OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

38
8/12/2019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ogp-guidlines-373-18-1 1/38 Guidelines for the conduct of offshore drilling hazard site surveys Report No. 373-18-1  April 2011 International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Transcript of OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

Page 1: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines for the conduct ofoffshore drilling hazard site surveys

Report No 373-18-1

April 2011

I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f O i l amp G a s P r o d u c e r s

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P ublications

Global experience

Te International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers has access to a wealth o technicalknowledge and experience with its members operating around the world in many differentterrains We collate and distil this valuable knowledge or the industry to use as guidelines

or good practice by individual members

Consistent high quality database and guidelines

Our overall aim is to ensure a consistent approach to training management and best practice throughout the world

Te oil and gas exploration and production industry recognises the need to develop con-sistent databases and records in certain fields Te OGPrsquos members are encouraged to usethe guidelines as a starting point or their operations or to supplement their own policies

and regulations which may apply locally

Internationally recognised source of industry information

Many o our guidelines have been recognised and used by international authorities andsaety and environmental bodies Requests come rom governments and non-governmentorganisations around the world as well as rom non-member companies

Disclaimer

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy o the inormation contained in this publi-cation neither the OGP nor any o its members past present or uture warrants its accuracy or willregardless o its or their negligence assume liability or any oreseeable or unoreseeable use madethereo which liability is hereby excluded Consequently such use is at the recipientrsquos own risk on thebasis that any use by the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms o this disclaimer Te recipient isobliged to inorm any subsequent recipient o such terms

Tis document may provide guidance supplemental to the requirements o local legislation Nothingherein however is intended to replace amend supersede or otherwise depart fom such requirements

In the event o any conflict or contradiction between the provisions o this document and local legisla-tion applicable laws shall prevail

Copyright notice

Te contents o these pages are copy Te International Association o Oil and Gas Producers Permission

is given to reproduce this report in whole or in part provided (i) that the copyright o OGP and (ii) the source are acknowledged All other rights are reserved Any other use requires the prior written permis- sion o the OGP

Tese erms and Conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws o Eng-land and Wales Disputes arising here fom shall be exclusively subject to the jurisdiction o the courts o

England and Wales

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Geomatics

Guidance note 18ndash1

Guidelines for the conduct of

offshore drilling hazard site surveys

Revision historyVersion Date Amendments

1 April 2011 Initial publication

AcknowledgementsTis guidline was produced by Te International Association or Oil amp Gas ProducersrsquoGeomatics Committee

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able o contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Objectives of site surveys 2

21 General 222 Physical Environment 223 Planning undamentals 32 4 S c o p e 425 Operations type 4

3 Site survey process 5

31 Desk study and project planning 532 Data acquisition 533 Data processing interpretation and integration 534 Reporting 5

4 Desk studies and project planning 6

41 Use o existing geoscience data 642 Pre-existing and proposed operations 643 Wrecks submarine cables sites o special interest 6

5 Data requirements 8

51 General 852 Area o study 853 otal Depth o Study 954 Use o a pre-existing site survey 955 Acquisition o a new site survey 10

56 Use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis 1457 Enhancing the value o an exploration 3D seismic dataset 1658 Use o exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario 17

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting 18

61 Purpose o the report 1862 Scope o reporting 1863 Identiying sources o risk 1964 Consideration by rig type 1965 Deliverables 20

Glossary 21

Appendix 1 ndash Hazard impact tables 27

Tables

able 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey 2able 2 pre-existing data validity guidance 9able 3 Main line spacing guidance 14

Figures

Figure 1 3Figure 2 7

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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1 Introduction

Tis document provides guidance or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys(hereafer reerred to as Site Surveys) Te guidelines address the conduct o geophysical andhydrographic site surveys o proposed offshore well locations and the use o exploration 3D

seismic data to enhance or to replace acquisition o a site survey

Te document does not set out to provide guidance on geotechnical engineering requirementsor design o anchoring systems the analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundationdesign neither does it address detailed guidance on environmental survey requirements Such

works require expert guidance and involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers orenvironmental scientists who are conversant in the application o appropriate industry codesor these tasks

Te document replaces the ormer UKOOA Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site surveys version 12 and Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site investigations in deep-water version 1 previously published under the auspices o the ormer UK Offshore Operators

Association (UKOOA) now Oil amp Gas UKTese guidelines describe oilfield good practice in this subject area in support o meetingcountry specific regulatory requirements While the document sets out oilfield good practiceit is impossible or the document to address all the varying regulatory requirements that are in

place in different countries around the world

Operators should make themselves aware o the local regulatory requirements that apply tomarine site surveys It is recommended that operators compare local requirements to theseguidelines and where there are differences apply the higher o the two sets o standards

Te document explains the requirements that different types o offshore drilling units have ona site survey Te document also emphasises the differing site survey requirements o shel and

deep-water environmentsTe techniques described in this document can also be applied to other types o seabedsurveys such as pipeline or cable route surveys etc While this document does not set out todirectly address planning and delivery o such projects it will be recognised that the samegeneral thought processes and practices wil l be applicable to such projects

A companion OGP document Guideline or the conduct o drilling hazard site surveys ndash techni-cal notes (hereafer ldquoTe echnical Notesrdquo) Report 373-18-2 will be published in 2011 and

will provide supporting technical inormation and background theory on the various phases oa site survey project outlined in this document

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2 Objectives o site surveys

21 General

Site surveys are perormed to minimise the risk o harm to personnel and equipment and

to protect the natural environment Te objective o any site survey is to identiy all possibleconstraints and hazards rom man-made natural and geological eatures which may affect theoperational or environmental integrity o a proposed drilling operation and to allow appropri-ate operational practices to be put in place to mitigate any risks identified In addition the pro-

posed site survey area should be o adequate coverage to plan any potential relie well locationsand provide sufficient data to ully assess potential top-hole drilling hazards at these locations

A properly conducted site survey or an offshore drilling location will require the input o anumber o different proessionals who should be suitably qualified and experienced in theirrespective disciplines Overall project management o a site survey should be assigned to anindividual who has a thorough understanding o the reasons or delivery o a site survey anintimate knowledge o how the results will be applied and first hand experience o collecting

and presenting those results

Te quality o any dataset selected or use in a site survey should be directly related to the typeso conditions expected to exist within the area o interest

Te interplay o the physical environment with the type o intended operation has a unda-mental impact on the scope and content o a site survey

22 Physical Environment

Depending on the physical environment and the intended operation a site survey may need to

review any or all o the ollowing

Table 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey

Man-made features Natural seabed features Subsurface geological features

bull Platforms active abandoned or toppledbull Pipelines on or buried below the seabedbull Power and umbilical linesbull Communications cablesbull Wellheads and abandoned well locationsbull Manifolds and templatesbull Pipeline terminations valves and protection

framesbull Subsea isolation valvesbull Rock dumps

bull Scour protection materialbull Jack-up rig footprintsbull Non oil amp gas infrastructure such as navigation

buoys wind turbines etcbull Shipwrecksbull Ordnance and chemical dumping groundsbull Archaeol ogical rema insbull Miscellaneous debris

bull Seabed topography and reliefbull Seafloor sedimentsbull Sand banks waves and mega-ripplesbull Mud flows gullies volcanoes lumps lobesbull Fault escarpmentsbull Diapiric structuresbull Gas vents and pockmarksbull Unstable slopesbull Slumpsbull Collapse features

bull Fluid expulsion featuresbull Chemosynthetic communitiesbull Gas hydrate moundsbull Rock outcrops pinnacles and bouldersbull Reefsbull Hardgroundsbull Seabed channels and scours

bull Sedimentary sequencesbull Stratigraphybull Shallow gas charged intervalsbull Gas chimneysbull Shallow water flow zonesbull Over-pressure zonesbull Buried infilled channelsbull Boulder bedsbull Buried slumps and mass transport complexesbull Gas Hydrate zones and hydrated soils

bull Faultsbull Erosion and truncation surfacesbull Salt or mud diapirs and diatremes

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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P ublications

Global experience

Te International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers has access to a wealth o technicalknowledge and experience with its members operating around the world in many differentterrains We collate and distil this valuable knowledge or the industry to use as guidelines

or good practice by individual members

Consistent high quality database and guidelines

Our overall aim is to ensure a consistent approach to training management and best practice throughout the world

Te oil and gas exploration and production industry recognises the need to develop con-sistent databases and records in certain fields Te OGPrsquos members are encouraged to usethe guidelines as a starting point or their operations or to supplement their own policies

and regulations which may apply locally

Internationally recognised source of industry information

Many o our guidelines have been recognised and used by international authorities andsaety and environmental bodies Requests come rom governments and non-governmentorganisations around the world as well as rom non-member companies

Disclaimer

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy o the inormation contained in this publi-cation neither the OGP nor any o its members past present or uture warrants its accuracy or willregardless o its or their negligence assume liability or any oreseeable or unoreseeable use madethereo which liability is hereby excluded Consequently such use is at the recipientrsquos own risk on thebasis that any use by the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms o this disclaimer Te recipient isobliged to inorm any subsequent recipient o such terms

Tis document may provide guidance supplemental to the requirements o local legislation Nothingherein however is intended to replace amend supersede or otherwise depart fom such requirements

In the event o any conflict or contradiction between the provisions o this document and local legisla-tion applicable laws shall prevail

Copyright notice

Te contents o these pages are copy Te International Association o Oil and Gas Producers Permission

is given to reproduce this report in whole or in part provided (i) that the copyright o OGP and (ii) the source are acknowledged All other rights are reserved Any other use requires the prior written permis- sion o the OGP

Tese erms and Conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws o Eng-land and Wales Disputes arising here fom shall be exclusively subject to the jurisdiction o the courts o

England and Wales

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Geomatics

Guidance note 18ndash1

Guidelines for the conduct of

offshore drilling hazard site surveys

Revision historyVersion Date Amendments

1 April 2011 Initial publication

AcknowledgementsTis guidline was produced by Te International Association or Oil amp Gas ProducersrsquoGeomatics Committee

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able o contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Objectives of site surveys 2

21 General 222 Physical Environment 223 Planning undamentals 32 4 S c o p e 425 Operations type 4

3 Site survey process 5

31 Desk study and project planning 532 Data acquisition 533 Data processing interpretation and integration 534 Reporting 5

4 Desk studies and project planning 6

41 Use o existing geoscience data 642 Pre-existing and proposed operations 643 Wrecks submarine cables sites o special interest 6

5 Data requirements 8

51 General 852 Area o study 853 otal Depth o Study 954 Use o a pre-existing site survey 955 Acquisition o a new site survey 10

56 Use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis 1457 Enhancing the value o an exploration 3D seismic dataset 1658 Use o exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario 17

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting 18

61 Purpose o the report 1862 Scope o reporting 1863 Identiying sources o risk 1964 Consideration by rig type 1965 Deliverables 20

Glossary 21

Appendix 1 ndash Hazard impact tables 27

Tables

able 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey 2able 2 pre-existing data validity guidance 9able 3 Main line spacing guidance 14

Figures

Figure 1 3Figure 2 7

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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1 Introduction

Tis document provides guidance or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys(hereafer reerred to as Site Surveys) Te guidelines address the conduct o geophysical andhydrographic site surveys o proposed offshore well locations and the use o exploration 3D

seismic data to enhance or to replace acquisition o a site survey

Te document does not set out to provide guidance on geotechnical engineering requirementsor design o anchoring systems the analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundationdesign neither does it address detailed guidance on environmental survey requirements Such

works require expert guidance and involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers orenvironmental scientists who are conversant in the application o appropriate industry codesor these tasks

Te document replaces the ormer UKOOA Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site surveys version 12 and Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site investigations in deep-water version 1 previously published under the auspices o the ormer UK Offshore Operators

Association (UKOOA) now Oil amp Gas UKTese guidelines describe oilfield good practice in this subject area in support o meetingcountry specific regulatory requirements While the document sets out oilfield good practiceit is impossible or the document to address all the varying regulatory requirements that are in

place in different countries around the world

Operators should make themselves aware o the local regulatory requirements that apply tomarine site surveys It is recommended that operators compare local requirements to theseguidelines and where there are differences apply the higher o the two sets o standards

Te document explains the requirements that different types o offshore drilling units have ona site survey Te document also emphasises the differing site survey requirements o shel and

deep-water environmentsTe techniques described in this document can also be applied to other types o seabedsurveys such as pipeline or cable route surveys etc While this document does not set out todirectly address planning and delivery o such projects it will be recognised that the samegeneral thought processes and practices wil l be applicable to such projects

A companion OGP document Guideline or the conduct o drilling hazard site surveys ndash techni-cal notes (hereafer ldquoTe echnical Notesrdquo) Report 373-18-2 will be published in 2011 and

will provide supporting technical inormation and background theory on the various phases oa site survey project outlined in this document

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2 Objectives o site surveys

21 General

Site surveys are perormed to minimise the risk o harm to personnel and equipment and

to protect the natural environment Te objective o any site survey is to identiy all possibleconstraints and hazards rom man-made natural and geological eatures which may affect theoperational or environmental integrity o a proposed drilling operation and to allow appropri-ate operational practices to be put in place to mitigate any risks identified In addition the pro-

posed site survey area should be o adequate coverage to plan any potential relie well locationsand provide sufficient data to ully assess potential top-hole drilling hazards at these locations

A properly conducted site survey or an offshore drilling location will require the input o anumber o different proessionals who should be suitably qualified and experienced in theirrespective disciplines Overall project management o a site survey should be assigned to anindividual who has a thorough understanding o the reasons or delivery o a site survey anintimate knowledge o how the results will be applied and first hand experience o collecting

and presenting those results

Te quality o any dataset selected or use in a site survey should be directly related to the typeso conditions expected to exist within the area o interest

Te interplay o the physical environment with the type o intended operation has a unda-mental impact on the scope and content o a site survey

22 Physical Environment

Depending on the physical environment and the intended operation a site survey may need to

review any or all o the ollowing

Table 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey

Man-made features Natural seabed features Subsurface geological features

bull Platforms active abandoned or toppledbull Pipelines on or buried below the seabedbull Power and umbilical linesbull Communications cablesbull Wellheads and abandoned well locationsbull Manifolds and templatesbull Pipeline terminations valves and protection

framesbull Subsea isolation valvesbull Rock dumps

bull Scour protection materialbull Jack-up rig footprintsbull Non oil amp gas infrastructure such as navigation

buoys wind turbines etcbull Shipwrecksbull Ordnance and chemical dumping groundsbull Archaeol ogical rema insbull Miscellaneous debris

bull Seabed topography and reliefbull Seafloor sedimentsbull Sand banks waves and mega-ripplesbull Mud flows gullies volcanoes lumps lobesbull Fault escarpmentsbull Diapiric structuresbull Gas vents and pockmarksbull Unstable slopesbull Slumpsbull Collapse features

bull Fluid expulsion featuresbull Chemosynthetic communitiesbull Gas hydrate moundsbull Rock outcrops pinnacles and bouldersbull Reefsbull Hardgroundsbull Seabed channels and scours

bull Sedimentary sequencesbull Stratigraphybull Shallow gas charged intervalsbull Gas chimneysbull Shallow water flow zonesbull Over-pressure zonesbull Buried infilled channelsbull Boulder bedsbull Buried slumps and mass transport complexesbull Gas Hydrate zones and hydrated soils

bull Faultsbull Erosion and truncation surfacesbull Salt or mud diapirs and diatremes

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 3: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Geomatics

Guidance note 18ndash1

Guidelines for the conduct of

offshore drilling hazard site surveys

Revision historyVersion Date Amendments

1 April 2011 Initial publication

AcknowledgementsTis guidline was produced by Te International Association or Oil amp Gas ProducersrsquoGeomatics Committee

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able o contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Objectives of site surveys 2

21 General 222 Physical Environment 223 Planning undamentals 32 4 S c o p e 425 Operations type 4

3 Site survey process 5

31 Desk study and project planning 532 Data acquisition 533 Data processing interpretation and integration 534 Reporting 5

4 Desk studies and project planning 6

41 Use o existing geoscience data 642 Pre-existing and proposed operations 643 Wrecks submarine cables sites o special interest 6

5 Data requirements 8

51 General 852 Area o study 853 otal Depth o Study 954 Use o a pre-existing site survey 955 Acquisition o a new site survey 10

56 Use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis 1457 Enhancing the value o an exploration 3D seismic dataset 1658 Use o exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario 17

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting 18

61 Purpose o the report 1862 Scope o reporting 1863 Identiying sources o risk 1964 Consideration by rig type 1965 Deliverables 20

Glossary 21

Appendix 1 ndash Hazard impact tables 27

Tables

able 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey 2able 2 pre-existing data validity guidance 9able 3 Main line spacing guidance 14

Figures

Figure 1 3Figure 2 7

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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1 Introduction

Tis document provides guidance or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys(hereafer reerred to as Site Surveys) Te guidelines address the conduct o geophysical andhydrographic site surveys o proposed offshore well locations and the use o exploration 3D

seismic data to enhance or to replace acquisition o a site survey

Te document does not set out to provide guidance on geotechnical engineering requirementsor design o anchoring systems the analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundationdesign neither does it address detailed guidance on environmental survey requirements Such

works require expert guidance and involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers orenvironmental scientists who are conversant in the application o appropriate industry codesor these tasks

Te document replaces the ormer UKOOA Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site surveys version 12 and Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site investigations in deep-water version 1 previously published under the auspices o the ormer UK Offshore Operators

Association (UKOOA) now Oil amp Gas UKTese guidelines describe oilfield good practice in this subject area in support o meetingcountry specific regulatory requirements While the document sets out oilfield good practiceit is impossible or the document to address all the varying regulatory requirements that are in

place in different countries around the world

Operators should make themselves aware o the local regulatory requirements that apply tomarine site surveys It is recommended that operators compare local requirements to theseguidelines and where there are differences apply the higher o the two sets o standards

Te document explains the requirements that different types o offshore drilling units have ona site survey Te document also emphasises the differing site survey requirements o shel and

deep-water environmentsTe techniques described in this document can also be applied to other types o seabedsurveys such as pipeline or cable route surveys etc While this document does not set out todirectly address planning and delivery o such projects it will be recognised that the samegeneral thought processes and practices wil l be applicable to such projects

A companion OGP document Guideline or the conduct o drilling hazard site surveys ndash techni-cal notes (hereafer ldquoTe echnical Notesrdquo) Report 373-18-2 will be published in 2011 and

will provide supporting technical inormation and background theory on the various phases oa site survey project outlined in this document

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2 Objectives o site surveys

21 General

Site surveys are perormed to minimise the risk o harm to personnel and equipment and

to protect the natural environment Te objective o any site survey is to identiy all possibleconstraints and hazards rom man-made natural and geological eatures which may affect theoperational or environmental integrity o a proposed drilling operation and to allow appropri-ate operational practices to be put in place to mitigate any risks identified In addition the pro-

posed site survey area should be o adequate coverage to plan any potential relie well locationsand provide sufficient data to ully assess potential top-hole drilling hazards at these locations

A properly conducted site survey or an offshore drilling location will require the input o anumber o different proessionals who should be suitably qualified and experienced in theirrespective disciplines Overall project management o a site survey should be assigned to anindividual who has a thorough understanding o the reasons or delivery o a site survey anintimate knowledge o how the results will be applied and first hand experience o collecting

and presenting those results

Te quality o any dataset selected or use in a site survey should be directly related to the typeso conditions expected to exist within the area o interest

Te interplay o the physical environment with the type o intended operation has a unda-mental impact on the scope and content o a site survey

22 Physical Environment

Depending on the physical environment and the intended operation a site survey may need to

review any or all o the ollowing

Table 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey

Man-made features Natural seabed features Subsurface geological features

bull Platforms active abandoned or toppledbull Pipelines on or buried below the seabedbull Power and umbilical linesbull Communications cablesbull Wellheads and abandoned well locationsbull Manifolds and templatesbull Pipeline terminations valves and protection

framesbull Subsea isolation valvesbull Rock dumps

bull Scour protection materialbull Jack-up rig footprintsbull Non oil amp gas infrastructure such as navigation

buoys wind turbines etcbull Shipwrecksbull Ordnance and chemical dumping groundsbull Archaeol ogical rema insbull Miscellaneous debris

bull Seabed topography and reliefbull Seafloor sedimentsbull Sand banks waves and mega-ripplesbull Mud flows gullies volcanoes lumps lobesbull Fault escarpmentsbull Diapiric structuresbull Gas vents and pockmarksbull Unstable slopesbull Slumpsbull Collapse features

bull Fluid expulsion featuresbull Chemosynthetic communitiesbull Gas hydrate moundsbull Rock outcrops pinnacles and bouldersbull Reefsbull Hardgroundsbull Seabed channels and scours

bull Sedimentary sequencesbull Stratigraphybull Shallow gas charged intervalsbull Gas chimneysbull Shallow water flow zonesbull Over-pressure zonesbull Buried infilled channelsbull Boulder bedsbull Buried slumps and mass transport complexesbull Gas Hydrate zones and hydrated soils

bull Faultsbull Erosion and truncation surfacesbull Salt or mud diapirs and diatremes

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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able o contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Objectives of site surveys 2

21 General 222 Physical Environment 223 Planning undamentals 32 4 S c o p e 425 Operations type 4

3 Site survey process 5

31 Desk study and project planning 532 Data acquisition 533 Data processing interpretation and integration 534 Reporting 5

4 Desk studies and project planning 6

41 Use o existing geoscience data 642 Pre-existing and proposed operations 643 Wrecks submarine cables sites o special interest 6

5 Data requirements 8

51 General 852 Area o study 853 otal Depth o Study 954 Use o a pre-existing site survey 955 Acquisition o a new site survey 10

56 Use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis 1457 Enhancing the value o an exploration 3D seismic dataset 1658 Use o exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario 17

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting 18

61 Purpose o the report 1862 Scope o reporting 1863 Identiying sources o risk 1964 Consideration by rig type 1965 Deliverables 20

Glossary 21

Appendix 1 ndash Hazard impact tables 27

Tables

able 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey 2able 2 pre-existing data validity guidance 9able 3 Main line spacing guidance 14

Figures

Figure 1 3Figure 2 7

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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1 Introduction

Tis document provides guidance or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys(hereafer reerred to as Site Surveys) Te guidelines address the conduct o geophysical andhydrographic site surveys o proposed offshore well locations and the use o exploration 3D

seismic data to enhance or to replace acquisition o a site survey

Te document does not set out to provide guidance on geotechnical engineering requirementsor design o anchoring systems the analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundationdesign neither does it address detailed guidance on environmental survey requirements Such

works require expert guidance and involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers orenvironmental scientists who are conversant in the application o appropriate industry codesor these tasks

Te document replaces the ormer UKOOA Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site surveys version 12 and Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site investigations in deep-water version 1 previously published under the auspices o the ormer UK Offshore Operators

Association (UKOOA) now Oil amp Gas UKTese guidelines describe oilfield good practice in this subject area in support o meetingcountry specific regulatory requirements While the document sets out oilfield good practiceit is impossible or the document to address all the varying regulatory requirements that are in

place in different countries around the world

Operators should make themselves aware o the local regulatory requirements that apply tomarine site surveys It is recommended that operators compare local requirements to theseguidelines and where there are differences apply the higher o the two sets o standards

Te document explains the requirements that different types o offshore drilling units have ona site survey Te document also emphasises the differing site survey requirements o shel and

deep-water environmentsTe techniques described in this document can also be applied to other types o seabedsurveys such as pipeline or cable route surveys etc While this document does not set out todirectly address planning and delivery o such projects it will be recognised that the samegeneral thought processes and practices wil l be applicable to such projects

A companion OGP document Guideline or the conduct o drilling hazard site surveys ndash techni-cal notes (hereafer ldquoTe echnical Notesrdquo) Report 373-18-2 will be published in 2011 and

will provide supporting technical inormation and background theory on the various phases oa site survey project outlined in this document

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2 Objectives o site surveys

21 General

Site surveys are perormed to minimise the risk o harm to personnel and equipment and

to protect the natural environment Te objective o any site survey is to identiy all possibleconstraints and hazards rom man-made natural and geological eatures which may affect theoperational or environmental integrity o a proposed drilling operation and to allow appropri-ate operational practices to be put in place to mitigate any risks identified In addition the pro-

posed site survey area should be o adequate coverage to plan any potential relie well locationsand provide sufficient data to ully assess potential top-hole drilling hazards at these locations

A properly conducted site survey or an offshore drilling location will require the input o anumber o different proessionals who should be suitably qualified and experienced in theirrespective disciplines Overall project management o a site survey should be assigned to anindividual who has a thorough understanding o the reasons or delivery o a site survey anintimate knowledge o how the results will be applied and first hand experience o collecting

and presenting those results

Te quality o any dataset selected or use in a site survey should be directly related to the typeso conditions expected to exist within the area o interest

Te interplay o the physical environment with the type o intended operation has a unda-mental impact on the scope and content o a site survey

22 Physical Environment

Depending on the physical environment and the intended operation a site survey may need to

review any or all o the ollowing

Table 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey

Man-made features Natural seabed features Subsurface geological features

bull Platforms active abandoned or toppledbull Pipelines on or buried below the seabedbull Power and umbilical linesbull Communications cablesbull Wellheads and abandoned well locationsbull Manifolds and templatesbull Pipeline terminations valves and protection

framesbull Subsea isolation valvesbull Rock dumps

bull Scour protection materialbull Jack-up rig footprintsbull Non oil amp gas infrastructure such as navigation

buoys wind turbines etcbull Shipwrecksbull Ordnance and chemical dumping groundsbull Archaeol ogical rema insbull Miscellaneous debris

bull Seabed topography and reliefbull Seafloor sedimentsbull Sand banks waves and mega-ripplesbull Mud flows gullies volcanoes lumps lobesbull Fault escarpmentsbull Diapiric structuresbull Gas vents and pockmarksbull Unstable slopesbull Slumpsbull Collapse features

bull Fluid expulsion featuresbull Chemosynthetic communitiesbull Gas hydrate moundsbull Rock outcrops pinnacles and bouldersbull Reefsbull Hardgroundsbull Seabed channels and scours

bull Sedimentary sequencesbull Stratigraphybull Shallow gas charged intervalsbull Gas chimneysbull Shallow water flow zonesbull Over-pressure zonesbull Buried infilled channelsbull Boulder bedsbull Buried slumps and mass transport complexesbull Gas Hydrate zones and hydrated soils

bull Faultsbull Erosion and truncation surfacesbull Salt or mud diapirs and diatremes

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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1 Introduction

Tis document provides guidance or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys(hereafer reerred to as Site Surveys) Te guidelines address the conduct o geophysical andhydrographic site surveys o proposed offshore well locations and the use o exploration 3D

seismic data to enhance or to replace acquisition o a site survey

Te document does not set out to provide guidance on geotechnical engineering requirementsor design o anchoring systems the analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundationdesign neither does it address detailed guidance on environmental survey requirements Such

works require expert guidance and involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers orenvironmental scientists who are conversant in the application o appropriate industry codesor these tasks

Te document replaces the ormer UKOOA Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site surveys version 12 and Guidelines or conduct o mobile drilling rig site investigations in deep-water version 1 previously published under the auspices o the ormer UK Offshore Operators

Association (UKOOA) now Oil amp Gas UKTese guidelines describe oilfield good practice in this subject area in support o meetingcountry specific regulatory requirements While the document sets out oilfield good practiceit is impossible or the document to address all the varying regulatory requirements that are in

place in different countries around the world

Operators should make themselves aware o the local regulatory requirements that apply tomarine site surveys It is recommended that operators compare local requirements to theseguidelines and where there are differences apply the higher o the two sets o standards

Te document explains the requirements that different types o offshore drilling units have ona site survey Te document also emphasises the differing site survey requirements o shel and

deep-water environmentsTe techniques described in this document can also be applied to other types o seabedsurveys such as pipeline or cable route surveys etc While this document does not set out todirectly address planning and delivery o such projects it will be recognised that the samegeneral thought processes and practices wil l be applicable to such projects

A companion OGP document Guideline or the conduct o drilling hazard site surveys ndash techni-cal notes (hereafer ldquoTe echnical Notesrdquo) Report 373-18-2 will be published in 2011 and

will provide supporting technical inormation and background theory on the various phases oa site survey project outlined in this document

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2 Objectives o site surveys

21 General

Site surveys are perormed to minimise the risk o harm to personnel and equipment and

to protect the natural environment Te objective o any site survey is to identiy all possibleconstraints and hazards rom man-made natural and geological eatures which may affect theoperational or environmental integrity o a proposed drilling operation and to allow appropri-ate operational practices to be put in place to mitigate any risks identified In addition the pro-

posed site survey area should be o adequate coverage to plan any potential relie well locationsand provide sufficient data to ully assess potential top-hole drilling hazards at these locations

A properly conducted site survey or an offshore drilling location will require the input o anumber o different proessionals who should be suitably qualified and experienced in theirrespective disciplines Overall project management o a site survey should be assigned to anindividual who has a thorough understanding o the reasons or delivery o a site survey anintimate knowledge o how the results will be applied and first hand experience o collecting

and presenting those results

Te quality o any dataset selected or use in a site survey should be directly related to the typeso conditions expected to exist within the area o interest

Te interplay o the physical environment with the type o intended operation has a unda-mental impact on the scope and content o a site survey

22 Physical Environment

Depending on the physical environment and the intended operation a site survey may need to

review any or all o the ollowing

Table 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey

Man-made features Natural seabed features Subsurface geological features

bull Platforms active abandoned or toppledbull Pipelines on or buried below the seabedbull Power and umbilical linesbull Communications cablesbull Wellheads and abandoned well locationsbull Manifolds and templatesbull Pipeline terminations valves and protection

framesbull Subsea isolation valvesbull Rock dumps

bull Scour protection materialbull Jack-up rig footprintsbull Non oil amp gas infrastructure such as navigation

buoys wind turbines etcbull Shipwrecksbull Ordnance and chemical dumping groundsbull Archaeol ogical rema insbull Miscellaneous debris

bull Seabed topography and reliefbull Seafloor sedimentsbull Sand banks waves and mega-ripplesbull Mud flows gullies volcanoes lumps lobesbull Fault escarpmentsbull Diapiric structuresbull Gas vents and pockmarksbull Unstable slopesbull Slumpsbull Collapse features

bull Fluid expulsion featuresbull Chemosynthetic communitiesbull Gas hydrate moundsbull Rock outcrops pinnacles and bouldersbull Reefsbull Hardgroundsbull Seabed channels and scours

bull Sedimentary sequencesbull Stratigraphybull Shallow gas charged intervalsbull Gas chimneysbull Shallow water flow zonesbull Over-pressure zonesbull Buried infilled channelsbull Boulder bedsbull Buried slumps and mass transport complexesbull Gas Hydrate zones and hydrated soils

bull Faultsbull Erosion and truncation surfacesbull Salt or mud diapirs and diatremes

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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2 Objectives o site surveys

21 General

Site surveys are perormed to minimise the risk o harm to personnel and equipment and

to protect the natural environment Te objective o any site survey is to identiy all possibleconstraints and hazards rom man-made natural and geological eatures which may affect theoperational or environmental integrity o a proposed drilling operation and to allow appropri-ate operational practices to be put in place to mitigate any risks identified In addition the pro-

posed site survey area should be o adequate coverage to plan any potential relie well locationsand provide sufficient data to ully assess potential top-hole drilling hazards at these locations

A properly conducted site survey or an offshore drilling location will require the input o anumber o different proessionals who should be suitably qualified and experienced in theirrespective disciplines Overall project management o a site survey should be assigned to anindividual who has a thorough understanding o the reasons or delivery o a site survey anintimate knowledge o how the results will be applied and first hand experience o collecting

and presenting those results

Te quality o any dataset selected or use in a site survey should be directly related to the typeso conditions expected to exist within the area o interest

Te interplay o the physical environment with the type o intended operation has a unda-mental impact on the scope and content o a site survey

22 Physical Environment

Depending on the physical environment and the intended operation a site survey may need to

review any or all o the ollowing

Table 1 conditions to be addressed by a marine site survey

Man-made features Natural seabed features Subsurface geological features

bull Platforms active abandoned or toppledbull Pipelines on or buried below the seabedbull Power and umbilical linesbull Communications cablesbull Wellheads and abandoned well locationsbull Manifolds and templatesbull Pipeline terminations valves and protection

framesbull Subsea isolation valvesbull Rock dumps

bull Scour protection materialbull Jack-up rig footprintsbull Non oil amp gas infrastructure such as navigation

buoys wind turbines etcbull Shipwrecksbull Ordnance and chemical dumping groundsbull Archaeol ogical rema insbull Miscellaneous debris

bull Seabed topography and reliefbull Seafloor sedimentsbull Sand banks waves and mega-ripplesbull Mud flows gullies volcanoes lumps lobesbull Fault escarpmentsbull Diapiric structuresbull Gas vents and pockmarksbull Unstable slopesbull Slumpsbull Collapse features

bull Fluid expulsion featuresbull Chemosynthetic communitiesbull Gas hydrate moundsbull Rock outcrops pinnacles and bouldersbull Reefsbull Hardgroundsbull Seabed channels and scours

bull Sedimentary sequencesbull Stratigraphybull Shallow gas charged intervalsbull Gas chimneysbull Shallow water flow zonesbull Over-pressure zonesbull Buried infilled channelsbull Boulder bedsbull Buried slumps and mass transport complexesbull Gas Hydrate zones and hydrated soils

bull Faultsbull Erosion and truncation surfacesbull Salt or mud diapirs and diatremes

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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23 Planning fundamentals

In planning a site survey programme the interplay o rig type and its specification and the

different conditions that might be expected in the planned area o operations must be care-ully taken into account Tis must be considered as a first step in the planning stage o any sitesurvey programme

Te site survey project manager should be advised o the proposed outline drilling programmeandor the conceptual field layout by the project engineer planning the well or developmentTis should be taken into account in setting the data needs o the project

Te tables in Appendix 1 review conditions and areas o concern or the three rig type group-ings Te appropriate columns should be considered during the planning stage o a site survey

programme

Sufficient time must be allowed in delivery o a site survey programme to ensure the results areavailable in time

bull to ensure all local regulatory permitting requirements are met ahead o the o the pro- posed well spud date

bull to ensure the drilling project team can include them and properly mitigate any risk ohazards identified rom them in the final well design

Figure 1 Site clearance ndash timing guidance

Figure 1 shows a conceptual time line Te permitting period will be country specific

Generally it is recommended that a site survey programme should start six months prior toand no less than three months ahead o the proposed wellrsquos spud date

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26

Preparation

Acquisition ampreporting

Completion ampimplementation

Elapsed time in weeks

Key events

Desk studyand project planning

Contractorprocurement

Acquisition Proce ssing Interpretation and reporting

Internal operator review

Permit documentproduction

Integration of results into well designand final operation planning

Permit submission and regulatory review

Can be performed on the vessel in parallel with aquisition could save up to 4 weeks

Can be performedin parallel with processing

Start depends on vessel availability

Using pre-existing survey data or exploration 3D data if suitable could save 6 weeks or more

Timing dependant on local regulatory requirements

Locationshort-listedfor

drilling

Locationavailable

for

spud

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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24 Scope

Any site survey must include a review o all seafloor conditions and geology to a depth at least

200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a deptho 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Te identification and assessment o all relevant geological eatures should be perormed within the context o a geological model that takes into account depositional and post-deposi-tional processes

Te site survey report should include a discussion o all relevant geological andor man-madeeatures that have a direct bearing on operational risk

25 Operations type

Te type o rig to be used has a direct effect on the required scope o a site investigation Teull breadth o these effects is detailed in the table in Appendix 1 o this document Tis tableshould be used by a project manager to sense check that all potential concerns or the place-ment o a rig at a proposed location are being or have been addressed as part o the site survey

programme

251 Bottom founded and platform based rigs

Tese rigs only directly impact the seafloor over a small area immediately around the well-bore Te site survey can thereore be ocused directly upon the well location the corridor oapproach onto location and any possible stand-off locations

Te style o top-hole drilling used by these rigs is different to the other two generic rig group-ings Fundamentally the risk to the rig rom a shallow gas blowout is greater

Te risk to the rigrsquos integrity through loss o seabed support makes review o the shallow sec-tion or these rigs critical

Te analysis o jack-up rig oundation or platorm oundation design requires dedicatedintrusive geotechnical soil investigations Te investigations require expert guidance and thedirect involvement o geotechnical or structural engineers who are conversant in the applica-tion o appropriate industry codes or these tasks Minimum requirements to geotechnical soilinvestigations are covered in industry guidelines and standards eg Te Society o Naval Archi-tects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) echnical amp Research Bulletin 5-5A Site Specific

Assessment o Mobile Jack-up Units and ISO 19905-1 Petroleum and natural gas industriesSite-specific assessment o mobile offshore units Part 1 Jack-ups (in development target publi-cation date September 2011)

252 Anchored rigs

Tese rigs impact a large area o the seabed and as a result a site survey will need to be per-ormed over a larger area o the seafloor to assess anchoring conditions

Tese rigs encounter a number o different concerns not applicable to bottom ounded rigs ( see Appendix 1)

253 Dynamically positioned (DP) rigsTese rigs impact a small area o the seabed and thereore the site survey can be ocuseddirectly upon the well location and its immediate surroundings However their use in pre-dominantly deep to ultra deep water brings special requirements or a site survey programme(see Appendix 1)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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A site survey project process can be considered to consist o our phases

31 Desk study and project planning

A project should start with a desk study that should be considered as an integral part o the planning process During this phase a decision will be made as to whether new data ndash and which types o data ndash must be acquired

In deep water areas the desk study and any ensuing acquisition may need to address a semi-regional scope to consider topographic or geological issues that may be a threat to operationsrom outside o the direct area o proposed operations

32 Data acquisitionTe second phase is the acquisition o new data coverage i such is required

33 Data processing interpretation and integration

All existing and new data are then processed or reprocessed to improve their value and inter- preted to produce an integrated geological model o the seabed and subsurace conditions

34 Reporting

Te final stage o any site survey is the production o an integrated report that describes theconditions and operational risks identified across the site and ndash specifically ndash at the proposeddrilling location

3 Site survey process

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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As the first stage in survey planning a desk study ndash or review ndash o pre-existing data should be perormed to gain an understanding o the area and to highlight matters o particular concernthat need to be addressed by the investigation

41 Use of existing geoscience data

Use o exploration 3D or 2D seismic data offset well data (logs operations reports industrydatabases etc ) geotechnical boreholes offset site surveys and any other relevant public domaindata in an integrated ashion will allow an initial geological model o the seabed and shallowsection to be developed Tis can be used to design a survey programme appropriate to thelocation and rig

In some cases exploration 3D data covering the prospect area may provide sufficient inorma-tion to produce a site report such that new survey data will not be required (Section 56 below)Otherwise the data will ndash as a minimum ndash provide a good guide to definition o line directionline spacing and the areas o uncertainty that the new site survey needs to clariy

42 Pre-existing and proposed operations

An up-to-date database o offshore acilities wells platorms pipelines etc that impact uponthe operational area should be reviewed during the planning phase

A check should also be made o any proposed third party exploration or development activitiesin the area that may impact the proposed operations

43 Wrecks submarine cables sites of special interest

Local regulatory announcements databases and nautical charts should be reviewed or thelikely presence o wrecks submarine cables and sites o special interest archaeological envi-ronmental etc

4 Desk studies and project planning

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 11: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Figure 2 ndash site survey decision tree

YesNo

Carry out desk study and ascertain proposed rig typebull Identify local legal and insurance requirements for site survey delivery (see Section 1)bull Ascertain rig type to be used (see Section 23 and 25)bull Evaluate extent and quality of existing relevant data and identify all significant relevant site constraints

(see Section 31 and 4)

Bottom founded rig Anchored rig DP rig

Isexisting site survey

coverage suitable foruse

Water depth at welllocation gt750m

Areexploration 3D data

suitable for use

Acquire full new SiteSurvey (see Section 55)

ndash or ndash

Acquire supplemental datacoverage (see Sections 55

or 57)

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Arethe shallow geologyand geohazards well

understood

Is aseabed clearancesurvey required

Yes

No

Yes

Yes No No

No

YesYes

Yes

NoNo

Complete integrated interpretation of all available dataand issue proposed drilling location site survey report

(see Section 6)

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

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5 Data requirements

51 General

Figure 2 presents a simple process or assessing the data needs o a project

Four general areas o practice are common within the industry

bull Use o pre-existing site survey data

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset

bull Use o an exploration 3D seismic dataset combined with limited site survey data acquisi-tion

bull Use o a newly acquired site survey

Whatever generic approach is ollowed the data made available or interpretation must allowor analysis o the conditions and hazards listed in Section 22 and detailed in Appendix 1 tobe properly addressed or the type o rig in use

52 Area of study

Any site survey study should address the total area likely to be impacted by drilling or develop-ment related activity Te area should include any potential relie well locations

521 Bottom founded rigs and platform based rigs

Due to the physical nature o operations with this type o rig and the water depths in whichthese rigs operate data requirements must be applied more rigorously to assure operationalintegrity

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a minimum distance o 500m around the drillinglocation and the immediate line o approach onto location

Data should allow proper study o any obstructions that might be present on the seabed duringthe final transit o the rig on to location and the commencement o leg pinning activity or a

jack-up rig

ieline data should be acquired to existing geotechnical boreholes and offset wells in the vicin-ity that show similar soil stratigraphy and that allow unambiguous interpretive correlation oconditions back to the proposed location

522 Anchored rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 250m beyond the maximum likelyanchor radius at the proposed drilling location

523 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Data coverage should provide ull cover to a distance o 500m beyond the maximum likelydiameter o the seabed acoustic array used to maintain the rigrsquos position on location

524 Location uncertainty

I the proposed well location has not been finalised at the time o planning the survey areashould be designed to take into account the ull positional uncertainty o the final surace

location o the well and to meet the requirements set out above (Sections 521 to 523 inclu-sive)

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

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53 Total Depth of Study

Te total depth o study below seabed should be to a depth at least 200m below the preerred

setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater irrespective o rig type

Te combined dataset to be used must thereore be capable o properly imaging geologicalconditions to this depth

54 Use of a pre-existing site survey

Pre-existing site survey data should be re-used whenever possible Te quality and validity othese data should be careully assessed prior to committing to their use in producing a reportor a new drilling location

I the pre-existing survey ails to cover the ull project scope required either spatially or indepth it will need to be supplemented by data rom another source

Subject to local operator policy regulatory or insurance requirements or guidance purposesthe maximum age validity o pre-existing hydrographic and geophysical site survey data can beconsidered as

Table 2 pre-existing data validity guidance

Activity Condition Seabed Data Subsurface Data

No Activity 5 years 10 years

Engineering Activity 1 year 10 years

Well Control Incident Invalid Invalid

Subject to local conditions in a prospect area where there has been no drilling or engineering(pipe-lay etc ) activity since acquisition o a pre-existing survey the validity o seabed clearancedata should be considered to be five years and subsurace data should be considered to have aten year validity

In a prospect area where there has been drilling or engineering activity since a pre-existingsurvey was acquired validity o the data should be one year or seabed clearance data and ten

years or subsurace data

I the pre-existing data do not meet these requirements then a new survey should be acquired

At locations where a jack-up rig will be operating in close proximity to existing installationsan additional seabed survey should be carried out immediately prior to the jack-up rig installa-tion

I it is known that a rig has been installed more recently than the existing site survey data newdata should be acquired

I a well control incident (an uncontrolled underground or surace flow) has taken place on the prospect field or in an immediately adjacent area since acquisition o a pre-existing survey anyexisting seabed and subsurace data shall be considered invalid In such a case a new survey isalways required

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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55 Acquisition of a new site survey

When a new site survey is considered necessary the survey should be designed to specifically

address the expected operational requirement

Te ollowing should be considered in survey design specification and delivery

551 Standard site survey data types

A new site survey will involve gathering o all o the ollowing standard data types except where specified in Section 552 below

Positioning

Surace positioning o the survey vessel should be based on augmented global navigation satel-lite systems (GNSS) eg Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS) or Clock and Orbit Corrected

GPS (also reerred to as SDGPS or Precise Point Positioning PPP) that typical ly yield sub-metre positioning accuracy It is recommended that two ully independent surace positioningsystems should be used

Te correct use o GNSS positioning is critical to the success o an offshore drilling hazard sitesurvey It is recommended that the GNSS are operated in line with the Guidelines or GNSS

Positioning in the Oil and Gas Industry issued jointly by OGP and IMCA It describes good practice or the use o global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) in among other offshoresurvey and related activities or the oil and gas industry Te guideline will be published in thespring o 2011 and can be downloaded rom wwwogporguk or wwwimca-intcom

Except in shallow water depths o less than 25m where it may be impractical or where layback

to the towed equipment is less than 50m it is recommended that the position o towed sensorsshould be determined by vessel mounted acoustic positioning system eg a tracking Ultra ShortBaseline System (USBL) that when properly calibrated typically yield a relative positioningaccuracy o better that 1 o slant range rom vessel transducer to transponder on the tow fish

Bathymetry

Bathymetry data should as a preerence be acquired using a swathe bathymetry system tomeasure accurate water depths across the area

Where swathe bathymetry data are acquired it is recommended that backscatter values romthe seabed returns are logged and processed or use in seabed characterisation to support andcomplement side scan sonar data

As a minimum however bathymetric data should be obtained using a hull mounted high-requency narrow single beam hydrographic echo sounder Data should be digitally recorded

Single beam echo sounder data should be used to veriy the results o swathe bathymetry datandash i acquired ndash to check or gross error

Te bathymetry systems should be set up to accurately record data across the range o waterdepths expected in the survey area

Te bathymetry systems should be used in conjunction with an accurate motion sensor tocompensate or vessel motion

Water column sound velocity should be determined as a minimum at the start and end o

each project by use o a CD (Conductivity emperature and Depth probe) or direct readingsound velocity probe suitable or use in the maximum water depths expected within the surveyarea

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 15: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Water depths should be corrected or vessel draf tidal level and reerenced to an appropriatelocal vertical datum (LA MSL etc )

Te final processed digital terrain model (DM) data cell size covering the entire survey area without gaps should preerably be less than 10x10m and output in an appropriate digitalormat to allow urther imaging and analysis o the data

Side scan sonar

A dual channel dual requency side scan sonar system should be used to provide acousticseabed imagery to define man made and natural seabed eatures across the area

Systems should be operated at no less than 100kHz

Line spacing and display range should be designed to ensure a minimum o 200 coverage othe survey area in the prime survey line direction with additional urther orthogonal tie-lines

For detailed inspection o contacts or inspection o pre-determined bottom-ounded rig sitesextra lines should be run using a requency o 400kHz or greater

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be image processed to improvesubsequent computer aided analysis and mosaicing o the data Such mosaics should be outputas geo-reerenced high resolution digital models o the seabed or presentation in the finalreport

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Sub-bottom profilers

A suite o sub-bottom acoustic profilers should be operated to provide a continuous and veryhigh resolution image o the shallow geological conditions

Subject to local soil conditions the systems should be capable o achieving a resolution o 03m vertical bed separation in the upper 50m below seabed

Te systems chosen should be run simultaneously to provide imagery that penetrates to inexcess o the oundational depth o interest Tis can be considered to be equivalent to a depthequal to the greater o 30m or the anticipated spud-can penetration plus one-and-a-hal timesthe spud-can diameter or a jack-up rig or the maximum expected anchor penetration or ananchored rig

Te data should be recorded digitally to allow signal processing to urther improve data qual-

ity final export to a workstation or integrated interpretation and mapping o the data andease o data retrieval o old datasets

Data may also be displayed on a graphic recorder in the field or quality control and to providea hard copy back-up

Magnetometers and Gradiometers

A magnetometer can be used to measure total magnetic field strengths to investigate errousobjects lying on ndash or buried immediately beneath ndash the seafloor or to attempt to determinethe position o cables pipelines or abandoned wells that cannot be identified by acousticmeans

Te system should be capable o a sampling rate o at least 1Hz and have a sensitivity o at leastone nanotesla (1n)

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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Te sensor should be towed as close to the seabed as possible and sufficiently ar away rom the vessel to isolate the sensor rom the magnetic field o the survey vessel

As magnetometers measure total magnetic field strength they cannot be used in the vicinity olarge inrastructure such as platorms which swamp the magnetic signature o smaller ea-tures

Use o a gradiometer system which measures the magnetic gradient between two or moreclosely spaced magnetometers should be considered or more precise results and surveys closeto large structures such as platorms

Data should be recorded digitally Recorded data should be processed to allow subsequentcomputer aided analysis and modeling to be undertaken

2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

A multi-channel High Resolution (HR) digital seismic survey should be conducted over proposed drilling locations to investigate top-hole geological conditions across the area Teexception to this is where the use o pre-existing exploration 3D seismic data is deemed anappropriate substitute (see Section 56 below)

Te primary interest o such surveys is rom the seabed to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m belowseabed whichever is greater

All HR seismic surveys should be designed on a site specific basis to take into account the varying conditions present and specific goals o the project but in general will conorm to theoutline specifications below

bull

Source Type surveys should make use o a seismic source that delivers a simple stableand repeatable source signature that is near to a minimum phase output and has a useablerequency content across at least the 20-250Hz band

bull Tow Depths source and streamer tow depths should be specified to be no greater than 3mand preerably less

bull Streamer Type use o digital solid streamers is preerred

bull Recording System the recording system should record at no greater than a 1 millisecondsample interval Field high-cut filters should be set no lower than 300Hz

bull Fold of cover should generally not be less than 24 or 2D HR surveys in water depths lessthan 750m

bull

Offsets the maximum offset recorded should preerably be no less than the total deptho interest below mudline that the survey is attempting to image except in water depthsgreater than 750m Te minimum offset recorded should be no greater than hal the waterdepth

bull Record Length to an equivalent two-way time o at least 200m below the preerred sur-ace casing setting depth or to a penetration o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

All seismic data acquired shall undergo ull multi-channel digital signal processing to providean optimally imaged dataset o migrated seismic data or output to and analysis on an inter-

pretation workstation

3D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Where initial review or offset drill ing experience indicates that the complexity o the shallowsection or the perceived conditions are particularly complex acquisition o a purpose designedHR 3D survey should be considered Such surveys must be designed on a site specific basis

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 17: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Seabed samples

Samples should be acquired to ground truth seabed and shallow soil provinces that are definedduring the site survey or that have been pre-defined during the desk study

For an anchored rig it may be necessary to acquire shallow seabed soil evaluation data usinga suite o tools appropriate to the soil conditions (grab box corer piston corer gravity corer

vibro-corer or CP) Samples retrieved should be comprehensively logged and may need to besent ashore or analysis

I sampling is aimed at defining suspected sensitive environments care should be taken toacquire a control sample away rom the suspect target area

Seabed photographs

Where appropriate seabed photographs andor video ootage using equipment suited to theseabed type tidal conditions and visibility expected in the area (drop camera ROV or AUVmounted towed sledge or resh-water lens) may aid in ground truthing o acoustic data andallow investigation o discrete areas o concern that are identified during a survey

Particular attention should be given to potential sensitive seabed environments including

bull unusual bedorms

bull gasfluid escape eatures

bull shallow sand banks

bull gravel beds or coarse gravel banks

bull benthic communities

Seabed imagery may also be used to establish an absence o sensitive eatures or habitats prior

to use o invasive sampling techniques

552 Water depth control on acquisition parameters

Water depth affects the appropriateness o certain types o equipment and the way in whichthey are deployed Te acquisition scope should be modified accordingly

bull Water depths less than 25m A ull suite o data should be acquired using vesselmounted or towed equipment as detailed above

bull Water depths of greater than 25m to 150m a ull suite o data should be acquired using vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above owed sensors should always be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data

bull Water depths of greater than 150m to 750m a ull suite o data should be acquiredusing vessel mounted or towed equipment as detailed above Deep tow sensors shouldalways be positioned by acoustic means to allow accurate positioning o all data Consid-eration in water depths greater than 500m should be given towards use o AutonomousUnderwater Vehicle (AUV) deployed sensors rather than towed systems

bull Water depths of greater than 750m depending on operational type in these waterdepths a ul l suite o data may not need to be acquired however preerence is or the useo AUV deployed swathe bathymetry side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler systemsover surace towed or hull mounted equipment

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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553 Survey line spacing

Survey line spacing will depend on the type o programme being acquired However as a basicguide main direction line spacing can be considered to be as ollows

Table 3 Main line spacing guidance

Data type Water depth range

lt25m 25m to 150m 150m to 750m gt750m

Swathe bahymetry le50m 50m ndash 150m 200m 150m (AUV)

Side scan sonarprofiler 50m 100m 200m300m (Deep Tow)

150m (AUV)

2D HR seismic 25m ndash 50m 50m 50m ndash 100m ge150m

Additional cross lines should be acquired normal to the main line direction at an increased

spacing (as a guide three to five times the spacing o the main line direction spacing) to provideties or interpretation and processing

I the final drilling location is known at the time o the survey thought should be given toacquiring closer line spacings either side o the location in both line directions

Wherever possible to support interpretation tie line(s) should be acquired to relevant offset wells geotechnical boreholes or other data calibration points

56 Use of exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis

Te use o exploration 3D seismic data on a standalone basis as a replacement or acquisition

o a site survey or deep water well locations is a generally acceptable practice within certainlimits (Section 562 below) assuming data are appropriately processed or reprocessed or the

purpose (Section 563 below) On this basis exploration 3D seismic data can be used to derivebathymetric geological and geohazards inormation

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or side scan sonar data or the detection andmapping o objects and obstructions on the seabed that may interere with anchoring For thisreason special consideration will need to be given or anchored rigs in deep water where a sidescan sonar survey possibly acquired using an AUV may be needed as a supplement to a studybased on exploration 3D data

Exploration 3D seismic data is not a substitute or sub bottom profiler data or the identifica-

tion and mapping o shallow geology and hazards in the top 100m o the seabed and is not areplacement or a site survey when using a bottom ounded drilling rig

Not all exploration 3D seismic data lend themselves to this type o study and an acceptabledataset can be rendered unsuitable through trace or sample decimation etc

Data should be reviewed careully at the outset o a project to study the complexity o the loca-tionrsquos setting as part o a preliminary hazards severity assessment or desk study Te results osuch a study might indicate

bull Tat the data clearly indicate that the setting o the study area is so complex as to require asupporting site survey

bull Te data ail to meet minimum data acceptability criteria set out below and may require

reprocessing or replacement or be supplemented by acquisition o a site survey that pro- vides a better basis or study

bull Te data are adequate or use as a site survey replacement and meet the minimum dataacceptability criteria set out below

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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561 Exploration 3D seismic data types

For site survey studies generally only exploration 3D seismic data acquired using conventionaltow methods are considered acceptable or studying the shallow section

Other orms o exploration 3D seismic data through their acquisition geometry are less likelyto provide an appropriate continuous image o the seabed or shallow section For example

wide azimuth ocean bottom cable and node based 3D seismic datasets are unlikely to beacceptable or site survey application

562 Minimum exploration 3D seismic data acceptability criteria

Exploration 3D data to be used or site survey studies should be used at their optimum spatialtemporal bit resolution and sampling interval

Data shall be loaded to a workstation at no less than 16- and preerably 32-bit data resolutionData should be unscaled

Te dataset to be used shall provide a sufficiently resolute image o the seabed and shallow sec-tion to allow an accurate analysis o conditions to be made

A preliminary review o the exploration 3D dataset under consideration should indicate that itulfils the ollowing basic standards

bull Frequency content Te dataset should preerably possess a useable requency content upto and preerably beyond 60Hz to the ull depth o interest below seabed

bull Seafloor reflection should be ree o gaps and defined by a wavelet o stable shape and phase to allow auto-tracking o the seabed event with minimum user intervention andguidance

bull Acquisition artifacts such as cross-line statics andor amplitude striping though possiblyidentifiable in the shallow section should not detract rom the overall interpretation oa picked event when mapped in time or amplitude Similarly time slices or windowedattribute extractions should be devoid o or show minimal acquisition artiacts to thedetriment o their interpretation

bull Merge points between datasets o differing origin or vintage that cross a study areashould be marked by minimal ndash and preerably no ndash time or phase shifs and amplitudechanges across the joins that might otherwise be to the detriment o the interpretation

bull Bin sizes processed bin sizes should preerably be less than 25m in both the inline andcrossline direction

bull Sample interval Processed output sample interval should preerably be 2 milliseconds andcertainly be no more than 4 milliseconds Tis may be achieved by extracting a near offsetcube rom the original volume

bull Imaging Attention to definition o an accurate velocity model in the shallow section in processing shall have allowed optimum structural and stratigraphic resolution to havebeen achieved in the migrated volume Te shallow section shall show no indication ounder or over migration artiacts

bull Multiple energy shall either be unidentifiable or at a level that does not interere with theanalysis o the shallow section

bull Data coverage the available exploration seismic data coverage shall ully meet therequirements or data coverage set out in Section 52 above

In shallow water depths o less than 300 metres the above criteria are generally not metbecause o the requency content o the data and the long seismic recording offsets Explora-tion 3D seismic data is thereore not a suitable replacement or a site survey when a jack-up orbottom ounded rig is to be used or when seabed clearance is required or an anchored rig

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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Depending on data quality exploration 3D seismic data may however still be adequate orthe identification o deeper drilling hazards and may thereore in some cases in these waterdepths replace the acquisition o high resolution 2D multichannel seismic data to identiy

drilling hazards Tis should however be decided on a case-by-case basis and only aferdetailed review o the 3D seismic data by geohazard and 3D seismic specialists

563 Use of targeted exploration 3D seismic data reprocessing

Reprocessing o an exploration 3D volume either through production o a near trace or shortoffset cube or by simply spectral whitening o the original volume can deliver significantimprovements in resolution and data quality Tis should be considered especially i the origi-nal exploration 3D dataset ails to meet the minimum data acceptability criteria set out above

57 Enhancing the value of an exploration 3D seismic dataset Where review o exploration 3D seismic data leaves some uncertainty on site conditions theacquisition o a ocused survey programme to calibrate the results o the review o the explora-tion 3D seismic dataset can assist in reducing interpretational risk or uncertainty

Such work may entail the acquisition o various types o data

571 Seabed samples

Tese can be acquired to calibrate variation in exploration 3D seabed reflection amplitude orappearance to variation in shallow soils

572 Targeted 2D high resolution seismic dataTe acquisition o a grid o tie-lines across particular eatures o interest or to directly tie inthe top-hole section o any available relevant offset wells to a proposed location can signifi-cantly assist in confirming interpretation and improving analyses perormed otherwise solelyon the basis o exploration 3D data

573 Side scan sonar data

I the exploration 3D data indicate the presence o potentially sensitive seabed conditionsor public inormation suggests the presence o existing inrastructure (submarine cables etc )dumping grounds or wrecks in the area the acquisition o side scan sonar data to ensure a clearseabed should be considered

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 21: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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58 Use of exploration 3D seismic data in a development scenario

In the case o a field development use o an exploration 3D dataset will normally provide an

excellent basis or an initial field-wide desk study to support initial field layout concept screen-ing

Use o such data will also assist in design decisions or any subsequent engineering qualitybathymetric and geophysical site investigation data acquisition campaign

Tereore use o exploration 3D datasets should be considered as an integral part in the phased development o an integrated geological model o the seabed and shallow subsuraceor the field under development to complement and fill in any gaps in bathymetric or geo-

physical site survey data coverage

However field development project geohazard decisions should not be based solely on the useo standalone exploration 3D data Acquisition o bathymetric and geophysical site survey data

should always be acquired to ensure a clear site prior to installation to affirm the long termintegrity o the locations selected and to record the baseline seafloor environmental conditionsin the area

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 22: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Seismic interpretation the identification and analysis o potential geohazards and the writ-ing o technical reports to convey results to the end users should be perormed by a qualifiedexperienced and skilled geoscientist who has specialised in high resolution geophysics

61 Purpose of the report

Te reportrsquos purpose is to describe and assess seafloor and top-hole geological conditions tohelp plan sae and efficient rig emplacement amp drilling operations and to assist in identiying

potentially sensitive seabed environments

Te report is the permanent record o the site investigation

Te site survey report or an offshore drilling location is the means by which inormation thathas been collected and analysed is communicated to the end users through the provision o

maps cross-sections figures text etc

62 Scope of reporting

Site survey reports should provide an integrated assessment o all seafloor constraints upon theemplacement o the rig at the proposed location and top-hole geological conditions to a depthat least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m whichever is greater

Constraints to the proposed drilling operations including man made eatures should beassessed and described

It is recommended that a summary is provided at the start o the report in order to present theessential findings and conclusions about the site in an easily accessible orm

Reports should draw upon all relevant existing and newly acquired data or the site in ques-tion Tis may include or make reerence to

bull desk study reports

bull pre-existing site survey reports

bull exploration 2D or 3D seismic data

bull top-hole logs rom offset wells

bull geotechnical soil investigation data

bull inormation about man-made eatures such as existing wells shipwrecks and oil fieldinrastructure

bull newly acquired hydrographic and geophysical data

bull environmental data including benthic samples and seabed photographs

It is important that any links with environmental or geotechnical investigations are identifiedand there is consistency o results between the reports

Te content o the report should be careully planned with the operational objectives in mindand adjusted on the basis o the site conditions encountered during the survey

Pre-drilling site survey reports should be concise objective and user-riendly they should be

clearly understandable regardless o the technical background o the readerA suggested table o contents or a site survey report is enclosed in the echnical Notes

6 Geohazards analysis and reporting

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 23: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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63 Identifying sources of risk

A key objective o a site survey is to assess geohazards and to enable the risk posed to drilling

operations by the seabed and geological conditions to be managed and reduced

Te presence o hazards must be determined through rigorous and consistent analysis andclearly reported in the text maps and other graphics that make up the site survey report Foreach hazard identified hazard potential should be stated in terms o the likelihood that the

particular condition exists at a specific locality

Te echnical Notes provide interpretation guidelines or the assessment o some key geohaz-ards that may be identified during site survey

64 Consideration by rig type

Te site survey report should address three phases o the drilling operation

bull bringing the rig onto location and stabilising it beore spudding-in

bull spudding the well

bull top-hole drilling to a depth at least 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

I the rig type is not known at the time the site survey report is prepared the report shouldaddress concerns or all the rig types that could be used or the proposed drilling operation

641 Bottom-founded rigs and platform based rigs

Reports or bottom-ounded rigs should address the shallow oundation conditions or rig legemplacement to whichever is greater 30m below seabed or the expected leg penetration depth

plus one-and-a-hal times the diameter o the spud can It should address the expected drillingconditions across the top-hole section to whichever is greater 200m below the preerred set-ting depth o the first pressure containment string or to a depth o 1000m below seabed

Te report should also consider the seabed conditions within a 200m radius o the proposed wellsite or sites along the approach route to location and around any temporary stand-offlocations

642 Anchored rigs

Reports or anchored rigs should ocus on the seafloor and shallow soil conditions to a dis-tance 250m beyond the maximum likely anchor radius and the top-hole drilling conditions orthe proposed location

I anchor locations are known special attention should be paid to the anchor and catenarytouchdown area where the seafloor will be disturbed by anchor chain andor wire ropeTe expected type and strength o the seabed soils where the anchors will be set should bedescribed

For spud-in and top-hole dril ling the report should consider the seabed conditions in a 200mradius around the proposed wellsite and the expected drilling conditions across the top-holesection to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string orto a depth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 24: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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643 Dynamically Positioned (DP) rigs

Reports or DP rigs should consider the expected drilling conditions across the top-hole sec-tion to 200m below the preerred setting depth o the first pressure containment string or to adepth o 1000m below seabed whichever is greater

Special attention should be paid to the immediate vicinity o the proposed wellsite within aradius o 200m or out to the maximum distance that the DP rigrsquos seabed acoustic reerencenetwork shall be laid rom the well

65 Deliverables

Report deliverables can be provided in both digital media and paper orms

Integrated digital methods o compiling presenting and delivery o report inormation are

encouraged In particular GIS and web-based methods allow ease o retrieval or uture reer-ence results integration with other types o inormation and rapid archiving and retrieval

OGP have published a Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) to define an industry standard GISdata model or seabed surveys Tis model can be used as a deliverable standard between opera-tors and survey contractors as well as a data model or managing seabed survey data withinoperator companies Te SSDM was published as beta version late 2010 or testing and willbe finalised in 2011 Te SSDM documentation and supporting material can be downloadedrom wwwogporguk

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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2D multi-channel high resolution seismic

Seismic reflection data designed to image the shallow sectionand detect drilling hazards such as shallow gas

3D migrated 983158olume

Te end product o a ully processed 3D seismic survey

Acoustic seabed imagery

Images derived rom acoustic reflection data processed toillustrate seabed topography eatures and changes in texture

Acquisition arteacts

Noise on seismic data that is a unction o the data acquisition process rather than geology

Anchor radius o a semi-submersible rig

Te radius o the smallest circle that includes all the seabedanchor positions or a semi-submersible rig

Archaeological remains

Objects that are o historical interest Tese may be man-made or example shipwrecks or human or animal remainso any age

Auto-tracking

Te process by which seismic horizons are automaticallytracked in a seismic dataset by an interactive seismic interpre-tation system

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle A sel propelled unteth-ered underwater vehicle that is able to be programmed to flyalong a predefined survey track at a predefined height abovethe seabed to collect data rom sensors installed on it

Backscatter

Te amplitude o the acoustic echo sounder energy reflectedby the seabed that may be processed into maps that provideinormation about seabed eatures and texture

Benthic samples

Seabed samples recovered by grabs or corers that are nor-mally taken or environmental investigations

Bottom ounded rig

Mobile drilling rig such as a jack-up rig or a drilling barge thatrelies on a seabed oundation or stability during drilling

Boulder beds

Accumulations o boulder sized material greater than 10cmacross buried in sediments ypically ound in the base oburied channels or within glacial sediments

Box corer

Seabed sampling system designed to recover a cube o seabedsediment Generally used or sof seabed sediments

Buried infilled channels

Ancient eroded channels that have subsequently been infilledand buried by sediment

Buried slumps

Ancient submarine landslides that have been buried by sedi-ment

Chemosynthetic communities

Discrete lie orms normally in the vicinity o the seabed thatexist only because o specific localized chemical conditions

Clock and orbit corrected GPS

Corrections applied to the clock and orbit ephemerides datathat has been uploaded to each GPS satellite Corrections are

broadcast at 1 Hz to the NASA GDGPS systemCommunications cables

Cables on or beneath the seabed laid either between conti-nents and islands or to offshore installations

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Generic term or satellite based navigation systems like GPSGlonass and others that provide autonomous global position-ing o GNSS receivers

CPT

Cone Penetration est In-situ soil strength testing device

that makes real time measurements as it is pushed into theseabed by mechanical means

Crossline direction

Azimuth bearing o subordinate lines in a marine survey

CTD

Conductivity emperature and Depth meter Device ormaking real time measurements o conductivity temperatureagainst depth over the ull water column to derive the speedo sound in water to calibrate eg echo sounder and USBLobservations

Desk studyExercise to derive as much inormation as possible aboutthe site conditions in an area rom existing data and publicdomain inormation

Diapiric structures

Positive geological structures ormed by the deormation o plastic material or example salt or clays Tey can be associ-ated with hydrocarbon accumulations and may also have asurace expression that in the marine case would result in abathymetric high

Diatreme

A volcanic or injective eature piercing sedimentary strata

Glossary

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

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Differentially Corrected GPS (DGPS)

A method o improving GPS solution or position in plan andheight by applying corrections to satellite ranges Corrections

are calculated between observed and calculated ranges atreerence station(s) o known position

DTM

Digital errain Model Digital representation o a mappedsurace usually defined by xyz values or defined cells

Dynamically Positioned (DP) rig

Mobile drilling rig that relies on thrusters automatically con-trolled by a dynamic positioning system or stability duringdrilling

Engineering activity

Any construction or maintenance activity that could result inchanges to acilities at the seabed deormation o the seabedor dropping o debris items

Erosion and truncation surace

Geological interace that marks the lower limit o erosion andon which deposition has subsequently taken place Erosionand truncation suraces thereore mark unconormities in thesequence o geological deposition

Exploration 3D seismic data

3D seismic reflection data collected or the purpose o explor-

ing or oil and gas rather than studying geohazards and theshallow section

Fault escarpments

Bathymetric ridges on the seabed aligned with underlyinggeological aults

First pressure containment string

Te first casing to be installed in a well that will enable the pressure inside the well to be controlled

Fluid expulsion eatures

Seabed depressions such as pockmarks believed to have been

caused by the expulsion o pore water or gas

Fold o cover

Te number o seismic traces each recorded at a differentsource to receiver offset that are combined together in multi-channel seismic reflection profiling

Foundational depth

Te maximum depth below seabed o interest or oundationdesign and installation

Gas chimney

A zone within the sub-seabed section where the verticalmigration o gas is taking place Tis is ofen characterized byenergy scattering and absorption on seismic reflection dataand a lack o coherent reflectors

Gas hydrate mounds

Accumulations or build ups o gas hydrate at seabed normallyover a seabed seep in deep water or at high latitudes

Gas hydrate zones

Parts o the sub-seabed section where gas hydrate is present

Gas vents

See Fluid Expulsion Features

Geohazard

Geological condition that has the potential to cause harm toman or damage to property

Geological model

Computerised representation o subsurace geology

Geotechnical boreholes

Boreholes drilled into the seabed or the purposes o carry-ing out in-situ geotechnical testing or to collect samples orgeotechnical laboratory testing and analysis

Geotechnical engineering

Te branch o civil engineering concerned with the engineer-ing behaviour o earth materials

GIS

Geographic Inormation System A system that captures

stores analyzes manages and presents data that are directlylinked to the coordinates o the datarsquos origin

Grab

Seabed sampling device

Gradiometers

A system which measures the magnetic gradient using two ormore closely spaced magnetometers

Gravity corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by its own weight o momentum

Ground truthing

Calibration o geological interaces interpreted rom seismicdata using seabed samples

Habitat

An ecological or environmental area inhabited by a particularanimal or plant species

Hardgrounds

Hard material such as cemented sediment coral or rock atseabed

HR 3D survey3D seismic reflection survey designed to image the shallowsection in great detail by recording high requencies

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3138

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 27: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Inline direction

Azimuth bearing o primary lines in a marine survey

Jack-up rig oundationTe seabed conditions where a jack-up rig leg impacts theseabed

Jack-up rig ootprint

Depression lef on the seabed afer a jack-up rig leg has been withdrawn

Layback to towed equipment

Horizontal distance rom the survey vessel to a towed sensor

Local vertical datum

A vertical datum that has been chosen or a project wherea standard datum such as LA may not be appropriate orexample on a platorm or jack-up rig superstructure

Magnetometer

An instrument used to measure the strength and or direc-tion o the magnetic field in the vicinity o the instrument

Maniolds and templates

Examples o acilities placed on the seabed or the purposes odrilling and or production

Mass transport complexes

MCs see Slump Maximum offset

Te maximum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Mega-ripples

Current ripples normally present on a sandy seabed having a wavelength o greater than 05 metre

Minimum offset

Te minimum horizontal source to receiver offset in a multi-channel seismic survey

Minimum phase output

Te output o a seismic source where the energy is ront-endloaded in the first energy peak o the pulse and is not ollowedby a larger peak

Mosaic

Compilation o side scan sonar records to orm a geo-reer-enced seabed map

Motion sensor

An instrument or measuring horizontal and vertical motionand attitude o or example a survey vessel Te inormation isneeded to correct eg multi or single beam echo sounder dataand USBL data or vessel motion

Mud 983158olcano

Formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases SeeDiatreme

Mudflow

See Slumping

Mudline

Seabed erm ofen used when the seabed is composed o particularly sof water saturated sediment

Multi-beam echo sounder

See Swathe Bathymetry System

Multi-channel digital signal processing

Te process by which field recordings rom multi-channelseismic reflection surveys are enhanced and converted tointerpretable sections or volumes

Multiple energ y

Noise on seismic records caused by reverberations betweenstrong reflecting interaces such as the seabed and the seasurace

Near offset cube

A processed 3D seismic dataset that uses only traces recordedby the receivers positioned closest to the seismic source withmost vertical incidence angle Te data will contain the

highest requencies and thus the best vertical resolution but will be a ffected by noise especial ly in the deeper part o thesection

Ocean bottom cable

Seismic recording cable placed on the seabed with ourcomponent receivers that will have the capability to recordS-waves as well as P-waves

Offset well

Existing well rom which inormation is available to tie backto and assist with making predictions about conditions at a proposed well location

Offshore drilling unit

Facility rom which offshore wells are drilled For example amobile dril ling unit

Operator

Company having responsibility or drilling an offshore well

Over-pressure zone

Sub-seabed layer having a pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure

Pinning up activity or a jack-up rig

Procedure by which jack-up rig legs are initially lowered tocontact with the seabed to secure the rig to the seabed andmake it resistant to lateral movement

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 283824

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 293825

Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

copy OGP

Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 303826

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 28: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Piston corer

Seabed sampling device best suited to sof sediments where a piston helps draw sediment into the core barrel

Platorm based rig

Drilling rig mounted on a fixed platorm

Project engineer

Te Operatorrsquos Project Engineer responsible or overall wellor development planning and interace to the Site SurveyProject Manager

Project manager

Can reer to either or both o the Operator staff memberresponsible or planning and delivery o the Site Survey and

the Contractor Representative responsible or actioning theOperatorrsquos plans

Protection fames

Structure placed over a seabed installation normally to pro-tect it rom trawl nets or dropped objects

Record length

Te length o time that seismic signals are recorded ollowingthe firing o a seismic source

Recording system

Instrument or recording seismic signals

Rees

Sedimentary eatures built by the interaction o organismsand their environment that have synoptic relie and whosebiotic composition differs rom that ound on and beneaththe surrounding sea floor or example a coral ree

Relie well

Well designed to provide intervention in the event o incur-ring a well control incident at depth

Responder

Same as ransponder (see below) An electronic acoustic

device that produces an acoustic response when it receives atrigger signal through an umbilical between eg a vessel andtowed equipment

Rock dump

Mound o rock or gravel placed on the seafloor or example tostabilise a pipeline or submarine cable

Salt or mud diapirs

See Diapiric Structures and Diatremes

Sample decimation

Resampling o digital seismic data at a longer interval thanoriginally used

Sample interval

ime interval between successive samples in a digital seismicrecord

Sandwave

Mobile submarine sand dune created by currents ypicallyup to 10 metres high but occasionally higher

Seabed acoustic array

A number o acoustic transponders strategically placed on theseabed to position either surace vessels or example drillingrigs or sub-sea installations

Seabed characterisation

Classification o seabed topography and sediments through

investigationSeabed clearance data

Dataset that enables objects and obstructions on the seabed tobe located and identified

Sedimentary sequence

Succession o sediments that makes up the geologicalsequence

Seismic source

Source o controlled seismic energy that is used in reflectionand reraction seismic surveys

Seismic streamer

Receiving system or marine seismic surveys that is towedbehind a survey vessel Usually consists o a large number ohydrophones arranged in groups and may extend to severalkm in length

Semi-regional

Area o study extending beyond a single well to include sev-eral wells prospects or developments

Shallow gas blowout

Uncontrolled egress o shallow gas rom a well

Shallow section

Te geological section above the setting depth o the first pressure containment string in a well

Shallow water flow zone

Overpressured geological interval rom which pore waterflows into a well causing difficulties in well control and effec-tive cementing o casing

Side scan sonar

Instrument or scanning the seabed to either side o a surveyline using acoustic pulses Can detect objects on the seabedand variations in seabed topography and seabed sedimenttype

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

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Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3138

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

th Fl

Page 29: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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Guidelines or the conduct o offshore drilling hazard site surveys

copy OGP

Single beam hydrographic echo sounder

Instrument or measuring water depth immediately below asurvey vessel

Slump

Movement o a sediment mass under the influence o gravityAn example is the outflow o sediment rom a seabed expul-sion eature such as a mud volcano Also known as Gravityransport

Source signature

Output wavelet or waveshape o a particular seismic sourcerom which requency output power and phase may be deter-mined

Spatial resolution

Te lateral size o a eature that can be detected by the seismicmethod Usually defined as the radius o the Fresnel zone at a particular depth On migrated data the Fresnel zone radius isrelated to approximately one quarter o the signal wavelength

Spud can

Base o a jack-up rig leg

Stand-off location

Area o seabed that has been surveyed and established as asae place or a rig to be placed while waiting to move onto anintended drilling location

Stratigraphy

A branch o geology that studies rock layers and layering(stratification) primarily used in the study o sedimentaryrocks

Sub-bottom profiler

Seismic reflection instrument or investigating the upper ewtens o metres o the sub-seabed with as high a vertical resolu-tion as possible

Subsea isolation valves

Valves on submarine pipelines that automatically cut off

the flow in the event o an emergency Tey are ofen placed within a ew hundred metres o a platorm

Subsurace data

Geophysical and geotechnical data or investigating sub-seabed geology

Swathe bathymetry system

Instrument or measuring water depths within a definedswathe either side o a survey vessel track

Time slice

Horizontal section through a 3D seismic volume that displaysinormation at the same two way reflection time

Top-hole drilling hazards

Geological conditions that impact on drilling operations inthe top-hole section o a well

Top-hole section

Te shallow geological section above the setting depth o thefirst pressure containment string in a well

Topography

Te study o Earthrsquos surace shape and eatures

Tow fish

Vehicle on which survey sensors are mounted that is towedbehind a survey vessel

Towed sensors

Survey sensors mounted on a tow fish and towed behind asurvey vessel

Trace decimation

Reducing the number o seismic traces in a seismic record inorder to reduce its volume

Transponder

An electronic acoustic device that produces an acousticresponse when it receives an acoustic signal rom eg a vesselmounted transducer or another transponder

USBLUltra Short Baseline System a subsea acoustic positioningsystem used to determine the position o towed or deployedsensors in the water column A transponder or responder ismounted on the sensor to be positioned and interrogatedrom a transducer o known position

Unscaled

A processed seismic section in which the magnitude o reflec-tion amplitudes is preserved in a meaningul way and may beused or example in the identification o shallow gas

Unstable slopes

Submarine slopes that have the potential to ail

UUV

Untethered Underwater Vehicle see AUV

Velocity model

Te assignment o different seismic velocities to certain dis-crete geological or reflection time intervals

Velocity probe

Instrument or making real time measurements o the speedo sound in water to calibrate echo sounder readings

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3138

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

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Vessel mounted acoustic positioning system

A subsea acoustic positioning system that is permanentlyinstalled on a vessel Tis system can either determine the

relative position o acoustic transponders or respondersmounted on other equipment (eg tow fish) or absolute posi-tions within a network o seabed acoustic transponders

Vessel transducer

A transducer to transmit and receive acoustic signals that iseither permanently installed in the hull o a vessel or deployedrom the vessel or the acquisition o different data types water depth (echo sounder) shallow geophysical data (subbottom profiler) range and bearing to towed equipment(acoustic positioning system)

Vibro-corer

Seabed sampling device that penetrates the seabed using orceexerted by a vibrating motor mounted on top o a coringbarrel

Wavelet

A seismic pulse usually consisting o one and a hal to twocycles

Wellhead

A general term used to describe the pressure containing com- ponent at the surace o an oil or gas well that provides theinterace or drilling and production equipment

Windowed attribute extractions

Analysis o the reflection amplitudes or other seismic attrib-utes over a specific reflection time window carried out usingan interactive seismic interpretation system

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

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983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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C o n s t r a i n t

h a z a r d o r c o n c e r n

I m p a c t o n o p

e r a t i o n s

I n v e s t i g a t o r y d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t

B o t t o m f o u n d e

d r i g o r p l a t f o r m

A n c h o r e d r i g

D y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o

n e d r i g

E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t s

T o i n c l u d e b u t

n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull M a r i n e S a n c t u a r i e s

bull F i s h s p a w n i n g g r o u n d s

bull C o l d w a t e r c o r a l s

bull C h e m o s y n t h e t i c c o m m u n i t i e s

C h o i c e o f

bull E m e r g e n c y t r a n s i t l o c a t i o n s

bull S t a n d - o

f f L o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n

m e n t a l l y

n e u t r a l

bull L o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r L o c a t i o n s

bull C a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y n e u t r a l

w e l l l o c a t i o n

P r e s e n c e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m a d

e s k s t u d y

r e v i e w o f

bull L o c a l l a w s r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p u b l i c a n

n o u n c e m e n t s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s f o r t h e a r e a

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

O t h e r w i s e d e f i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r

m e t h o d s t o ldquo N a t u r a l S e a b e

d

F e a t u r e s rdquo a b o v e a n d i n k e e

p i n g w i t h

s e c t i o n 5 5 1

S h i p p i n g a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g a r e a s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o a n d d e p a r t u r e f r o m

l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

A s d e f i n e d o n p u b l i s h e d n a

u t i c a l

c h a r t s ( s e e s e c t i o n 4 )

A r c h a e o l o g i c a

l f e a t u r e s

T o i n c l u d e b u t n o t b e l i m i t e d t o

bull W r e c k s

bull W a r d e b r i s ( m i n e

s e t c )

bull P o s s i b l e s u b m e r g

e d c o m m u n i t i e s o r h u m a n

e n v i r o n m e n t s

C h o i c e o f

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull S t a n d - o

f f l o c a t i o n s

bull D i r e c t i o n o f a p p r o a c h o n t o l o c a t i o n

C h o i c e o f s a f e

bull W e l l l o c a t i o n

bull A n c h o r l o c a t i o n s a n d c a t e n a r y t o u c h d o w n p o i n t s

C h o i c e o f w e l l l o c a t i o n

D e f i n e d b y

bull L o c a l L a w s a n d l i s t i n g s

bull N a u t i c a l c h a r t s

S e e S e c t i o n 1 a n d 4

M a p p e d f r o m t h e i n t e g r a t e d u s e o f

bull S i d e s c a n s o n a r d a t a

bull T o w e d m a g n e t o m e t e r

bull d a t a

bull P r o f i l e r d a t a

S e e S e c t i o n 5 5 1

W h e n t h e a b o v e d a t a a r e n o t

a c q u i r e d i n w a t e r d e p t h s g r e a t e r

t h a n 7 5 0 m

t h e w e l l l o c a t i o

n s h o u l d

b e v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d b y t h e

r i g rsquo s

R O V i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o a n d

d u r i n g s p u d d i n g o f t h e w e l l

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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Page 33: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3338

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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Page 34: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3438

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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Page 35: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3538

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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th Fl

Page 36: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 363832

International Association o Oil amp Gas Producers

copy OGP

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

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th Fl

Page 37: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3738

For further information and publicationsplease visit our website at

wwwogporguk

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

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Page 38: OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

8122019 OGP Guidlines 373-18-1

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullogp-guidlines-373-18-1 3838

983090983088983097-983090983089983093 Blackfriars RoadLondon SE983089 983096NLUnited KingdomTelephone +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983088983090983095983090Fax +983092983092 (983088)983090983088 983095983094983091983091 983090983091983093983088

983089983094983093 Bd du Souverain

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