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Oges Webinar

Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Solution or Just Another M Method for Current Times

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Speakers Oges Webinar on Enhanced Oil Recovery

Dr. Kristian MogensenEOR Technical Advisor

at Eni, Milan

Holger KinzelMD, Planxty Engineering & Consulting Services GmbH

Aninda GhoshSr. Reservoir Engineer, ONGC

Rajesh SharmaExpert-Production Performace E&P

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Kristian MogensenKristian Mogensen recently joined ENI SpA as a Technical Advisor for EOR. Prior to moving to Italy, Kristian worked for Maersk Oil for 16 years in various roles with special focus on oil recovery from tight chalk fields in the Danish North Sea and from a giant limestone reservoir in Qatar. From 2010 to 2014 he was responsible for leading the R&D efforts for Maersk Oil on conventional enhanced oil recovery methods such as gas injection and chemical flooding, as well as on more frontier methods involving nano-particles and genetic engineering. Kristian holds MSc and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering, both from the Technical University of Denmark, has co-authored more than 25 publications and is the co-inventor of some 20 patent applications. He is an Associate Editor for JPSE and a reviewer for SPE REE.

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Holger KinzelHolger is the founder and managing director of Planxty Engineering & Consulting Services GmbH, a Northern Germany based company, offering engineering services, marketing and business development support, assistance as sales agent and representative for selected products and services as well as consulting, optimization, training, coaching, moderation and business mediation. Holger looks back on over 30 years of industry experience in various technical and management positions in the oil and gas industry, working in international assignments for companies such as Weatherford and Preussag. Holger has published over 50 technical papers and given numerous conference presentations.Born 1957, graduated as Diplom-Ingenieur (Germany equivalent to an MSc degree) in Petroleum Engineering and Drilling from the University of Clausthal, Germany. Currently he is in the process of graduating as a Master of Mediation from the University of Hagen. He also is a PhD candidate at the Technical University of Freiberg.

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Rajesh Sharma

Rajesh is an expert in setting up production facilities and business transformation of E&P upstream leveraging Digital Oil Field and Analytics Technology. He has acquired 32+ years of diverse, multi-functional and extensive experience in managing upstream oil and gas operations, building and managing successful teams leading oil and gas and technology project implementation and championing data-led transformation of business workflows.He has demonstrable expertise in conceptualization, design and implementation of DOF solutions e.g. Collaboration Centers, Production Surveillance, Production Data Management and Big Data Analytics programs.

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Aninda GhoshAninda started as Engineering Geologist in NTPC Ltd , then worked as Manager (Exploration) in TATA Steel before joining Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC Ltd.) as Senior Reservoir Engineer.He brings with him experience in reservoir data acquisition and interpretation, planning and conducting well testing operation, field development planning of onshore and offshore fields, planning of water injection efficacy and reservoir characterization.

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BASICS OF EOR

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EOR – WHY AND HOW▪Improve recovery by changing

o Fluid propertieso Fluid-fluid interactionso Fluid-rock interactions

▪Three contributions to recoveryo Microscopic sweep o Areal sweep o Vertical sweep

▪Mainly applied too Brown fieldso Onshore reservoirs

oilwater

sandgrain

Inje

ctor

Prod

ucer

Vertical Sweep

Areal SweepMicroscopic Sweep

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▪Improve microscopic sweepo Miscibilityo Swelling

▪Reduce oil viscosity

▪Affects vertical sweepo Displacement of attic oil

▪Pressure maintenance (not EOR)

▪Applicable to medium-light oils

GAS INJECTION

▪Poor sweep, early breakthrougho Gravity overrideo Viscous fingering

▪Complicated phase behavior

▪Flow assurance issueso Hydrate formationo Asphaltene precipitation

▪Safety aspectso Corrosiono Well integrity

BENEFITS CHALLENGES

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Gas Gas

Miscible WAG

Hydrocarbon Gas

WATER-ALTERNATING-GAS (WAG) INJECTION

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▪Improve areal sweepo Reduce oil-water viscosity contrast

▪Improve vertical sweepo Compensate for permeability contrast

POLYMER INJECTION

▪Complicated rheology

▪Logistics issues in remote locations

▪Creates oil-water separation problems

▪Injectivity is reduced

▪ASP process very difficult to manage

▪Limited tolerance towardso Multi-valent ions (Ca, Mg, Fe)o Temperature

BENEFITS CHALLENGES

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STEAM INJECTION

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CYCLIC STEAM STIMULATION

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STEAM-ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE (SAGD)

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AIR INJECTION (IN-SITU COMBUSTION)

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Simulation & Lab AnalysisScreening Phase

Y1 Y3 Y4

SWCTT Pilot Test

Y5Full Field

Implementation

Y6+

DEPLOY

INTER-WELLFIELD TRIALS

SINGLE-WELLCHEMICAL TRACER TESTS

LAB WORK (ROCKS, FLUIDS)

Adapted from BP

Typical Costs10-100 MM USD

1-10 MM USD

0.3 MM USD

0.2 MM USD

The Pyramid of Trust

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LATEST ADVANCES IN EOR

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FOAM FOR IMPROVED CONFORMANCE

▪Gas dispersed in liquido Liquid is connectedo Gas flow partially

blocked

▪Generated in-situ

▪Stabilized byo Surfactants (AOS)o Nano-particles (CO2-

foams)

▪Weakened by oil

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LOW-SALINITY / SMART WATER IN SANDSTONESKey mechanism is expansion of electrical double-layer releasing oil from surface

From SPE 129722

BP field trial in Clair Ridge, North Sea

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LOW-SALINITY / SMART WATER IN CARBONATES

▪Formation water must have low sulphate content

▪Temperature > 90 C

▪Injection water must contain divalent ions

From Austad et al. (University of Stavanger)

REQUIREMENTS FOR CHALK

▪Dilution of FW works for Saudi limestones

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EOR METHODS IN DEVELOPMENT

▪Visco-elastic surfactants (Solvay)

▪Wettability-altering surfactantso Oil-wet carbonates (Dow)

▪Salinity-tolerant bio-polymerso Schizophyllan (Wintershall)

▪Nano-particleso Foam stabilization (UT Austin)o Magnetic heating (UT Austin)o Reservoir surveillance (Aramco)

▪Microbial EORo Glori Oil, Statoil

▪Enzymeso Field trials in UAE and Myanmar

▪Hybrid EOR methodso Low-salinity and polymer (Shell)o Low-salinity and WAG (Shell)o Low-tension gas flooding (UT Austin)

▪Expanding the operational envelopeo Gas injection into heavy oilo Polymer injection in heavy oil

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MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

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PURPOSE OF MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE PLAN

▪Evaluate whether EOR process performs as expectedo Expected behavior must be predicted with simulation modelo Derive incremental oil from production data and compare with baseline case

(typically a waterflood or «do-nothing» scenario)

▪Reduce uncertainty on parameters with biggest impact on economicso Measure/estimate residual oil saturation, injectivity, heterogeneity,

operational constraintso With more accurate parameter sets, simulate optimum use of EOR injectant

over project life

▪Intervene if process does not behave as expectedo Early breakthrough, facilities upsets, injectivity problemso Mechanical or chemical water/gas shut-off, chemical inhibition

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EXAMPLES OF MONITORING TECHNIQUES

▪Near-wellbore Monitoringo Fiberglass observation wellso Saturation logso PLTo Coringo Sampling and analysis of produced fluidso Injectivity tests, pressure transient testso Single-well chemical tracer test

▪Field Scaleo Interwell gas or water tracerso 4-D seismicso Cross-well EM

Continuous data management and analysis is essential

Reservoir simulation plays a key role in surveillance

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EXAMPLES OF ANALYTICAL MONITORING TECHNIQUES

▪Diagnostics Plots per Patterno Example: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska

Derive plots to compare performance of different patterns using fair metrics

Incremental EORUnit volume of Injectant

UF =

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COMPLETIONCHALLENGES

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▪Most EOR floods Implemented in Mature Fieldso Suboptimal well location designed for depletion or waterflood

o Insufficient zonal control (open-hole completions)

o Metallurgy not designed with EOR in mindo Corrosion (gas injection)o Temperature (thermal EOR)o Chemical compatibility issues (chemical EOR)

o Well-integrity issues (Casing leaks)

o Sometimes difficult to get access to the wellhead (offshore)

o Costly workovers are sometimes required

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▪Considerations for EOR in Green Field Developmentso Well placement relative to geological features and relative to other wells

o Good zonal isolation

o Well integrity (no flow behind casing)

o Zonal control from surface (liner, SSD’s, packers)

o Metallurgy and seals designed with EOR in mindo Corrosion-resistanceo Adequate pressure- and temperature ratings

o Ability to easily switch between injectants is crucial for WAG operations

o Special chokes required for polymers

10 LEADING EOR SPECIALISTS IN ACADEMIA

Sohrabi

Mohanty Johns

Pope Delshad

Blunt

WhitsonRossen

Kantzas Austad

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BOOKS ON PHASE BEHAVIOR, GAS INJECTION AND GENERAL EOR

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Holger KinzelHolger is the founder and managing director of Planxty Engineering & Consulting Services GmbH, a Northern Germany based company, offering engineering services, marketing and business development support, assistance as sales agent and representative for selected products and services as well as consulting, optimization, training, coaching, moderation and business mediation. Holger looks back on over 30 years of industry experience in various technical and management positions in the oil and gas industry, working in international assignments for companies such as Weatherford and Preussag. Holger has published over 50 technical papers and given numerous conference presentations.Born 1957, graduated as Diplom-Ingenieur (Germany equivalent to an MSc degree) in Petroleum Engineering and Drilling from the University of Clausthal, Germany. Currently he is in the process of graduating as a Master of Mediation from the University of Hagen. He also is a PhD candidate at the Technical University of Freiberg.

#ogesEORwebinar© 2016 by planxty engineering & consulting Services GmbH

© 2016 by planxty engineering & consulting Services GmbH

Well Integrity

• application of technical, operational and organizational solutions to reduce risk of uncontrolled release of formation fluids and well fluids throughout the life cycle of a well

Well Barrier Principle

• envelope of one or several well barrier elements preventing fluids from flowing unintentionally from the formation into the wellbore, into another formation or to the external environment



Well Barrier Element

• a physical element which in itself does not prevent flow but in combination with other Well Barrier Elements forms a well barrier


Two Important Well Barrier Elements

• Tubulars

• Cement


Leak Tightness

• Is my tubular connection design permanently tight throughout the lifetime of the well?

• Any connection relying on thread compound for leak tightness (such as API-8rd or Buttress) are only tight temporarily.

• This time can be very short!


Corrosion

• Is my well design fit for EOR measures such as– High temperature and/or

temperature variations (e.g. steam injection)?

– Pumping of corrosive fluids such as CO2?


Cement

• Do I know what cyclic loads my cement has seen or will see throughout the lifetime of the well?

• How does my cement react for example to CO2-injection or thermal cycles?

• Lifetime of cement under cyclic loads is limited!

Rajesh Sharma

Rajesh is an expert in setting up production facilities and business transformation of E&P upstream leveraging Digital Oil Field and Analytics Technology. He has acquired 32+ years of diverse, multi-functional and extensive experience in managing upstream oil and gas operations, building and managing successful teams leading oil and gas and technology project implementation and championing data-led transformation of business workflows.He has demonstrable expertise in conceptualization, design and implementation of DOF solutions e.g. Collaboration Centers, Production Surveillance, Production Data Management and Big Data Analytics programs.

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➢ Synergistic model between Reservoir and production required at the outset.

➢ Project team to integrate instrumentation, tools and surveillance systems at the concept stage itself to identify the instrumentation needs, data flow and management system.

➢ O&M team to build and maintain database.

Deploy EOR from Early development to field abandonment

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Digital Oil field elements

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Reservoir data screened to select optimal EOR method

➢Gather as much reservoir data as possible

➢Develop a coherent package to compare with the screening criteria for various EOR methods.

➢ Laboratory studies to investigate rock and fluid properties, to conduct flow studies.

➢Develop updated static and dynamic reservoir models.➢Simulate the effects of different EOR methods

to choose the optimum one.

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➢Set up a team of experts

➢Build a platform with automated workflows

for providing data and information as a single source of truth covering data acquisition ,data validation,repository of past cases of EOR applications.

Build a collaborative environment

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Aninda GhoshAninda started as Engineering Geologist in NTPC Ltd , then worked as Manager (Exploration) in TATA Steel before joining Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC Ltd.) as Senior Reservoir Engineer.He brings with him experience in reservoir data acquisition and interpretation, planning and conducting well testing operation, field development planning of onshore and offshore fields, planning of water injection efficacy and reservoir characterization.

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EOR Screening and Application in India: An Overview

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EOR

Chemical

Polymer Flooding

Alkaline Flooding

Surfactant Flooding

Hybrid Flooding

Thermal

Steam Flood

Steam Injection

CSS

SAGD

In-situ Combustion

LTO

HTO

Gas Flooding

Hydrocarbon Gas

Miscible

Immiscible

CO2

Miscible

Immiscible

Flue Gas, N2

MEOR

Various EOR Processes: A Birds Eye View

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Global EOR Screening Criterion

Source: Shell EOR Brochure, 2012

Source: SPE 35385

Not all EOR can be applied to everywhere !!

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Vertical Thickness proportional to oil Recovery

Probelm: Criterion overlapping Zeroing down to specific process difficult Chemical Flood:

Large Window

Shallow DepthHeavy oil

Screening Criterion for Chemical EORMicellar, ASP, Alkaline Flooding

Polymer Flooding

Oil Properties Crude Oil Gravity (oAPI) 20 35 > 15

Viscosity (cp) 35 13 <150 & >10 (Pref <100 & >10)

Composition Micellar: Light to Intermediate Hydrocarbons Alkaline: High Acid Number

Not Critical

Oil Saturation 35 53 50 80

Formation Properties Lithology Siliciclastic Reservoir Siliciclastic Reservoir

Net Thickness, (ft) Not Critical Not Critical

Average K, (md) 10 450 10 450

Depth, (ft) 3250 9000 < 9000

Temperature (oF) 80 200 200 140

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Chemical EOR- Indian Scenario

Result of Polymer Injection pilot in Mangla FieldResult of Polymer Injection in Sanand Field

Polymer Flooding: Mangla (Moderate Oil Viscocity) Field by Cairn India Ltd.Sanand(High Mobility Contrast) Field by ONGC

Ltd.

ASP Flooding : Viraj (High Acid Number), Kalol and Jhalora Field by ONGC LtdMangla, Bhagyam and Aisharya Field by

Cairn India Ltd.

Source : SPE 114878 Source : Cairn Technical Brochure

Mangla, Bhagyam, Aishwarya

Sanand, Jhalora, Viraj,Kalol

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Increase Oil Rate: 300% W/C decreaseOil rate increase

Screening Criterion for Thermal EORSteam Flood In-Situ Combustion

Oil Properties Crude Oil Gravity (oAPI) 8 25 10 27

Viscosity (cp) >100,000 < 5,000

Composition Not Critical But Light End of Steam Distillation Helps

Some Asphaltin Component to Aid Coke Formation

Formation Properties Oil Saturation > 40 66 > 50 72

Lithology Siliciclastic Reservoir with High Porosity and Permeability

Siliciclastic Reservoir with High Porosity

Net Thickness, (ft) > 20 > 10

Average K, (md) > 200 > 50

Transmissibility, (md-ft/cp) > 50 > 20

Depth, (ft) < 5,000 < 5,000

Temperature (oF) Not Critical Not Critical

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Thermal EOR- Indian ScenarioSteam Flooding: NIL

In-situ Combustion: Balol, Santhal, Lanwa Field by ONGC Ltd Balol, Santhal, Lanwa

Result of ISC in Balol Field Result of ISC in Santhal FieldSource : Petrotech 2010, PaperID: 20100284Source : SPE 114878,

37547

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Oil Rate: ~ 700 BPD Single Well

Oil Rate: ~ 1200 BPD Single Well

Porosity: 25-30%, Perm : 1- 5 DarcyDepth : ~1000 m, Oil Viscocity: 1200 cp

N2 and Flue Gas Flood

Hydrocarbon Gas Flood (Miscible)

CO2 Flood(Miscible)

Immiscible Gas Flood

Oil Properties

Crude Oil Gravity (oAPI) > 35 48 > 23 41 > 22 36 > 12

Viscosity (cp) < 0.4 0.2 < 3 0.5 < 10 1.5 < 600

Composition High Percentage of C1 to C7

High Percentage of C2 to C7

High Percentage of C5 to C12

Not Critical

Formation Properties

Oil Saturation > 40 75 > 30 80 > 20 55 > 35 70

Lithology Siliciclastic or Carbonate

Siliciclastic or Carbonate

Siliciclastic or Carbonate

Not Critical

Net Thickness, (ft) Thin unless dipping

Thin unless dipping

Wide Range Not Critical if dipping and/or good vertical permeability

Average K, (md) Not Critical Not Critical Not Critical Not Critical

Depth, (ft) > 6,000 > 4,000 > 2,500 > 1,800

Temperature (oF) Not Critical Not Critical Not Critical Not Critical

Screening Criterion for Gas Flood EOR

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Very High Microscopic Displacement Efficiency

Gas Flood EOR- Indian ScenarioMiscible Hydrocarbon Gas Flood: Gandhar Field by ONGC LtdImmiscible Hydrocarbon Gas Flood : Gandhar Field by ONGC LtdSWAG : Western India Offshore by ONGC Ltd

Result of Miscible HC Gas Flood in Gandhar Field

Source : ONGC Unpublished Report

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Reservoir Depth: 2900 m

MMP: 350 KSC

Incremental Oil Rate: 4000 BPD

Incremental Recovery: 22%

Screening Criterion for MEOROil Properties Crude Oil Gravity (oAPI) > 20

Viscosity (cp) < 20

Composition Not Critical

Formation Properties Residual Oil Saturation > 25

Lithology Siliciclastic Reservoir (Preferably)

Pressure, KSC < 300

W/C, % 30 90

pH 4 9 (Preferable 6 8 )

Temperature (oC) < 90

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Gas Flood EOR- Indian ScenarioApplied in few wells of different fields of ONGC Ltd. and OILUnder R&D stage

Source : ONGC Unpublished Report

Result of MEOR in one well of ONGC Ltd

Parameter Pre MEOR Post MEOR

Qo, m3/d 3.1 6.6 – 14.5

W/C, % 78 42 - 80

Incremental Oil Gain, m3 0 2300

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Dr. Kristian MogensenEOR Technical Advisor at Eni, Milan

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Screening

•Three main EOR methods: gas injection, chemical EOR, thermal EOR

•Understand what controls current recovery factor. This will guide your selection of the most appropriate EOR method

•Emerging methods include foam and low-salinity water flooding

Planning

•Spend enough time on the planning phase. EOR projects are complicated.

•Spend money on lab work and field trials to reduce uncertainty and risk during a full-field implementation

Implementation

•Close monitoring during operation is a key aspect of an EOR flood. You must be able to quantify the performance, compared to an expectation case.

•Proper data management is a must

•Take safety aspects seriously. Do not ignore well integrity.

•Build a collaborative environment. Make sure everyone understands why the project is important. The biggest challenge is often not technical but organisational.

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