, and equipment damage due tothe WTP.

13 Q: Do mechanics feel there has been improvementsin the areas of safety, FOD, production, andequipment damage due to the WTP?

13 H: Mechanics do not feel there has been improve-ment in the areas of safety, FOD, production,and equipment damage.

14 0: Determine the technicians' overall opinionof the WTP.

14 Q: What is the technicians' overall opinionof the WTP?

14 H: The technicians' overall opinion of the WTPis unfavorable.

22

I -i

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

In an effort to determine attitudes of jet propul-

sion mechanics toward tools purchased using GSA specifica-

tions and tools provided under the WTP, AFLMC distributed over

600 sixteen-question surveys to sixteen bases in five major

commands. The analysis of the survey results will provide

the core for this thesis. In addition, the authors conducted

personal telephone interviews as a means of gathering more

information on the topic. This chapter describes the uni-

verse, population, method of sampling, instruments, and

statistical techniques of analysis for relating the survey

statistical results to the research hypotheses. While the

universe and population were identical for both instruments,

the AFLMC survey and our telephone interviews have different

samples, techniques, and criteria tests and will be covered

separately under each heading. Finally, a section on assump-

-* tions and limitations is presented.

Universe

The universe for both instruments consists of all

U.S. Air Force, Air Force Reserve (AFRES), and Air Nationalj Guard (ANG) aircraft maintenance shops.

23

__ _

Population

The population of interest consists of all continental

U.S. (CONUS) Air Force, AFRES, and ANG jet propulsion shop

technicians. The population for both instruments was jointly

established by AFLMC and GSA. The GSA requested the test

program be limited to one-hundred items, one Air Force shop,

and only CONUS bases in order to restrict budget expenditures.

The AFLMC selected the jet propulsion shop because of that

shop's past high breakage rate of hand tools, their workload,

and critical applications. The ninety-five hand tool line

items were selected based on a life-cycle cost analysis.

The limitation to CONUS bases resulted in 155 bases being

eligible for consideration (Appendix C).

Sampling Methods

AFLMC Survey

The sponsor, AFLMC, requested from five major commands,

AFRES, and ANG a list of bases they wished to have participate

in the survey. Sixteen bases were nominated (Appendix D).

Each base jet propulsion shop was contacted to determine the

number of assigned personnel. Sufficient surveys were

distributed for all shop personnel to participate, 623 surveys

in all. The final sample consisted of 523 returned surveys

for a valid response rate of 84 percent. Table 1 provides

the reader with a detailed breakdown by sample category. The

number and diversity of the total sample is sufficient to provide

24

t4

TABLE 1

WARRANTED TOOL USER SURVEY RESPONSES

Total Surveys Mailed 623

Total Surveys Returned 525 (84.3% response rate)

Total Usable Surveys 523 (84% response rate)

COMMAND SAC MAC TAC ANG AFRES ADTAC

Total (usable) 174 199 123 14 2 11

RANK OF RESPONDENT El E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 Civ

Total (usable) 5 24 181 118 113 36 13 3 1 29

YEARS EXPERIENCE(in months) 0-24 24-84 84-144 145+

Total (usable) 182 204 59 78

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION(380 Latitude North) North South

Total (usable) 165 358

for adequate representation allowing for population

inferences.

The 523 usable surveys were categorized by major

command, rank, years of experience, and geographical loca-

tion to determine whether those factors affected personnel

attitudes towards hand tools. The purpose of the breakdown

by command was an attempt to see if the different regulations

and mission requirements influenced responses. For this

reason, the AFRES and ANG were included as commands in the

25

-.

I. e

I

survey. The Years of Experience grouping consolidates the

ranks for easier statistical manipulation and a truer

picture of personal opinion due to job background. The

divisions follow the transition periods of apprentice

(0-24 months), journeyman (24-84 months), supervisor

(84-144 months), and manager (144 plus months). The use of

years of experience also adjusts for cross-trainees, demo-

tions, and delayed promotions not accounted for under Rank.

The Rank category was not used in the statistical analysis

and was included only to show the breakout. It should be

noted that those respondents listed as Air Reserve Technicians

(ARTs) were included under the civilian section because the

majority of their work is in civilian status, as opposed to

active military duty. The Geographical Location listing was

designed to determine whether northern-based respondents

would differ in attitudes from southern-based respondents.

The dividing line was arbitrarily picked to be the 38 degrees

north latitude, since this provides a clear division for the

fifteen responding bases. Appendix F shows the north/south

listing.

Telephone Interview

The thesis team originally planned to perform on-site

observations and personal interviews to supplement the AFLMC

survey findings. Time and budget constraints, however, pre-

cluded these actions. Therefore, telephone interviews were

26

conducted in lieu of on-site observations. A sample of

twenty-five bases out of the population of 155 was decided

upon. At each base, three jet propulsion mechanics, one

with more than two but less than five years experience, a

second with more than five but less than ten years experience,

and a third with more than ten years experience, were

questioned for comparison of attitudes based on their

experience.

The base selection process consisted of first

assigning a number from 1 to 155 to the participating bases

as listed in the AFLMC Report (Appendix C). Then a random

number generation was used to produce a list of 25 numbers

in the range from 1 to 155. The bases with the correspond-

ing numbers were then used in the telephone survey (Appendix

E). Each Propulsion Branch Chief at these bases was

requested to supply a technician for each experience cate-

gory, thus providing a total sample of 75.

Instruments

AFLMC Survey

The AFLMC constructed their instrument based on the

research study of an Air Command and Staff College student.

The survey (Appendix G) is in three parts. The first con-

sists of four demographic questions determining major command,

rank, years of experience, and whether warranted tools are

27

used. Then questions five through sixteen ask for

attitudinal responses using a six-point Likert Rating Scale.

The respondent selects one of the six responses for each

attitude item--very poor, marginal, acceptable, good,

excellent, or not applicable or no opinion for questions

five through twelve. For questions thirteen through sixteen,

strongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly

agree, or not applicable or no opinion were used. The

final section asks for comments from the respondent.

By making the assumption that the distance between

each point on the Likert scale is equal, a technique incor-

porating interval level data can be used. Research indicates

that this relatively simple method of weight assignment

allows for a .99 correlation as compared to the normal

method with less manipulation (2:151). In addition, the

reliability is increased when this is used on surveys with

ten to eighteen questions (2:161).

Telephone Interview

The instrument used for the telephone interview was

developed by the authors of this thesis. The interview

guide consists of two sections, one covering demographic

information, the other has ten questions designed to solicit

the respondents overall attitude toward the warranted tools

and the WTP as opposed to the tools provided by GSA prior to

28

I.•

,l I

. .. . :i - I

the program. The formation of the questions was based on the

nine categories of concern developed from the AFLMC 1978

inquiry listed below (6:37):

1. Tool quality

2. Tool standardization

3. Foreign Object Damage (FOD)

4. Injuries

5. Equipment damage

6. Replacement costs

7. Time lost on the job

8. Frustration

9. Substitution

Additional questions focus on the QDR system and the ability

of the technician to detect which tools are under warranty.

An example of the telephone interview guide is in Appendix H.

Instructions to Branch Chief. To provide as much

consistency in survey administration as possible, a set of

instructions for conducting the interview was given to the

branch chief. With the objective of precluding collaboration

and intimidation of the interviewee, a request was made to

interview each person in an environment completely removed

from outside influences. Each branch chief was requested to

supply the interviewer with the number of assigned personnel

and one person from each of the following maintenance

experience categories:

i 29

4- _ _ _

1. Over 2 but under 5 years

2. Over 5 but under 10 years

3. Over 10 years

Instructions to Subjects. The subjects were informed

that the purpose of the interview was to provide information

for a master's thesis at the Air Force Institute of Tech-

nology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. At the same time,

they were assured of their anonymity.

Statistical Techniques

The following discussion covers the statistical

techniques utilized for the data analysis. The section

starts with an explanation of the preparation of the data

obtained from the AFLMC survey. This is followed by the

different statistical methods used on the data to test the

Fhypotheses for the survey. Finally, there is a brief dis-

course on the technique for analyzing the telephone inter-

views.

Data Preparation

Of the 525 surveys received, two were discarded

because of insufficient demographic data. In addition,

there were six jet propulsion shops not using the Fraunholtz

supplied tools, the Stanley screwdrivers and DTC pliers.

These 278 surveys were not used for hypotheses 5, 6, and 7.

The bases affected are listed below:

30

t4

Seymour-Johnson AFB NC

Charleston AFB SC

Minot AFB ND

Robins AFB GA

Ellsworth AFB SD

Norton AFB CA

Appendix J contains the 523 usable data points.

For analysis purposes, a numerical value ranging

from zero to five was assigned to the responses for each

attitude item or question. The assignment of a specific

numerical value depended on the wording of the response.

The responses labeled "Not Applicable or No Opinion" were

coded zero. The weights for the remaining responses

correspond to the number over them, i.e., "Very Poor" and

*"Strongly Disagree" are weighted one, while "Excellent" and

"Strongly Agree" are valued at five. Thus, the score for

an item indicates the degree of positive or negative attitude

towards that item.

Statistical Methods

A variety of statistical methods were employed to

test the hypotheses dealing with the AFLMC questionnaire.

Each method utilized the Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences. The Paired-T test was used for testing hypotheses

1, 5, 6, and 7. Hypotheses 2, 3, and 4 were tested using

One-Way Analyses of Variance (A-NOVA). Crosstabs were also

31

I. '

run for hypotheses 2, 3, and 4. In addition, frequency bar

charts for attitude items 5-16 were developed. Table 2

shows the hypothesis and attitude item matchings. The

doubling of variables under 2H, 3H, and 4H indicate the survey

questions analyzed under ANOVA followed by those evaluated

by crosstabs.

TABLE 2

VARIABLE PAIRINGS AND HYPOTHESESAFLMC SURVEY

Variable Pair Hypothesis Number

Question 5 vs. 6 1 H

Questions 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12 vs. Years of Experience 2 H

and 13, 14, 15, 16 vs. Years of Experience

Questions 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13 vs. Major Command 3 H

and 13, 14, 15, 16 vs. Major Command

Questions 5, 6, 7, 8, 910, 11, 12, 13 vs. Bases North/South 4 H

and 13, 14, 15, 16 vs. Bases North/South

Question 7 vs. 8needle nose pliers 5 H

Question 9 vs. 10diagonal cutting pliers 6 H

Question 11 vs. 12screwdrivers 7 H

Question 13 vs. 16frustration 8 H

( 32

.. .. .. . . . -- -I , I I I I I ...

It is essential to the understanding of the

analysis section to review some key points regarding statis-

tical testing. For instance, the hypotheses listed on

page 32 are the null hypotheses. The null hypothese (H )

calls for a comparison of means and postulates there is

no significant difference between the concerned groups.

In testing the H0 , the decision rule is: Reject the HO

if the analysis shows that H cannot be supported. The

error or rejecting the H0 , when in fact it is true, is

expressed as a Type I error; and a is its level of signifi-

cance. The reverse of this, accepting H when it is false,

is known as a Type II error; and 5 expresses its level of

significance. The risk of a Type II error depends on a and

sample size. Because we are dealing with large sample

sizes, the risk is reduced. The final decision of whether

the null hypothesis is rejected will depend on the signifi-

cance level (a) chosen.

Paired T-Test. This is a test to determine if the

difference between paired sample means is significant. The$

goal of the analysis is to determine if a difference between

paired samples is significant. If the predeternined signifi-

cance level is greater than the SPSS calculated 2-tail

probability, the null hypotheses is rejected. The pairs

tested were developed from the questions in the survey. Each

question dealing with the GSA tools (the odd numbered

33

a ."

questions) was matched with the corresponding WTP tool

question (even numbered) as indicated in Table 2. Thus, for

hypothesis one, which states there is no difference in per-

ceived quality of GSA tools and SNAP-ON warranted tools, the

questions paired are 5 versus 6. Question 7 versus 8 was

used to determine whether the Diamond Tool Company needle

nose pliers were perceived to be better than those from GSA

for hypothesis five. Hypothesis six paired question 9 versus

10. Hypothesis seven matched 11 versus 12. And, finally,

hypothesis eight compared question 13 with 16. For the pur-

pose of testing the null hypothesis (H0 ), a predetermined

significance level of .05 was used. The SPSS program appears

in Appendix I.

Analysis of Variance, ANOVA. When a need exists to

compare two or more populations to determine if they respond

to an attitude item similarly, a comparison of the ratio of

within group variance by between group variance to see if

at least one group's mean is different than the others. The

hypothesis tests are based on the ratio's of the mean squares

of each of the sources of variation to the mean square for

the residual. The F-probability is computed using a SPSS

program listed in Appendix I. If the F-probability is

greater than the predetermined F-value, then reject the

null hypothesis that all samples responded in a similar

manner.

34

Next, a determination is made as to which sample

or samples responded differently from the others. The test

used when sample sizes are unequal is the Modified Least

Squares Difference test calculated by the SPSS program.

In this test, a range for each sample's mean is calculated

at the .05 significance level. A homogeneous subset is one

whose highest and lowest means do not differ by more than

the shortest significant range calculated for that subset.

If any mean is significantly different from the others, it

will not be included in that subset.

For hypotheses two through four, the questions

evaluated paired 5 with 6, 7 with 8, 9 with 10, and 11 with

12. It was decided not to include questions 13 through 16

under ANOVA since it appeared that they may be measuring

frustration with the Air Force and not the tools. By

eliminating them from this analysis section, it was hoped a

more accurate result would be obtained for attitudes about

the tools. The hypothesis on frustration, eight, is evaluated

using the Paired T-test and crosstabulation.

CROSSTABS. In evaluating whether years of experience,

major command, and base geographic location affected the

responses, another method used, other than ANOVA, is the

crosstabulation technique. The SPSS command shortens the

method name to CROSSTABS. CROSSTABS provides several

indexes that measure the extent of variable association.

35

ri

The choice of which indexes to use is dependent on the type

of data, the hypothesis of interest, and the properties of

the measures. As stated previously, the data being analyzed

is on an interval scale. To determine whether the different

categories under years of experience, major command, and base

location are affecting the dependent variable, the responses,

the eta coefficient is used. The properties of the eta

coefficient include nonassumption of linearity relationship

between the variables and is best for a dependent variable on

an interval scale with the independent variables, the cate-

gories, on a nominal or ordinal scale. When the eta is

squared, it can be interpreted as the proportion of the total

variability in the dependent variable accounted for by knowing

the values of the independent variables. The results of

this analysis for all the auestions applied to hypotheses

two through four appear in the Data Analysis Chapter.

Frequencies. Frequency bar charts and tables for

each question are included for clarification of response

distribution. Since the Paired-T tests, ANOVA tests, and

CROSSTABS provide a better, more powerful description of the

population, the frequency results will not be analyzed.

Telephone Interviews

The analysis of the telephone interviews is based on

a straight forward count of positive and negative remarks.

36

The significance of the data is based on the total number

under each category. Table 3 provides the breakdown of which

questions apply to which hypothesis.

TABLE 3

VARIABLE AND HYPOTHESESTELEPHONE INTERVIEW

Variable Hypothesis Number

Questions 1, 2 8 H

Questions 4, 5, 6 9 H

Questions 7b, 7c 10 H

Questions 7e, 7f 11 H

Question 8 12 H

Question 10 13 H

Assumptions and Limitations

Assumptions

1. The measurement of scale is interval.

2. The responses received are representative of the

population.

3. There was no coercion or collaboration between

participants.

4. The questions asked, measure attitudes toward

hand tools and not the Air Force in general.

5. Respondents have used tools procured through both

the old program and the WTP.

37

6. The participants are not biased concerning tool

brand names, i.e., Craftsman, Utica, SNAP-ON.

Limitations

1. AFLMC study was limited to fifteen participating

CONUS Air Force jet propulsion shops.

2. The telephone interviews were limited to twenty-

five bases, three people at each base, in the interest of

time and AUTOVON availability.

3. The portion of the study accomplished by telephone

was done so due to personnel travel limitations and budget

constraints.

38

F.

[E

CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS

Introduction

The material presented in Chapter II provided the

operational definitions and methodology used in the data

analysis. This chapter covers the results of the data

analysis in terms of the research objectives and hypotheses.

The AFLMC survey is discussed first, followed by the tele-

phone interview.

AFLMC Survey

Each research objective and hypothesis is restated

below. Then a brief description of the statistical test

used for analysis is given, followed by the analysis results.

All hypothesis testing was based on the assumption that the

samples were normally distributed, randomly obtained, and

independent of each other. The Statistical Package for the

Social Sciences (SPSS) provided the computer software pro-

gram for all computations. The computer programs and

computer products of the final results can be found in

Appendix I.

Two main and most powerful tests were used: the

Paired-T test and the One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Hypothesis one, five, six, seven, and eight were tested using

39

t

the Paired-T test because this method provides for the

least variability of the T test statistic. The ANOVA is a

statistical method that tests the hypothesis that several

population means are equal. Since hypotheses two, three,

and four involve the difference between two survey questions

as related to multiple categories, such as the major commands,

the ANOVA was used as the most appropriate technique. To

further identify the resp'nses under each category, a CROSS-

TABS procedure was run, the results of which are discussed

after the hypothesis testing. Also included is a section on

the frequencies for each question. The last section contains

some of the comments supplied by respondents.

Objective 1

Determine if there is a difference in perceived

quality of tools supplied by SNAP-ON and those supplied by

GSA.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference in the per-

ceived quality of GSA supplied tools and SNAP-ON warranted

tools.

Test. The Paired-T test was used to compare AFLMC

survey question five with question six.

Results. For this hypothesis there were 515 usable

data points. The Paired-T test showed a mean difference of

'1 40

A _ __ _ _

-1.8291, a standard deviation of 1.408, a standard error

of .062, and a 2-tail probability of .042. Since .042 is

less than the predetermined significance level of .05, the

null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is a signifi-

cant difference between the perceived quality of GSA tools

and SNAP-ON tools.

Objective 2

Determine statistically whether years of experience

has an affect on quality perception.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference between

years of experience in how quality is perceived.

Test. The ANOVA was used to test this hypothesis.

The differences between AFLMC survey questions were computed

as described in Table 4.

TABLE 4

ANOVA DIFFERENCE COMPUTATION

Difference Questions

Diff 1= Q 6 - Q 5

Diff 2 Q 8 - Q 7

Diff 3 Q 10 - Q 9

Diff 4 Q 12 - Q 11

41

"Q~--- --- -- " --

-m

-

Each difference was compared to all four experience levels

(see Table 5).

TABLE 5

EXPERIENCE

Experience Level Experience in Months

1 1 thru 24

2 25 thru 84

3 85 thru 144

4 145 and up

The object was to determine if there is a statistical

difference between each difference and any of the experience

levels. That is, the ANOVA was used to compare Diff 1 through

Diff 4 with experience level 1; then, Diff 1 through Diff 4

with experience level 2, and so on.

* Results. Based on a significance level of .05,

there was insufficient data to reject the null hypothesis in

differences 1 through 3. The F-probability of difference 4,

however, is significantly less than the predetermined level

of .05. In this case, therefore, the null hypothesis is

rejected. This indicates that for experience level 4 in

Difference 4 there is a difference in how quality is per-

ceived.

42

Ai I

Objective 3

Determine statistically whether the assigned major

command affects perception of tool quality.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference as to how

quality is perceived based on major command.

Test. The ANOVA was used to test this hypothesis.

The same test format was followed as stated in Objective

2, except the computed differences in the AFLMC survey

questions were compared to the variable major command (CMD),

which is broken down into six segments as shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6

MAJOR COMMAND SEGMENTS

Code Command

A Strategic Air Command

B Military Airlift Command

C Tactical Air Command

D Air National Guard

4 E Air Force Reserve

F Air Defense Tactical Air Command

Results. Based on the predetermined significance

level of .05 in difference 1, there was no insufficient data

to reject the null hypothesis. However, differences 2

43

* '

I -1 1 1 11.-- - 1 " 4 - . . .

through 4 had a F-probability less than .05. Therefore,

there is sufficient data to reject the null hypotheses and

conclude that there is a difference in how quality is per-

ceived based on certain major commands. The major commands

affected by the differences are listed in Table 7.

TABLE 7

AFFECTED COMMANDS

Difference Major Command Affected

2 SAC, MAC, ANG, ADTAC

3 SAC, MAC, TAC, ANG, ADTAC

4 ADTAC

Objective 4

Determine statistically whether personnel stationed

north and south of 381 north latitude exhibit differences in

attitudes pertaining to hand tool quality.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference in attitudes

toward hand tool quality between personnel stationed north

and south of 380 north latitude.

Test. The ANOVA was used and the differences in

AFLMC survey questions computed as in objectives 2 and 3.

The bases were grouped into two groups, group 1 represented

the bases north of 380 north latitude and group 2 represented

44

* JJ ...- ~I

4 ' I

those bases south of the 380 north latitude. Each

difference, Diff 1, Diff 2, Diff 3, and Diff 4 was compared

to group 1 and to group 2.

Results. Based on the predetermined significance

level of .05, Diff 1 with a F-probability of .2766 indicated

that there was not enough information available to reject

the null hypothesis. However, Diff 2 through Diff 4

exhibited F-probabilities of .0001, .0145, and .0135

respectively. Since each is less than .05, the null hypo-

thesis for these three cases can be rejected and it can be

concluded that there is a significant difference in quality

perception between personnel stationed at bases north and

south of 380 north latitude.

Objective 5

Determine statistically whether the Diamond Tool

Company (DTC) needle nose pliers are perceived to be of

better quality than those supplied by GSA.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference in attitude

toward needle nose pliers supplied by DTC as compared to

those supplied by GSA.


survey question seven with question eight.

45

II



-.6726, a standard deviation of 1.691, a standard error of

.113, and a 2-tail probability of .180. The 2-tail proba-

bility is larger than the predetermined significance level

of .05. Therefore, there is not enough information to reject

the null hypothesis or to say that there is a difference in

attitude toward needle nose pliers supplied by DTC as

compared to GSA.

Objective 6

Determine if technicians feel that there is a

difference in the quality of the diagonal cutting pliers from

DTC as compared to those supplied by GSA.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference in attitudes

towards diagonal cutting pliers from DTC as compared to those

from GSA.


survey question nine with question ten.



-.9710, a standard deviation of 1.548, a standard error of

.108, and a 2-tail probability of .379. The 2-tail proba-

bility is larger than the predetermined significance level

of .05. Therefore, there is not enough information to reject

46

N_ _

!

the null hypothesis or to say that there is a difference in

attitude toward diagonal cutting pliers supplied by DTC as

compared to those supplied by GSA.

Objective 7

Determine statistically if technicians perceive a

difference in quality between Stanley and GSA screwdrivers.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference in screw-

driver quality Stanley and GSA in the opinion of the tech-

nicians.


survey question eleven with question twelve.

Results. For this test there were 218 usable data

points. The Paired-T test showed a mean difference of

-1.0413, a standard deviation of 1.141, a standard error of

.077, and a 2-tail probability of .001. The probability of

.001 is significantly smaller than the predetermined

significance level of .05. Therefore, there is sufficient

data available to reject the null hypothesis and conclude

that, in the opinion of the technicians, there is a signifi-

cant difference in the quality of screwdrivers supplied by

Stanley compared to GSA.

47

Objective 8

Determine if technicians feel that warranted tools

have reduced their frustrations.

Null Hypothesis. There is no difference in the

frustration felt based on which tool is used.


survey question thirteen with question sixteen.

Results. For this test, there were 193 usable data

points. The Paired-T test showed a mean difference of

.4301, a standard deviation of 1.322, a standard error of

.095, and a 2-tail probability of .000. The probability of

.000 is significantly smaller than the predetermined

significance level of .05. Therefore, there is sufficient

data available to reject the null hypothesis and conclude

that, in the opinion of the technicians, there is a difference

in the frustrations felt based on which tool is used.

CROSSTABS

The measure of association of the independent vari-

ables to the dependent variables most appropriate for this

data is the square of eta value. The responses to each

question (dependent variable) were checked for association

based on major command, years of experience, or base loca-

tion (independent variables) for all the questions. The eta

48

,-2-, ,_7

2

squared (eta2 ) value indicates the proportion of variation

in responses explained by each independent variable. Table

8 provides the final results for this test. Note that the

Q 8, Q 10, and Q 12 versus the Major Command blocks indicate

that over .10 of the variance is accounted for by the Major

Command categories; none of the other independent variables

even approaches .10. For those interested in the cell

counts and frequencies, the CROSSTABS tables are in

Appendix I.

Frequencies

Table 9 provides the reader with a complete fre-

quency analysis of each AFLMC survey question. While this

type of analysis is an acceptable technique, the authors

did not consider it as accurate as the Analysis of Variance

and the Paired-T test. Table 9 was included for the reader

to compare the results with the different statistical

analysis techniques used. See Appendix I for the actual

computer product of Table 9.

Survey Comments

The previous sections dealt with statistical data

analysis for the questions. Since the respondents supplied

* comments on over 27 percent of the surveys, the authors have

included a table depicting the breakout of their comments.

All the comments in Table 10 were extracted from the AFLMC

survey.

49

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TABLE 10

SUMMARY OF AFLMC SURVEY COMMENTS

Cumulative Comments From 143 AFLMC Surveys

Positive Comments 66

Negative Comments 28

Miscellaneous Comments 15

Specific Comments:

Ratchets 27

Wrenches 21

Diagonal Cutting Pliers 19

Needle Nose Pliers 14

Sockets 13

Screwdrivers 4

Channel Lock Pliers 3

Cotterkey Extractors 3

Total Comments 213

Positive Comments:

From a master sergeant with seventeen years experi-

ence in maintenance: "excellent; expand the number of tools,

shops, armed services; good idea; best thing done for

'wrench turners' in years; I consider it an insult to any

good mechanic to have to use the junk tools we were provided

in the past."

63

., ar

TABLE 10--Continued

From a master sergeant with twenty-two years

maintenance experience: "If you give young airmen good

quality tools, you will get a good quality product."

From a staff sergeant with five years maintenance

experience: "Thanks for the privilege of using them [warranted

tools] in my career field . . .; not so many stripped bolts and

skinned knuckles; has made maintenance easier to accomplish."

Negative Comments:

From a sergeant with five years maintenance experience

and a technical sergeant with nineteen years experience:

"Tools are tools." From an airman first class with one year

experience: "Quality is not the problem, the type of tool

received is. We need specific tools for specific jobs."

From a sergeant with six years experience: "Quality

has no direct effect on maintenance."

From a variety of maintenance personnel with various

ranks and years experience: "Usability, proper tool not

quality; past tools not as good; too much stress on abuse of

warranted tools; too long for replacement."

Miscellaneous Comments:

Requests for tool boxes, individual tool kits,

flashlights, and skinny thin-bladed screwdrivers; "let

mechanic pick the tools for the shop."

64

JI

o, ,

TABLE 10--Continued

Specific Comments:

Wrenches: "open-end wrenches have shafts that are

too thin for comfort; surface too smooth (especially when

hands have a little oil on them); box-end wrenches too

short, offset angle is too great."

Diagonal Cutting Pliers: "dulls easily; head is too

large for tight spots; needs rubber holding device at cutting

surface to catch cut wire."

Sockets -- 1/4, 3/8, 7/16 inch: "need to be deeper."

Ratchet -- 1/4 inch drive: "need nonslip handle,

lock direction selector falls apart."

Needle Nose Pliers: "tip bends easily, would like

it to have a diagonal cutting surface."

Telephone Interview

The telephone interview was designed to solicit

opinions and positive or negative answers to specific

questions. Each research objective and hypothesis is

restated, followed by the statistical test used to interpret

the data. Because the data base for the telephone interview

falls under the ordinal level of measurement category, the

previously used sophisticated tests are inappropriate.

Therefore, the authors elected to employ the relative fre-

quency technique as the statistical testing method. Relative

frequency compares the number of desired responses of a

f 65

question to the total sample size, in this case seventy-five.

The test used for all the telephone interview hypotheses

requires that 60 percent or more of the respondents fail to

answer with the desired response as established by the null

hypothesis. The 60 percent mark will insure a majority.

Finally, some of the opinions and comments of the respondents

are presented.

Objective 9

Determine whether the mechanics know which tools are

under the Warranted Tool Program (WTP).

Null Hypothesis. The mechanics do not know which

tools are in the WTP.

Test. The test used required 60 percent or more

affirmative answers to reject the null.

Results. The implementation plan distributed by

AFLMC suggested that each command establish a marking system

to identiy WTP tools. During the interview, 78 percent of

the respondents knew which tools were warranted. Therefore,

the null hypothesis is rejected.

Objective 10

Determine whether technicians detect a difference

between GSA and WTP tool performance.

j 66

Null Hypothesis. Technicians do not detect a

difference in tool performance beween GSA and WTP tools.

Test. The test required 60 percent or more of the

answers to be affirmative to reject the null hypothesis.

Results. During the interview, 97 percent of the

technicians detected a difference between GSA and WTP tool

performance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Objective 11

Determine if the technicians preferred the WTP

broken tool exchange program.

Null Hypothesis. Technicians show no preference for

the WTP broken tool exchange program.

Test. The test required 60 percent or more of the

respondents show a preference for the WTP broken tool exchange

process to reject the null hypothesis.

Results. Since WTP broken tools are exchanged for

new ones every time the tool company representative visits,

which is at least twice a month, the wait for a replacement

tool not immediately available from the Tool Crib is short.

While, in the past, if the tool was not in the Tool Crib,

one would have to be ordered. This could result in a several

months wait for a replacement tool. A relative frequency of

67

86 percent of the respondents showed a preference for the

WTP broken tool program. Therefore, the null hypothesis is

rejected.

Objective 12

Determine whether technicians are dissatisfied with

the Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR) system for broken

tools as it pertains to tools.

Null Hypothesis. The technicians are satisfied with

the QDR system for broken tools.

Test. The test consists of rejecting the null if

60 percent or more of technicians are dissatisfied with the

QDR system for broken tools.

Results. As a result of the interview, 73 percent

of the respondents were dissatisfied with the QDR system.

Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Objective 13

Determine whether mechanics feel there has been an

improvement in the areas of safety, FOD, production, and

equipment damage.

Null Hypothesis. Mechanics do not feel there has

been improvements in the areas of safety, FOD, production,

and equipment damage.

,68

7 -1 1 - 1-1

Test. The test consists of rejecting the null hypo-

thesis if the relative frequency of respondents that feel

there has been improvements in the listed areas is 60 percent

or more.

Results. As a result of the interview, 73 percent

of respondents indicated they felt there has been an improve-

ment in the area of safety. The null hypothesis is rejected.

Only 21 percent of the interviewees expressed the opinion

that FOD had improved. Therefore, there is insufficient

information for rejection of the null. Eighty-one percent

of those interviewed indicated that production had improved.

The null for this area is rejected. Damage to equipment

also was seen as improving. Since 79 percent of the respondents

felt that way, the null hypothesis is rejected. The only area

we were not able to reject was for improvement in FOD.

Objective 14

Determine the technicians' overall opinion of the WTP.

4 Null Hypothesis. The technicians' overall opinion

of the WTP is unfavorable.

Test. The test used required 60 percent or more of

the respondents to have a favorable opinion of the WTP.

Results. During the interview, 97 percent of the

respondents had a favorable opinion of the WTP. Therefore,

the null hypothesis is rejected.

69

i,

f

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION, ANDRECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

A problem has been identified with several solutions

proposed. Each proposed improvement has been approached

from an evolutionary point of view, with the concepts

fully tested before they are widely applied. This is pre-

cisely what is being accomplished with the Warranted Tool

Program (WTP). AFLMC conducted the initial investigation of

the problem of quality hand tools and life-cycle cost

analysis of those tools exhibiting high breakage rates.

This research effort evaluated the attitudes expressed by

USAF jet propulsion technicians toward the WTP. These

attitudes were evaluated through the analysis of the question-

naire developed and distributed by AFLMC and the telephone

survey developed and administered by the authors. This

chapter provides the interpretations of the data analysis

presented in Chapter III. The first section reviews the

objectives and the findings of the data analysis. The follow-

ing section discusses the impact of the results. The

chapter closes with a list of the authors' recommendations

concerning the WTP and areas for further research.

70

tI

Conclusions

As is true of most questions about human opinions,

no one answer always applies to the entire population.

However, the sample size for both instruments was sufficiently

large to allow inferences or generalizations that can be

attributed to the population.

AFLMC Questionnaire

Objective i. Determine if there is a difference in

perceived quality of tools supplied by SNAP-ON and those

supplied by GSA.

Here an attempt was made to determine if the

participating technicians perceived a difference in tool

quality between the tools supplied by SNAP-ON under the WTP

and the tools previously supplied by GSA. The resultant

* I data definitely showed that the respondents felt there was a

difference in quality. An examination of the frequency bar

charts (Appendix I) points out that the tools from SNAP-ON

are seen as superior to GSA.

Objective 2. Determine statistically whether years

of experience has an affect on quality perception.

The results were obtained by analyzing the difference

between odd numbered (GSA tools) and even numbered (WTP tools)

survey questions, 5 through 12 (Table 4), and comparing the

differences to the independent variable, years of experience

71

-4

• ~~~~~~~~ ~~_-__ A- .- m m mlIln ....

(Table 5). The results indicated that for experience levels

1 through 3, there was no difference in their perception of

quality. However, the data showed that in experience level

5, more than twelve years expecience, a different perception

of quality, opposite of that held by those in the other

experience levels, existed.

Objective 3. Determine statistically whether the

assigned command affects perception of tool quality.

The same method of analysis used in Objective 2

was also applied to Objective 3. The results indicate that

three out of the four question comparisons concerning the

major command to which the respondents were assigned did

have an affect on the respondents' perception of tool quality.

The major commands that exhibited a significantly different

opinion were listed as subsets in the ANOVA product. Table 7

gives the breakout for the three subsets.

Objective 4. Determine statistically whether per-

sonnel assigned to bases north and south of 380 north latitude

exhibit different attitudes pertaining to hand tool quality.

For the questions pertaining to needle nose pliers,

diagonal cutting pliers, and screwdrivers, Q 7/8, Q 9/10,

and Q 11/12, there is a vast difference in their perception

of the quality of hand tools.

4 72

Objective 5. Determine statistically whether the

DTC needle nose pliers are perceived to be of better quality

than pliers previously supplied by GSA.

The result of the Paired-T test indicates that the

respondents do not perceive any difference in quality between

DTC and GSA needle nose pliers.

Objective 6. Determine statistically if technicians

feel that there is a difference in the quality of the diagonal

cutting pliers from DTC and those from GSA. The Paired-T

test indicated that the respondents did not feel there was

any difference in quality between the pliers bought from DTC

and those previously supplied by GSA.

Objective 7. Determine statistically if tec!hnicians

perceive a difference in quality between Stanley Tool Company

and GSA supplied screwdrivers. Using the Paired-T test,

the data indicates there is a significant difference in

quality between screwdrivers supplied by the above sources.

Objective 8. Determine if technicians feel that

warranted tools have reduced their frustrations. Using the

Paired-T test to compare AFLMC survey question 13 with

question 16, the data indicates there is a significant

difference in the frustration level felt while using warranted

tools.

73

Telephone Interview

The objective of the telephone interview was to

obtain personal feelings and opinions about the WTP compared

to the GSA tool procurement policy.

It appears from the personnel questioned that the

WTP is held in high esteem. The only negative opinions

encountered were toward DTC needle nose pliers and diagonal

cutting pliers. In addition, these two tools are of no

better quality than the ones previously supplied by GSA.

The specific objectives of the telephone interviews

are listed and briefly discussed.

Objective 9. Determine whether the mechanics know

which tools are under the WTP. Most of the mechanics inter-

viewed were aware they were using warranted tools. Generally,

the warranted tools had a special identification number etched

into the tool as a means of identification.

Objective 10. Determine whether technicians detect

a difference between GSA and WTP tool performance. Without

a doubt, respondents were able to discern a significant

difference between the tools. The GSA tools were easily dis-

torted and broken while WTP tools are of high quality and,

therefore, performed as they expected them to.

Objective 11. Determine which tool exchange process is

preferred by the technicians. Most of the respondents favored the

74

---- --- ~,---- 4 *~.4

WTP exchange process due to the ease with which they can

exchange tools that become unusable.

Objective 12. Determine whether the technicians are

dissatisfied with the Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR)

system. The respondents were not aware of the QDR system.

They indicated that supply personnel had the responsibility

of submitting QDRs.

Objective 13. Determine whether the mechanics feel

there has been an improvement in the areas of safety, foreign

object damage (FOD), production, and equipment damage due to

the WTP. The majority of the respondents agreed that safety

and production have definitely improved in areas where WTP

tools are used. However, opinions on the other points were

varied. Most individuals did not feel that an increase or

decrease in FOD incidents was at all related to the WTP,

while a small percentage of the respondents indicated that

there would be a reduction in equipment damage as a result

of the %TP.

Objective 14. Determine the technicians overall

opinion of the WTP. An extremely small minority of the

respondents were indifferent toward the WTP; the overwhelming

majority praised the program. Higher rank personnel were

disappointed the program had been so long in coming and felt

it should be enlarged to include all of maintenance and all

tcols.

75

-- ... ....... a~ii~ml '-- l i il i l li ... . I

Discussion

While the authors cannot endorse a specific brand of

hand tool, all indications are that the WTP tools are pre-

ferred by the users over those from the standard GSA procure-

ment policy. The comparison of specific tools indicated an

attitude of indifference toward the WTP's needle nose pliers

and diagonal cutting pliers. The comments section of the

AFLMC survey supplied some insight for this. The most fre-

quent complaint towards the needle nose pliers is that they

do not have a cutting surface. Where the user used to carry

one tool, now he or she must employ two. The most cited

problem with the diagonal cutting pliers lies with the size

of the head. It is too large for many of the tight fitting

places. The comments section also indicated strong support

for the program.

The examination of whether certain categories dis-

played different attitudes produced some interesting results.

For instance, it was expected that the one to two years of

experience group would not exhibit a significant opinion

towards the warranted tools because they would not have

worked with the GSA tools long enough to become thoroughly

frustrated. However, the authors had anticipated a greater

differentiation for the seven to twelve and twelve plus years

of experience groups. Only the latter group showed a signifi-

cant difference, and that was only for the questions dealing

76

i1

-: ......-- inu,~ uI II

with the screwdrivers. A possible explanation for this may

be that this year group, who would most probably be super-

visors, do not perform as many of the tasks requiring screw-

drivers. During the telephone interview, one of the

complaints concerning the screwdrivers was that they are

hard to grip with oily hands. Most supervisors would tend

not to perform the oily tasks.

The examination of the influence of the assigned

major command was originally incorporated to indicate if the

different CTK and tool control requirements established by

each command had an affect. A closer look into other

differences in the commands invalidates this premise. Each

command works with its own type of engine, which may or may

not be the same as another command's. This is significant

in that each engine type requires different size, shape, and

torque capacity for the hand tools used. In addition, the

AFRES and ANG personnel remain at their original base of

assignment longer than their regular counterparts. A

difference in attitude could be because the AFRES and ANG

personnel will be working with those particular tools for the

next twenty to thirty years.

The strong evidence pointing to a difference in

opinions based on north or south regions leads one to believe

that weather would have its affect on equipment which, in

turn, would require sturdier tools. Huwever, such a conclusion

77

---- ----

tI

would be false since the difference in attitudes was not

evident for questions five and six. These are the sockets and

wrenches, tools most often subjected to stress. As with the

Major Commands category, the bases were not divided into

groups by engine type. This may explain the difference in

attitudes.

The measure of frustration with the straightforward

questions of thirteen and sixteen resulted in concluding that

changes in quality from GSA to WTP tools did make a difference

to the jet propulsion technicians. However, it is possible

that the expression of frustration may have also been directed

toward the Air Force in general. For that reason, the authors

developed a telephone interview guide aimed at some of the

aspects and concerns that lead to frustration when working

with poor quality tools. Such concerns as safety, FOD, damage

to equipment, and tool replacement time and quality were

incorporated in the interview.

The results of the telephone interview also support

the WTP with many of the participants urging program expansion.

Of the frustrations felt by the technicians since implementa-

tion of the WTP, many expressed fewer frustrations. The

only area of concern not seen as improving since the institut-

ion of the program was in FOD. The shorter time for broken

tool exchange is regarded as one of the big pluses of the

program.

78

,, , , , . . . . .. *I--. . . . . . .. .. . ... . -

It was disturbing to note that 40 percent of those

reporting that a tool broke while they were using it never

filed a Quality Deficiency Report (QDR). One individual

felt that the filing of a QDR was the responsibility of

supply personnel, not the user. For those that did file a

QDR, there were complaints of the length of time before a

final disposition of the report was received. However, all

were received before the 60-day time limit expired.

As mentioned previously, one aspect of incorporating

warranted items is the ability to manage those items for

insuring the maximum benefit. Essential to this concept

is the ability to determine which items belong to the WTP.

The results of the telephone interview indicated that over

70 percent of the mechanics knew which tools were under

warranty. However, 20 percent stated they knew which because

of briefings or a list posted on a bulletin board, which

brings us to recommendations.

Recommendations

For the WTP

1. Require all warranted tools be marked.

2. Offer a variety of each type so that a tool can

be chosen that fits the engine type.

3. Implement the WTP Air Force-wide.

4. Reevaluate the DTC needle nose and diagonal

cutting pliers.

79

For Future Research

1. Determine if technicians have a bias towards

a particular brand of hand tool.

2. Determine whether engine type influences

attitudes toward which hand tool procurement policy is used,

GSA or WTP.

3. Develop a life-cycle cost model designed

specifically for hand tools.

4. Reevaluate the QDR system.

5. Iivestigate alternatives for warranted tool

management.

80

,, I

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MAT.ONAL OUREAAJ Of STANOAOS -963-A

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APPENDICES

ii 81

APPENDIX A

DEFINITIONS

82

A. Air Force Logistics Management Center (AFLMC): AFLMC is

located at Gunter Air Force Base, Alabama.

B. Commercial Item Descriptions (CID): Specific manufacturers'

descriptions of items sold on the commercial market.

C. Composite Tool Kit (CTK): A kit of tools specifically made

so that a group of maintenance personnel can work out of it.

D. Federal Specifications: Specific descriptions of an item

telling the exact size, type of material, hardness, etc.,

items must meet to be acceptable for procurement by Government

agencies.

E. General Services Administration (GSA): An agency of the

U.S. Government responsible for, among other things, the procure-

ment and storage of items common to all Government agencies.

F. Quality Deficiency Reporting (QDR) System: A system

whereby deficiencies discovered in manufactured or rebuilt

items are reported to the appropriate procurement agency so that

reoccurrences are prevented or reduced, e.g., Technical Order

(TO) 00-35D-54.

G. SNAP-ON: A corporation in Kenosha, Wisconsin that manu-

factures lifetime warranted tools.

83

E.

APPENDIX B

SPECIFICATIONS

84

GGG-W-1437January 5, 1970

FEDERAL SPECIFICATION

WRENCH, SOCKET AND BOX END (THIN WALL -- NIGH STRENGTH)

This specification was approved by the Commissioer,Federal Supply Service, General Services Administration,for the use of all Federal agencies.

1. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION

1.1 Scope. This specification covers 12-point, thin wall, high-strength box end wrench, socket, socket universal joint, torque adapter,and reversible ratchet handle, designed for general use on aerospace jetengines.

1.2 Classification. Wrench shall be of the following types, andsize or class, as specified (see 6.2):

1.2.1 Type I reversible ratchet handle:

Size 1 - 1/4-inch square drive.Size 2 - 3/8-inch square drive.Size 3 - 1/2-inch square drive.

1.2.1.1 Identification code (reference number construction). Theidentification code shall be developed in the following form:

GGGW1437 T 1DS2

Fed Spec Type Drive size(see 1.2.1.2).

1.2.1.2 Drive size. The drive size shall be identified by the two-letter symbol "DS" followed by a one-digit number. The size shall beidentified in accordance with 1.2.1.

FSC 5120

85

, upIg

GGG-W-1 4 37AMENDMENT 1November 7. 1972

FEDERAL SPECIFICATION

WRENCH, SOCKET AIM BOX END (THIN WALL-HIGH STRENGTH)

This amendment, which forms a part of Federal SpecificationGGG-W-1437, dated January 5, 1970, was approved by theCommissioner, Federal Supply Service, General ServicesAdministration for the use of all Federal agencies.

PAGES 15 THROUGH 20

FIGURES 1 through 6: Delete and substitute revised figures 1 through 6.

MILITARY CUSTODIANS: Preparine activity:Iaruy - AV' ry-A

Navy - AS Army- AV

Air Force - 84Review activities: Project No. 5120-0730

User activities:

Army - WCNavy -

VSC 5120

86

I.e

ii*I I. m l--

GGG-W-1437

1.2.2 Type I, sockets, 12-voint:

Size 1 - 1/4-inch square drive.Size 2 - 3/8-inch square drive.Size 3 - 1/2-inch square drive.

Class I - Double hexagon, regular.Class 2 - Double hexagon, deep.Class 3 - Double hexagon, socket universal joint.


GGGW l37 Type2 DSl Class 2 WSO6I I IIFed Spec Type Drive size Class Wrench size

(1.2.2.2.) (1.2.2.3) opening (1.2.2.4).

1.2.2.2 Drive size. The drive size shall be identified by the two-letter symbol "DS" followed by a one-digit number. The size shall beidentified in accordance with 1.2.2.

1.2.2.3 Class. The class shall be identified in accordance with 1.2.2.

1.2.2.4 Wrench size. The wrench size shall be identified by the two-letter symbol 'VS" followed by a two-digit number expressed iu incrementsof 1/32-inch.

1.2.3 Type t11, box end wrench.

Class 1 - 15 degrees offset.Class 2 - Deep offset.


G=1IJ437 T c3 Class 2 WSOBA USLOB

Fed Spec Type Class Small head Large head(1.2.3.2) wrench open- wrench open-

ing (1.2.3.3) ins (1.2.3.4).

2

87

GOG-W-1437

1.2.3.2 Class. The class shall be identified in accordance with 1.2.3.

1.2.3.3 Wrench, small head size. The small head wrench opening shallbe identified by the two-letter symbol 'US" followed by a two-digit numberexpressed in increments of 1/32-inch. These four digits shall be followedby the letter "A" denoting the small head.

1.2.3.4 Wrench, large head size. The large head wrench opening shallbe identified by the two-letter symbol "WS" followed by a two-digit numberexpressed in increments of 1/32-inch. These four digits shall be followedby the letter "B" denoting the large head.

1.2.4 Type TV, torque adapter:

Nominal opening Length Square drive

Size 1 5/16-inch 2 inches 3/8-inchSize 2 3/8-inch 2 inches 3/8-inchSize 3 7/16-inch 2 inches 3/8-inchSize 4 1/2-inch 2 inches 3/8-inchSize 5 9/16-inch 2 inches 3/8-inch.


0GGW1437 T 4 WS2

Fed Spec Type Wrench size opening

(1.2.4.2).

1.2.4.2 Wrench size. The wrench size shall be identified by thetwo-letter symbol "S" followed by a one-digLt number. The size shallbe identified in accordance with 1.2.4.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on date of invi-tation for bids or request for proposal, form a part of this specificationto the extent specified herein:

Federal Specifications:

GGG-W-641 - Wrench, Socket; (and Sockets, Handles, andand Attachments for Socket Wrenches; Hand).

PPP-8-601 - loxes, Wood, Cleated-Plywood.

3

88

., • I % v ' ,z

GGG-W-1437

Federal Standard:

Fed. Std. No. 123 M- arking for Domestic Shipment (CivilianAgencies).

(Activities outside the. Federal Government may obtain copies of FederalSpecifications, Standards, and Handbooks as outlined under General Infor-

mation in the Index of Federal Specifications and Standards and at theprices indicated in the Index. The Index, which includes cumulativemonthly supplements as issued, is for sale on a subscriptio9 basis by theSuperintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Offide, Washingtcn,D. C. 20402.

(Single copies of this specification and other Federal Specifications

required by activities outside the Federal Government for bidding purposesare available without charge from Business Service Centers at the GeneralServices Administration Regional Offices in Boston, New York, Washington,D. C., Atlanta, Chicago, Kansas City, Mo., Fort Worth, Denver, San Francisco,Los Angeles, and Seattle, Washington.

(Federal Government activities may obtain copies of Federal Specifica-tions, Standards, and Handbooks and the Index of Federal Specifications

and Standards from established distribution points in their agencies.)

Militarv Soecification:

MIL-H-15424 - Hand Tools; Packaging of.

Military Standards:

MIL-STD-105 - Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspectionby Attributes.

ML-STD-129 - Marking for Shipment and Storage.

MIL-STD-130 - Identification Marking of US Military Property.

!'521250 - Bolt, 12 Point, External Wrenching, 180,000 Psi.

(Copies of Military Specifications and Standards required by contractorsin connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained fromthe procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.)

89

G-W-1437

3. REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Wrench, socket, socket universal joint. torque adapter, andreversible ratchet handle. Wrench, socket, socket universal joint,torque adapter, and reversible ratchet handle shall be generally asshown on figures I through 6.

3.1.1 First articles. This specification requires first-arcicletesting, as specified in 4.2.1. The first articles may be either pre-production samples or production items which conform to all requirementsof this specification. In either case the first articles shall be manu-factured in the same facilities, and shall be identical with, the pro-duction items in accordance with the terms of the contract. Approval ofthe first articles does not relieve the supplier of the responsibilityfor complying with all applicable provisions of this specification.

3.2 Materials. Materials used shall be such as to produce tools

conforming to this specification.

3.3 Design and construction.

3.3.1 Drive tangs and openings. The male drive tang and the femaledrive opening shall be in accordance with table I and figure I of GGG-W-641.

3.3.2 Internal wrenching. The internal wrench design of the box

wrench or socket wrenching profile shall be so configured that when matedwith.12-point fasteners conforming to MS21250, they transmit torque tothe fasteners without bearing on the outer 5 percent of the fastenerwrenching points (see fig. 1).

3.3.3 Hardness. Wrench, socket, socket universal joint, drive tangs,and attachments shall be hardened to not less than 38, nor more than 56,on the Rockwell "C" scale.

3.3.4 Edges and corners. All edges and corners shall be rounded,chamfered, and free of sharp edges. The inside edges of the 12-pointopening shall be chamfered.

90

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GOG-W-1437

3.3.5 Finish.

3.3.5.1 Surface roughness. All external surfaces shall be free frompits, nodules, forge flash, burrs, cracks, laps, seams, and other defects.All external surfaces shall be ground and buffed, or finished by an equi-valent method, and provided with a bright chromium finish. The externalsurfaces of wrench, socket, socket universal joint, torque adapter, andreversible ratchet handle shall have a surface roughness of 30 microinches (arithmetical) or better, using a point .030-inch cutoff on surfacemeasuring machine. The periphery of head and shank of the reversibleratchet handle shall have a surface roughness of 30 micro inches (arith-metical) or better, using a point .030-inch cutoff on surface measuringmachine. Periphery of heads of type IV (torque adapter) shall have asurface roughness of 30 micro inches.

3.3.5.2 Coating. The chromium coating shall be adherent, smooth,continuous, and free from pits, blisters, nodules, and any other defectswhich could interfere with their protective value and serviceability.The coating shall be electro-deposited, consisting ot a minimum thick-ness of 0.0002-inch of nickel followed by a minimum thickness of 0.00001-inch of chromium.

3.4 Type I, reversible ratchet handle. The reversible ratchet handle,size as specified in 6.2, shall conform to type III, class 2 of GCG-W-641,except that the dimension shall conform to table I of this specification.

3.5 Type II, socket (see 1.2.2).

3.5.1 Classes 1 and 2. Class 1 and class 2 sockets, size as speci-fied (see 6.2(b)), shall be double-hexagon (12-point) type. Nut or boltengaging surfaces shall be broached, punched, or machined in a smooth andwell defined manner. The configuration of the surfaces shall be welldefined. The engaging surfaces shall be suitable for use on bolt headsurfaces conforming to MS21250. The sockets shall conform to the dimen-sional and test load requirements shown on figure 2.

3.5.2 Class 3, socket universal joint. Class 3 socket universal joint,size as specified in 6.2, shall be double-hexagon design. A friction-typetension device shall hold the socket against gravity in any position. Thetension device shall be self-compensating for normal moderate wear. Thesocket universal joint shall rotate in a complete arc when the angulardeviation of either member is 40 degrees from the common centerline.Socket universal joint shall conform to figure 3.

92

I itt

GGG-W-1437

3.5.3 Bolt clearance hole. Bolt clearance hole shall be from thebase of the 12-point opening to the base of the square drive for theregular socket, and 1.20 inches deep minimum from the 12-point drive endfor the deep socket. Diameter of the bolt clearance hole shall conformto that shown on figure 2.

3.6 Type III, box end wrench.

3.6.1 Class 1. The 15-degree offset wrench, size as specified (see6.2), shall be 12-point, double-hexagon, double-head design, as shown onfigure 5.

3.6.2 Class 2. The deep offset wrench, size as specified (see 6.2*,shall be 12-point, double-hexagon, double-head design, as phown on figure 4.

3.7 Tvae IV, toroue adanter. Torque adapter shall be of the 12-point,double-hexagon design with a 3/B-inch female square drive, as shown onfigure 6.

3.8 Sets of tools. When sets are specified (see 6.2(c)), the partsof the sets shall conform to the requirements of the respective types,

classes, or sizes, for one each of the types, classes, or sizes of toolscovered in this specification.

3.8.1 Boxes for sets. Tools when ordered as a set (see 6.2), shallbe furnished in a metal box. All of the sockets in the set shall be con-tained in one compartment shaped in such a manner that the sockets arestored in progressive positions from the smallest to the largest. Anadditional compartment shall be provided to separate the ratchet handles

from other tools in the set. The box shall be of not less than "22 gagesheet metal, and shall be of durable and rigid construction. The boxshall have a cover held on by a continuous piano hinge and shall have apositive catch. Both interior and exterior surfaces of the box shallhave a durable coating of paint or enamel.

3.9 Identification of oroduct (see 1.2). Wrench, socket, socketuniversal joint, torque adapter, and reversible ratchet hanale shall bepermanently identified with the manufacturer's name or trademark, so thatthe source of manufacture may be readily determined. Tools shall also be

permanently marked to indicate the nominal wrench opening (distance acrossflats) in fractions. Identification and marking shall be in accordancewith HtIL-STD-130.

3.10 Workmanship. Workmanship shall be in accordance with hlgh-gradecommercial practice. Tools shall be free from rust, fins, burrs, externalsharp or rough edges, corners, or surfaces, and other defects which couldimpair service and durability.

8

93

_______- S- . . ..... .. . ...... .... . I I I- - -__

GGG-W-1437

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

4.1 Resoonsibility for inspection. Unless otherwise specified in the

contract or purchase order, the supplier is responsible for all inspec-

tion requirements as specified herein. Except as otherwise specifed inthe contract or order, the supplier may use his own facilities suitablefor the performance of the inspection requirements specified herein,

unless disapproved by the Government. The Government reserves the rightto perform any of the inspections set forth in the specification wheresuch inspections are deemed necessary to assure supplies and services

conform to prescribed requirements.

4.2 Classification of insnections and tests. The inspection and

testing requirements specified herein are classified as (1) first articleand (2) quality conformance.

4.2.1 First articles. First article insDection (see 3.1.1) shall consist

of the number of samples as specified by the procuring activity of each type,

size, or class under a contract or order (see 6.2). All tools shall pass thetest specified in 4.4.

4.2.2 Qualitv confornance. Quality conformance inspection shall consist

of all tests specified in 4.4 on sample items selected in accordance with 4.3.

4.3 Sialing.

4.3.1 Lot definition.

4.3.1.1 Production lot. A production lot shall consist of all tools

or sets manufactured by the same process, heat-treated in the same manner,

and produced as one continuous run or order.

4.3.1.2 Inspection lot. All tools or sets of the same type, size,

or class taken from a production lot and offered for delivery at onetime shall be considered a lot for purposes of inspection and tests.

4.3.2 Tools. A random sampling of tools shall be taken from the

inspection loc and inspected in accordance with level I of MEL-STD-105.

The acceptable quality level (AQL) shall be 1.5 percent defective.

4.3.3 Sets (see 3.8). A random sampling of tool sets shall be taken

from the inspection lot and inspected in accordance with level S-4 of

MIL-STD-105. The AQL shall be 1.5 percent defective.

9

4 94

,t I

I I I l ....... , ,. . .

GGG-W-1437

4.4 Tests. Each sample selected in accordance with 4.3.2 or 4.3.3,

as applicable, shall be tested in accordance with the tests specifiedin 4.4.1 through 4.4.2.1.3 to verify compliance with this specification.Any tool in each lot containing one or more defects shall be rejectedand if the number of defective items in any lot exceeds the acceptancenumber for that sampling, the lot shall be rejected. The handles shall besubjected to the tests of GGG-W-641 to determine compliance with thatspecification and the load test as modified by table I of this specifica-tion.

4.4.1 Hardness. The hardness requirements of 3.3.3 shall be verifiedon a Rockwell tester, using a diamond penetrator and employing a 150-kilogram major load. Surfaces shall be suitably ground for the test.Before the tools are tested, the plating, decarburization, and hardenedcases shall be removed.

4.4.2. Load. Load tests for tools shall be conducted on the sampletools to determine conformance with the test load requirements shownon figures 1 through 6, as applicable.

4.4.2.1 Apolicatin of test loads.

4.4.2.11 The loads shall be applied either with torque producingmachines or with a lever with dead weights. Each sample tool testedshall be capable of withstanding 2,000 applications of the minimumtorque endurance load as specified on figures 2, 4, 5, and 6, as

applicable. After each application the tool shall be indexed 30 degrees.Each socket shall be subjected to the proof torque load specified on

figure 2. Using a mandrel and drive tang, the load shall be appliedfor 10 seconds and then removed. The test (torque) load is defined as

that torque tending to cause rotation of the mandrel about its axis line(which is also the axis line of the wrench opening). The test load is

the product of the applied force and the effective lever arm. The appliedforce is that component of the total force mutually perpendicular to the

mandrel axis line and the effective lever arm. The effective lever arm4 is the shortest distance between the mandrel axis line and the line of

action through which the applied force acts.

10

1 95

, G-w-1437

4.4.2.1.2 The test load shall be applied as follows: A square tescplug of suitable strength and complying with the drive end dimensionalrequirements of the drive tang specified in table I and on figure I ofGGG-W-641, shall be used. The test plug may be driven by any suitablemanual or mechanical means. The socket shall then be engaged on the endof a mandrel to a maximum depth in accordance with cable II. Box wrenchand adapters shall use full insertion depth. A stop may be set at theouter end of the test plug to prevent slippage of the socket end-wisefrom the mandrel. The mandrel shall be hexagon-shaped. The maximumhexagon size of all mandrels shall not exceed the nominal size of thesocket. The minimum hexagon size shall be at the nominal, minus 0.002-inch.Mandrels shall be hardened to not less than 55 on the Rockwell "C" scaleand shall be smoothly finished.

4.4.2.1.3 Examination for cracks, deformation, and permanent set.After application of the test load, the tools shall be examined forcracks, deformation, permanent set, and any other defect caused by theload tests. The handles of wrenches shall not show a permanent angulardistortion (set) of more than 2 degrees. The amount of set shall bedetermined by measuring the permanent linear displacement of the oppositehead. A fixture for measurin% this deformation shall be made beforeapplying the test load. The amount of permanent linear displacementof the opposite head shall not be more than the head center-to-centerdimension multiplied by the tangent of 2 degrees.

4.5 Inspection of preparation for delivery. Preservation and pack-aging, packing, and marking for shipment of handles, sockets, torqueadapters, and wrenches shall be inspected to determine compliance withsection 5 of this specification.

96

f 96

," I

GGG -W-1437

TABLE 11. M!aximum depth of mandrel insertion

Nom~inal Mandrel engagement N~ominalwrench size maximum depth from square drive

face of socket

0. 1S75-inch 0.125-inch.2188-inch .125-inch.2500-inch .125-inch.2S12-inch .141-inch.3125-inch .156-inch .250-inch.3438-inch .174-inch.3750-inch .188-inch.4375-inch .218-inch35000-inch .234-inch

0.3125-inch .187-inch.3750-inch .218-inch.4375-inch .250-inch.3000-inch .313-inch .375-inch.55625-inch .373-inch.6250-inch .438-inch.6373-inch .468-inch.7500-inch .500-inch

0.6250-inch .468-inch.6375-inch .531-inch .500-inch.7300-inch .562-inch

12

97

I.IW

CGGG-W-1437

5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY

5.1 Preservation and packaging. Preservation and packaging shallbe level A or C, as specified (see 6.2).

5.1.1 Level A. Preservation and packaging shall be in accordancewith level A of MIL-H-15424.

5.1.2 Level C. Wrenches shall be preserved and packaged in a mannerto prevent deterioration or damage during handling and shipping from thesupplier to the first receiving activity.

5.2 Packing. Packing shall be level A, B, or C, as specified (see 6.2).

5.2.1 Level A. Individual tools or sets, packaged as specified,shall be packed in accordance with level A of MIL-H-15424. Exteriorcontainers shall conform to oversea type of PPP-B-601, and surface-treated in accordance with the requirements of the specification.

5.2.2 Level B. Individual tools or sets, packaged as specifid, shallbe packed in accordance with level B of MIL-H-15424.

5.2.3 Level C. Individual tools or sets, packaged as specified, sha±lbe packed in accordance with level C of 4IL-E-15424.

5.3 Marking for shioment. In addition to any special marking requiredby the contract or order, shipments shall be marked in accordance with

Fed. Std. No. 123 or MEL-STD-L29, as applicable.

6. NOTES

6.1 Intended use. This specification covers wrench, socket, socketuniversal joint, torque -11apter, and reversible ratchet handle for attachingand detaching special h t -strength fasteners for general use on aerospacejet engines.

6.2 Ordering data. Purchasers should select the preferred options offered

herein,and include the following data in procurement documents.

a. Title, number, and date of this specifiLcation.

b. Type, size or class of tool required (see 1.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7).

13

98

GGG-16-1437

c. Specify number of samples required for first article inspection(see 4..2.1).

d. If sets of tools are required, the class and sizes of box wrenches(see figs. 4~ and 5); the class and sizes of sockets (see figs.2 and 3); size of the torque adapter (see fig. 6); and the size

each set (see table I).I . Level of preservation and packaging, and of packing, required(see 5.1 and 5.2).

f. Whether special marking for shipment is required (see 5.3).

MILTARY CUSTDI,:S- Preoaring activity:

Army - Aviation Systems Comnd Army -AVNavy - ASAir Force - 84.

Review activities: GL, AS

User activities: WC, SH, OS

14.

99

GGG-W-1 437

WRENCH SHALL TRANSMIT TORQUE WITHOUT

BEARING ON THIS PORTION OF FASTENER

FIGURE 1 -internal wrench engagement.

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105

C A AEROSPACE AS 954A

Society of Automotive Engineers. Inc. STANDARD w... n esins

REVERSIBLE RATCHET HANDLES AND SOCKETSFLEXIB LE SOCKETS. BOX WRENCHES, TORQUE ADAPTERS,

12-POINT, HIGH STRENGTH. THIN WALL

1. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION

1.1 Scop: This Aerospace Stanldard (AS) covers reversible ratchet handles and high strengththin wall commercial eochets, flexible sockets. box wrenches and torque adapters designed forgenerl usage which possess the strengrth. clearances, and an internal wrenching design so

confitur d that, when mated with 12-point fasteners conforming to the requirement of AS 870,they shall transmit torque to the fastener without bearing on the outer 5% of the fastener'swrenching points.

1.2 Classification: This AS covers only a limited number of sites and combinations of sizes of theaforementioned items for which an aerospace engine need has been demonstrated end for whichthe commercial Item manufacturers can meet all requirements of this AS.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 The following documents, of the issue in effect on the date of invitations for bids or requestfor proposal. form a part of this AS to the extent specified herein:

F2.1.1 ederal Standards: Avaeoble from Commanding Officer Naval Publications and Forms Center.5801 Tabor Avenue. Philadelphia, PA 19120.

FED-STD-346 - Gouges, Wrench Openings

2.2 Other Publications: The following documents form s part of this AS to the etent specifiedherein. Unless a specific issue Is identified, the issue in effect on the date of invitation forbids or request for propoal shall apply:

2.2.1 American Society for Testing end Mate.'ials (AST.M) Standard: Available from AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials. 1916 Race Street. Philadelphia, PA 19103.

ElIS - Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Mataille Materials. StandardMethods of Test For.

2.2.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Inc.. Standards: Available from AmericanNational Standards Institute, Inc.. 1430 Broadway. New York. NY 10018.

B46.1 Surface Texture.BI0.A - Driving and Spindle Ends for Portable Hand, Air and Electric Tools.

2.2.3 SAE Publications: Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.. 400 CommonwealthDrive. Warrendale. PA 15096.

AS 478- Identification - Marking MethodsAS #70 - Wrenching Configuration. Double Hexagon (12-Point) for Threaded Fasteners

106

! -

AS 954A -2-

3. REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Illustrations: The ilustrations shown herein are descriptive and not restrictive and are includedfor the convenience of requisitioning and purchasing officers and manufacturers. and are notintended to preclude the purchase of sockets. flexible sockets, box wrenches, torque adaptersand reversible ratchet handles which are otherweise In accordance with this standard.

3.2 Materials: Unless otherwise specified hereinafter, the materials used in the manufacture of thesocketr. flexible sockets. box wrenches, torque adapters and reversible ratchet handles shell besteel, the chemical composition and heat treatment of which shall be such e to produce tools con-forming to the physical requirements specified herein.

3.3 Marking: The sockets, flexible sockets, box wrenches, torque adapters and reversible ratchethandles shall be marked in a permanent manner with the manufacturer's name, or with a trademarkof such known character that the source of manufacture may be readily determined. In addition.the tools shall be marked in a permanent manner with the nominal wrench opening (except forreversible ratchet handles). Marking requirement shall be in accordance with AS 478.

3.4 Manufacture and Design:

3.4.1 Drive End Dimensions: ale and female drive and dimensions shall conform to ANSI B107.4.

3.4.1.1 late Drive Tangs: Male drive tangs shall be designed for square drive. The drive tangs shallhave a smooth machined engaging surface. Each male drive tang shall be provided with aspring-loaded steel ball permanently staked in place and arranged to hold the mating socketsand attachments. Each male drive tang shall be shouldered at the flats to provide a positivestop for the tang.

J.4.1.Z Female Drive OpeninZ: All female drive openings shall be broached or punched In a smooth andwell defined manner. Tools having female drive openings shall be firmly attachable to cor-responding size male drive tngs by the following methods.

3.4.1.2.1 On 31 In. and Lar~er Drie Openings: One or more faces of the female drive opening shall

be drilled or recessed so that any recess or drilled hole shall engage the spring-loeded steelball on the corresponding male drive. If only one or two faces of the female opening arereeased. the sockets shall be marked indicating the face of the openng which is recessed.

3.4.1.2.2 On 1/4 In. Drive Openings: One or more faces of the female drive opening may or may notbe drilled or recessed, however, the minimum force required to remove tang as apecified inANSI 3107.4 shall be met.

3.4.2 Edges and Corners: All edges and corners, capable of causing injury, not otherwise coveredherein, shall have sharp edges removed by rounding, chamfering, or other means. The insideedges of the wrench opening shall be chamfered.

3.4.3 Tang Engagement and Disengagement: The detachable sockets, 'lexible Sockets, torque adaptersand reversibl ratchet handles shall be so designed that male tangs can be inserted into thecorresponding female openings without undue force and shall be manually detachable without theuse of any tools or keys. and meet the minimum force requirements to remove tang as specified inapplicable tables of ANSI 8 107.4. Binding between surfaces and corners shall not be evident.

3.5 Hardness: Unlesa otherwise specified herein, sockets, flexible sockets, box wrenches, torqueadapters and ratchet handles shall be hardened throughout to a Rockwell hardness of not less thanS8 nor more than S4 on the -C" scale. except for ratchet drive tang which need not be hardened

ever mor than the dimension "CM" as in Table X of ANSI 3 107.4. Hardness definitions., noeen-clature and procedures used herein can be found in ASTM ElI.

if 107

- --

3- AS 954A3.6 Finlish :

3.6.1 Surface Roughness. All external surfaces shall be free from pits, nodules. forge flash. burrs.crack s. and olher detrimnental defecis. The external forge flash shil be completely removed ioblend smoothly with adjacent surfaces except that the forge flash shall be completely removedfrom the periphery of the heads of box wrenches and torque adapters and from that portion ofthe handle which shall be essentially straight and uniform in section dimensions. Maximum surfaceroughness values shall be determined by microinch values. Determination of microinch value shallbe taken on a representative surface. Areas that ale ground and buffed. or otherwise finishedby an equivalent method, and provided with a coating finish of chromium shell have s unlformbright fin sh with a maximum roughness in microinches using a 0.030 in . roughness width cutoffon the surface measuring instrument, conforming to chart no. 1. Defilnitions and nomenclatureused herein can be found in ANSI B46.1.

3.6.2 Coatings: The coatings shall be adherent, smooth, continuous and free from pits. blisters.nodules, and any other defects which would interfere with their protective value and service-ability. The maximum thickness of the coating shall be as specified in 3.6.2.1 on all externalvisible surfaces which can be touched by a ball 0.750 in. in diameter.

3.6.2.1 Chromium Plate: The coating shall be electrodeposited metals consisting of nickel, followedby chromium the minimum thickness of which shall be 0.0001 in. for nickel or iron-nickel and0.00001 in. for chromium.

3.7 Test Loads: The items covered herein shall withstand the test load specified in the applicabletables without injury or permanent deformation (set) which might affect the durability or service-ability of the tools.

3.7.1 Mandrels for Wrench Openings: Wrench openings shall be tested on hexagonal msandrels. Thesize of all mandrels shall conform to the dimensions and tolerances specified in Table V'. The ODof the hexagonal mannrel shall be reduced by 0.05H as shown on Fig. I to ensure that wrenchlobe doss not transmit torque on mandrel points. Mandrels shall be hardened to show a Rockwehardness of not less than 55 on the "C" scale and shall have smoothly finished wrench engagementsurfaces.

3.7.2 Test Plug:

3.7.2.1 Sockets' A square test plug of suitable strength and complying with the minimum dimensionalrequirements of the male drive tang specified in ANSI B107.4 shall be employed. The test plugmay be driven by any suitable manual or mechanical means. The socket shall then be engagedon the end of a mandrel to a maximum depth in accordance with Table V. A stop may be setat the outer end of the test plug to prevent slippage of the socket end-wise from the mandrel.

3.7. 2.2 Flexible Sockets: A test plug as in 3.7.3.1 shall be used except that a means shall be providedto keep flexble socket parts in the axes about which the load is applied.

3.7.3 Qualification Test:

3.7.3.1 Sockets. Flexible Sockets. Box Wrenches. Torque Adapters: Each sample tool tested shall becapable of withstanding 2000 applicetions or the minimum torque endurance load specified in theapplicable table, and than the associated proof toad when engaged per 3.7.1. After 250applications on the mandrel, the tool shall be indexed 30 degrees.

3.?.3.2 Reversible Ratehet Handles: The ratchet mechanism shall withstand a cyclic test of 100.000cyclies. as specified in Tabi IV. without fallure of the ratchet mechanis or loosening of screwsor other parts of the handle. Following cyclic test. ratchet handle shall then be subjected tothe proof load specified in Table IV and 3.12.2.

108

iII .

AS 954A .4.

3.7.3.3 Integrity Test One sample of each tool shall be loaded to failure. Failure shall not result infragmentation.

3.1 Wrench Opening,S3.8.1 Wrenchwi Design, The internal wrench design of the socket, flexible socket, box wrench ortorque adapter shall be so configured that, when mated with 12-poult fasteners conforming to therequirements of AS 970. they shall transmit torque to the fastener without beating on the outer$1 of the fastener*s wrenching points. See Fig. 1.

3.8.2 Bolt end Nut End Opening Tolerance: Wrench opening tolerance shall be as specified in FED-STD-346.

1.% Socitls In addition to the requirements of 3.4. a bolt clearance hole shall be provided. Theclelarnce hole length shall be from the base of the t12-point opening to the base of the square drive.The diameter of the bolt clearance hole shall conform to Table 1.

3.10 Flexible Sockets: In addition to the requirements of 3.4, flexible sockets shld be provided witha friction type tension device which will hold the drive end and the socket end in any set positionwith a force adequate to hold the universal oint against gravity. Hinge pin shall be solid and notextended beyond the periphery of the universa joint. A tltru bolt clearance hole shall be provided.the diameter of which shall be as specified in Table IA. The universal joint shall be capable ofrotation in a complete arc when the angultar deviation of either end member from the commonCenter Une is 40 Cegres.

3.11 Box Wrenches. Torque Adapters:

3.11.1 Box Wrencnes: The 15-degree And deep offset box wrenches shall be 12-point, double hexagon,double-.ead desig, and possess the renching design of 3.8.1.

3. 11. 2 Torque Adapters: Torque adapter shll be of the 12-point. double hexagon design with a 3/8 in.female square drive, and possess the wrenching design of 3.8. 1. Two sides of square drive shallbe parallel to Line drawn from center of drive through center of nominal wrench openings.

3.12 Reversible Ratchet Handles, The reversible ratchet handles shall meet the unidirectional cyclic testtorque of Table IV and 3.7.3.2. the drop test of 3.12.1. and the proof load test of Table IV and3.12.2. The shifting lever. knob, or button shall be of sufficient strength to assure long life underhard usage and it shall be installed in such a manner that it can only be removed by a deliberateprying actn. The ratchet handle shall withstand the test loads specified without permanentangular distortion of more than five degrees and shall show no indication of damage or adverseeffect upon the ratcheting mechanism and the handle after removal of the test load. If an openingis provided for lubricating the ratchet mechanism, it shall be constructed in such a manner that dirtwill not enter.

3.12.1 Orp Test: The reversible ratchet handle shall be dropped on a concrete floor from a height ofsix feet. a minimum of twelve tias in random positions. However. the ratchet (button) mechanismshall strike (first) on the concrete floor at least twice. During this test. all components shallremain properly assembled and the ratchet mechanism shall work satisfactorily after the last drophas been completed.

3.12.21

Proo( Load Test; The ratchet handles shall withstand the tlt loads spe ifid without permanentangular distortion of more than five degrees and shall show no indication of damage or adverseeffect on the ratcheting mechanism or the handle after removal of the test load.

3. 13 Workmanship: All details of workmanship shall be in sccordance with high grade commercial proc-tnces. ALl items covered herein shall be free from rust. f ns, burrs, external sharp or rough edges.corners or surfaces and other defects which may impair their serviceability or durabiity.

109

,- I

I

AS 954A

CHART No. 1 - SPECIFIC AREAS OF FINISH

SOCKET Outer Iongitudinal surfaces or major diameter thereof shall be bright with 30

FLEXIBLE micreinches maximum, except where knurled or grooved. The remaminig exterior

SOCKET longitudinal socket surface shall be 150 micronches maximum.

BOX WRENCH A minimum of 180 degrees of the outer periphery of the box ends (90 degrees on

TORQUE each side of the longitudinal axis of the wrench) shall have a maximum roughness

ADAPTER height value of 30 microinches (arithmetical average (A.A.))

REVERSIBLE At least 180 degrees of the periphery of the head shall be bright with 30 microinchesRATCHET maximum. The remaining surfaces, except where knurled or grooved, shall be 150

HANDLE microinches maximum.

Prepared By

SAE COMIMITTEE EG-1AEROSPACE PROPULSION SYSTEMS SUPPORT EQUIPSIENT

110

AS 954A

C KC1

TABLE I SOCKET DIMENSIONS (INCHES)

Min Proof N o?locinal 0 0 Torque Torque SquaeeWrench A B C Min E 2 Dim Endurance Load DriveOp~nin~ Max Max Mlin Depth 'Ai %Mz M Load (in-tb) (in-tb) Site

7/32 0.343 0.440 0.390 0.190 0.860 1.210 0.140 71 225 0.250

1/4 .380 .440 .390 .205 .860 1.270 .170 too 300 .250

9/32 .430 .440 .390 .215 .860 1.270 .180 125 375 .250

5/16 .478 .460 .390 .233 .860 1.270 .180 ISO 450 .250

318 .550 .697 .420 .270 .900 1.520 .281 300 00 .375

7/16 .680 .697 .420 .270 .900 1.S20 .281 400 1250 .371

1/2 .730 .697 .420 .300 .900 1.150 .344 So0 2400 .375

9lt6 .112 .610 .420 .328 .900 L.780 .406 840 2500 .375

Us8 .03 .940 .734 .375 1.460 1.780 .480 1690 5000 .500

11/16 .00 .940 .840 .465 1.480 1.100 .480 1850 5500 .500

3/4 1.053 1.055 .840 .330 1.480 1.780 .531 2000 6004 .500

ii11

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TABLE I1 BOX WRENCH AND TORQUE ADAPTER DATA

Min ProofNomunel Torque TorqueWrench A U Endurlce [,ed

O...axc Max Load (in- lb) (in-lb)

7132 0.37$ 0.250 6o 18o114 .425 .250 To 2209132 .44S .2S0 95 2505/1$ .480 .266 90 tS3/0 .578 .32? 200 605?/is .660 .340 2S0 IS01/2 .750 .359 400 1:00Oid .930 .404 $50 16505/8 .920 .460 7M0 2200

11/16 1.010 .400 s0 26403/4 1.080 .S3t 1000 3000

113

AS 954A

ANGLED END

A L a

TABLE III - ANGLED END BOX WRENCH

WRENCH OPENING

SMALL LARGE L LEND 'A, END 'B' MIN MAX

7/32 1/4 5 85/16 3/1 7 9716 1/2 0 10 1/$V 3 U s 9/&S/ 11

11/16 3/4 10 12

114

AS 954 A I=

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AS 954 A

TABLE V - HEXAGON MANDREL ENGAGEM1ENT DIMENSIONS

For Nominal Hexagon mandrel Mandrel EngagementWrench Wrench Across noat& Maximnum depth ofSizes Opening Tolerances Insertion

7132 0.2188 -.001 .002 0.109

Vd4 .250,0 -.001 .002 .125

9/32 .2012 -.001 .002 .141

5/16 .31215 .001 .002 .141

3/1 .3750 *.001 .. 002 .156

7116 .4375 *.001 .. 002 .218

1/2 .5000 .001 -. 003 .265

9/16 .5625 -.001 .. 003 .328

5/8 .6250 *.001 .. 003 .375

11116 .6875 .001 .. 003 .375

3/4 .7500 -.001 .003 .3

050 H min.

FIGURE I -INTERNAL 'WRENCH ENGAGEMENT

1.16

APPENDIX C

POPULATION BASES

117

WARRANTED TOOL PROGRAMPARTICIPATING BASES

BASE LOCATION

Altus AFB, Altus OK

Alvin Callendar Field, New Orleans LA

Andrews AFB, Washington D.C.

Bangor IAP, Bangor ME

Barksdale AFB, Bossier City LA

Barnes Municipal Airport, Westfield MA

Battle Creek ANG-Base MI

Beale AFB, Marysville CA

Bergstrom AFB, Austin TX

Birmingham Municipal Airport AL

Blytheville AFB, Blytheville AR

Boise Air Terminal ID

Bradley IAP, East Gramby CT

Buckley ANG-Base CO

Burlington IAP VT

Byrd Field, Sanston VA

Cannon AFB, Clovis NM

Cannon IAP, May ANG-Base, Reno NV

Capital Airport, Springfield IL

Carswell AFB, Fort Worth TX

Castle AFB, Merced CA

118

--

Charleston AFB, North Charleston SC

Cheyenne Municipal Airport, Cheyenne WY

Columbus AFB, Columbus MS

Dannelly Field, Montgomery AL

Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson AZ

Des Moines Municipal Airport IA

Dobbins AFB, Marietta GA

Douglas Municipal Airport, Charlotte NC

Dover AFB, Dover DE

Duluth International Airport, Duluth MN

Dyess AFB, Abilene TX

East West VA Regional Airport, Martinsburg WV

Eging ANG-Base, Fort Smith AR

Edwards AFB CA

Eglin AFB, Valparasio FL

Eielson AFB, Fairbanks AK

Ellington AFB, Houston TX

Ellsworth AFB, Rapid City SD

Elmendorf AFB, Anchorage AK

England AFB, Alexandria LA

Fairchild AFB, Spokane WA

Forbes Field ANG-Base KS

* Fort Wayne Municipal Airport IN

Fresno Air Terminal CA

Gen. B. Mitchell Field, Milwaukee WI

119

,

-- -a ,-

George AFB, Victorville CA

Glenn L. Martin State Airport, Baltimore MD

Grand Forks AFB, Grand Forks ND

Great Falls IAP MT

Greater Pittsburgh IAP PA

Greater Wilminton Airport, New Castle DE

Griffiss AFB, Rome NY

Grissom AFB, Peru IN

Hancock Field, Syracuse NY

Harrisburg IAP PA

Hector Field, Fargo ND

Hensley Field, Dallas TX

Hickam AFB, Honolulu HI

Hill AFB, Ogden UT

Holloman AFB, Alamogordo NM

Homestead AFB, Homestead FL

Hulman Field, Terre Haute IN

Hurlburt Field, Fort Walton Beach FL

Jackson Municipal Airport MS

Jackson IAP FL

Joe Foss Field, Sioux Falls SD

Kanawha Airport, Charleston WV

Keesler AFB, Biloxi MS

Kelly AFB, San Antonio TX

Key Field, Meridian MS

Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque NM

120

__ 4" j

K. I. Sawyer AFB, Marquette MI

Kulis ANG-Base, Anchorage IAP AK

Langley AFB, Hampton VA

Laughlin AFB, Del Rio TX

Lincoln Municipal Airport NE

Little Rock AFB, Little Rock AR

Loring AFB, Limestone ME

Luke AFB, Phoenix AZ

MacDill AFB, Tampa FL

Mansfield Lahm Airport, Mansfield OH

March AFB, Riverside CA

Mather AFB, Sacramento CA

Maxwell AFB, Montgomery AL

McChord AFB, Tacoma WA

McClellan AFB, Sacramento CA

McConnell AFB, Wichita KA

MeEntire ANG-Base, Columbia SC

McGhee Tyson Airport, Knoxville TN

McGuire AFB, Trenton NJ

Memphis IAP TN

Minneapolis-St Paul IAP MN

Minot AFB, Minot ND

Moffett Naval Aii- Station, Mountain View CA

Moody AFB, Valdosta GA

Mountain Home AFB, Mountain Home ID

121

,, I.

Myrtle Beach AFB, Myrtle Beach SC

National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center, AtlanticCity NJ

Nashville Metropolitan Airport TN

Nellis AFB, Las Vegas NV

New Orleans NAS, New Orleans LA

Niagara Falls International Airport, Niagara Falls NY

Norton AFB, San Bernadino CA

Offutt AFB, Omaha NE

O'Hare International Airport, Chicago IL

Ontario IAP CA

Otis AFB, Falmouth MA

Patrick AFB, Cocoa Beach FL

Pease AFB, Portsmouth NH

Peoria Airport IL

Peterson Field, Colorado Springs CO

Plattsburgh AFB, Plattsburgh NY

Pope AFB, Fayetteville NC

Portland IAP, Portland OR

Quonset State Airport, North Kingstown RI

Randolph AFB, San Antonio TX

Reese AFB, Lubbock TX

Richards-Gebaur AFB, Kansas City MO

Rickenbacker AFB, Columbus OH

Robins AFB, Warner Robins GA

Rosecrans Memorial Airport, St Joseph MO

1' 122

I,

, |i. _I - - -- .. . . . . ... .. ..... . .

Salt Lake City IAP UT

Savannah Municipal Airport GA

Schenectady County Airport NY

Scott AFB, Belleville IL

Selfridge ANGB, Mount Clemens MI

Seymour-Johnson AFB, Goldsboro NC

Shaw AFB, Sumter SC

Sheppard AFB, Wichita Falls TX

Sioux City Municipal Airport IA

Sky Harbor IAP, Phoenix AZ

Springfield Municipal Airport OH

Standiford Field, Louisville KY

St Louis IAP MO

Suffolk County Airport, Westhampton Beach NY

Tinker AFB, Oklahoma City OK

Toledo Express Airport OH

Travis AFB, Fairfield CA

Truax Field, Madison WI

Tucson IAP AZ

Tulsa IAP OK

Tyndall AFB, Panama City FL

Vance AFB, Enid OK

Van Nuys ANG-Base CA

Volk Field ANG-Base, Madison WI

Westchester County Airport, White Plains NY

123

"i,.

Westover AFB, Chicopee Falls MA

Williams AFB, Mesa AZ

Willow Grove Naval Air Station, Philadelphia PA

Will Rogers World Airport, Oklahoma City OK

Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton OH

Wurthsmith AFB, Oscoda MI

Youngstown Municipal Airport, Youngstown OH

124

APPENDIX D

AFLMC SAMPLE BASES

125

Number ofSurveys Sent

Base (Total = 16) (Total = 623)

28 BMW/MAEllsworth AFB SD 57706 43

37 TFW/MAGeorge AFB CA 92392 80

438 MAW/MAMcGuire AFB NJ 08641 58

437 MAW/MACharleston AFB SC 29405 75

113 TFW/MAAndrews AFBWashington D.C. 20334 16

87 FIS/MAK. I. Sawyer AFB MI 49843 23

148 TFW/MADuluth International AirportDuluth MN 55811 15

93 BMW/MA and 84 FIS/MACastle AFB CA 95342 65 + 21 =86

19 BMW/MARobbins AFB GA 15

4 TFW/MASeymour-Johnson AFB NC 27531 47

63 MAG/MANorton AFB CA 92409 80

5 BMW/MAMinot AFB ND 58705 20

379 BMW/MAWurtsmith AFB MI 48753 22

347 TFW/MAMoody AFB GA 31699 30

126

, .f

Numbor ofSurveys Sent

Base (Total = 623)

97 BMW/MABlytheville AFB AR 72315 13 (not returned)

319 BMW/MAGrand Forks AFB ND 58201 17

127

APPENDIX E

NORTH/SOUTH LISTING

128

t I '

+ ........

Bases

Cut Off Pt. = 380 N Latitude

North South

Ellsworth SD George CA

McGuire NJ Charleston SC

K. I. Sawyer MI Andrews DC

Duluth MN Robins GA

Minot ND Seymour-Johnson NC

Wurtsmith MI Norton CA

Grand Forks ND Moody GA

129

:j4

APPENDIX F

TELEPHONE SURVEY SAMPLE BASES

130

Base, State Command

Little Rock AFB AR MAC

O'Hare International Airport IL AFRES

Minot AFB ND SAC

Kirtland AFB NM MAC

Luke AFB AZ TAC

Beale AFB CA SAC

March AFB CA SAC

Norton AFB CA MAC

Dyess AFB TX MAC

Battle Creek MI ANG

Holloman AFB NM TAC

Travis AFB CA MAC

Barnes Municipal Airport MA ANG

Dobbins AFB GA AFRES

Niagara Falls International NY AFRES

Hancock Field NY ANG

Wright-Patterson AFB OH AFRES

Myrtle Beach AFB SC TAC

Capital Airport IL ANG

Jackson Municipal Airport MS ANG

Bergstrom AFB TX TAC

Sheppard AFB TX ATC

Will Rogers World Airport OK ANG

McChord AFB WA MAC

Langley AFB VA TAC

131

" 2 . . .4.. . - *

APPENDIX G

AFLMC SURVEY

~1 132

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCEAIR FORCE LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT CENTER

GUNTER AIR FORCE STATION. AL 36114

PIFKY TOATN O. LCM

SIJECT Survey on Warranted Hand Tools (Survey Control No. USAF SCN 83-3)

TO SURVEY PARTICIPANTS

1. The AFLMC is involved in evaluating the effectiveness of the WarrantedHand Tool Program in aircraft maintenance Propulsion Branches.

2. In order for us to effectively evaluate this program, we are enclosing a

survey and solicit your views and opinions. Participation in the survey isstrictly voluntary and no attempt will be made to attribute the answers tospecific respondents. We would appreciate receiving your reply NLT 1 Nar 83.

MILTON L. FELTCH, Lt Col, USAF 3 AtchsDirector of Maintenance 1. Privacy Act Statement

2. Survey Instructions

3. Survey Instrument

Atch I deleted from

Appendix G

133

. ... I I / l I el ~ ll i ~ li "-,,,,-,.- -- ,..------. --..,,,

SURVEY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Do not write your name or social security number on the answer sheet.

2. Select the single best answer ro - question by circling the numberabove the answer that best reflecr, your opinion.

3. Upon completion, please re-urn the survey in the envelope provided to theAir Force Logistics Management Center/LGM, Gunter AFS, AL 36114.

4. Please complete and return the surveys by 15 Feb 83. Replies after thisdate will not be included in the analysis.

5. Thank you for your time and cooperation.

134Atch 2

. ' I

1. To what MAJCOM or organization are you assigned?

1 2 3 4 5 6

SAC MAC TAC ANG AFRES ADTAC

2. What is your military rank?

3. How many years of engine maintenance experience do you have?

4. Are you using the Warranted tools? YES NO

5. What is your opinion of the quality of handtools provided to enginemechanics in the past?

II 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

6. What is your opinion of the quality of the SNAP-ON hand tools now being

provided?

1 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

7. What is your opinion of the quality of needle nose pliers that wereprovided to engine mechanics in the past?

1i 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

8. What is your opinion of the quality of the Diamond Tool Company needle

nose pliers now being provided?

1 2 3 4 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

135 Atch 3

9. What is your opinion of the quality of the diagonal cutting pliers thatwere provided to engine mechanics in the past?

I 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

10. What is your opinion of the quality of the Diamond Tool Company diagonalcutting pliers now being provided?

1 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

11. What is your opinion of the quality of the screw drivers provided toengine mechanics in the past?

I 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not ApplicablePoor or No Opinion

12. What is your opinion of the quality of the Stanley Screwdrivers now beingprovided?

1j 2 3 4 5 6Very Marginal Acceptable Good Excellent Not Applicable

Poor or No Opinion

13. The quality of hand tools provided in the past created frustration amongengine mechanics I have worked with.

2 3 4 5 6Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Not Applicable

* disagree agree or No Opinion

14. The introduction of warranted tools has Improved engine mechanicsattitudes.

1 2 3 4 5 6Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Not Applicabledisagree agree or No Opinion

136

tI

15. I have been disatisfied with the quality of hand tools provided to me inthe past.


16. The introduction of warranted tools has reduced my frustrations withtools.


Other Comments?

Thank you for your views. Your answers will be used in evaluating theeffectiveness of the Warranted Hand Tool Program. Please return your answerin the envelope provided to the Air Force Logistics Management Center/LGM,Gunter AFS, AL 36114.

137

.. ..E

APPENDIX H

TELEPHONE QUESTIONNAIRE

138

BASE

NUMBER OF ASSIGN TECHNICIAN

RANK

YEARS EXPERIENCE

1. Which tools are the warranted tools?

2. How can you tell?

3. What would you consider makes a quality hand tool?

4. How would you compare the performance of the tools inthe past with the warranted tools?

5. What did you like about the tools in the past?

6. What do you like about the warranted tools?

7. Has any tool broken while you were using it? If Yes,answer the following questions:

a. Was it warranted or nonwarranted?

b. What is your opinion of the broken tool exchangeprocess in the past?

c. What is your opinion of the broken tool exchange* process with the Warranted Tool Program?

* d. Have you ever filled out a QDR/MDR/UR for a brokenhand tool?

e. How would you describe the response you receivedfrom the report?

f. Have you been satisfied with the tools supplied asreplacements?

g. If not, why not.

139

8. In your opinion:

Has safety improved with the warranted tools?

Has there been a decrease in FOD?

Has production (work output) increased?

Has there been a decrease in damage to equipment?

9. What improvements would you make to the warranted tools?

10. What is your overall opinion of the Warranted ToolProgram?

11. What is your favorite brand of hand tool?

140

. . g

APPENDIX I

COMPUTER PRINTOUTS

141

". ,

CROSSTABULAT ION

1 142

RUN NAME~ CROSTABVAR16PLE LIST tASEcmr..RANIK,YREXF,,WTOL

INP'UT FORMAT VKI.EFIEL!,RECODE

YF(EXF'(1 THRU 24-1)(25 THFRU 84-2)(95 THtjU 144=3)(14' THIRU L41rH!9T24)/WTOOL('A'=1)( B'2)(ELSE=O)/05 TO 016l.ASE(1 THRU 43,107 THRU 16,2Z6 THRU 293,501 THFU 542,$86 THRU 602=1)(44 THIJ 106,165 THRU 255,294 T(4RU 900,543 THRU 572,603 THRU 623.999=?)

.090 SECOND'S

CROSSTA4S 'ABLES-CM BY 15 TO 016~

143

Of,

60 N I141116 P+rT r fiow

r' 11L IPrT I IIA

TOlr F r T r 01 t 1 4 TLhl- ......... I -- ------ I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

. 1 3 1 39 1 49 1 55 1: T 6 1 171I 1. I 16.3 I 28.5 I 31. 1 2.6 1 3.4 3.3I 60.0 1 32.2 I 3..3 1 5 1 2.1 1 1 -.91 . I 7. 1 9.4 I 10.5 1 42 1.1

4. 0 1 5 4 1 1 31 3 I 194I .5 I 27.6 I 7.3 I 27. 1 5.6 1 1.5 f 3P.01 20.0 3 45.F 1 36.7 1 35.5 1383 1 21.4 11 .2 1 10.5 1 10.3 1 10.5 1 5.9 1 .6

. 0 1 I r 1 371 26 4 12I 0 16.3 I 20.5 I 30.1 121.1 I 0 13.41 20.0 1 16.5 1 23.8 0 23.9 0132.t I 2n.1 .2 1 3.8 1 6.7 0 7.1 5.0 I .8 1

-I---I ---------I---------.......I-........-l-........-T-........I

4. I 0 1 4 1 7 1 0 1 01 141 0 1 28.6 1 14.3 I 9O.1 10 1 71 2.7I 0 I 3.3 I 4.1 4.5 1 0 I 7.1 11 0 1 .8 1 .4 1 1.3 1 0 4 2 1

-I---------I-........-I---------.I-........-I-........-I-........-I

S. 1 0 1 1 I 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 11 0 1 -10.0 1 50.0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 .4

1 0 1 .8 1 .7 1 0 1 0 I 0 1

1 0 1 .2 1 12 0 1 0 1 0 1

t, 0 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 0 1 111 0 1 18.2 1 54.5 1 9.1 1 111.2 1 0 1 2.1

1 0 1 1.7 1 4.1 1 .6 1 2.5 1 0 1

1 0 1 .4 1 1.1 1 .2 1 .4 1 0 1

-I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

COLUMN 5 121 147 155 81 14 523TOTAL 1.0 23.1 28.1 29.6 15.5 2.7 100.0

COUNT IROW PCT I ROW

CnL FCT I TOTALToT i'Cr T OT 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

rm', - -I --------- I- - --.------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I. II 1 1 3 1 16 1 811 721 174

1 .6 I .6 I 1.7 1 9.2 1 46.6 I 41.4 1 33.3

1 33.3 1 33.3 1 27.3 1 27.1 1 3P.7 1 29.6 11 .2 1 .2 I .6 I 3.1 I 15.5 I 13.8 I

-- ...-------- I --- -I -------- I -------- I ------ -------- 12. 1 2 1 2 1 51 291 621 109 I 199

1 1.0 I 1.0 I 2.5 1 14.6 I 31.2 1 49.7 1 3H.01 66.7 I 66.7 I 45.5 1 49.2 1 30.4 1 40.7 11 .4 1 .4 1 1.0 1 5.5 1 11.9 1 18.9 I

3. 1 0 I 0 I 2 I 14 1 50 I 57 I 1:3

1 0 I 0 I 1.6 I 11.4 1 40.7 1 4A.3 1 23.1!I 0 1 0 I 14.2. 1 23.7 I 24.5 I 23.5 11 0 1 0 I .4 I 2.7 I 9.6 1 10.9 1

-I---------I---------.I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I

4. I 0 1 01 I1 0 1 I 5 14

1 0 0 I 7.1 I 0 I 57.1 1 5.7 1 :1.7I 0 1 0 1 9.1 1 0 1 3.9 1 2.1 11 0 I 0 1 .2 1 0 1 1.5 1 1.0 1

---------- T .-------- I -------- I------- --I------ -------- I5. 1 0 1 01 01 0 1I 1 2

1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 50.0 I 50.0 I .4

1 0 1 01 0 1 0 1 .51 .4 1I 0 1 0 0 1 0 .? I .2

-T -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I------- I6.1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 9 1 ti

1 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 19.2 I 81.9 1 2.11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1.0 1 3.7 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 .4 1 1.71

COLUMN 3 3 11 59 204 243 523TOTAL .6 .6 2.1 11.3 39.0 46.5 100.0

.44

..

U,CUUNT I

HOW PI:T I HIWCIIL PC I1 InfIALTUT PCT 1 01 1 .1 2.1 3.1 4.1 t.I

C"Lt -------- I -------- I ------ -- I ----. ... I -------- I -------- I --------- I

1. 1 5 I 22 1 50 1 62 1 31 1 4 I 1/41 2.9 1 12.6 1 28.7 1 3!.6 I 17.1 1 7.3 1 33.3I 45.5 1 27.2 1 3/.0 1 36.0 1 29.8 1 2o.0 11 1.0 I 4.2 1 9.6 1 11.91 IL.9 I .8 1

2. 1 1 I 39 I 48 I 66 1 41 1 4 I 19I . 1 I 19.6 I 24.1 1 33.: 1 20.6 1 2.0 1 34f.01 9.1 I 48.1 I 35.6 I 38.4 1 39.4 1 20.0 I1 .2 1 7.t 1 9.2 1 12.6 1 7.8 1 .8 1

3. 1 3 I 17 I 26 I 37 1 28 r 12 t 12:3I 2.4 1 13.8 1 21.1 1 30.1 I 22.8 1 9.8 I 23.5E 27.3 1 21.0 I 19.3 1 21.5 1 26.9 1 60.0 1I .6 1 3.3 1 5.0 1 7.1 1 '.4 1 2.3 1

4. 1 1 21 5 I 5 1 II 0 1 14I 7.1 1 14.3 1 3b.7 I 3;.7 1 7.1 1 0 I -.71 9.1 1 2.5 I 3.7 1 2.9 1 1.0 1 0 11 .2 1 .4 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 .2 1 0 1

. 0 1 01 11 0 1 1 1 0 1 21 0 1 0 1 50.0 I 0 I 50.0 1 0 I .41 0' 0 I .7 1 0 1 1.0 1 0 1I 0 01 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1

------------- 1-----------....1--...... ---...... I-----------1----------I6.1 1 11 I 1 21I 21I 01 1

I 9.1 1 9.1 1 4.5 I 10.2 E 18.2 1 0 I 2.1I 9.1 1 1.2 I 3.7 1 1.2 I I.9 1 0 II .2 1 .2 1 1.0 1 .4 1 .4 1 0 1

-I-----------I-----------I----------I----------I-----------I-----------I

COLUMN 11 01 135 172 104 20 t23TOTAL 2.1 15.5 25.8 32.9 19.9 3.8 lo0.0

aRCMINT I

RIW -(,T I ROWCnL PrCT I TOtALTOT FCT 1 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

CMI ---- -I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I.. I1. I 69 1 6 I 13 1 26 I 47 1 13 1 174

I 39.7 I 3.4 1 7.5 I 14.9 I 27.0 I 7.5 1 33.31 23.3 1 24.0 I 54.2 I 54.2 I 50.5 1 35.1 I1 13.2 I 1.1 I 1.5 I 5.0 I 9.0 I 2.5 I

-I----I----I------I -------- I -------- TI--------2. I 172 1 0 I 1 I 3 1 10 I 13 1 3Q9

I 86.4 I 0 I .5 1 1.t 1 5.0 7 6.5 7 3R.01 58.1 I 0 1 4.2 I 6.3 1 10.8 1 1 5.1 I1 32.9 I 0 I . I .6 I 1.9 I 2.5 1

3. I 44 I 19 1 10 I 18 1 24 1 8 I 1231 35.8 1 15.4 I 8.1 I 14.6 I 19.5 1 6.5 1 23.5I 14.? 1 76.0 1 41.7 I 37.5 I 25.B 1 21.6 1I 8.4 I 3.6 I 1.9 I 3.4 I 4.6 1 1.5 I-I -------- I -------- I --------- I -------- I - ---- I -------

4. 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 1 I 9 1 0 1 141 29.6 I 0 I 0 1 7.1 I 64.3 1 0 1 2.7I 1.4 ! 0 1 0 1 2.1 I 9.7 1 0 11 .8 01 0 .2 1 1.7 1 0 1

5. 2 1 0 1 0 1 I 0 T 0 1 21 100.0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 T 0 1 .41 .7 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 IT .4 1 0 1 0 1 0 ! 0 1 01

-I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I. 5 ! 0 1 0 I 0 I 3 1 3 ! 12

T 45.5 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 27.3 1 27.3 T :!.11 1.7 ! 0 I 0 I 0 1 3.2 ! 8.1 11 1.0 ! 0 1 0 I 0 I .6 1 .6 1

- -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- ICOLUMM 296 25 24 48 93 37 523TOTAL 56.6 4.8 4.6 9.2 17.8 7.1 1o.n

145

I . .m ,

n9flJNT I

4OU $1CT I Rnuriog ICT I TOTALTlT _F'rT T 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

CM r .. .. . --------. I -------- I -------- I -------- T ------- -I -------- I.1. I 7 1 20 I 32 1 61 1 36 1 to 1 174

1 4.0 1 16.1 1 18.4 I 35.1 1 20.7 I 5.7 I 33.3I 3R.9 I 3A.8 1 3A.O 1 35.5 I2.2 T 40.0 I I.3 1 5.4 1 6.1 I I It 6.9 1 1.9 T

-- - - -- I.. . . - -... .. . ---.. . .. I -- -- --- - - - -- -. . .. . -- --- ---.. I

?. I B 35 1 35 T 58 1 54 1 9 1 1Q91 4.0 1 17.6 t 17.6 1 29.1 1 27.1 1 4.5 T 3R.01 44.4 1 46.1 1 J9.3 I 33.7 1 3/.8 I 36.0 I1 1.5 1 6.7 1 6.7 1 11.1 1 10.3 I 1.7 I

3. 1 3 I 9 1 19 I 45 I 42 1 6 1 1!3I 2.4 1 7.3 1 14.6 I 36.6 1 34.1 1 4.9 1 23.51 16.7 I 11.8 I 20.2 I 26.2 1 29.4 1 24.0

A . 1 1.7 1 3.4 1 9.6 1 8.0 1 1.1 1- -- --------I- I ---------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

4. 1 0 ! 3 1 0 1 5 ! 6 1 0 ! 141 0 1 21.4 1 0 1 35.7 1 42.9 T 0 1 2.7I 0 I .1 I 20 1 2.9 1 4.2 1 0 11 0 1 .6 1 0 1.0 1 1 . I 0 1

-1 -------- I -------- I --- I --------- I -------- I -------- IL. 1 0 0 8 9 0 1 1I 0 1 2

L 0 3. 0 50.0 2 0 50.0 4 0 1 .41 0 1 0 1.1 1 0 O .7 1 0 1I1 0 1 0 1 .. 1 0 4 . 1 0 1

6. 1 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 1i1 0 1 1.1 1 Z7.3 r 27.3 1 3A.4 1 0 1 3.11 220 1 1.3 1 6.7 I 1.7 T 4.5 1 00 I1 130 I .2 I 1. I 4. I 92 5 0 I

-[ .0 . . I 0.. . . ! 0.. ... I .0. . I . 0... 1 . 0 . . I 3 .

"COLUMN is /6 89? 172 143 25 S23'

TnTAL 3.4 14.5 17.0 32.9 27.3 4.8 100.0

010rO'U(NT IRnw PCT I RnwFfnL FP.T I. TOTAL

TnT PCT I O 0.1 :!.1 3.1 4.1 5.1CMT ------- I . .-------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

1.! 6!1 6 3! 2 1 341 ! 1 123

1 39.1 1 1.1 I 3.4 1 12.6 I 27.6 I 16.1 1 33.3I 14.9 1 7s.0 1 66.7 1 75 0 1 47. 1 so 11 13.8 1 4 1 1.1 1 4.9 1 6.2 I 3.4 1

41 8I 0 1 0! 1 I 21 141 149

1 92.0 1 0 I 0 I 1.0 I 5.0 T 2.0 I 32.01 59.6 1 0 1 0 1 5.0 1 9.9 1 7.1 11 35.0 I 0 I 0 1 .4 I 1.9 I .8 1

-.------- --------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I3. • 46 1 6 1 3 1 15 1 34 1 19 I 1"3

T 37.4 1 4.9 0 2.4 T 12.2 ! 27.6 I 15.4 2 3.51 14.9 1 75.0 1 33.3 1 37.5 1 33.7 I 33.9 I1 0.8 T 1.1 !6 2.9 1 6.5 I 3.0 I

4. 1 5 1 0 ! 0 ! 1 7 1 1 ! 14

1 35.7 1 0 1 0 1 7. 1 50.0 1 7. 1 .7

1 1.6 1 0 1 0 1 0!5 2 .0!1 '.1I

1 1.01 0 1 0 1 0 1 1.3 1 .2!-I -------- I ---------1-------- I -------- I -------- I ------ I

S. 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 .T. 100.0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 .41 :6 1 0 1 0 l 0 I 0 1 0 1

C 34 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 0 3-T -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I ......... I

A. 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 :1 1 4 1 111 45.5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 IRl.2 1 34.4 1 .II J .A I o r 0 1 0 1 2.0 1 7.1 T1 1.0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 .4 1 .8 1

CI)|.UmN 304 ' 9 40 101 56 :-,13

tOTAL 59.1 1.5 1.7 7.6 19.3 t0.? 100.0

146

. . . .. i i

I I I II I

cnklUNT i j

k1)W fC1 r kICOL PCT I 1 11TAI_TOY C.T 1 01 11 2.! 3.1 4.1 5.1

CmI' --- I ------- I -------- 7 -------- - . - 1- ! -I -------1. T 7 i 20 T 2R r* 71 1 15 3 1 174

1 4.0 1 11.5 1 16.1 1 40.8 1 2!,.9 1 1.7 1 33.3T 58.3 1 27.4 I 21.6 1 3:,. 9 1 34.4 1 :'. 3 11 1.3 1 3.8 L 5.4 1 13.6 I 8.6 1 .6 1

T 3 I 39 1 47 1 70 1' 37 1 3 11'09

1 1.5 1 19.6 1 23.6 1 37".2 1 111.6 I 1.1. T 3P. 0t 25.0 1 53.4 1 4A.0 1 35.4 1 28.2 I 27.3 r1 .6 1 7.5 1 9.0 ! 13.4 I 7.1 I .6 T-------. ----------.. ---....... I-..--I------- I -------- T

3. 1 2 1 9 1 15 1 48 I 44 I 5 1 1231 1,6 I 7.3 I 12.2 1 39.0 r 35.8 T 41 1 13.51 16:7 1 12 3 1 15.3 1 24:2 1 33,6 1 ^5.! T1 .4 1 1.7 1 2.9 1 9.2 1 R;.4 1 1,O0 1

4. ! 0 1 3 1 3 1 7 1 1 I 0 1 141 0 1 21.4 1 21.4 1 50.0 I 7.1 I 0 1 2.71 0 1 4.1 I 3.1 I 3.5 1 .0 1 0 11 0 I .6 1 .6 1 1.3 ! .2 ! 0 1

5. I 0 1 01 01 1 1 1 1 0 1I 0 I 0 I 0 1 50.0 r 50.0 1 0 1 .4I 0 1 0 ! 01 .5 1 .8 ! 0 11 01. 0 1 01 .2 1 .2 1 0 1

- -------- ------- I --------- I -------- T -------- I -------- I6. 0 1 1 2 ! 5 1 1 1 3 1 01 13

1 0 I 18.2 1 45.5 T 9.1 1 27.3 1 0 1 2.1I 0 ! 2.7 1 5.1 ! .5 ! 2.3 1 0 !1 01 .4 1 1.0 1 .2 1 .6 1 0 1

-1---------I--------------I-....... --.......--....... I-........-1

COLUMN 12 73 98 19 131 11 523TnAL 2.3 14.0 1.7 37.9 25.0 2.1 100.0

012

ROWl t'.T I ROWCIL FCT T TOT ALTOT F*CT 1 0! 1.1 2.T 3.1 4.1 5.!

CMD -------- 1 -------- I -------- I -------- I ------- I -------- I -------- I1. 1 64 1 1 I 6 I to I Ao 1 33 1 174

I 36.8 1 .6 I 3.4 T 5.7 I 34.5 I 19.0 1 33.31 21.5 I 25.0 I 85.7 1 31.3 I 49.2 I 5S.0 II 12.2 1 .2 1 1.1 I 1.9 I 13.5 1 6.3 I

2.1 176 I 2 1 1 T 7 1 9 1 4 1 199T 00.4 1 1.0!1 .5!1 3.5 1 4.5 1 2.0 1 38.01 59.1 I 50.0 T 14.3 I 21.9 1 7.4 I A.7 II 33.7 I .4 I .2 1 1.3 I 1.7 I .8 1

3. I 45 I 1 1 0 I 15 I 44 I le I :I 1 3A.6 I .8 1 0 1 12.2 I 35.9 1 14.6 I 23.'.1 15.1 1 25.0 I 0 I 46.9 1 36.1 1 30.0 11 8.6 1 -2 1 0 ! 2.7 1 0.4 1 3.4 1

4. T 6 0 I 0 81 0 1 14I 42.9 1 0 1 0 I 0 I 57.1 I 0 I .'I 2.01 0 1 0 ! 0 ! 6.6 ! 0 11 1.1 0 I 0 1 0 ! 1.5 1 0 1

-T1--------I ---------T3--------T3--------I -------- I ---------I5. 1 2 0 7 0 I 0 1 0 01 2

I 100.0 . 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 .41 .71 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ! 0 11 .4! 01 0 0 1 0 I 0 !

-1-------- I --------- -I -- --------- I --------1-------- IA. t 5 0 1 0 ! 0 ! II 5 1 11

1 45.5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 9.1 1 45.5 1 2.11 1.71 0 1 0 I 01 .8 I .3 I1 1.01 0 1 0 1 0 1 .2 ! 1.0 !

COLUMN 299 4 7 32 122 60 5,3TOTAL 57.0 .8 1.3 6.t 23.3 11.5 200.0

147

4

COLIN I IHOW PCT I OCiL F' CT I TOaALTUT I'CT 1 01 1.1 2.1 4.1 !.

ftI, --- --- L ------ I -------- I --------- I -------- I -------- f -------- I1 1 8 1 6 I 12- 1 15 1 134 T 49 1 1 74

1 4.6 I 3.4 1 6.9 I 8.6 1 48.3 I 28.2 1 33.31 42.1 I 46.2 1 23.1 I 35.7 1 36.1 1 "I.Y I1 1.5 I 1.1 1 2.3 1 2.9 I 16.1 I 9.4 1

2. I LI 5 I 22 1 10 1 91 1 6* 1 19111 2.5 2.5 11.1 1 5.0 4t,.7 T 33.2 1 3tI.v1 26.3 I 38.5 1 42.3 I 23.8 I 39.1 1 40.2 1I 1.0 1 1.0 1 4.2 1 1.9 I 17.4 1 12.6 1- - I-.. . . . .. . . . . .I -. . .. 1. .. . I .. .. . I

3. I 6 I 1 I 10 1 14 1 46 1 38 1 123I 4.9 1 .8 I 14.6 1 11.4 I 37.4 1 30.9 1 23.t;I 31.6 I 7.7 I 34.6 1 33.3 I 19.7 1 23.2 1I 1.1 I .2 I 3.4 I 2.7 1 8.8 I 7.3 1

4. 1 01 1 1 0 1 11 9 1 3 1 141 0 I 7.1 I 0 1 7.1 I 64.3 1 21.4 t :'.7I 0 1 7.7 1 0 1 2.4 1 3.91 1.8 II 01 .2 0 1 .2 1 1.7 1 .6 1---------- I -------- 1 ---------- - --.. . I .--------- I---------

5. 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 q 1 1 1 11 2I 0 1 0 1 0 1 01 v.(0 1 50.0 1 .41 01 0 1 0 1 01 .4 1 .6 1I 01 01 01 01 .21 .2

-I----I---------1-......I----------I-----------I---------------------

6.1 01 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 7 III 0 1 0 I 0 1 10.2 1 18.2 1 63.6 E 2.1I 0 1 0 1 0 1 4.81 .1 l 1 .3 1S 0 1 0 1 0 1 .4 1 .4 1 1.3 1

COLUMN 19 13 k 2 42 233 164 t313TIJ AL 3.6 2.5 9.y H.0 44.6 31.4 100.0

COANI I

f. RnW PCT I RnwCOL PCT I TOTAL

TOT P.T I O 1.1 2.! 3.1 4.T 5.1CMl T ----------I--------I-------- I -------- I -------- I --------- I

1. 5 1 21 74 1 52 1 75 ! 16 1 174I 2.9 1 1.1 1 13.8 I Z9.9 1 43.1 I 9.2 I 33.?1 2;.0 I 16.7 1 37.5 I 48.6 1 31.1 I 20.3 11 1.0 1 .4 1 4.6 I 9.9 r 14.3 1 3.1 T

-I-----------10--- ------------ -I-------1-------- -- --------- I-I .. . . .I .. . . .I ... .. . I .. . . .I .. ...-- .. . ..-2. 1 9 1 5 I 23 I 36 I 87 1 39 1 19

1 4.5 I 2.5 I 11.6 I 18.1 I 43.7 T 19.6 I 314.0I 45.0 1 41.7 I 35.9 1 33.6 1 36.1 1 49.4 11 1.7 1 1.0 1 4.4 I 6.9 16.6 1 7.5 !

3. 1 6 1 5 1 15 I 16 1 63 I 18 1 1231 4.9 I 4.1 I 12.2 1 13.0 I 51.2 T 14.6 1 23.5I 30.0 1 41.7 I 23.4 1 15.0 T 26.1 I 22.6 I1 1.1 I 1.0 1 2.9 I 3.1 I 12.0 I 3.4 I

-I-----------I----------I----------I----------I----------I----------1

4. 1 0 1 0 1 I 1 1 9 1 3 1 141 0 1 0 1 7.1 1 7.1 t 64.3 I 21.4 1 2.71 0 1 0 1 1.6 I .9 I 3.7 1 3.8 II 0 1 0 I .2 I .2 I 1.7 T .6 1

I 0 1 0 1 II 0 1 1 1 0 1 2I 0 I 0 I 50.0 1 0 1 50.0 I 0 I .41 0 1 0 1 1.6 1 0 ! .4 1 0 1I 0 1 0 1 .21 0 ! .2 1 0 1

6.1 0 1 0 ! 0 ! 2 ! 6 1 3 1 it1 0 1 0 1 0 1 18.2 1 54.5 T 27.3 I 2.11 0 01 OX 1.9 1 2.5 I 3.q IS 0 ! 0 1 0 1 .4 1 1.1 ! .6 1

-------- I .-------- I -------- I ------- -------- I --------- ICutlimN 20 12 64 107 241 79 n:11TOTAL 3.8 2.3 12.2 20.5 46.1 15.1 100.0

148

I -I I-I-I I -I- - . . . ...

115

rfL PT I rnil Al.IlT t-" 01 1.1 2.1 3. 4.1

rm r. -- -- --- -7 ----- --- . .. .. I -- -- ---- I -- -- - -- -I -- -- -- - -I -- -- -- -- I

1. t, 1 1 21 1 74 I ,1( 1 43 1 174

I 7.9 1 A T 1,.1 I 13.1 T 46.) 1 74.7 I 3."3

1 31.3 I 2..o 2". B I 1 . 1 14.9 1 ".9 11 1.0 T .? T 1.0 1 4.6 1 1 ,.3 S 1, 1

-T -------- I --------. I-------- .-------- .I-------- I --------.2. T 4 I 1 I 24 1 21 1 S, I 62 1 I90

1 2.0 1 .,5 1 1:,. 1 10.6 1 43.7 1 3t.2 1 3R.0I 2 .7 T 2S.0 I 32.9 1 33.3 T 3f4.0 1 44.0, 1I .11 I .2 1 4.6 1 4.0 I 16.6 T 11.9 I

----------- I---------I ---------- I-------- T -------- -------- I

3. r 5 1 2 1 27 1 14 I 49 1 26 T 121

1 4.1 1 1.6 1 2!.0 1 11.4 1 39.9 1 .1 1 1 33.3 T 50.0 1 37.0 I 22.2 I 21.4 1 18.7 11 1.0 I .4 1 !.2 1 2.7 1 9.4 t 5.0 1

-1 --------- I -------- I -------- I -------- -------- I -------- I

4. I I 1 0 I I 1 1 I 7 1 4 1 14

I 7.1 1 0 1 7.1 1 7.1 1 50.0 1 20.6 I 2.

I A.7 1 0 1 1.4 1 1.6 1 3.1 1 2.9 1S .2 1 0 .2 1 .2 1 1.3 1 .8 1

. 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 2 1 01 :1I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 T 100.0 1 0 1 .4I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 T1 0 1 0 f 0 ! 0 1 .4 . 0 !

-I---------------------I----------1-......--- ...... 1-- ........--- 1

A. 1 0 1 0 1 0 T 3 1 4 1 4 1 11

I 0 I 0 I 0 1 27.3 1 36.4 1 16.4 1 !.1

I 0 1 0 1 0 1 4.01 1.7 I ?.9 T0 x 0 T 0 I . 1 .0! .8 1

-I----------I----------I----------I-----------I-----------I----------I

rnLUMN 15 4 73 A3 229 139 523TInIAL 2.9 .8 14.0 12.0 43.S 26.6 100.0

116rr, iN7 I

ROW rT T RnwCfl! FC I IOTAt,TOTl PCT 1 0! 1.1 2.! 3.! 4.1 5.1

CT[)T.. ..... ........ 01 ...... 1.1 ...... .. 3 .. . .. 1 ....... 4 1........5 Ichrl --- -------- 1-------- --- 1I----------- -- 1--------

1. 1 5 1 6 I 201 35 1 76 1 24 1 174I 2.9 1 3.4 1 16.1 1 20.1 1 43.7 I 13.8 I 33.31 2n.0 T 41.9 I 40.6 I 42.2 I 31.9 ' 24,.2 1I 1.0 1 1.1 T 5.4 I 6.7 1 14.5 T 4.6 1

.1. T 7 1 5 I 24 t 23 1 1 1 41 1 1991 3.5 1 !-5 112.11 11.61 .7 120.6 1 A. 01 35.0 1 35.7 I 34.9 I 27.7 1 41.6 I 41.4 11 1.3 1 1.0 1 4.6 1 4.4 1 18.9 1 7.Sl I

-1 -------- I -------- I -------- I --------- I -------- -------- I3. 1 7 1 3 I 16 1 22 I 49 I 2A T 123

I 5.7 I 2.4 I 13.0 I 17.9 I 39.8 1 21.1 1 23.5I 3.0 1 21.4 1 23.2 1 20.5 I 20.6 1 26.3 IT 1.3 I .A I 3.1 I 4.2 I 9.4 I 5.0 I

-I----------I----------1--........-I----------I-----------I----------I

4. 1 0 ! 0 ! 1 2 ! 6 ! 5 t II

1 0 I 0 I 7.1 1 14.3 t 42.9 1 35.7 1 2.I 0 1 0 I 1.4 I 2.4 I 2.5 I 5.1 II 0 1 0 ! .1 .4 1.1 1 1.01

-1-------------1---------- I--------- I----------I--------- II I1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 21 50.0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I so.0 I 0 I .4

I 9.0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0! .4 1 0 !, 1 0! 0! 0 ! .2! 0 !

-1-----I ---------I------- I -------- I -------- I -------- T6. T 0 ! 0 ! 0 1 11 7 3 1 11

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 9.1 1 63.6 1 27.3 T 2.11 0 I 0 I 0 I 1.2 1 2.9 1 3.0 11 0 1 0 ! 01 .1 1.3 1 .A

C01 IIMN 20 14 A9 33 23R 99 S2-TOTAL 3.8 ".7 13.2 15.9 45.5 18.9 100.l

149

IKUN NAML nSA

VAFRIAI4LE LIST EASECMr',fANK,YREXF.WTOOL

INPUT FOR~MAT FKIEU IEL13PECOt'E

rkANN(Fl)(EjtEs'2'E3'h'E4'=4)('E5'5(E'6(E7=7)('E8SVB( 'E9'=9)(ELSE-0O)

(ES THFRU 144w3)(14Z THRU H11,4EFT=4)/

05 70 01 )'=Ie)(ELSE)'C=)(t'-),r=O/ESE0

1PASE(1 THNU 43,107 THNO 164,216 THNU 2Q3,501 THRU 542,586 THTRU 602=1)(44 THKU 106,165 TURU 25t.Z94 THI;U t00.543 TNFRU 572,603 THRU 623,999=2)

CROSRTAPS TALILESYIHLXF* Ely G, TO 1416

150

. . ........................

/

COumT IPi.flu rfl T DCnL Pr I TOTALTOT 'CT 1 01 1.x 2.1 3.1 4.1 L

CFxp -------- I -------- I -------- I -- ------ I -------- I -------- I -------- I

1. 1 4 1 31 1 5I 1 ,1 1 41 t 4 f 13-1 2.2 1 17.0 1 28.0 I 21.0 1 22.5 1 2.2 1 .1 4.aI 80.0 1 25.6 I 34.7 1 32-.9 I 50.6 I 29.6 1I .8 I 5.9 1 9.8 1 9.8 1 7.R 1 .8 1

-1 -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- 1

2. 1 1 1 '5, I 58 I 61 I 25 1 4 I 204I .5 1 27.0 1 28.4 1 20.9 1 12.3 1 2.0 I 39.01 20.0 1 45.5 1 39.5 1 39.4 1 30.9 I 28.6 II .2 I 10.5 I 11.1 t 11.7 I 4.8 1 .8 I

-I----------I----------1----------I----------I-........--1........--

3. 1 0 I 12 1 16 I 21 I 8 1 2 I sQI 0 I 20.3- 1 27.1 I 35.6 1 13.6 I 3.4 I 11.31 0 1 9.9 1 10.9 I 13.5 1 9.9 1 14.3 1I 0 1 2.3 1 3.1 1 4.0 1 1.5 ! .4 1

4. 1 0 1 23 1 22 1 22 1 7 1 4 1 78I 0 1 29.5 1 2R.2 1 18.2 T 9.0 1 15.1 1 4.9I 0 I 19.0 I 15.0 I 14.2 I 8.6 I 28.6 1I 0 I 4.4 I 4.2 1 4.2 1 1.3 I .8 I

COLUMN 5 121 147 155 R1 14 523TOTAL 1.0 23.1 28.1 29.6 15.5 2.7 lO0.

06COUNT IROW FCT I ROWCOL FCT I TOTALTOT POT I OI 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

YREXP - -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I ------- I1. 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 L? I at 1 77 1 19:

I 0 I .5 1 2.2 I 10.4 1 44.5 I 42.3 I 34.31 0 1 33.3 1 36.4 1 32.2 I 39.7 I 31.7 II 0 I .2 1 .8 I 3.6 I 15.5 I 14.7 I

2. 1 2 1 11 5 1 27 ! 72 1 97 1 204I 1.0 1 .5 1 2.5 1 13.2 1 35.3 1 47.5 1 39.01 66.7 1 33.3 I 45.5 I 45.8 1 35.3 1 39.9 I1 .4 1 .2 I 1.0 1 5.2 t 13.8 I t1.5 I

-!---------------I-------I --- --------------3. I II 2 I 5 1 24 1 26 1 59

I 1.7 I 1.7 I 3.4 I 8.5 1 40.7 1 44.1 1 11.31 33.3 t 33.3 I IR.2 1 8.5 1 11.8 I 10.7 T

I .2 1 .2 I .4 I 1.0 I 4.6 I 5.0 I-I--------- I-........-I-........-I---------.---......----.......I

4. 1 0 1 0 ! 0 1 81 27 1 43 1 78

1 0 1 0 1 0 I 10.3 1 34.6 I t,5.1 I 14.71 0 I 0 1 0 T 13.6 1 13.2 1 17.7 11 01 0 01 1 .t 1 5.2 8.2 1

rULUmN 3 3 It 59 204 243 STOTAL .6 .6 . .1 11.3 39.0 46.5 100.0

151

07COUNT I:OW P'T T SfwOL PCT I TOTAL

TOT f-r 1 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.!?REXP --- ---- 1 -....-.. I -------- I -------- I -------- .

1.! 7 1 23 ! 46 1 58 1 41 1 7 1 1921 3.3 1 12.15 1 25.3 1 31.7 1 22.5 1 3.3 K 34.81 A .4. I 2S.4 K 34.1 1 3 5.7 : 39.4 1 31.•0 :

1.1 1 4.4 I 8.9 1 11.1 1 7.8 1 1.3 1

2. 1 2 I 3 5 1 52 1 68 1 39 I 8 1 204I 1.0 I t7.2 I 25.5 1 33.3 1 19.1 1 3.9 K 39.01 19.2 I 43.2 1 38.5 I 39.5 I 37.5 1 40.0 1K .4 3 6.7 I 9:9 K t3.0 K 7.5 K 1.5 K

3. 1 1 I 10 1 11 1 22 I 12 I 3 I 59I 1.7 I 16.9 I 18.6 I 37.3 1 20.3 1 5.1 1 11.31 9.1 I 12.3 I 8.1 1 12.8 1 11.5 I 15.0 1I .2! 1.9 ! 2.1 ! 4.2 ! 2.3 ! .6 1

4. 1 1 ! 13 ! 26 1 24 ! 12 ! 2 78I 1.3 1 16.7 I 33.3 I 30.8 I 15.4 I 2.6 I 14.9

I 9.1 1 16.0 I 19.3 1 14.0 1 11.5 I 10.0 11 .2 2.5! 5.0 1 4.6 ! 2.3 ! .4 1

COLUMN 11 91 135 172 104 20 523TOTAL 2.1 15.5 25.8 32.9 19.9 3.8 100.0

08COUNT IROW PCT 1 ROWCOL PCT t TOTALTOT FCT E 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

REF -------- -I --------- I -------- I -------- I ------ - -------- I --------- I

1. 1 98 1 8 1 9 2 :01 33! 14 ! 182I :*,3.8 1 4.4 1 4.9 1 11.0 1 18.1 1 7.7 1 34.81 33.1 I 32.0 1 37.5 K 41.7 I 35.5 K 37.8 1

18.7 1 1.5 K 1.7 I 3.8 1 6.3 1 2.7 K

2. I lli I 15 K 8 1 22 K 38 K 10 1 2041 54.4 I 7.4 1 3.9 K 10.8 1 18.6 K 4.9 K 39.0

I 37.5 I 60.0 1 33.3 1 45.8 1 40.9 1 27.0 1K 21.2 I 2.9 1 1.1. K "4.2 K 7.3 K 1.9 K

3. 1 33 1 1 1 1 3 1 it I T1 9

1 55.9 1 1.7 1 8.5 K 5.1 1 18.6 t 10.2 I 11.31 11.1 I 1.0 K 20.8 1 6.3 1 11.8 I 16.2 KK 6.3 1 .2 K 1.0 K .6 I 2.1 K 1.1 K

-[-------K--------------K- K---------------K4. 1 54 K 1 K 2 1 I 1 11 1 7 K 7s

1 69.2 I 1.3 1 2.6 1 3.R I 14.t K 9.0 T 14.91 L3.2 I 4.0 1 d.3 I .3 11.8 1 18.9 K

1 10.3 I .2 K .4 K .A r 2.11 T 1.3 c

COLUMN 296 25 24 48 93 37 123TOTAL 56.6 4.8 4.6 9.2 17.9 ".,

152

-. --. -.---- _ o _ _ _ _- _ ... .

09

COUNT IROW rCT I kow

COL FCT I T r A

TOT PCT I O 1.1 2.t 3.1 4.1 5.1yrE gP -------- L -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I .. . . .I

1. 1 to 1 21 1 30 1 54 1 t9 1 1 I 182

1 5.5 1 11.5 1 16.5 1 29.7 1 32.4 1 4.4 1 34.8

t 55.6 1 27.6 1 33.7 1 31.4 t 41.3 1 32.0 1

1 1.9 1 4.0 1 5.7 1 10.3 1 11.3 t 1.5 1

2. 1 5 1 361 35 1 701 48 0 to 1 204

1 2.5 I 17.6 E 17.2 E 34.3 I 23.5 1 4.9 I 39.1)

I 27.8 1 47.4 1 39.3 1 40.7 1 33.6 1 40.0 1

I 1.0 1 6.9 1 6.7 1 13.4 1 9.2 I t.9 I

-1 -------- I -------- I -------- I ------- -------- I ------- 1

3. I 3 1 9 1 6 1 20 1 14 1 5 1 59

1 5.1 1 15.3 1 10.2 1 33.9 I 27.1 1 8.5 I 11.3

1 16.7 1 11.8 I 6.7 I 11.6 t 11.2 1 20.0 I

1 .6 1 1.7 1 1.1 1 3.9l I 3.1 1 1.0 I

- -------- 1 --------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I --------

4. 1 0 1 10 I 181 28 1 20 1 2 1 78

1 0 1 12.8 I 23.1 I 35.9 I 25.6 I 2.6 1 14.9

I 0 1 13.2 "1 20.2 1 16.3 1 14.0 I 8.0 I

t 0 I 1.9 1 3.4 1 5.4 1 3.8 I .4 1

-1 -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

rOLUMN 18 76 89 172 143 25 523

TOTAL 3.4 14.5 17.0 32.9 27.3 4.8 100.0

010COUNT IROW PCT 1 ROWCOL PCT I TOTALTOT PCT 1 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

Ex --------- I -------- I -------- I -------- -------- ----- -- -------- I

1.1 105 1 3 1 2 1 15 1 41 1 161 182

1 57.7 T 1.6 1 1.1 1 8.2 1 2.5 I 8.3 1 34.8

I 34.0 I 37.5 I 22.2 1 37.5 I 40.6 1 29.6 1

I 20.1 1 .6 I .4 1 2.9 I 7.8 I 3.1 I-----I------.--.... .. I---------.I-........-[-........--........I

2. r 115 1 4 1 6 1 181 371 241 2041 56.4 1 2. 2 8.8 2 1 11.8 1 39.0" 37.2 1 50.0 1 66.7 1 45.0 1 3.6 1 42.9 1I 22.0 I .9 1 1.1 1 3.4 t 7.1 1 4- . 1

3. 1 33 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 13 1 7 1 59

1 1 55.9 1 1.7 1 1.7 1 6.8 I 22.0 1 11.9 I ll.31 10.7 1 12.5 1 11.1 1 10.0 1 12.9 1 12.5 I

1 6.. 1 .2 1 .2 I .9 T 2.5 1 1.3 1

-1 --------- ------- I -------- I--- ---.------ ---------

4. 1 56 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 to 1 9 1 78

171.8 1 0 1 0 1 3.0 1 12.8 1 11.5 114.9i 18.t 1 0 1 0 1 7.5 1 9.? : 14.1 I

1 10.7 1 0 I 0 I .6 1 t.9 I t.7 I

-1 -------- -------- -------- I -------- ------- -------- I

COLU/9N 309 Pi 9 40 101 56 .3

rOTAL 59.1 1.5 1.7 7.6 19.3 t0.7 100.3

153

e4

011COUNT I

kOw PC1 I ROW

COL PCT I TOTALT01 PCI 1 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.! 5.1

REXF --- ----- I -- ------ I - ------- I ---- -- . -I -------- I ------ I ------- I1. I 10 1 19 I 32 1 62 I 54 I 5 18

I 5.5 1 10.4 1 17.6 I 34.1 1 29.7 1 2.7 1 34.e

I 83.3 I 26.0 1 32.7 1 31.3 I 41.2 1 45.5 1I 1.9 I 3.6 I 6.1 I 11.9 10.3 I 1 .0 1

-1 -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

2. 1 0 1 34 ! 40 1 76 1 521 2! 21 ZrI 0 I 16.7 I 19.6 I 37.3 I 25.5 1 1.0 1 39.0

I 0 1 46.6 I 40.8 I 3;.4 I 39.7 1 18.2 1

I 0 1 6.5 1 7.6 1 14.5 I 9.9 1 .41-I---------I-........-I------------------.I-........-I-........-I

3. 1 II 6 1 7 1 27 1 14 1 41 59I 1.7 1 10.2 I 11.9 I 45.8 I 23.7 I 6.8 1 11.31 8.3 1 8.2 I 7.1 1 13.6 1 10.7 1 36.41

I .2 1 1.1 1 1.3 1 5.2 I 2.7 7 . I-I---I------------------.......I-........-I-........-I---------.

4. 1 I1 14 1 19 1 33 1 11 1 01 7e

I 1.3 I 17.9 I 24.4 I 42.3 I 14.1 I 0 1 14.9I 8.3 1 19.2 1 19.4 1 16.7 1 8.4 1 01I .2 I 2.7 I 3.6 I 6.3 I 2.1 1 0 1

-I------ .-- . ..-I- - ........-- I-........-I-........-I-........-1

COLUMN 12 73 98 198 131 11 523

TOTAL 2.3 14.0 18.7 37.9 25.0 2.1 100.'

n12COUNT IFOW FrT I wCOL PC7 I TOTAL.TOT F'CT 01 1.. 2.1 3.. 4.1 5.1

vREF- - --- I .. --- I ---------I- ----- I --------- I ------ I --- --- I

1.1 99 1 2 1 2 1 8 1 49 1 22 1 16?.I 54.4 I 1.1 1 1.1 1 4.4 1 26.9 I 12.1 I 34.81 33.2 1 50.0 1 28.6 I 25.0 I 40.2 1 36.7 I1 18.9 1 .4 I .4 I 1.5 1 9.4 I 4.2 1

-z1---------i -------- i -------- rI---------i --------- i -------- i2. 1 110 I 1 I 4 I 17 1 46 I 26 1 204

1 53.9 I .5 1 2.0 I 8.3 1 22.5 I 12.7 1 39.0

1 36.9 I 25.0 1 57.1 r 53.1 1 37.7 1 43.3 I1 21.0 ! .2 1 .8 1 3.3 1 8.8 1 5.0 I

3. 1 33 t 0 11 I 5 I 13 1 7 1 bI 55.9 1 0 I 1.7 1 8.5 1 22.0 I 11.9 I 11.3

I 11.1 I 0 I 14.3 I 1 ,.6 I 10.7 1 11.7 1I 6.3 1 0 .2 1 1.0 ! 2.51 1.3 1

-I--------------------------I---------......I-........-I4.1 56 1 I 1 01 21 14 1 5 1 6

I 71.8 I 1.3 I 0 1 2.6 1 17.9 1 6.4 1 14.1;

I 18.8 I 25.0 I 0 I 6.3 I 11.5 I 8.3 11 10.7 ! .2 1 0 1 .41 2.7 ? 1.0 1

COLUMN 2VR 4 7 32 12? 40 ,TOTAL 57.0 .8 1.3 6.1 23.3 11.5 i00.,'

154

,, I

, *

n13CIUNT I

RnW PT I kl"

COL F*Ci I T IALTOT FICT I 0i 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

I. I 18 1 3 I 24 I 20 1 7n 1 42 I i81 9.9 1 1.6 I 13 . I 110 I 41.-2 1 23.1 1 34.81 94.7 I 23.1 46.2 T 47.6 I 32.2 I 25.6 II 3.4 1 .6 1 4.6 I 3.8 1 14.3 1 t.O I

-! .-------- -I --- I-- -------- I -------- i -------- i -------- I2.1 0 1 5 1 13 ! 13 1 94 1 79 1 204

I 0 I 2.5 I 6.4 1 6.4 I 4A.1 1 3A.7 I 39.01 0 I 38.5 I 25.0 I 31.0 1 40.3 1 48.2 11 0 I 1.0 I 2.5 I 2.5 1 12.0 1 15.1 I

-I--------- I---------.I------------------.I-........-I-........-I

3. ! 0 I 2 I 6 1 3 ! 28! 20 1 59I 0 I 3.4 I 10.2 I 5.1 I 47.5 I 33.9 I 11.3I 0 I 15.4 I 11.5 I 7.1 2 12.0 1 12.2 I1 0 I .4 1 1.1 ! .6 1 5.4 ! 3.8 1

- I-------- I --------- I----------------I---------I--------14. ! 1 1 3 1 9 1 6 I 36 ! 23 1 78

I 1.3 I 3.8 I 11.5 1 7.7 I 46.2 I 29.5 I 14.91 5.3 I 23.1 I 17.3 1 14.3 I 15.5 I 14.0 11 .2 1 .6 1 1.7 ! 1.1 ! 6.9 1 4.4 !

-I -------- I -------- I -------- I ------- I ------- I ------- ICOLUMN 19 13 52 42 233 164 523TOTAL 3.6 2.5 9.9 8.0 44.6 31.4 100.0

014

COUNT I

ROW FCT I ROWCOL PCT I TOTALTOT PCT I 01 1.! 2.! 3.1 4.1 5.1

YREXP --- ------ ---- I-- --------I --------- I -------- I -------- I- ------- I1. 1 13 ! 4 1 22 1 381 84 1 211 I2

I 7.1 I 2.2 I 12.1 I 20.9 I 46.2 I 11.5 1 34.8I 65.0 I 33.3 I 34.4 1 35.5 I 34.9 1 26.6 II 2.5 I .8 I 4.2 1 7.3 I 16.1 I 4.0 I

2.1 SI 6! 25 1 44 ! 92 ! 32 ! 2041 2.5 1 2.9 T 12.3 I 21.6 I 4t.1 I 15.7 I 39.0I .o I 50.0 I 39.1 1 41.1 1 3e.2 I 40.5 1I 1.0 1 1.2 I 4.8 1 8.4 T 17.6 I 6.1 I

-I---------I-........-I-........-I---------.I-........-I-........-I

3. I I 1 1 7 1 17 I 26 1 7 j 591 1.7 I 1.7 I 1i.0 I 28.8 I 44.1 1 11.9 1 11.7I 5.01 I 8.3 1 10.9 1 15.9 I 10.8 I 8.9 11 .2 I .: I 1.3 I 3.3 1 5.0 1 1.3 I-I-- ---I------- I -------- I -------- T -------- I -------- I

4. ! 1 1 I 1 10 1 8 39 1 191 791 1.3 I 1.3 I 12.8 I 10.-3 I 0.0 1 24.4 1 14.vI 5.0 I 8.3 I 15.6 1 7.5 1 16.2 I 2'.I IT 1 .21 .21 1.91 1.5 1 7.5 T 3.a 1

-1 -------- .I . I.-------- I -------- I -------- I -------- ICOLUMN 20 12 64 107 :"4 79 5-.TOTAL 3.8 2.3 12.2 20.5 46.1 15.1 100.0

155

.4 ,V ,

i Im , . .. u -

:CUNT 1ROW PCT I ROW

CO. rCT I TOTAL

TOT ' rT I 0 1.1 2. 3.1 4.! 5.1

YPFxp ........ I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I ---- --- 11. I s 1 0! 31 I 31 1 74 1 341 Is,

1 4.4 I 0 1 19.2 I 17.0 1 40.7 1 18.7 1 34.8

I 53.3 1 0 I 47.9 I 49.2 I 32.3 I 24.5 1

I 1.5 I 0 I 6.7 1 5.9 I 14.1 I 6.5 1

2. ! 1 3 1 23 1 26! 87 641 204

I .!5 1 1.5 I 11.3 I 12.7 I 42.6 t 31.4 1 39.0

I 6.7 I 75.0 I 31.5 1 41.3 I 38.0 I 46.0 1

I .2 I .6 I 4.4 1 5.0 1 16.6 I 12.2 1-I---------I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I

3. T 2 1 1 I 7 I 4 I 29 I 16 1 59

1 3.4 1 1.7 1 11.9 I 6.8 I 49.2 I 27.1 1 11.3I 13.3 1 25.0 I 9.6 I 6.3 1 12.7 I 11.5 1

1 .4 I .2 1 1.3 I .8 1 5.5 I 3.1 1

4. 1 4 1 0 1 8 2 1 391 51 78

I 5.1 I 0 I 10.3 I 2.6 1 50.0 1 32.1 1 14.9I 26.7 1 0 1 11.0 I 3.2 I 17.0 I 18.0 1

I .8 1 0 I 1.5 I .4 I 7.5 I 4.8 1-I---------I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I

COLUM-14 15 4 73 63 229 139 523

TOTAL 2.9 .8 14.0 12.0 43.8 26.6 100.0

016

COUNT I Ouknw PrT I TOTALCOL FCT I

TOT F*CT I 0! 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

IkXP -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- -------- I

1, 1 9 1 7 1 24 1 32 1 781 33 18-"

1 •4.4 I 3.8 I 13.2 I 17.6 I 42.9 I 19.1 I 34.8

1 40.0 I 50.0 I 34.8 I 30.6 I 32.8 1 33.3 I

I 1.5 I 1.3 I 4.6 I 6.1 I 14.9 I 6.3 I

2. 1 8 I 6 1 7 1 34 100 1 29 1 204

I 3.9 1 2.9 I 13.2 I 16.7 1 49.0 1 14.2 1 39.0

1 40.0 I 42.9 1 39.1 1 41.0 I 42.0 I 29.3 1

1 1.5 I 1.1 1 1 .2 6.5 I 19.1 1 5.5 I4 -I-------..-I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........- I

3. 1 1 1 I 7 1 12 1 27 1 11 1 .9

1 1.7 1 1.7 1 11.9 1 203 1 4b.8 1 8.6 1 11.3

1 5.0 1 7.1 1 10.1 I 14.5 I 11.3 1 11.1 I

1 .2 I .2 1 1.3 I 2.3 1 5.2 I 2.1 1-1------------------.I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I

4. 1 3 ! 0 1 11 1 51 33 1 26 1 79

1 3.8 ? 0 1 14.1 1 6.4 1 47.3 1 33.3 1 14.9

I 15.0 1 0 1 15.9 1 6.0 1 13.9 I 26.3 1

1 .6 1 0 1 2.1 1 1.0 ! 6.3 ! .0 I-1-..--...I---------1---------.I------------------. 1-........

COtUMN 20 14 69 93 23t- 99 2t

tOitAL 3.e 2.7 13.2 11.9 45.5 18.9 100.0

156

I t..* I

RUI' NAME CROSTABVAR:IABLE LIST PASE.CML',F;N,YF;CX',WTOOL

OS 106 07.DS f9,020,0 oil0,a01 ~014,015,016

INP~UT FOkMAT Fi~kEFhLE'

YFEXPCI THI:U 24=1)(2t THF:U 84=2)A5 TNFRU,144=S)C145 THkU HIOHEST=4)/

WTOOL('A -1)(' V =2) ELSE=0)/05 TO 016 U'1(=)C=)'I4(E5(LE0BASECI THkU 43,107 THRU 164,256 TiiU 293,501 THRU 542,566 THFCU 602-1)(44 THkU 106,165 THRU 255,294 THRU 500,543 THRU 572,603 1HkU 623,999=2)

.078 SECOND'S

CROSSTA4S TABLES=PASE B'Y 05 TO 016

157r

0'5

r.rtUNT INOW -CT IROCL FCT 1 TOTALrOT I.CT I of 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1

FA.E -- -- I - I .-- - - -I -------- I -- ----- I

1.I 1 1 53 1 491 42 1 16 ! 4 1',51 .6 I 32.1 I 29.7 1 25.5 1 9.7 1 2.4 1 31.51 2.1.0 1 43.8 1 33.3 1 27.1 1 19.3 1 28.6 1

1 .2 1 10.1 1 9.4 1 8.0 L 3.1 I .8-I ... .. ..I -.. .. 1 -.. .. 1.. . . . 1 -. . . [. .. . !

2. I 4 I 68 1 98 I 113 I 65 1 10 I 4 8I 1.1 I 19.0 I 27.4 I 31.6 I 18.2 I 2.3 1 6A.5I 80.0 1 56.2 1 66.7 1 72.9 I 80.2 1 71.4 11 .8 I 13.0 1 18.7 I 21.6 1 12.4 I 1.9 I

C'ILUMN 5 121 147 155 831 1 23TOTAL 1.0 23.1 28.1 29.6 15.5 2.7 100.0

06COUNT I

kOW PCT I KOw

COL PCT I TOTALTOT PCT 0 0! 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

BASE ------- I -------- I- -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- II. 1 0 I 0 1 2 I 10 I 60 I 85 I 165

I 0 I 0 I 1.2 I 10.9 I' 36.4 I 51.5 I 31.5

1 0 1 0 1 13.2 1 30.5 1 29.4 1 35.0 1I 0 I 0 I .4 r 3.4 I 11.5 I 16.3 I

- -------- I ------- I -------- I -------- I -------- t -------- I2. 1 3 1 3 1 9 1 41 ! 144 1 158! 358

I .8 1 .8 I 2.5 I 11.5 I 40.2 I 44.1 I 68.5I 100.0 1 100.0 1 81.8 I 69.5 I 70.6 1 65.0 II .6 I .6 I 1.7 I 7.8 I 27.5 1 30.2 I~-----I-....... --........ I --------- I----------......I----------I

COLUMN 3 3 11 59 204 243 523TOTAL .6 .6 2.1 11.3 39.0 46.5 10'.0

07COUNT IROW PCT I ROW

COL PCT I TOTALTOT PCT I 0! 1.1 2.! 3.1 4.1 5.!

9ASE -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I1. 1 3 ! 39 ! 50 t 53 ! 20 ! 0 1 165

I 1.8 1 23.6 1 30.3 I 32.1 I 12.1 I 0 I 31.5

1 27.3 I 4R.1 I 37.0 1 30.8 I 19.2 1 0 11 .6 1 7.5 I 9.6 1 10.1 I 3.8 1 0 I

2. 1 8! 42 ! 85 1 119 I 841 20 I 3S81 2.2 1 11.7 I 23.7 I 33.2 I 23.5 1 5.6 I 68.51 72.7 1 51.9 1 63.0 I 69.2 I 80a.8 1 100.0 IS 1.5 T I '3 1. a I. I Tn.. I .6 T

COLUMN 11 81 135 172 104 20 523TOTAL 2.1 15.5 25.9 32.9 19.9 3.8 100.0

158

I ... .... .

OH'ount I

kOu' r I

COL PCT I rOTALTOT FCT I OI 1.4 2.! 3.1 4.1 5.!PASE -------- I ......... I ---.----- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

1. 1 92 1 3 1 1 I 15 1 34 1 20 1 161I 55.8 I 1.8 1 .6 I 9.1 I 20.6 I 12.1 1 31.5

I 31.1 I 12.0 1 4.2 1 31.3 I 36.6 1 54.1 I1 17.6 I .6 1 .2 1 2.9 I 6.5 I 3.8 I

-!----------I----------I----------I----------I----------I----------I

2. I 204 I 2"2 I 23 I 33 I 59 1 17 I 3581 57.0 1 6.1 E 6.4 1 9.2 t 16.5 1 4.7 1 68.5I 68.9 I 88.0 I .95.8 I 68.8 I 63.4 1 45.9 1I 39.0 1 4.2 1 4.4 1 6.3 I 11.3 I 3.3 I

-I----------I----------I----------I----------I----------I-........--

COLUMN 296 25 24 48 93 37 523rOTAL 56.6 4.8 4.6 9.2 17.0 7.1 100.0

09COUNT I

ROW PCT I ROW

COL PCT I TOTALTOT PCT 1 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

GASE -------- I . -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I ------- I -------- I11 8 1 43 1 33 1 45 1 33 1 3 1 145

I 4.8 1 26.1 1 20.0 I 27.3 1 20.0 I 1.8 1 31.5I 44.4 I 56.6 I 37.1 I 26.2 I 23.1 I 12.0 I1 1.5 I 3.2 1 6.3 I 3.6 I 6.3 I .6 T

2. 1 10 I 33 1 56 I 127 1 110 1 2 1 3t,81 2.8 I 9.2 I 15.6 I 35.5 1 30.7 I 6.1 1 68.5I 55.6 I 43.4 1 62.9 I 71.8 I 76.9 I 8.0 II 1.9 1 6.3 I 10.7 I 24.3 I 21.0 I 4.2 I

-1- -------- I-------- I ..-------- --- I ---------- ! ------- ICOLU4iN 18 76 89 172 143 25 523rOTAL 3.4 14.5 17.0 32.9 27.3 4.8 100.0

I

010rOUNT IkOW PCT I ROW

COL PCT I TOTALTOT FCT 1 0! 1.I 2.! 3.1 4.1 5.1

PASE -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I1. I 103 I 2 I 2 I 10 1 28 1 20 1 1

1 62.4 1 1.2 I 1.2 I 6.1 I 17.0 1 12.1 1 31.5

T 33.3 1 2.0 1 22.2 1 25.0 1 27.7 I I .7 I1 19.7 1 .4 1 .4 I 1.9 1 5.4 I 3.8 I

-1 -------- I ---------I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- 12. 1 206 1 6 1 7 1 30 1 73 1 36 1 358

1 57.5 I 1.7 1 2.0 I 8.4 1 20.4 1 10.1 r 68.51 66.7 I 75.0 1 77.8 1 75.0 I 72.3 1 64.3 11 39.4 1 1.1 I 1.3 I !5.7 1 14.0 I 6.9 1

COLUN 309 8 9 40 101 56 ,23TOTAL 59.1 1.5 1.7 7.6 19.3 10.7 100.0

f 159

,!

COLINT IRr~w s-.r.T I I~

COL FCT I 0 aALrt 'CT 0[ 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 1

BASE -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I --------- I -------- I

1. 1 6 1 41 I 29 I ,3 1 ; 1 1 I 1 A

1 3.6 1 24.8 1 17.6 1 32.1 1 21.2 .6 1 31.5I 50.0 I 56.2 1 29.6 1 26.8 1 26.7 1 9.1 I

. .8 1 5.5 1 10.1 1 s.7 1 .2 1

2. 1 6 1 32 1 69 1 143 1 '6 1 10 t 3RI 1.7 I 8.9 I 19.3 I 40.5 1 26.8 I 2.8 1 b3.5I O,0.0 I 43.8 1 70.4 I 73.2 1 73.3 I ?0.9 II 1.1 I 6.1 1 13.2 I 27.7 t 18.4 I 1.9 I-I -------- I -------- I -------- I --------- t ------- I -------- I

COLUMN 12 73 98 198 131 11 523

TOTAL 2.3 14.0 18.7 37.9 25.0 2.1 100.0

012COUNT I

ROW PCT I ROW

COL PCT I TOTALTOT PCT 1 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

BASE -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I1. 1 103 1 0 1 11 7 1 40 1 14 1 165

1 62.4 I 0 1 .6 1 4.2 1 24.2 1 8.5 1 31.5I 34.6 1 0 1 14.3 I 21.9 I 32.9 I 23.3 II 19.7 I 0 I .2 I 1.3 1 7.6 I 2.

7 I

-E -------- I -------- I -------- t ------- I -------- I -------- I2.1 175 I 4 1 6 1 25 1 82 1 46 1 358

I 54.5 I 1.1 1 1.7 I 7.0 I 22.9 1 12.8 1 68.5I 65.4 I 100.0 I 85.7 I 78.1 I 67.2 I 76.7 11 37.3 1 .8 t 1.1 1 4.8 t 15.7 I 8.8 I-I -------- I -------- I -------- I --------- I ------- I -------- I

COLUMN 298 4 7 32 122 60 ,:3TOTAL 57.0 .8 1.3 6.1 23.3 11.5 100.0

013COUNT IROW PCT I ROW.COL PCT I TOTAL

tOT PCT I 01 1.1 2.E 3.1 4.1 5.tBASE ----- I---------I --------- L--------I------------------------I

1. 1 2 1 3 1 8 1 131 81 1 58 1 165I 1.2 I 1.8 I 4.8 I 7.9 I 49.1 1 35.2 1 31.5

I 10.5 I 23.1 I 15.4 1 31.0 1 34.8 I 35.4 I1 .4 1 .6 1 1.5 1 2.5 I 15.5 1 11.1 I

-I---------I-.....-"---I-........-I-........-I-........-I-........-I

2. I 17 I 10 1 44 I 29 I 152 I 106 1 31A

I 4.7 I 2.8 1 12.3 1 8.1 I 42.5 1 29.6 I *8.5I 89.5 I 76.9 I 34.6 1 69.0 1 65.2 1 64.6 1

I 3.3 I 1.9 I 8.4 1 5.5 I 29.1 1 20.3 1

COLUMN 19 13 52 12 233 10,4 123TOTAL 3.6 2.5 9.9 8.0 44.6 31.4 100.0

160,. I

014COUNT t

• OW FCT E 0

CUL FCr I TOTALTOT rT I 01 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 S.1

BASE I--------- -------- ------------ -------- --- I----- -------- -------- I1. I 3 1 2 L L6 1 34 1 78 1 32 1 16,5

1 1.8 1 1.2 I 9.7 1 20.6 I 47.3 1 19.4 1 31.51 15.0 1 16.7 r 25.0 Z 31.8 I 32.4 1 40.5 II .6 1 .4 1 3.1 I 6.5 I 14.9 1 6.1 1

2. 1 17 1 10 1 48 1 73 1 163 1 47 I 358

I 4.7 I 2.8 t 13.4 1 20.4 1 45.5 1 13.1 1 68.5I 85.0 I 83.3 I 75.0 t 68.2 1 67.6 1 59.5 1

1 3.3 I 1.9

I 9.2 I 14.0 I 31.2 1 9.0 t-I --------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I --------

COI UMN 20 12 64 107 241 79 5-3

TOTAL 3.8 2.3 12.2 20.5 46.1 15.1 100.0

015COUNT E Raw

i OW F'IT I TOCOL FCT I TOTAL

rOr PCT I 0 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 !.l

BASE -------- I--------- I--------- I -------- I --------- I ........-I .. -I

1. 11 1 15 1 20 1 73 1 55 1 165

I .6 1 .6 1 9.1 1 12.1 I 44.2 1 33.3 1 31.5

1 6.7 I 25.0 1 20.5 T 31.7 1 31.9 7 39.6 I

1 .2 1 .2 I 2.9 1 3.8 I 14.0 1 10.5 I

-1 -------- -------- I --------- T -------- I -------- I -------- I

2. 1 14 1 3 I 58 I 43 1 156 1 8.4 1 J3

1 3.9 1 .8 1 16.2 1 12.0 1 43.6 I 23.5 I 085

1 93.3 I 75.0 1 79.5 1 68.3 I 081 1 60.4 I

1 2.7 1 .6 1 11.1 1 8.2 1 29.8 1 16.1 1

COLUMN 15 4 73 63 229 137 523

TOTAL 2.9 .8 14.0 12.0 43.0 26.6 100.0

01.6COUNT I

ROW P'CT I ROWCOL PCT I TOTALTOT FP.T 1 o1 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1

BASE ------- I --------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I -------- I

1. 1 6 1 2 1 17 1 24 1 78 3 i1 1,5

I 3.6 I 1.2 I 10.3 1 14.5 I 47.3 I 21.0 1 31.5

1 30.0 I 14.3 I 24.A t 28.9 I 32.8 T 18.4 1I 1.1 .4 1 3.3 I 4.6 1 14.9 1 7.3 1

-1----------I-----------I-----------I----------I----------I----------I

:1. 14 1 1.2 1 52 T 59 1 160 I 61 1 359I 3.9 I 3.4 I 1i.5 1 16.5 1 44.7 1 17.0 1 3. ,I 70.0 1 3!.7 I 75.4 1 71.1 1 67.2 t o1.6 I

1 2.7 1 2.3 1 9.9 I 11.3 I 30.6 1 11.7 I

CULUMN 20 14 69 83 :!J8 99 523

TOTAL 1.8 2.7 13.2 15.9 45.5 18.9 101.0

161

FREQUENCIES

*1 162

RUN NAME FREDVARIABLE LIST eASE,OMD.RANK.YREXP.WTOOL

05,06,07..08,09,010,011012,013,014,015,016

INPUT FORMAT FREEFIELDRECODE CMD('A'1) ('B'=2) ('C'=3) ('D'=4)('E'=5) (F'=6)/

05 TO 016 ('A'=1)('B'=2)('C'=3)('D'=4)('E'=5)(ELSE=O)MISSING VALUES 05 TO 016(8)SELECT IF (05 HE 6 AND 06 NE 8)SELECT IF (07 H ND08HE 0)SELECT IF (09 NE 9 e'ND 018 HE 0)SELECT IF (O1ilH ND012NHE 0)

FREQUENCIES GENERAL-ALLOPTION4S 3,8,,81STATISTICS ALLREAD INPUT DATA

163

Q5ADJ CIH DJ CUM ADJ CLH

CODE FREG PCT PCT CODE FREO FCT PCI CODE FRED PCT PCT

5. 4 2 2 3. 63 33 52 1. 43 22 1664. 34 18 26 2. 49 25 78

05

CODE

5. 111 4)

1

6 26 46 u8 go tooFREQI.WY

MEN2.518 STD ERR .078 MEDIAN 2.571MODE 3.000 STD 0EV 1.885 VARIAN~CE 1.178KURTOSIS -.914 SKE*SS .689 RANGE 4.000IIMUMii L.oos MAXIMiUM 5.666 S$UK' 486.86CAV PCT 43.183 .95 C.I. 2.364 TO 2.672

164

06

AJ CU1 J CUMt ADJOJCODE FFEO PCT FCT CODE FREO PCT PCT CODE FREQ PCT PCT

5. 81 42 42 3. 21 1198 1. 1 11804. 68 46 88 2. 2 1 99

06

CODE

5. ****I**X**I* AUIIHfl]flUHfl** ( 81)I

4. %*I* *** U*X***1**( 88)I

3. H*I**XUH* ( 21)I

2. I( 2)1

I1.

1 ~~~~~.......I ....... I ....... I ....... I ....... I

8 28 48 d9 88 18FREQUENC

MEAN 4.275 STD ERR .053 MEDIAN 4.324MODE 4.80 STD 0EV .738 VARIANCE .544KURTOSIS 1.436 SKB4NESS -.958 I'4tOE 4.086MINIMUM 1.80 MAXIMUM 5.889 Sum 825.86C.V. PCT 17.254 .95 C.I. 4.178 TO 4.379

165

.. . ...... Iliilil~ ~~ia al l- lI.,, . i mi

07

ADJ CH ADJ CUM ADJ CIHCODE FREG PCT PCT CODE FREQ FCT PCT CODE FREO PCT PCT

5. 10 5 5 3. 78 36 62 1. 23 12 1e64. 39 28 25 2. 51 26 88

07

CODE

5. ( 1)

I4. ( 39)

3. I * * *E* *E ( 78)

2.51

1. 11111111111H 23)

I ... ....... l......... l......... I....... I

* 29 46 68 88 18@FREQUJENCY

MEA 2.883 STD ERR .876 MEDI[ 2.821MODE 3.88 STD 0EV 1.057 VARIANCE 1.117KIWTOSIS -.562 SKE)BKSS .54 RiNGE 4.86MINIHIIU 1.88 MAXIIJ 5.868 SuIm 541.816C.V. PCT 37.789 .95 C.I. 2.653 TO 2.953

VA.ID CASES 193 HISSING CASES 8

166

.. . . " . . .... . llll II E m * aai i lIl - '..

I!I

Q8

CODE FIRED PCT PCT CODE FREO PCT PCT CODE FRED PCI PCI

5. 261313 3. 412177 1. 24 12266

08

COi)E

15. 2 ( 26)I

4. 418I

I

2. 111111111 ( 20)I

1. *] (t ( 24)I

1 ....... I ....... I ....... I ....... I ....... I

0 20 48 do 86 16oFREGUENcY

MEAN 3.342 STD ERR .887 MEDIANJ 3.640MODE 4.000 STID EV 1.206 VARIAN4CE 1.455KURTOSIS -.512 S(E)4SS -.649 IANGE 4.600MINIMLt 1.06 MAXIMUM 5.606 Sum 645.60C.V. PCT 36.698 .95 C.I. 3.171 TO 3.513

VA.I CASES 193 MISSING CASES 6

I

I 167

--" i .. .m a nllin ii i Ium.,.- - -- -- -

iDJ CLIM ADJ CLH ADJ CUMCODE FREO PCT PCT CODE FREO PCT PCT CODE FREO PCI PCT

5. 9 5 5 3. 62 32 68 1. 29 15 1684. 69 31 36 2. 33 17 95

09

CODE1

5. 131 ( 9)1

'I. C 68)

3. 1 ( 62)I

2. XXXX)X IXHU 1 ( 33)

I

1. WHI11111111 ( 29)

, 29 48 68 869 1FREQUENCY

ME 2.933 SID ERR .881 MEDIA 3.656MIODE 3.9806 STD 0EV 1.128 VARIACE 1.271KIRTOSIS -.814 SKEIOESS -.307 iWME 4.806MINIILII 1.688 IAX IHI 5.960 SIl 566.66C.V. PCT 38.450 ,?5 C.I. 2.773 TO 3.693

VALID CASES 193 MISSING CASES 0

1

i 168

I - ', , . -.

.. ..... m in

ale

A ,I, AN CLIl AN CUMCODE FREG PCT , CODE FREQ PCT PCT CODE FREG PCT PCT

5. 52 27 27 3. 35 1892 1. 7 4 1804. 91 47 74 2. 8 4 96

019

CODE

5. *l, **, i ( 52)I

4. I~~ * * * 1

3. **HH *H** *0*** 35)II

2. 1111 8)I

1. 111 ( 7)

' ~~~~~~I ....... I....... I........1I........I .......

a 29 46 6 80 199FREQUENC

MEAN3.896 STD ERR .06 MIAN1 4.011IIODE 4.000 SID 0EV .968 VARIANCE .937KURTOSIS 1.216 S1DNESS -1.643 RINGE 4.66MINIIIUM 1.960 MAXIIH 5.890 SUM 752.109C.V. PCT 24.845 .95 C.I. 3.759 TO 4.834

VALD CASES 193 MISSING CASES I

16 9

AJ CiM AJ CLH ADJ CLIMCODE FRED PCT PCT COOE FREt PCT PCT CODE FREG PCT PCT

5. 3 2 2 3. 79 41 76 1. 18 9 1664. 65 34 35 2. 28 15 91

011

CODEI

1

4. I(t] E .E[ .[ ( 65)

3. ~ *~~( 79)I!

2. t ( 28)I

1. 11111*11Hl~t 18)I

I

I ....... I1......... ... I...... ..... I....... I

6 26 46 66 86 16FREOMNCY

MEA 3.636 STD ERR .669 MEDIAN 3.139MON 3.60 STO 0EV .959 IVARIE £ .921KURTOSIS -.242 SKDIESS -.669 a6E 4.660MINIKiH 1.66 tAIMUiM 5.666 SIm 586.666C.V. PCT 31.600 .95 C.I. 2.906 TO 3.172


170

012

ADJCLI ADJ CU1 ADJ CLICODE FRE( PCT PCT CODE FRE0 FCT PCT CODE FREQ PCT PCT

5. 56 29 29 3. 26 13 97 1. 1 11 6e4. 195 54 83 2. 5 3 99

012

CODEI

5. ttlttt ( 56)

4. t* tH * Itt ( 185)

3. 1111*1 ( 26)11

2. ( 5)

I

1. ( I)

1 ........ 1 ........ 1.........1......... [......... 1

S 46 80 120 166 26FREQUENCY

MEAN 4.888 STD ERR .854 MEDIA 4.114MODE 4.88 STD )EV .755 VARIANCE .578KWTOSIS 1.267 SKDlNESS -.867 iNGE 4.008MINIHit 1.666 lAXIH 5.160 Sll 789.606C.V. PCT 18.473 .93 C.. 3.981 TO 4.195

VWAID CASES 193 MISSING CASES 6

NOE171 1F•E

013

ADJ CIM AJ CLM ADJ CUICODE FREG PCT PCI CODE FREO PCT PCT CODE FREG PCT PCT

5. 66 32 32 3. 21 11 89 1. 5 3 1884. 88 46 78 2. 16 8 97

MISSING DATACODE FREO CODE FREG CODE FREQ

013

CODE

I

4. * * *E **E E ( 88)I

I

3. ) iE ( 21)

1.H ( 5)

I

I1

I 0 ( 3)(MISSING) I

, l ~~~~~.......I ....... I ....... I ...........0 26 48 66 Be lieFREGQJ0C

3.958 $T ERR .873 MEDIA 4.182MODE 4.866 STD BY 1.602 VARIANCE 1.664KURTOSIS .782 SKED4ESS -1.664 RA4GE 4.86MINIMi 1.16 MAXIUM 5.666 SLIM 752.666C.V. PC1 25.310 .?5 C.I. 3.815 TO 4.161

VALID CASES 196 HISSING CASES 3

172

014

ADJ CW AJ CUm ADJ CUICODE FREQ PCT PCT CODE FREG PCT FCT CODE FREQ PCT PCT

5. 25 13 13 3. 38 28 81 1. 6 3 l64. 89 48 61 2. 29 16 97

HISSING DATA

CODE FRED CODE FRED CODE FRED

e 6

014

CODE1

5. 1111 11WJ1 ( 25)I

I4. Jflt ItEIf1IEtf EEE E E EE ( 89)

3. I ( 38)I2. **lt~~~l3It~l **( t~ ( 29)I

2. *HHH( 61 )1( 29)

6. tltt !( 6)

(MISSING) I

I .... I......... l............ I......I...

1 28 40 66 86 16FREMENCY

ME. 3.524 STD ERR .674 MEDIAN 3.736MODE 4.066 STD DE 1.112 VARIANCE 1.625KIRTOSIS -.269 S(EIESS -.68 "a 4.06MINIMUM 1.666 IMIM 5.616 SI' 659.960C.V. PCT 28.728 .95 C.I. 3.378 TO 3.676


173

• - :-- i I- *

015

ADJ CUM ADJ CLH ADJ CUMCODE FREO FCT PCT CODE FREO PCT PCT CODE FREQ PCT PCT

5. 44 23 23 3. 21 11 82 1. 1 1164. 91 48 71 2. 33 17 99

HISSING DATACODE FRED CODE FREO CODE FREQ

6 3

015

CODEI

5. ( 44)

I4.?1

3. 21)

I

I

olfic 3)(MISSING) I

0 20 40 do 80 100FREQUENCY

MEAN 3.758 STD ER .974 MEDIAN 3.40MIODE 4.910 STD 0EV 1.615 VARIAN~CE 1.031KUROSIS -.5v7 51(01(5 -.6m2 Rw4 4.60MINIMUMI 1.000 MAIMUMI 5.006 SLI 714.60C.V. PCT 27.020 .95 C.I. 3.613 TO 3."03

VALID CMSS 19" HISSING CASES 3

1

916

ADJ CLM ADJ CH AOJ CUMCOE FREO PCT PCT CODE FREQ PCT PCT CODE FRE PCT PCT

5. 36 16 16 3. 34 18 79 1. 5 3 1864. 86 46 61 2. 34 18 97

HISSING DATA

CODE FREQ CODE FREO CODE FREQ

6 4

Q16

COE

5. II*IIIIIIIIIIHII ( 38)1

II

2. XX4XI )I ( 34)1

1.

. i8 111f 4)

(MISSING) I

~~~~~~I...... I.......Il......... ... I...... .....28 4 8I 8

a 26 46 d6 Be Jo6FREQUENCY

MEAN 3.540 STD ERR .076 MEDIA 3.750IODE 4.08 STO DEV 1.844 VARIANCE 1.896KURTOSIS -. 543 SKEAESS -. 517 R 'NGE 4.680MINIMUM 1.68 IXIMUM 5.696 SUN 669.66C.V. PCT 29.497 .95 C.I. 3.399 TO 3.690


175

I .

PAIRED T-TEST

1 176

AD-A135 608 AN ATTITUDE SURVET ANALYSIS OF CONUS AIR FORCE JET 77PROPULSION TECHNICIAIS. . (0 AIR FORCE INST OF TECHWRIGHT-PATTERSON AFR OH SCHOOL OF SYST..

UNCLASSIFIED M A MIDAY ET AL. SEP 03 AFIT-LSSR-110-83 F/U 5/9

J&. 1.2.*5

1N11 I~ 2.2

*~*~* * 140 1.8

111.25 .

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUREAU OF STAOARDOS -965 -A

I

, .

, .'

e a S ° i

RUN NAME T-TEST

VARIABLE LIST BASE,CMDRANK,YREXP,WTOOL05,06,07,O8,09,010,011012,013,014,015,916

INPUT FORMAT FREEFTELDRECODE

RAlNK(,EI'=1)('E'=2)('E3=3)e'E4=4)eES,5'E6,=6)

('E7'r7)('E'=B)('E9'9)(ELSE0)YREXP(1 THRU 24-1)(25 THRU 94=2)(85 THRU 144-3)(145 THRU HIOHEST-4)/UTOOL('A'-l)('B':2)(ELSE=O)/

05 TO 016 ('A'=I;('I'=2)('C'=3)('D'-4)('E'=5)(ELSE=0)

BASEQI THRU 43,107 THRU 164,256 THRU 293,501 THRU 542,596 THRU 602=1)(44 THRU 106,165 THRU 255,294 THRU 500,543 THRU 572,603 THRU 623,999.2)

SELECT IF (05 NE 0 AND 06 RE 0)SELECT IF (07 E 0 AND 00 NE 0)SELECT IF (09 NE 0 AND 010 NE 0)

SELECT IF (011 NE 0 AND 012 NE 0)

.097 SECONDS

T-TEST PAIRS-03 WITH 016

1

177

! .-

* ~j.I C-ml 0 Icog C I

* I I

I Or. I0,

I 1,901wwI N I

* bJWI 0' 9

* 0

1I1

I

* a g* I 6

wI NN I I fl I

cm * II I

w I Io I *mIWSS**IC I I0. I .5.6 0 I

-ml 0* COI C I

It' I* N I I

.1 0 I9% WI -N I gI 99 I

a. *0. I I

* I fl-I nfl-fl-Io IN I I I

* a I Iirgi V~ I

I CCI 0. IaWl C I

99 I 2tI Ia CwI I

I - I I

4 0 9 I I

* I I Io azl N

go, N gC-I 99 I

* ag-I * IZCI - I

I- c~I I

tIN UNItS) Ial I

w - I IIS I I

221 0 IISCI ~9 IWIMI * IItSgI * IIt. I I- I

I 0 I I

I fmlflfl*0lI I

I I I

* C I I

WgI C 99 ICCI fi S IOgI

I 2t1 ICItjI- S IUN I

I I I99 I5 I I I

- I Log C WI 025 0' 0 I

o C.~I al.-. * * I* ac; go I CI..I I

N C I II I I

Itt II- I I 99 IC RI 4 '0 I

I CI 0. '0 IWI C I

I 21 - * So I 19 19 I

I IC I I IItS ISC I 1111 IIa WItSI I

151,71 ImcI 19 I

I 201 0. I

ItS I lIt.I -C CI IC I I I2 I Io I I2-'I ~ IIi: I

i~ IC Ct

178

I.

*I g

V ~tI~

RUN IWE T-TESTVARIABLE LIST MSECOpA.YREKNT00L

G5,06,07,G8,09,0t6,Gl I

012,013,014,015,Q16INPUT FOMT FREEFIELDREC01£ MID'A'=D) ('B'=2) ('C'=3) ('D'=O4 ('E'=5) ( 'F'=6)/

Iti' J'-1) ('E21"2) ('EY34) ('E4'm4) ('E5'=) ('E6'=6)

('E7''7) ('E8'=8) ('E9'-9) (ELSE-4)YIE(1 THRU 24=1) (25 TWRA 84=2)(85 TiRU 144=3)(145 THRU HIGHEST=4)/W1.GL('A'= 1) ('B'=2) (ELSE=O)/05 TO Old ('A'=I) ('B'=2) (C'=3) ('D'=4) ('E'=5(ELSE4)MSE(I THRU 43,167 THRU 164,256 THRU 293,561 MU 542,586 THRU 662=-)(44 THRU 166,165 TIRU 255,294 THRU 566,543 TU 572,683 THRU 623,999=2)

SELECT IF (5 NE 6 ) 06 NE 0)SELECT IF (07 NE I 6 08 NE 1)SELECT IF (09 WE I Q18 HE 6)SELECT IF (Oil NE 0 f 012 NE 1)T-TEST PAIRS=65 WITH 06/07 WITH 09/09 WITH 019/011 WITH 012

179

,I , .

______ ____

1-EST 17/2&103 21.18.94. PAM 2

w ~ "MR( ST&M SWCAPE f(D2FFEC[, STROW STOM~ I 2-TAIL I T DEKES OF 2MAILOF CASES KMA WJ2ATION EM6C I "A IATICN EM . I CORR. MM. I VALUE FREEWI MO6.

2.5181 2.085 .178 1 1m9 I -2.7565 1.345 .197 1 -. 155 .447 I -28.14 192 ."10

4.2746 .73 .1113 1 1 1

MAI N#00(8 SrmK*A SrTNOM i(DIFFEISM S1PE61 MOM@1 I M-AIL. I I DEOCES F 2-TAILW M~S PEA!N DEVIATICN UM I WEA OMIATICH UM I COR. 9868. I VA8LE FEDO PROD.

2.U31 1.1157 .712I -. S38 1.477 .2 A -. 1"4 J"9 1 -4.46 112 .688

3.3421 1.2H6 .087 1 1 1

VAIABE PUUA 9 ~ S51 1(92PIiFURD ST$I~ T(A!D I 2-TAIL I T KEWTS F 2-TAILW CAWS PEA! PVIATICU EMU I PIEA IATION UM I CORR. FM6. I VALUE FWMM P 9668.

op I I82.92 1.128 ."12 1 1 1

193 1 -. 1*37 2.532 .189 16-.05 J 18 .06 192 M863.8P#4 .1061 .671 1 1

WI2.E PKllO TN ST~(* i(OtPICOCE3 Mano STOM1 I 2-TAIL I I ICEPES, f I-TAILW CASS IIEOM WJPATICN UM I IEA! IEVIATION IM" I CPR. MU,8 I VPAE FRElIA MO.

3.0363 ."14 Jo6 I I13I" 1 -1.6528 2.322 .082 1 .161 .625 1 -13.13 192 .11"

4.11111 .755 .854 1 1

180

ANOVA OF AFLMC SURVEY

181

Itz LL -

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

1.82

Ui~l3 I.~O 4. twi I

S, V S - - STATIST ICM. PIIA FO lIE SOCIAL SCIUME

VsIGN 8.3 MI/ - emy 84, Im4

TO 1IM ELD LM RMS

012,013,014,015,016

(V'h'E8'M '1'sY~(ELSE.@)YNE(I 111111 24-1)(23 Tft W2)(15 TWAI t44-3)( 145 INN KItjEST.4),

i0 TO 01 ''sMm.zic.6'' 4)('E'.5)4Um4E-w tU lie 43.117 lIeu 164,&5 lifu 21,511 lieu 342,596 THOU 602-1)144 Ilfu 196,15 TllUU 255,294 lIEu 5 do,543 lieu 572,413 THOU 622,9.2

SMECTLIF (85 i It"06 iff$4SELECT IF (0 7

NE4o ae vSELECIT IF ifIIHE I NOBl E 0)

jCam[ui DIFFII -COMIJE olff2.66-4

0CU TII REQUIRED.. .142 SECCO

Ol0w DIM9 10 OIF14 INhRE02

STATISTICS &L.

011104-IN U 1C105

40 HISSIM AGES DEG... OlTIO I M" K04. MDI iIEr

183

17/27/83 17.5.59. NU 2

FILE NOWME WAIO ATE 17/27/l3

.......................... NCMAT -------------------- ----

tIaE DIMFFI

fttSIS OF VRACE

SOE D.F. SLIM OF S MS WAN 588665 F IATIG F PIGO.

6(1(45w * Iw 2. 32 2.15N9 1. 1" .2766

%IlyaM 6RO15 191 345.015 1.8684

TOTA 192 347.%44

am caM WA4 CmV nmG iO madaim MAlUM 95 'CF COW IN! FOEAN0UP I 54 1.92t 1.3577 .184 -. N60 4.11H 1.5 TO 2.2945

* 2 139 1.6916 1.33" .1136 -2.601 4,OM 1.4661 16 1.915.

TOTA. 191 1.M565 -2.04U 4.14I

W(D4UI0 DATA 1.3454 .8966 1.5m 10 3.975

FIXED EFFECTS l0ODL 1.448 .6966 3.54 TO 1.9474

IWMQM EFFECTS MODEL .15.6 .1116 .363A TO 3.1492

A SO EFFECTS MODEL - £STM. OF iEI(8 CW@ 1 YTMIAN .144

TESTS FOR IGENEIl OF SINCES

Cflue4 C - WNASI.UgM I ISIM UVNCEW * .%67, P - .94 (MF0.)IL-i F - .6 14, P .fs?

WIlI WAING E IIIN"" WNIG ,, 1.627

184

-- , T-

- - - -. - ,. . .. .. .. -.U-i

1#27/3 h..5 I 3

FILE NelK (Cc, rliCATE T @07/2/83

VAiMNLiE D1FF1

FRLIIPU Ma TES

"#S FOR IE U L. L -

2.9

TIE NGS AB AE TA"I iacS.T E Ag Ait C0 Ws1 ITH IEMtJ)-,"(I) IS..

.,fA I L I 1(I14() 9 IMP)

W 106 5OU SlIS (SETS OF 9AIPS, WM HIW[ST 4 LOWST IMS Oi NO DIFFER BY PWRE TiWm TIH OMT£ST SIOFI .ATMA MR A S 1O 11V SZ)

61W GA 2 0*p I

IMA 1.69o 1.925fi .................

185

I.

$10163 17.5b.59. hU 4

ME2. MMEf W00T2i CATE - Oli27/BJ3

-AAL 6H(WAF

IN ASE

ApwySIS OF VAI

swu 0.F. SIM2 OF sMARS 4fmq SGIMIS F PATIO F MUM1.

601(86E 83 am 43.0150 43.6158 14.533 .601

621114H66 asS 192 46.9427 2.4419

TOTAL 02 539.950

STAMMW STMIMGROW? COWT MEad MAIMG EWA3 NINImm ?IP26 95 PCl Of INV FR WAM

39 1 54 1.2963 1.2474 .1643 -1.1666 4.8164 .?"@ To 1.625W9 2 139 .244 1.7439 .1479 -4.1446 4.NM6 -. 6479 TO .2371

TOTAL. 193 .53m -4.6460 4.46

236511 DATA 1.6770 .1287 .26e To .71

92660 EFFECS KUL(2 1.6136 .1141 .36"6 TO .767?

AVM EFFECTS KUL62 .04 .5d" -6.6m5 To 17.76

WOON EFFECTS IWE(2 - ESTIJI. OF BETWEEN CBOOW 'OIM( .5106

4TESTS 13 OR Er UMM MO ANE

cUwas C - 69A.232MWSIAIANES) - .6744, P - .60 (9963.)MWLMT-6 F - 9.26M, P - .643rIM WINCE / IM 2215123MG 2.6"

1.86

0S1213 1.M.39 WE 5

FILL lOU (MUAI14dIE i- 17/27413

----- ---- ----- ---- - ONEM AV - - - - - - - - - - - - -

YIMU AIFQ2

NLTIFUE "a TEST

W8ES FORli .9IE M2-

2.79

lTN ROWIS ABOV ARE TAULA VLUEfS.tit E AMill CmiOWWE WITH PlEANJ) -tM IiS..

1. 1O" IUE I UI tIAMT) IIfl)

O"M"M SUBSET$ tSETS OF MIPS, WHOE nHIGEST NO LOWEST MANS 00 NOT DIFFER fRPMORE 1104 THE SHOTES S1(3* CANTNWS FOR A SIMET OF THAT SIZE)

Sill fi 2PIES .244d,

MM 1.2963

187

FILL Ma @* ( CREAIILN DATE 6 7/27,13

... .. ... .. ... .. ... . 14E iT A I--------------------------------

MA'I.SIS OF WIea

0m .F. SiLM OF SOWAS PFAt SaOINs F PATIO F MDB.

KNE14 GROUPS 1 13.3531 13.5531 1.080 .0145

N1101k am 191 425.1931 2.2261

TOTAL. 192 430.7441

STVN STANIWa" cowI4 WAY DEIATION WO MINIM8* PiUI 91 PCT pIF I FORi1.

09 I 54 1.3m? 1.3517 .1839 10* 4.I104 1.0260 TO 1.Mo7IN 2 in? .,906 5.5Q2 .1341 -4.6*4 4.0 .5m? To 1.1573

10118. 193 .9437 -4.0*4 4.0US

000M DATA1 1.511? .]M4 .7411 10 1. 1784

FIXED FFECTS MMI 1.4924 .1074 .7519 To 1.175.

IMP"1 EFFECTS ftML .4438 .3138 -3.0234 TB 4.110?

WPM0 EFFECTS (OIL - £9150. IF BENIN COMMlIl WNIQU .1450

FISTS FR MY10MITF OF VPIVCL

CE)6M C - IMI( C/NSWOMINICS - .5.57, PF .197 (APPRK.WALMT-I( F - 1.273, f .259I9AIUI YMIfMCE / HNIM8* VM18(O 1.36B2

188

who

FILL KWMS (CREArlo DATE 471?27193

- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - . - . - . ON E N A Y -- - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - -- - -- - --

VMIA., DIF

MLHIPLE Ma TEST

biS FOR 1HI .15O LLE -

2.79

THE bitES AB A TA A. VALUS.

TIE VALU ACTIUALY COAED WITH rM(J)-t(L) IS..

Ho0taIM SU TS tSSlS OF CJPS, *E IEST NO L]ST 906 00 NT DIFFER ff191 Tint TIE WE0ST $I41SfI l&W FOR A Set TF TWI SIZE)

SIMI I

USD89

GRUP GAPI

Sl~o 2

I- -I - - - - - - -I

189

07/27/13 17.54.5t. P I

FILE O661 (C(ATION DrE - 7i27143 1

. ... ..... .. ... . ........ ... ONE NA Y - ---- --- ---- -- --- ---------

%WABLeE OIFF4

'66.YSIS OF YARIM

SOURC O.F. 9U4 OF SQUARES SQUA RE111S F RAT10 F PR0B.

B(E" sun9$ 1 7.687 7.6w47 1.214 .6135

IIMI G0OUPS 191 233.472 1.2240

TOTAL 192 24t.419

iSeROW SIMONlGRP OUP cn VIATII ER ROR IMIJIN tilt 95 PCT COW 1NT FOR M

AP I 54 1.3714 1.1663 .1414 6 4.100 1.1466 TO J.4942GAP 2 139 .1281 .6743 .1911 -2.644 4.61 .747" TO 1.1643

TTAIL 193 1.1516 -2.64 4.01"

WGROUPED DTA 1.1215 .467 .6926 10 1.211

FIXED EFFECTS IWUE. 1. 1ll .1797 .6947 TO 1.2809

(M EFFECTS HUE .3327 .2353 -1.9373 TO 4.1410

RACO EFFECTS DIEL - ESTIM. OF BENI(4 CQHW IT VAIMCE .621

TESTS FOR ICUOD ITY OF 6VAI6 S

CAWIS C - .WlC&$ IWSI IImCES - .514, P - .333 (APPROX.)WTLM-i0 F - .769, P - .381

INHN II'I01U / ffll1l6UN VAR144M 1.219

1.90

.,

l I i I I .I

u?'0h1l3 l7.SES 9. -i i

FILE NMC (CIATION DATE * 87/27

V~lil~l-. OKEfAY

WAIMII AiFIM

L1fItLE RM TEST

MWSS FOR TiE .1564 LEL -

HE MaS 0,4 TM VM ULtIUS.TIE ltMN ATaUL C00MRD WITH It.*l(J)-ifM(l) IS..

. I £ M I S11uTdI) ' IM(J))

OUMMS SLIS (SUM"S OF MIPS, WO SElGHST NO LUST WAS O0 NOT OIFFER BY NNE TIA THE 3(T' SlOEI .MS FO A SIM8 OF THAT SIZE)

a nu

MA 1.3714

191

I'. j .

, . -" ..... -- , --- -- !,

, 1 -- --'- -----

CPUi TIM MinuTEdo.. I.hA3 SEEMj

eT DIFIi TO DIFF4 IT 00(1,6)/

STATISTICS ALL

"MIN1 Ch HEED FOR 2"lt

11ma H11SM4 VALUE INICATORS0 IiSSL46 %KtES CFUll.. OP.eIUM I MY IX KEN F~ICD

192

1.31.5.. FWA II

FILE N86 (AAIM .rc - 412113 9

.......................... ONINAT ..........................

YAW1 . CIFFI

waSI OF lA\eanTSiS NF LMIMG(

I DF. SI SOFWAS MEAN lURES F OTIS F PIM.

f 0 eoS 4 9." 2.440? 1.336 .25M3

ITHIN GUS IN 3W.1514 1.7916

TOTAL Il 347.154

Us? cmi MA OVEWATIWN ifS 1Imm~~ IwLIU 95 PaI CM Lot FOR KAM

i I I . I.39, .1435 -'.60 4.161 3.S13 TO 2.164* 2 11 14300 1.15 . 1 6 4.6 o66 TO 2.a51if 3 13 4.439 .2*24 .34)6-9 6 4.66 .3493 To 3.126if 4 6 1." 1.325 .4m -1."* 3.46 .261 TO 2.46Nif * 6 2.63 . 32 .4814 1.401 4.661 1.16 TO 3.*1

TOTAL In I.M -2.66 4.016

0001111DAT 1u."5 .66 I.548 To 1.9473

FIXED EFFECTS MDEL 1.244 .865 1.5461 TO 1.9q*9

WINDO EFFECT$ NOEL .2M4 .1317 1.3m to 2.12

1151 EFECT MDEL ESTY J OF 60 E lACESAIACE .1

UODOVS C - IWMIMWCESL6*4WICWS * .2662, P - .312 (MM.)WILET-e F - .464, P - .142

lCmm 60AMU / "lNIot" 601ma 2.m3

4 193

. 4

FILE NSM (CREATIO DATE - 171274*3

SAIAL. 0iFF)

PMLTIM WK TEST

IWaS FIR IRE[ riA LEE -

2.P 2.4 3.3 Lis

THE M, WS M ARE TOUR ALt[S.TIE VLUE ACTUA.LL CONt ii I fiJj-1(I) IS..

.481 I ROWSE I SmlMl IA ) 4 AlAtJ))

r [USES METS mSL'TS OF iPS, MWtx IES! LUST PESI" 00 NOT DIFFER Of MORE TWO Ti STES! SIGfICAT1M FO A SUt OF Tmr 5120

IROUP i 4 If 2 oi I IN I if 6MEA 1.37% .434 1.643 1.8211 2.833

194

I /

iI

47/ 1U 37.36.59. PA 13

FILE W0# (CREATIO DATE 07/27/1)

.......................... ONEMAY --------------------------

WoAIMl.E DIFF2

f LYSIS OF VAINCE

S0.1 DJ. OF SOMS tfm SaS F 081 O F PROM.

KIWEI GROPS 4 43.2725 15.$181 6.239 .00l

NII0N3 08095 I 476.6861 2.53U4

TOTA. I? 5W.958 5

STmb" STAI&A

a ? cm MENI D0|AT|l EWA 9203f1'3 I KilU0 95 PCT £00 11r FOR MEW

6 I 95 .7474 1.4944 .l533 -3.il 4.004 .442P 10 1.1518G6 2 I1 1.36" 1.5015 .4527 - I.0M 4.140 .3549 To 2.374G0 3 73 -.1959 1.7963 .2162 -4.006 3.6Ill -. 5151 TO .R32

IN 4 a 1.425 .7441 .2631 I.o04 3.110 1.1036 TO 2.247000 A 4 2.1440 1.2U0 .5164 0 3.08 AMfl TO 3.3274

T0UK. Iti .5m0? -4.01 4.H

su m OAT1 1.677 .t267 .30410 .M

FIM EFFECTS MM13(3. 1.592 .1146 .3X2 TO .764

N0W EFFECTS 96M(.M 9749 .436 -.06716 TO 1.7494

I" ON EFFECTS MM1)F. - ESln. OF K(E CO03a4? 00AN0( .4522

TESTS FOR #iN01( Y OF "03(5

CO0M6S C - W.MINC10('l4(MIS) . .327j. P S .113 (&409*.)ILETT.41 F - 2.697, P .079

I3A11918 0VARI / N8NIM8 0M030( * 5.82?

195

I -, --.---.-e

Sf/uIU 17.51.5. PAG 14

FILE 001 (CSTISm bl * MiUM

.......................... ON[IMAY ..........................

WA-L OURsa

IUJTIKEJ US TES'T

IVIES FOR MI .4 LEWL -

2.7 2.9 3.43 3.11

TNE IIES A" ARE TAUB WAtES.THIE ,E ACIHLLY CMKWeO IlN "fU(J)E'(I) IS.

1.12411 V I SI 61 N kI' ) * M/14(J))

caOMoaIU SaTS (SMrS OF eRs, n HIST LU0 S LME i IE0( T c lFFo R It MAE TWN TIE 1011S1 Slf fCMIWME FOR A 9851 FI FIST SIZE)

M TI

o o o, . . . . .HEM -.4959

RIP iw I w 2 W 4 0 A. .7474 1.363 1.6 2.240.o.................... .........

.,- 196

FILE WOME (c6TION DIE 6 7/2711/73

.................... -.. .. ONENAY ..........................

WqI~tf 01FF3

Ni.YSIS OF VMIWCE

sou 0.F. SIN OF SOAK0 S WA SOAKS F OTI F PNOB.

BETN(04 CAL 4 27.32m 4.014 3.122 .ld2

NlII GR0W1 I 411.426 2. 114

TOTAL, I? 438.7441

STN&4*0 STAK"

-IO EcmI K(1 TIA1I04 EMOR 11161161 KIKII 95 FCT COW IN? FOR 1*

w I 95 1.2421 1.621 .1471 -3.10 4.00NO .9133 TO 1.5739IN 2 It 1.10" 1.6445 .3141 4 3.I001 .3092 To 1.756

S3 73 .5060 1.3450 .15 74 -4.04 4.04 .150 10 . 2R7OW 4 0 I.d0of I.l592 .4226 6 3.0041 .0e To 1.5992W 6 6 1.0333 1.4720 .64019 0 4.6m .2116 10 3.3m

1OTAL 193 .1637 -4.0144 4.004

4E00M DATA 1.5117 .1611 .742 10 1.174

FIXED EFFECTS MODEL 1.4753 .1065 .2537 TO J.1736

0060 EFFECTS MODEL1 Am05 .2m6 .2126 TO 1.7145

00M0 EFFECTS MOEL - £51114. OF 1112(9 aO W WIMC .1561* 4

TSTS FU IORMO IY OF YMIW1(S

CDOl S C M 1.0WtIMU/% IQIMUE) - .2911, P .lI (51M0.)1NAItETI-fi F - 1.3i6, P - .251MINAJ0 VAAI4, / MINIM"6 WAIDI * 2.432

.. .. . . .. . . . . . .... ... i ... .. .................... . . .197

67127/1a MOM,. PAK 16

FILl N&A (MAIIM DATE 17/27/W I

.......................... NA --------------------------

YMIWt. DIFF]

HULT|PLL Ma TST

WiS FO THE .650 WLEVL

2.f9 2.94 3.13 3.I

TIC CES AOE AM TAMAR 4LU(S.T [ L I , ACTIUA LY CO PW D M TH IVAII ,J) -fjA ) IS..

1.8464 i MU I SORT(L(I) # lD)

OWMtOAE[J 9JWkS (ROO['IS OF 94WUS, IMOE HIQIEST 06 LWM EST 0 0 NOT OIFFEJt lY hog Two THE WIERST $1GWFIrf

FOR A SUIISET OF TIAT SIZE)

MEKT I* :1 w 3 W 4 w 2 w I w 4

RM .Mad 1.104 1.0mI 1.2421 1.4m3.......... *.............. .............

198

t * t. F '* ..s;-

7f7.M 19.0.45. FAC 17

FILE NMI (MrO'TION D1I E 17127/63 )

.......................... 0NEaY ..........................

WAIAILE DIFF4

of 00)

AI YSIS OF v44IMU

sJI .F. SIi F Us raO savts F 14110 F PAGO.

KT2(Dd GRM 4 26.1992 7.6473 6.212 .1461

NiliM Wr 180 213.2927 1.1345

rOTA. 192 Z41.411?

S744M STAP1&f COT IEM DEVIATIHN EM IIHIUImi M6I21 95 PCT COW INT FOR MEAN

S 95 1.16N 1.1137 .1143 -I.011 4.0004 .9626 To 1.4163w 2 I1 1.4606 .632 .1907 6 Z.HMI .5751 TO 1.4249I 3 73. .69I6 1.649 .122N -2.1Ul 4.6006 .4537 TO .9434

4 1.sm I.69 .3m3 * 3.04 .6013 To z.r93GI a 6 2.6667 1.0326 .4216 i.IOI 4.l100 1.m TO 3.1505

TOTAL 1n 2.0516 -2.I666 4.6646

WAMM2UFI DATA 12 5 .I67 .8926 TO 1.2110

FCED EFFECTS "a 2.4651 .6767 .9A46 TO 1.2131

JloN EFFECTS leL .656 .29t .2446 TO 2.8596

ANIM EFFECTS MODE. - ESTW. OF E1( C04P60(T WI2ga .2113

TESTS FORl H0M M£1 OF 'WAimS

CooqqS C I M 2ft /M c/4 a qN S) . .2565, P * .565 (MM993.)

MILETT-Ik F - 2.13, P - .37f221W6 AAN lo E / IIINIFI IUalom - 3.111

199

ef "

07/27/63 19.4t15. Rig is

PILE IO( MARK WE4 17/71 1

WiIAM DIFF4

IILIP WM TEST

wa1S FOR DIE rA LE% W9-

2.79 2."4 3.13 3. 11

THE WIS *A AR TA VUES.lE tcI ~i.vkt combo1 ill wjwmJ)4/II&) IS.-

.753 1 a I SWQCMD # "(0)OOS USETS (OSES OF Wan, II HIBEST No WEST I600 NOT DIFFER IF( MU TINE THE MSNEI SlIM

ft"I FOR a ST OF TINT SIZE)

i w I w 2 w I IN 4moa .6t"6 1M 1.1168 .is AN

.. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .

SUM, w

200

87/27183 0.9.5 F I

CPU TIN MaUIlED.. .147 SECOND

OM31 OIYFI TO DIFF4 Ill hUiI,OM/

SiAIISTics AL

0432"N 1M R(eD *"I~

OPTIt~m- II0M HISSINS MOE~ INDICAORWP HISSIN6 WaIJE5 DO [NED ... OPION I MY KM~ OWl RACED)

201

17/21/63 19.41.6. PAGE 2

FILE NOME CRATION DATE I 07f7/83

.......................... ON(MA- ..........................

AIMLE OIFFI

s#AYSIS OF 26I4M

SOMCE 0.F. SLit OF 5A S MEA4 S@MES F PATI0 F PWGA.

BETWEE4 GaLf 6 6.8616 1.1436 .626 .212

WITHIN USJPS 184 336.15 1.8244

T016A. 1" 342.9215

STAO ST96O"amI akbT KMff EOIAI IOM um HIM42M1 MA24 95 KTI Cf 2261 FGS MEAN

wi 1 3 1.3333 1.5225 .612, 6 3.O6*l -2.4613 TO 5.12666i 2 3 I.333 .5774 .3333 2.666* 2.344 -. 1649 TO 2.7676

w 3 76 1.6711 1.399 . M05 -2."66 4.6M4 1.3514 TO 1.917Gif 4 42 1.148 1.1221 .1731 4.i646 1.5m52 TO Z.2544GA 5 52 1.6731 1.4379 .1914 -. i606 4.0046 1.2726 TO 2.1734if 6 9 2.2222 1.3117 .433V I.""6 4.6666 2.2226 TO 3.2m21wi 7 6 2.3333 I.63 .667 6 4.6666 .696 TO 4.0471

TOTAL 11 1.792 -2.4666 4.6666

UNMUG DATA 1.3434 .1972 1.5674 TO 1.919

FIED EFFECTS MODEL 1.3514 .A1M 2.5662 TO I.JU

WIM EFFECTS NODEL .22*7 .0946 2.519 TO 1.9*14

alU EFFECTS MEL - ESTIM. OF KICTNE CaoMIT GPtC[E -$Ai

TESTS FO HO60EITt 7 WIAMCS

CDoDM C - US .WIHCwE/USM(YA5IM * .22., P M .22 IeP .)SANIITT- F - .831. P * .546MUMI~hl WAGSG /2 3 WAIaE * 6.6

202

FILE NMIt tCMATIGH DAT *61/2110l3 1a2

YAiaRE DIFFI

MUTIPLi tII TOST

WlAiS FOR TIE .11511 LEVEL -

2.U 2."4 3.63 3.16 3.16 3.21

fc VALU ACTUALLY CWAKD WITH MtMiJ)-IfA(I) IS...953 I bE I ST( IARDl - LflJ))

lOwflUS SECS (tests OF Wan5, HI ISEST lLIEST MEANG 504NOT BAFMl IV MU THANd TIE S01(5 51f SIC4W"U FOR A MET OF TMAT SIZE

owa5?61 IN Ni E WI GW4 Gw 6 wMEAN I.=33 1.3333 1.4711 1.071 1.9"4 2.2M2 2.3333

203

FILE lOWM (CREUI DATE 17/213N4 0* 00( 6..81 P 2

.......................... 0ON #KAY --------------------------

U02ME 0IFF2

A.SIS 0F WIANCE

sau O.F. SM F SOWS MEANS as F FA10 F PO.

O(TWEtIIOPM5 6 3M.AN5 5.28 2.93 .0112

NITHUN M0RS 104 591.9056 2.27Y

roiAL IN 533.5914

ST~E8 ST""NI6w c WANI0 W2A 104 EM 1,INM MOM2 8 PCT COW IT FOR 90

i0 I 3 0 2.6450 1.275 -3.1881 2.1614 -6.5725 10 6.52500 2 3 1.=333 .5774 .3m33 .""1 2.1" -. I19 10 2.676

*0 3 76 .3947 1.64" .146 -4.080 4.6000 .6271 WS .7624

00 4 4 .3333 1.5249 .2253 -4.640 3.108 -. 1414 TO .011500 5 52 .576? 2.8166 .256L "W.6 16 4.68 .861l to 1.#927;0 6 9 2.im .8,33 .2771 2.12 A 3.1824 1.517 TO 2.82800 1 6 .506 1.8178 .W& -2.014 3.6814 -1.433 TO 2.4633

TT,. 91 .5214 -4.6460 4.14Nt

MA0UD DAA 1.6758 .1213 .Md to .76140

FIXED EFFECTS M00. 1.6516 .2195 .29a to .714

mm EFFECTS "M .5645 .2149 .830 TO 1.064

8001 EFECTS MM - (STINl. OF B1EE COM0T IuI .1121

TIllS FORI O 8M IIY OF 0 IM1S

80mg C - MUMIA€K(,I MM8US) * .352n, P - .ol (&W.)

UOALETT-813 F - 2.68, P - .in002KM 0018 ' 1911M a *AV 22.090

204

..-~i

MGM 47/27/83 t.49.5. PU 2

FILL iIE ]MTIION DATE 07/273

.......................... 0N N V..........................

WAIILE DIMF

aLILET! "a TEST

MUS FOR IH .1W4 LIM W

2.U 2." 3.03 3.11 3 .16 1.21

TIE MS AM ON TAIA VUnIES.THE VltU CUOT.Y COGPAIU WITH EA,-4tEA(l) IS..

I.Idfl I Now I SU(I4(I) f IANJ)1

KeEM TS'S (9SJTS OF SUM, W HIlEST nO LEST E" 0 0OT DIFFER SY IR TI THE S=lE SiffICAM

ROME FO A SIAS? O TIT SIZE

ow w GAP 4 6w Wi NS GRP 2 N 6

MtA 333 .947 .MOO .579 1.3333 2.2222

---------------------------------------------------------------

205

FI.L MINVE %CREON All 60 67 27/93 )2

i4tYSlS OF1 AM

DW E .F. IBM OF SOURRS IHE Samjs F PATIO F WA6.

6(11(0 WALK 1 13.1741 2.115? .MA .45N4

WITHIN 60061s 164 423.5694 2.3628

1TTA 1"9 436.7435

w" COUNET PE44 RVIATl06 EM INUM~l HPAM1 0 PCT CDE Igr FOR5*

w 3 8 60 5774 -1.416 1.466 -2.4842 TO 2.4642

W ... 1515 .819 6 3.160 -2.1290 To 5.4613GRP 3 76 .9112 1.5692 .1060 -4.1108 4.,60 SFA5 TO 1.2920

6W 4 42 .1143 1.56a2 .2417 -3.6408 4.061 .2202 TO 1.26236w 5 52 f.0577 1.5113 .2081 -2.40 4.41 all9 to 1.4m5

ow 4 9 . 1.6606 333 6 .68 .5647 TO 2.1624

Wr 7 A 1.833 1.:329 .5424 4.60 .4365 TO 3.218

191.Il .76A4 -4.6666 4.46

04001M0 OA18 1.5141 .1"? .74711 TO 1.1797

P13CC EFFECTS "M(1 1.5012 It"1 .7468 To 1.1799

WAM EFFECTS MOM(1 .2145 It"1 To4 20 1222

MMMFFCT urOcr 26 - [STIll. OF K(11(6 COfOO6 tWIME -. 114?

TESTS FOR 100"5ETt OF WAIMElS

OlKffi C - wMA.INCESAY(USIMUS) - .1U5, P - .674 (*199(.)MiT.ET-M F - .42, P - .823mlow61 VARME /IIM 1641U MIMM 2.462

206

a 67/2143 19.40.5. Ai 25

FILI WINE (O1A tIW NTE 0127/6 3

.......................... ONEMAT ..........................

!WAMI DIFFj

IILJIPL WG TEST

IAS FOR TIE VA LMV. -

2.M 2.9 3.63 3.10 3.1* 3.21

TIE 0iS AME AKE IALO tK LS.TIE WO3E -C-ULY COftD W1116 ITH IW-MHM(3) IS..

L.67M I WG I ,SIT(t )'I) 4 t ,,)

050(J5 SETS (asiS O MsO, MIE 11I39S' aN LM5ST lEA. 00 NOT DIFFER iY MM TW TIE E1ST SIff lEaWaS FOR 4 SWCTF 10r SIZE)

eOP Gi I 4 o 3 5 5 5 6 1 2 65 7

NX S ./143 .932 1.1577 1.3333 3.667 L.8333

207

C

U . . . . . _ _I _ _l "EIII I I I m .. . ..

fiLl M~f (MC 04T~E IM 6?V3

......................... ..........................

IAf2L O2994By"

0.. 2P SI~S OF a SWA F4410 9,3

ISHEDI WM 4 3.1.62 3.4474 2.130 .1112

WITNIN GRUPS 114 211"94 1.1733

1TTA I"4 236.Y25

STqENW STAICNMIMXP cmT ME$M DEVIATICM IMPNO Mimi"64 1w19U6 9 5 KI cof lW4T FOREA

s31 .647 .SM7 33 4 t.0444 -.747, To 2. 24492r 3 .333 v574 1 1.16 -2.1449 TO 1.7474

w 3 74 1.4m9 1.5680 .1263 -2.464 4.4466 .2279 10 1.2911w 4 42 .am9 1.1)3 .7 -i.444 CHOI* .4576 T0 1.1421w 5 52 1.602 .991 .1306 -1.8044 4,111161 .749 To 1.2974io 4 t 2.309 1.160) .4231 f 4.0004 .9132 TO 2,".4W 7 6 2.33m 1.2211 .49M4 2.14 4.HO 1.0624 to 3.4442

Torok 592 2.8472 -2.41111 4.0011

WANDC6 ARIA I.25 I 84 at4/ in? WM2.20.4

F5IAD EFFECTS lOEL 2.443 .8794 M895 to 2.2611

OW90 EFFECTS MOEL .41o57 .2889 M53 98 1.5119

*6 EFC~tS MODEL - ESlIM. OF IT2(4 COUNT14 Vi68~a .119I

TESTS FOR I@OED(11Y OF WIMUS

CON"G C - MXW /AdW*IAM$s M 237, To* .143 (44*.)IET-644 F - .%52, P *.749

W*1510 VIA2M / IIIDII 03a * .

208

wo.n"

FILL 10.61 KCRAtIS4 MTE 0/27/3

.......................... 0[q ..........................

WAlh4mM O|FF4

IKLrIFE No TST

W"1 PRgON

MA4S FOR TIE .156 L*W -

2.60 2.94 3.63 3.15 3.16 3.21

THE ROWS 9A ARE I1AM" U4S.TIE wi. ACTWLLY C(0l61118 JT "£.4(J) -tL"M ) Ls..

.746 I W I SURT(I/(I) i IAClJ)

M OMUS SETSS (S9K S OF SA, WOM HIISI 40 LKST W1AS 00 10T DIFFER If MM T IE T m RTISm si IFf IC.aTONCE FR A SEC8 OF T11 31ZE8

6W Gf 2 6w1 I 4 Gf 5 f 3 IN 6MEAN .3333 .6? .0895 1.192 1.1395 1o6

50, I 4 GIP f 3 o 6 6 7l .m .62 .A9 1.8192 1.1m 1Law 2.3333

209

4

i ~~

CPU 1K WAIKO.. .136 SEEM6

OlQy OIFFl TO 0114 fi YFMVIqt

STATSTIS AREAhISIa M

WV4S 01 D OR SSmi

OPION - I

(He MINIM LN.IES CFIllE... OPTION IMy WK KIN FtMj

210

.......................... 0 -NNAY ..........................

IiMUE bIFF I

of YAW

#81rSIS OF VARImE8C

SoU 0.F. SUM OF SOW4M5 51RES F MTIO F MOi.

Kv1EDi O818 3 3.4411. 1.2271 .674 .u88

161168N G1 1959 343.873 1.8194

TOTAL 192 347.5544

STKIR STAbtsD

6w COUIT OEVIATICI E IuMl Mt1I8EJ 95 PCT Wf 114' FOR NEW

6W I d 1.6324 L.333 .151 -1.816 4.6106 1.3161 TO 1.94716W 2 83 1.8313 1.35, .143 -2.686 4.60 1.5344 TO 2.123IN 3 23 .8847 1.3731 .283 -1.8M 4.iHl 1.6149 to 2.2825GW 4 I 2.452 1.4327 .3287 1 4.HO8 1.3621 TO 2.7432

TOTA. 193 I.W -2.160 4.6861

WS W DATA 1.3454 .A9M8 1.5655 TO 1.9475

FIXE EFFECTS MWEL 1.3489 .8971 1.540 T 1.9481

WM EFFECTS MODE .1942 .976 1.4475 TO 2.45"

Wt" EFFECTS MDEL - ES1II. OF METW(0E4 0f940T WUIitE *.6136

TESTS IN 01 60(11[ir OF WMIMCS

COCfIS C - WA.MAIN.CE/SU4MI8 S) * .2742, P - I.4 (AVM*8.)1I1LT-11 F * .l14, P .56

23908U4 1m18(1 / JNII4UI '10(i 1.284

° ~............. ..... *.......... ........................... .......

211

"' *- r,, ...

USIA *7llhi3 tt.49.I5. IS 3

FILE KimE tCREATII DE 6 7/27/d

--. ----. ..- --. --.- --.- ..-. ONIEWA Y -- --- -- --- --- -- - --- -- -----

UIS.J DIFFi

mniLR aw TEST

WIMS FOR Tit .156 LM -

S2.79 2,94 3.63

TIE AS A01 M RE lAA twgS.

TlE WJE ACTAL C U MD bill"O14 i J)"t"(I) IS...I= I RoS I SIlI ) M 4IM(J))

1o4m (5 55 u lisTS OF fPS, N" MIGEST NO LaCST It" 00 ot DIFFER N, pt TiWO THE SIM) 6if !wa"

MS FOR A 9"ST OF TAt SIl

SIASET I

6w or6 3 6W I w 2 W 4

AE i.6117 1.6324 1.8313 2.6526~~~.... ..... o.....o.... ...... .......

212

_ _ _ _. _

Asa 7/27183 19.4t.05. f 3*

FILL NOME (CEAIMP OAT[ - #7/27/03

.......................... ONEMAY ..........................

*iNL[E DIFF2Sr Ii

*.VSIS OF WINCE

SPIEC D.F. S3L OF S ES 1EA ,SAMS F MTIO F PH11.

K1 OW GNP$ 3 16.7526 5.%42 2.117 .2130

IITIN VIAS *9 5n.2659 2.7483

ST~ SNCNI6P CUIT MU D EVIATIO [RM MII NIM"10 wII2 t 9 KY CM MYiT FO mm

w I 6 .4110 1.4412 .199 -4.0M1 4.0 .045 TO .11110w 2 83 .3976 1.71832 .1871 -4.600 4.M .257 TO .A950

D 3 23 .7391 .646 .3513 -3.1i8 4.41U .816 TO 1.476

W 4 19 1.3660 i .322 -2.04 3.IM .A TO 2.1 t

TO. 193 .3m8 -4.6101 4.1411

*0o m CA81 1.477 .1217 .388 TO .7701

FIUGl EFfECTS 1 .u38 .119 .326 TO .1151

a84 EFFECTS Mm .305 .MN2 -.8444 TO 1.2443

WM FECTS mona - STin. OF O71& 3@owr WINCE .All

TESTS FOR o00 [11 F WINCES

3o0ms C - IW.8IANCEIS UnImaSI . .240, P - I.8W (N93.)LtMrT-.0 F * .113, P .9w

miAVO VANIf l* / mm ivING * 1.231

213

. , - I I.I- -. -- -

16,/274319J.49.65. P i 12

FILIE NW M C AUCH DIE 1 67/27/83

. . . . . . ............ N( Y. . . . ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - -

VANIAm.E DIFF2

IILTrIP WK TEST

QPES FOR TIt .850 L U -

2.79 2.94 3.3

TIE "US E TA"* UqILIES.TiE W.UE ACIT(lt.Y CG"(c W| ITHEdN(.D-(W8(l) IS..

.1765 9 | I SW(I,/NI) # IMJ))

H4MOKOS 5WS MSET$S tF WOM S, HIGHEST M PIENIS 00 MIT0 OIFFER If NX TIO4 f 9401S1 SIGCILAMTmFOR A SIMET OF 111 SIZE)

Stof I

'F.A .3#76 .4118 .Jal

Saof 2

601 w 3 6W 4

214

t f .II

I

A"i

FILE tof DAT ME 6 87/27/3 )

.......................... ONE .AI---------------------------

WAIA.LE QIFFIST Itia

+

WLYiSIS, OF WSlIlMM

$101c O.F. SIM OF sO1mS IMF SlAIS F IKTAo F Pl.

lII Vws 3 4.i04 1.0431 .048 .VA42

NAKIN Jiks t oI 433.936) 2.29a

TO1TA. I 4A.7461

Six"ii 94046~

iMAP~l i DEVATION Lf" ( ll ll AINIU 5W1 95 PCIT CG INT FOR nffl

&W A 68 .825 1.6416 .l9m8 -4.001 4.140 .4247 TO 1.2223iv 2 £ .511 I.56)0 .1713 -3.#M0 4.540 .411 To 1.2927&V 23 I.807$ 1.1644 .2426 -I.e0" 3.4io .5m IO I.54858G 4 19 1.3604 1.1141 .2548 0 4.10 .435 tO l.98"3

TOTAL 193 .96W/ -4.01 4.1W

wavm DATA .$117 .J .749t TO 1.1544

FIXE EFFECTS MOEL 1.152 .1491 .7404 T0 Im.A7I

WMe EFFECTS MOE .21$1 .121 .4144 TO 1.311"

K

M*M EFFECTS IO - ISTiN. OF STwoi c oar 1ina -. 141

TESTS FO IGQTI OF WAlUCS

CDOi C - r1.18il smuioas3 - .3%2, P - .11 6I7PI.)RETT-I F - I.1)7, F * .t4

mm11i W*10TI / NANIe lImU, 2.1IN

215

na17127/8 26.49815. FAGE3

FILL lot (CUEATIGI4 DATE 07/27/13

VARIl.E DAFf 3

MLIIFU ME TEST

MO TIE .rn6 LEM

2.79 2.94 3.63

TIC WO" MS ARE TAMAR WLIS.TIE W"t AC1TtM CGIED WITH Itff(J)*MNWI ) IS..

1.6714 1 MHA f SWb 1,11() t IAIJ)

MUMMAn WSan cusO OFmOPS, MAE HICKST 56LWEST MENA00 NOT DIFFER BY MOR Tie TIE WEST SIOWTWAL FOR A OUT1 OF TM? SIZE)

6W W I 6f.? 2 f ff 6W4tES .8233 gill8 1.687l 1.3m8

216

ahI61 7,7/ 1 3.49.45. FKi 35

FILE IOWiE (CRE6111 OME 0 7/27/62

...................... -... ONEMAY ..........................

WIK OIFF4Of IR

t PJ

.wI.TSIS OF V#.33*

0,.F. SM OF S0RS g s"as F PAT0 Fto F0.

OET)D WWPS 3 16.1717 5.3t66 4.522 .H644

I8THIN U lot 2W I .3111 1.1921

TOTAL 192 241.4819

STMOW ST(6606RIO CoMT *A WAIM EM "IM" m316IF IRV F I f"

W I 66 .95%9 1.6571 .1292 -2.616 4.11104 .76 TO 1.2118SI 2 63 1.04i2 1.1407 .1252 -1.60 4.4M4 01U O 0 393W 3 23 .6w .7751 .116 "-1."" 2.1661 .3171 TO .147486W 4 1? 1.8421 1.2623 .2999 6 4.64 1.2144 TO 2.4696

TOTA. 193 1.651 -2.1161 4.i610

II TOP1 Il ATA 1.1215 .11967 .W26 TO 1.2111

FI.6 EFFECTS iM 1.918 .4766 .Me TO 1.2168

SIM EFFECIS ML .3937 .1969 .4253 TO 1.673

~Wr EFFECTS PEL - ESTIII. OF MfEWO CGflM34T 4661( .11178

TESTS FOR WVW9JIIy OF INCIS

Co C • I6.wil sl lIlu - .3597, P * .042 t6i9Ui(.)i66 U.'TT-mIv F - i.?U, P ..122466111 VM IM(E / N114IUI VAPl * 2.223

217

FLU E HOWE lRt Il T 17/27/W I J1

.......................... ONlfIM AlY ..............."-............

MIA.E OIFF4

Lfi IIKI T111

"Sf FU TIE .M t&LE. -

2.7f 2.94 3.83

TiE 100"S AM AR a t.I LES.TE a ACtIILY COD WITH iE^sI44 (1d) IS..

.7720 1 a I SNUIAE4'"l 1))

HMMOM OnSAS cMES 0OFaS, n NiiHSrT 90 LOST MAN 00 C IFFN lit BN THN THE 90TES? SIfNl 4TwIi, FRA 0851T OF 1MF SIZE)

Ifs .6322 .9S5? iLWl

HIM 1.421

" iSAK II

218

APPENDIX J

AFLMC SURVEY DATA

j 219

110-:590 "A" "ETN 30 PAN "CH "n9 NtCH "C" I'D" NN' HBoo NEll HDN "C" "u RD"

15#:49 "C" "ET' 18 "Al "BN 'ENl NO* "AmH NC' "Ell "C' @'Do' HE" "N"l

1609:56 "C" uE3N1 30 RAN 'A" HEN lS Bo 'N "As H0 No "Boo et$ HE" "Eul "ElN ND's

170:246 "CA OE6" 181 NA" ',ON HENl "C" "F" NO"H NFSS "BoHFu "I" ND" "DuN "0 EN

1864248 HUH IIE6" 19Z "An "IAN "ENl "DoN "Fee "A" "T" NN "Fe "Ell"D "El K EN

190:-252 RUlN "E711 264 "A"l "All NEM "F" "F" SSCH "Flo UCH "F" "DR "Do' "U" HESS

290:247 "I" "E411 36 "All "C" "nfl SSD" HD0 N "I" "DSS "C" RD" 1 H E" RDSS NDOI

211:250 HflN "ES" 84 "All" HNEH tc* RNH "C" HFlo"T H TH 110" "flSS Nfl D "C"S~I

220:-254 I'D" HE6N 180 "EAN eC" RDU HCN "B" HC"~ "D" HCH "F" "I" R"" Fee HUH

230:521 "An "IE3 24 "eA" HAH ED"N 5B" HENl *N "SE" HA" HUHN05 "D' N"D l "Do"D

Z49:526 NAn HES" 108 HA" NCN "I"N ECH S "Do' HESS NIN NUN NO" "CN "BN OCR

250:439 "A" *ES"1 90 "A" "A"HNEH "An HE" HAH "ECH "A"s HEN "EHl NDSS HEN HEN

260=540 "AN "E5S" 60 HAN "B"N HEN "B"N HENl "A" SeENl CN "IEN "Em HDoS HESS HEN

Z7§-:541 "ANl IE4"1 24 "~Am l "B N *UK "In H RD* " lH D" "Co SUCH "C" "" HE"

Z99:542 RAtN HE7u 168 "A" HAN SeENl "OR ND" S"An "5E" HBlH "Ell "E" RD55 "Ell NUN

29"=53t HAH AM3 24 "A" "tC" Nct' SIC" HUN S"C" I'D" NSS "E" "D" NCol "5C"' "C"

309:535 "AH NE3SS 24 RIAN I'D" HN SDtUN NfDN IfN'D" NC" "Dul Nfl0. I'DN "C" "Be@

319:534 NAN "EZ11 24 "IAN "S" "nN 'OCR HUHNC "C" Ell "I" R"U" HC" "UD" "C"329:-530 "AN SSE3N 12 "A" SCN NDUN I'D"H "Do NC* RD" "C" "E" *f5 I'D$ "" Do "C"330:529 NfiH "E5I1 84 "SAn "B" HEN NAN RDU" "CN SSEH H "C" l "DaN 1ID" I'D"N

346=528 HA" IIE3N 36 'A "C" "N SSCN "NH 55915 "E" "Do' "U"' RUN HENl "DfN "Do

350:427 NAH *E411 60 "A5tll 'D% "Do N NflNf HfD" HDENl I'D" I'DN "B"N S"9 S S 9UP #tell

379:532 "AN "E2"1 12 S"AN "SC "D" S"CH uN I'D"N "D' RD" HEN "C"ID@ "U " HIEN

3894538 NAN "E3"1 15 'A"t "Bu RUN NCN "CN HA"I'D "Bo5

N RNUfN HENl "TS RN "fI"

399:536 0AS" "E3" 24 NAN SSAN "OR SSCN C "C" H SS NfDI' "Do N ND H RD" HD "Do

4064376 HCN "ETII 36 "SA" "Cm HEN ll "FlS "E" "Flo NCO' "FoI'D AD"S Nf Du HU"ENl

410:379 NCH I'M3 12 SIAN SSCN RD" SUD SFee I'D" "Flo" F e HHIF" "Do "Du "~NIts

42#=388. "SC" HES" 60 "All"D"f HEN "Dul NFeeRD NFl5 "N "FNe NUN HC"I "B9 S "N

430:417 "C" SE4N 36 "All"SA" "n SSCN NFN HNCN "Flo" "" "Du HUU "0" N9HID"

449:386 "CN "E31" 16 "A" 'DR 'DR NCO NFNe "C" HFSS "An "F"o HE"~ UDI NEll HEN

450:410 NCO *IE35 12 "A"l UCH ID' "IC" "T" "CN "F" "C" NFN "Fu "F"S NC" HFNe

460:411 "C 01 H311 24 "A" NDo, NUN "CA NFN NUD" "FSSlSS* 5N " UO Fo D'" "Boo "U"o

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5320=999 N"A "ES" 48 "A" "An NE" "A" "FlE" "A" " "C" "B" "E" "DI "E" "10"

229

lJ I

APPENDIX K

ACRONYMS

230

ADTAC Air Defense Tactical Air Command

AFLMC Air Force Logistics Management Center

AFRES Air Force Reserve

ANG Air National Guard

AS Aerospace Standard

CID Commercial Item Description

CONUS Continental United States

DAR Defense Acquisition Regulation

DOD Department of Defense

DTC Diamond Tool Company

FSC Federal Stock Class

GSA General Services Administration

IM Item Manager

MAC Military Airlift Command

NSN National Stock Number

PRAM Productivity Reliability AvailabilityMaintainability

QDR Quality Deficiency Report

SAC Strategic Air Command

TAC Tactical Air Command

WTP Warranted Tool Program

231

... .

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

232

A. REFERENCES CITED

1. Boston Detachment No. 8, ASD/XOR. "A Study of theEffectiveness of Warranties in Contracts for MilitaryHardware." Final report, project No. 75-12. Preparedfor Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-PattersonAFB OH, 1975.

2. Edwards, Allen L. The Techniques of Attitude ScaleConstruction. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,Inc., 1957.

3. Franco, J. M. "Warranty Management." Leadership andManagement Development Center, Maxwell AFB AL,June 1980.

4. Ginovsky, John. "CONUS Mechanics Test Warranted Tools,"Air Force Times, 17 January 1983, p. 6.

5. Grubb, Captain Jack L., USAF, and Captain Thomas 0.Sutliff, USAF. "Criteria for Applying CommercialAircraft Warranties in USAF Aircraft Purchases."Unpublished master's thesis. LSSR 37-80, AFIT/LS,Wright-Patterson AFB OH, June 1980. AD A088774.

6. Hauck, Captain Raymond J., USAF, and Master SergeantCharles W. Herndon, USAF. "Feasibility Study ofLifetime Warranted Hand Tools." Unpublishedstudy, AFLMC project No. 780205, Gunter AFS AL,January 1980.

7. Kitchings, W. A. MASE, Warner-Robbins AFB GA. Telephoneinterview. 4 March 1983.

8. Lenassi, Captain John R., USAF. "Warranty DecisionProcess." Unpublished, unnumbered, LogisticsStudies Office, Fort Lee VA, January 1982.

9. Masterson, Brigadier General Gordon P., USAF. Director,Maintenance and Supply, HO USAF, Washington DC.Telephone interview. 14 April 1983.

10. Moeller, William G., and Richard P. White. "Warrantieson Commercial Items Within DOD." Unpublished,unnumbered, Logistics Management Institute,Washington DC, October 1980.

233

~T

11. Reyer, Major Charles A., Jr., USAF. "Hand Tools:Procurement, Specifications, and Procedures 1970-1979." Unpublished research report, unnumbered,Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB AL,May 1979.

12. Reynolds, Chief Master Sergeant Charles L., USAF."Warranted Tool Program," Logistics ManagementReview, July 1982, p. 14.

13. Rose, Eugene E. ALC Tool Manager, Warner-Robbins AFB GA.Telephone interview. 4 March 1983.

14. Tirpack, John, Chief, Propulsion Branch, PRAM, Wright-Patterson AFB OH. Personal interview. 3 March 1983.

15. Tucker, Captain Michael P., USAF. "In Defense of RIW."Unpublished research report, unnumbered, FloridaInstitute of Technology, Fort Lee VA, 2 June 1980.

16. U.S. Government. Defense Acquisition Regulation.Washington: Government Printing Office. 1973.

17. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977 ed., s.v.

18. Wheeler, Captain Travis M., USAF. Project Manager,Directorate of Maintenance, AFLMC/LGM. Letter,subject: Trip Report--Project 780205--WarrantedTool Program, to AFLMC/CC, 21 May 1982.

19. . Warranted Tool Program Implementation/Evaluation Plan Amendment. Gunter AFS AL, 1 June 1982.

20. . "The New Frontier-Warranted Tools," AirForce Journal of Logistics, Winter 1982, pp. 22-25.

21. . Telephone interview. 27 January 1983.

22. . Letter concerning hand tool surveys, toFirst Lieutenant Miday, AFIT/LS, 1 February 1983.

B. RELATED SOURCES

Benson, P. George, and James T. McClave. Statistics forBusiness and Economics. San Francisco: DellenPublishing Company, 1982.

McNichols, Charles W. Applied Multivariate Data Analysis.Unpublished, 1980.

234

Norusis, Marija J. SPSS Introductory Guide. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1982.

235

IMF-

• I

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE AUTHORS

236

Captain Marilyn A. Miday is a native of Canton, Ohio.

She received a Bachelor of Science in Education from Kent

State University at Kent, Ohio. In 1976, she enlisted in

the Air Force as an avionics communications/navigation

specialist. She was commissioned through OTS in July 1979

and completed the Aircraft Maintenance Officer Course at

Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois in December 1979.

Captain Miday was assigned to K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base

as an assistant maintenance supervisor first for the 410th

Field Maintenance Squadron, then for the 410th Avionics

Maintenance Squadron. Her next assignment will be with the

Logistics Analysis Section, Headquarters Strategic Air

Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska.

237

.. . . .- S . . . .. . --,--.. ... . . I f? -I

Mr. James D. Worthy enlisted in the Air Force in 1959

as a helicopter mechapic. After his honorable discharge in

1964, he worked for the Air Force as a civilian aircraft

mechanic. In 1971, Mr. Worthy received a Bachelor of Science

in Business Administration (Personnel Management) from Central

State University, Edmond, Oklahoma. After graduation, he

was promoted to a procurement and production specialist in

Central Procurement at Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center.

In 1975, he stepped up to an assignment with the Air Force

Contract Management Center (AFCMC) Detachment 9, Tainan,

Taiwan. From there, he was assigned to Korea, where he

assisted in the establishment of another aircraft overhaul

facility. In April 1980, Mr. Worthy transferred to AFCMC,

Detachment 21, Boeing Military Airplane Company, Wichita,

Kansas. His next promotion in 1981 brought him to the

Lessons Learned Data Bank, AFALD, Wright-Patterson Air Force

Base. After his graduation from AFIT, Mr. Worthy returned

to Lessons Learned Data Bank at AFALD.

238

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