GUIDELINES FOR MININGNEAR WATER BODIES

USBM CONTRACT REPORT H0252083

April 1976

SKELLYAND LOYENVIRClI\MENT - ENERGYENGINEERING - PLANNING

GUIDELINES FOR MINING NEAR WATER BODIES

PI-lASE III - FINAL REPORT

RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FORMINING UNDER SURFACE WATERS

Submitted to:

United States Department of the InteriorBureau of Mlnes

Western Adminlstrative OfficeDivision of Contracts

Btri ldirro 20. Denver Federal CenterDenver, Colorado 80225

In Response to:

Project No. H0252083

Subm itted by:

SKELLY and LOYEngineers - Consultants260 1 North Front Street

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110

April 1976

DISCLAIMER NOTICE

"The views and conclusions contained in this docurnentare those of the authors and should not be interpretedas necessarily representing the official policies orrecommendations of the Interior Department's Bureauof Mines or of the U. S. Government."

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to formulate practical guidelines

for active underground mining in close proximity to water bodies.

This was accomplished through systematic completion of three phases

of study: I) Collection and Documentation of Data; II) Application of

EXisting Guidelines to Case Histories of Previous Inundations; and III)

Development of Recommended Guidel ines for Underground Coal Mining

Near Bodies of Water.

Phase I of the study involved a worldwide data collection effort

designed to obtain foreign and domestic guidel ines for mining near

water bodies ~ and accident records and case histories of accidental

mine inundations. Within Phase II~ existing guidelines were categorized

and c lae s if'ted , and then evaluated as to their effectiveness in precluding

past inundations had they been in effect at the time of inrush. Advantaqes

and disadvantages of existing guidelines were defined.

Drawing on the broad data base establ ished in previous study

efforts, Phase [II was directed at development of viable guidelines to

promote the greatest possible coal extraction while precluding accidental

mine inundation. Two levels of guidelines are presented; Level I Guide-

lines require 1itile or no subsurface exploration on the part of the mine

operator, while Level II Guidelines recommend various testing and

-i-

investigative procedures to permit greatest possible mineral extrac-

tion.

This report presents findings and conclusions of the study.

-ii-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION. . . • . • • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTATION OF LEVEL I GUIDELINES. • • · 11

PURPOSE OF LEVEL I GUIDELINES · • • • · • • · • • • • • • • 13CURRENT GUIDEUNES USED IN LEVEL I

DEVELOPMENT • . • • • • · • · · · • • • · · • · • • • • • • 14LEVEL I GUIDELINES • • • • • • • • • · · · • • · • · • • 15

Mining Under Continental Surface Waters • · • · · • 16

Consideration of Percentage Extraction · · • • • • • 20

Mining Near AbandonedWorkings and NaturalSubsurface Hazards. • • • • • • • • • • • • • · . . . . . . 22

Establish Barrier Pillars Around AbandonedWorkings. • • · · · · · · • · • • • • • · · · • · • • • • 22

Property Boundary Barrier Pillars · · · · • • • · • · • 25Mining Near Wells, Shafts or Other Openings. e • · • · 26

Oil and Gas Wells. • • • • • · • · • · · · • • • · 26Shafts and Other Mine Openings • • • · • • • • · 27

Mining Under Unconsolidated Deposits andNatural Reservoirs · · · · • · · • · • • • · • • • • · • 28

General Mine Planning Procedures. · · · • · • • • 30

Managementand Supervis ion. · · · • • · • • • • • · 31Mine Plan Mapping and Geologic Data • · · • • • • • • • 32Water in Mines • · • • • • · • · 35Escapeways · • · · • · · · · · · · · · · · • • · · · • • · 36

DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTATION OF LEVEL II GUIDELINES • • • 39

PURPOSE OF LEVEL II GUIDELINES •••••CURRENT GUIDELINES USED IN LEVEL II

· . . . . . . 41

DEVELOPMENT •••••••••••••••• · . . · . 42

- iii -

TABLE"OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

LEVEL II GUIDELINES ••••••••••••• . . . . . . . .Mining Under Continental Surface Waters . . . . . . .• .• .• .

Partial Extraction Guidelines. .. . . . . . " . . . . . . .Roof Rock Evaluatlon • • • • • • • • • • • •Determining the Width of the Heading •••Pillar Dimensioning •••••••••••Floor Rock Evaluation ••••••Development Plan. • • • • ••

· . .· . .· . .· .• •

Full Extraction GuideHnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mining Near Abandoned Workings . .• . . . . . ,. . . . . . .

Establish Barrier Pillars Around AbandonedWorkings •••••..••••...•.••..•..

Drilling Boreholes in Advance of Mining ••Mining Under Flooded Abandoned WorkingsProperty Boundary Barrier Pillars ••••Mining Near Wells, Shafts or Other Openings ••

· . .· . .

Oil and Gas Wells. • • • • • • • •Shafts and Other Mine Openings • • • •

· . · . .Mining Under Natural Subsurface Hazards. . . ~ ~ . .

Partial Extraction GUidelines ••Full Extraction Guidelines • • •

. . . · . . . .. . . . . . · . .FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS. .• . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . III • • • • • •

BIBLIOGRAPI-lY • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . •.- . .

- LV-

· .• •

· .. .· .· .

• •

43

45

53

• • 5464656870

71

74

7478858687

8789

90

9091

93

101

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - CURRENT STATE, FEDERAL, ANDFOREIGN GUIDELINES WHICH FITTHE LEVEL I ClJ>SSIFICATION •••••••• A-1

APPENDIX B - CURRENT STATE, FEDERAL, ANDFOREIGN GUIDELINES WHICH FITTHE LEVEL II CLASSIFICATION •••••••• B-1

APPENDIX C - SUBtv\ARINE MINING AND SUB-SIDENCE PREDICTIVE METHODS. • C-1

-v-

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 - LEVEL I GUIDELINES RECOMMENDED FOR MININGUNDER SURFACE WATERS OR HAZARDS WHICHCOULD RESULT IN INUNDATION ••••••••••• 17

TABLE 2 - LEVEL II GUIDELINES RECOMMENDED FOR MININGUNDER SURFACE WATERS OR HAZARDS WHICHCOULD RESULT IN INUNDATION • • • • ••••• 46

TABLE 3 - UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOMECOAL MINE ROCK ••••••••••••••••• 56

TABLE 4 - ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION FOR INTACT ROCK. • 57

TABLE 5 - CLASSIACATION OF IN-SITU ROCK. • • • • • • • • 59

TABLE 6 - TYPICAL PERMEABILITIES OF ROCKS NORfVlA.LLYENCOUNTERED IN COAL MINING. • • • • • • • • •• 60

TABLE 7 - RELATIVE SUPPORTING STRENGTH OF PILLARSHAVING VARIOUS CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPESAND THE SAME AREA ••••••••••••••• 66

TABLE 8 - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND BEARINGSTRENGTH OF COAL BED FLOOR SHALES . .. . .. . .. . . . 70

- vi -

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 - SAFETY ZONE FOR MINING UNDER CONTINENTALSURFACE WATERS LEVEL I GUIDELINES ••• . . . 19

FIGURE 2 - EXAMPLE OF POTENTIAL SUBSIDENCE AREADUE TO INBREAK ANGLES ••••••••••••• . •. ,. . . 21

FIGURE 3 - SINGLE PACKER ARRANGEMENT AS PROPOSEDFOR PERMEABI LIlY TESTING OF OVERBURDENAND COAL •.......•.•.......••.•...•••. 63

FIGURE 4 - CURRENT LY REQUIRED BOREHOLE PATTERN INADVANCE OF MINING ••••••••••••••••• . . . . 79

FIGURE 5 - PENETRATION OF THEORETICAL ENVELOPE OFSAFETY AFFORDED BY PRESENT GUIDELINES •• 80

FIGURE 6 - PROPOSED BOREHOLE PATTERN IN ADVANCEOF MINING ..••..........•..•.. ~ . . . . . . . . 83

FIGURE 7 - AN EXAMPLE OF THE INCREASED S,h,FETYAFt-ORDED BY THE PROPOSED GUIDELINES 84

FIGURE 8 - CURRENT BARRIER PILLAR REQUIREMENTWHEN LOCATION AND EXTENT OF ABANDONEDWORKINGS ARE UNKNOWN. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 97

FIGURE 9 - RECOVERY OF ADDITIONAL RESERVES THROUGHTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEVEL I GUIDELINESWHEN ABANDONED WORKINGS CAN BE ACCUR-ATEL Y LOCATED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 99

- vii -

INTRO DUCTION

-1-

-2-

INTRODUCTION

To fully understand the genesis of this project, we must first con-

sider the chronological turn of events. In the early days of coal mining,

very little importance was given to mine regulations, and most emphasis

was placed on economics of coal removal. For the most part, miner

safety was left to the individual companies, some of whom did not possess

the necessary expertise to incorporate safety into the total development

plan.

After several serious inundations, public concern prompted pas-

sage of regulations governing mining in close pr-oxtrntty to dangerous

accumulations of water. Pr'imarily, these regulations were directed at

adjacent flooded workings rather than surface waters (since this was the

major area of concern); rarely were these regulations rigidly enforced.

Early regulati.ons were usually rules-of-thumb guidelines, as very little

specific information was available on exact causes of water inrushes. As

more information became available concerning the cause of inundations

(such as bar-r-ter- pillar thickness at time of inrush), more stringent regu-

lations were enacted. Since coal was a rather plentiful commodity, little

regard was given to potential overrestrictiveness of these guidelines,

especially in light of the consequences of underrestrictive guidelines, L e. ,

the potenti.al for multiple loss of life. As a result, many areas were

-3-

essentially sterilized from development.

With the advent of the recent energy crisis, a new awareness

for resource conservation was born. Project Independence calls for

major expansion of the coal industry as one means of reducing our

dependency on imported oil. As part of this expansion and conserva-

tion effort, we must encourage maximum recovery of our coal resources.

Historically, we have ostracized enormous quantities of otherwise recov-

erable coal by inefficient mining practices and, quite frankly, lack of

concern. Until recently, such an attitude was popular because of the

seemingly endless coal reserves and relatively low cost of alternate

energy sources such as natural gas and oil. Economics encouraged, and

oftentimes dictated] the abandonment of many mining operations because

more easily recoverable seams were so readily available.

The sudden awakening brought about by the energy crisis in the

winter of 1973, which precipitated drastically increased coal prices,

gave renewed hope to the coat industry and economic incentive to secure

maximum eoaI recovery. In light of the present economics and energy

conservation aspects of coal recovery, the Bureau of Mines initiated

this study for the purpose of developing practical guidelines for mining

in close proximity to bodies of water to assure adequate protection to

coat miners while realizing maximum coal recovery. To efficiently

-4-

accomplish this task, the project was initially subdivided into three

interrelated phases:

• Phase I - Collection and Documentation of DataPhase II - Appltcation of Existing Standards toCase Histories of Previous Inundations

Phase III - Development of Recommended Guidelinesfor Underground Coal Mining Near Bodies of Water

Because of the complexity and severity of this potential problem,

an exhaustive literature research program Was conducted during Phase I

to document the success and failure of previously established guidelines

for mining near water bodies. The coal producing regions of the United

States were divided into five well defined regions (in order) to

facilitate collection of voluminous amounts of data. In determining these

subdivisi.ons, emphasis was given to geologic, topographic, and climato-

logical characteristics conducive to similar mining trends and potential

water problems. Si.nce the study involves only underground coal mining,

only areas with deep mi.neable coal reserves were consi.dered.

Utilizing printed questionnaires as a basis for information

retrieval, over 800 form letters and 150 personal letters were sent to

various individuals and agencies in virtually every corner of the world.

suspected to be knowledgeable in the area of mining near bodies of water.

In addition, over 250 contacts were made by telephone to every identifi-

able source in the United States believed to have any involvement with

-5-

underground mine inundations or gUidelines. Contacts included:

• State agencies (geological surveys, mining departments"regulatory agencies)

• Federal Agencies (such as MESA and the USBM)

• Coal Associations (NCA, BCR, State Trade Organizations)

• Insurance Agencies

• United Mine Workers (Safety Department)

• Coal Companies (knownto operate near surface waters)

• Consulting Firms

• Recognized Experts

• Foreign Sources (500 form letters to 55 countries - fromembassy officials to consulting mining engineers)

The cumulative result of all data collection efforts 1S q. complete

copy of all present state and federal guidelines for mining near water

bodies - both past and current - and seemingly complete docurmentation

of foreign guidelines as well. Additionally" all available information was

obtained on past inundation accidents in order to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the causative factors involved in these inrusHes.

The second phase of study -- Application of Existing Guidelines to

Case Histories of Previous Inundations -- sought to determine whether the

various applicable guidelines should have prevented specific inundation

accidents if those guidelines had been in effect or implemented when the

-6-

incident occurred. To assure a logical approach to the problem, a

well-defined series of concentrated efforts was delineated. The first

step was preparation of complete case histories for each documented

mine inundation from the accident reports gathered in Phase I. Next,

the completed case histories were carefully evaluated to pinpoint any

simi larities or trends that might warrant further study. Based on this

evaluation, four general situations or categories defining causes of mine

inundations were recognized: 1) mining under continental surface waters;

2) submarine mining; 3) mining near abandoned workings and water

bearing zones; and 4) situations in which general mine planning was at

fault.

When the four major categortes of mine inundation incidents

were defined, all guideline information gathered in Phase I was care-

fully reassessed and, where relevant and applicable, placed wtthin one

or more of the categories. Guidelines for each individual category

were comparatively analyzed in detail, and then subdivided into distinct

classes. The definition of each of these classes varies somewhat

between categories, but generally represents the relative effectiveness

in terms of miner safety and effective coal production of the guidelines

within that class.

Tables, charts, and figures describing in detail the various

-7-

mining procedures, incident categories, and guideline classifications

were drafted throughout each stage of Phase II. These illustrations,

combined with comprehensive case history exhtbtts , visually portray

the effectiveness of tile guidelines in preventing accidental inundations.

The graphic portrayals readily identity those aspects of the mining

guidelines which are either overrestrictive or excessively weak.

Based on this information, outstanding portions of effective pr-ovtatons

were easily defined for use in Phase III.

The final phase within this study, representing the primary

goal of this project, is the development of recommended guidelines

for underground coal mining under surface water bodies. To permit

maximum flexibility and avoid needless loss of time and money in. the

development of underground mining operations, two distinct categories

of guidelines are presented. The first category, Level I guidelines,

requires little or no subsurface exploration or testing on the part of

the mine operator, other than routine survey. However, the general-

ization of these recommended gUidelines, designed to pr-ovtde maximum

protection to the miner, may sterilize a great amount of recoverable

coal. Level II guidelines reduce this sterilization by illustrating methods

of testing and evaluating specific conditions to permit safely exceeding the

limitations set forth in Level 1. Each technique presented includes a

-8-

discussion of its applicability, reliability, benefits, utilization, and factors

of safety. Research needs are also defined.

The guidelines presented in this report will not totally preclude the

possibility of an inundation because they do not offer protection against

mining into unknownand unexpected water-filled abandoned workings or

glacial and alluvial deposits. To avoid these relatively infrequent occur-

rences would require massive geological evaluation and constant borehole-

pattern drit ling in advance of mining at every working face in the country.

The increased safety of the operation to an inundation hazard may be

negated by the injuries and deaths that could result due to the additional

men that would be required in the face area as a consequence of such a

massive drilling effort. Adherence to these guideli.nes should, however-,

offer the best possible operational safety that can reasonably be attained.

The following sections of this report address Phase III of this

study. Complete discussi.ons of Phases I and II are presented in the

respective Phase r-epor-tss submi.tted to the United States Bureau of Mines

at the conclusion of each study task.

-9-

- 10-

DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTATION

OF LEVEL I GUIDEUNES

- 11 -

- 12 -

DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTATION OFLEVEL I GUIDELINES

PURPOSE OF LEVEL I GUIDELINES

Gui.delines that govern mining in the proximity of surface waters

are necessary to ensure the safety of those who labor within these mines.

The guidelines presented in this part of the report, termed Level I Guide-

tines, are designed to ensure the safety of people in the mine and the

integrity of the surface waters with minimal consideration of operational

testing. In addition, adherence to these guidelines should also prevent

occurrence of an inrush when mining in areas where glacial or other

water saturated alluvial depostts are knownto occur, or in areas where

flooded abandoned mines are knownor suspected.

Adherence to these guidelines will require little or no surface or

subsurface exploration or testing on the part of the mi.neoperator, other

than determi.ning that a hazard exists. For example, where abandoned

workings are knownor suspected, the operator should procure and con-

suIt any and all mine maps related to these workings. Many maps of

abandoned workings are available from mine map repositories of the

United States Bureau of Mines and from related State agencies. Addition-

al information may be available from the Mining Enforcement and Safety

Administration (MES6..)offices that were responsi.ble for inspecting and

- 13-

approving plans and developments for the now abandoned mine. Careful

consideration of all available data may significantly affect planning and

development of the presently active mine. For example, if it is found

that while mining in the same seam a former operator approached closer

to the property line than is acceptable under Level I Guidelines, the

present operator should leave additional coal to compensate.

Adherence to Level I Guidelines will necessarily isolate from

development some of the coal that is within the property limits of the

mine operator. For instance, in the example cited above the operator

would be required to leave an additional thickrless of coal to meet the

boundary pillar requirements of Level I Guidelines. If in so doing he

precluded the development of, say, 500 acre feet of coal, the result is

900, 000 tons that cannot be recovered. Level II Guidelines wi11define

methodology which wi11permit recovery of some of these reserves.

Under Level I, this coal is Iost , but the safety of the operation is assured

with little or no effort expended by the operator.

CURRENT GUIDELINES USED IN LEVEL I DEVELOPMENT

Many current State, Federal, and Foreign guideli'nes which fit

the Levell category have been devetoped through the years and have

demonstrated their applicabHtty in preventing inundation accidents.

- 14-

These are stated in Appendix A for convenience and for purposes of com-

parison with the Level I Guidelines presented here. In some instances,

the Laws and Guidelines were developed as a consequence of an inundation;

in others they were developed to prevent an inundation. It is no coincidence

that the various guidelines presented in Appendix A have a great deal of

similarity. Expert witness the world over was generally catted upon for

advice, assistance, testimony, and guidance in the formulation of these

Laws, Acts, Rules, Codes, Orders, Regulations, and other Guidelines.

LEVEL I GUIDELINES

In order to ensure the safety of coal mine personnel and mine

workings from the hazards of tnundattori, the following Level I Gui.delines

are recommended. These guidelines were taken almost totally from those

currently observed, as 1isted in Appendix A. As discussed in the Phase II

Study Report, precautionary measures utilized to preclude underground

mi.ne inundati.ons can be logically delineated in specific guideline categori.es.

Three major categories are recognized in the following discussion of Level I

Guideli.nes:

1. Mining Under Continental Surface Waters2. Mining Near Abandoned Workings and Natural Subsurface

Hazards3. General Mi.nePlanning Procedures

- 15-

In addition to these major categories, sUbcategories are defined where

applicable to more accurately address specific conditions.

Specific gUidelines are presented in Table 1; a discussion of the

methodology of gUideline development follows.

Mining Under Continental Surface Waters

A mining safety zone shall be established beneath and adjacent to any

stream, river, and natural or artificial body of water that" in the opinion

of the license or permi.t granting officials or other appropriate agency

official" is sUfficiently large to constitute a potential hazard to mining.

The safety zone should extend 200 feet horizontally from the high water

mark of each bank of such stream or river, or from the knownperimeter

of any other body of water" and should extend downward to the limit of the

workable beds or to 350 feet, whichever is less. At the intersection of the

350 foot vertical depth line and the 200 foot horizontal line, the safety zone

should continue downward on aline projected 25 degrees from the vertical.

This safety zone is designated as the Zone of No Extraction and is shown

in Figure 1.

This safety zone, modeled from guidelines in use in Pennsylvania

and Australia, should protect the integrity of the surface waters while

affording miner and mine working protection from massive surface water

inundations. The only requirements on the operator are that he accurately

- 16-

"ABLE

1

LEVE

LIG

UIDELINES

REC

OMMEN

DED

OR

HAZARDS

WHICH

FOR

MINING

COULD

RES

ULT

INNEA

RSU

RFACE

INUNDATION

WATERS

CATE

GORY

..•.

--.J I

Mining

Under

,Continental

Surface

Waters

GUIDELINES

PARTIAL

EXTR

ACTION

FULL

EXTRACTION

Mining

Near

Abandoned

Work

ings

andNatural

Subsurface

Hazards

(Establish

Barrier

Plttars

Around

Abandoned

Work

ings)

Mining

Near

Abandoned

Work

ings

andNatural

Subsurface

Hazards

(Prop

erty

Boundary

Barrier

Pillars)

Arnirun

qsafety

zone

should

beestablished

beneath

any

surface

water

body

that,

inthe

opinion

ofthe

rrnne

superinten

dent

and

mine

inspecto

r,pre

sents

apoten

tial

hazard

tothe

miners

orthe

mine

workings.

The

zone

should

exten

d200

feet

horizontally

fr'om

thehig

hwater

mark

orperim

eter

ofthe

water'

body

ardver-ttcalty

down

ward

fr'om

this

point

toadepth

of350

feet.

Atthis

point

thesafety

zone

should

exten

ddown

war-d

onaline

pr-oje

cted250

from

thevertical.

This

safety

zone

isdesignated

asthe

zone

ofno

extra

ction

~

Nomtnin

gshould

bepermttte

dwi

thin

200

feetof

any

know

nor

suspected

abandoned

w.~rkin

gs(that

arepart

ofthe

pr-e.sant

mine

orany

other

prior

mine)

which

cannot

beirespected

and

cer-tifled

free

ofdarae

rous

accumu

lation

sof

water.

When

these

abandoned

workings

can

beinspected

and

certified

assafe,

minin

gcan

proceed

towithin

that

distan

cepermitte

dby

theProperty

Boundary

Barrier

Pillar

guide

-lines

(prese

nted

below

)or

towithin

that

distan

cecorrespondin

gto

apillar

width

tothickness

r-atto

of10

to1,

which

ever

lslarg",r,

Wher'e

faults

areknow

nto

oCCU

r'tha

tcould

impair

thestrength

ofthe

sebar-r-te--

pillars,

addition

alpillar

width

may

bereq

uired

asdetermtned

bythe

mine

engin

eer

and

mine

inspecto

r'.

Aboundary

pillar

ofunmined

coal

should

beleftto

thepro

perty

line

ofawidth

calcu

lated

bythe

equation

Pb=10+2T

+5D

,Pb

isthe

pillar

width

infee

t,10

isaconstan

tsafety

factor,

Tis

thethickness

ofthe

bed

infee

trou

nded

tothe

next

highest

integer,

and

Dis

thedepth

ofthe

"earn

atthe

property

line

inhundred

footinc

rements

rounded

tothe

next

highest

integer.

This

pillar

thickness

should

bereq

uired

onboth

sides

ofthe

property

line.

When

minin

gon

oneslde

ofthe

property

line

has

appr-oacbad

closer'

than

would

bepermitte

dby

this

guide

line

theadvancing

working

should

lncr-e

aae

itspro

perty

boundary

barrier

pillar

requirom

ent

sotha

tthe

cumu

lative

pillar

size

isequal

to:lPb,

Where

Faults

areknow

nto

occur,

which

could

result

inaconnection

between

theabandoned

and

actlve

workings

orwh

ichcould

seriou

slyweaken

pillar

stabillty

and

strength

,addition

alpillar'

width

sshould

beI"e

quired,

These

addition

alwidth

require-

ments

should

bebased

onthe

experienoe

end

judgm

ent

ofthe

mine

engin

eer

and

mine

inspecto

r'.

Same

asPartial

Extraction

Guide

lines.

Same

IllSPartial

EXtraction

Guide

lines

•

Same

asPartial

Extraction

Guide

lines.

TAS'

LE1

(CO

NTIN

UED)

LEVE

LIG

UID

ELIN

ESR

ECO

MM

END

EDO

RH

AZA

RD

SW

HIC

HC

OU

LDFO

RM

ININ

GR

ESU

LTIN

NEA

RSU

RFA

CE

INU

ND

ATI

ON

WA

TER

S

...

CD I

GUIDEL

INES

CAT

EGORY

EXTR

ACTION

PARTIAL

EXTR

ACTION

FULL

Minin

gNe

arAb

andoned

Workin

gsand

Natural

Subsurfac

eHa

zar-d

sBa

r-r-ie

r-pilla

r-sof

not

less

than

300

feet

india

mete

r-should

beleft

Same

asPa

r-tial

Extraction

(Mining

Near

Welts.

Shafts,

orOthe

r-Op

ening

s)around

alloil

and

gas

wells

that

penetrate

thecoal

seam

(curre

ntGu

idellnes,

-Oil

and

Gas

Wells

-Fede

•..alGu

idellnes),

When

min,n

gin

thear-ea

ofany

abandoned

shafts.

!"a,se

s,or

other

opening

stha

tcannot

beins

pecte

dand

ce•..tifle

df•..ee

ofdange

•..ous

accumu

lation

sof

water.

aba

rr-ter-pillar

of300

feet

india

mete

r-Minin

gNE

\arAb

andoned

Workin

gsand

Natura

ISU

bsurfac

eHa

zar-d

sshould

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theopening

;provide

dtha

tat

least

a100

feet

r-adiu

eof

solid

coal

isleft

around

themo

stexten

slve

ctrnens

Ion,

0'"Sa

meas

Pat'tial

Extraction

(Mining

Near

Wells.

Shafts.

orOther

Opening

s)len

gth,

oft~

opening

.Where

these

opening

scan

beins

pecte

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lines

•-Sh

afts

and

Other

M,ne

Opening

s-

certified

aafu

,a

pillar

ofwidth

tothickness

ratio

10to

1should

beleft

around

each

opening

.When

minin

gin

thearea

ofabandoned

slopes

and

Ii"e

opening

s.the

guide

lines

fa•..

minin

gnear

abandoned

workings

should

befollow

ed•

The

consolidated

roof

strata

separating

natu

r-alreservo

irs(and

un-

Full

extt'a

ction

wnt

require

consolldated

deposits

that

are

likely

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when

wet)

fr:-om

themine

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ceand

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arAb

andoned

Worl<ings

MdNa

tuo-al

Subsurl'a

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za!"d

swo

rkings

should

beat

ieast

180

feet

thick.

This

same

guide

line

should

subsurfac

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ration

and

apply

when

minin

gunder

pr-evi

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workings

that

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ting

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ofthe

(Mining

u-.d

e••Un

consolidated

Deposits

and

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Reservo

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and

certin

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ofdangerous

accumu

lation

sof

wate

r-,If

these

mine

oper-ate

r-and

isthe

re-

reservo

ir'SOf

'deposits

intersect

thecoal

bed.

apilla

r-of

unmined

fore

conside

red

aLevel

IIcoal

200

feet

wide

should

beleft

between

thewo

rkings

and

thelnte

•......

Guide

line.

section.

These

are

asshow

nin

thetex

tunde

r-the

SUb-heading

sof

Manageme

ntSa

meas

Par-tiaI

Extraction

General

Mine

Plannin

gProcea..res

and

Supervisio

n.Mine

Plan

I'v\ap

ping

and

Geolo

gicDa

ta.Wate

••in

Guide

llnes

•Mines.

and

Escapewa

ys.

200'

SURFACE WATER

NORMALEXTRACTIONPERMITTED

NORMALEXTRACTIONPERMITTED

FIGURE 1. SAFETY ZONE FOR MINING UNDER

CONTINENTAL SURFACE WATERS

LEVEL I GUIDELINE

- 19-

survey the Zone of No Extraction and incorporate this area into his mine

plan. Level II Guidelines, presented later in this report, will allow addi-

tional recovery of coal reserves in this Zone, but only after an intense

geologic and engineering data gathering effort.

The continuation of the safety zone at a 250 inclination from the

350 foot level is intended as protection against the subsidence inbreak

angle due to roof falls and full extraction mining. Figure 2 gives an ex-

ample of inbreak angles. These angles are influenced by the type of

overlying rock, the dip and thickness of the coal seam, and also the

direction, rate, and type of mining being conducted. Of course, work-

ings at depths of 350 feet or greater usually do not induce surface subsi-

dence effects as a result of localized roof failures. In one inundation

case history, however, 344 feet of cover was not sufficient to prevent

mine flooding when a safety barrier pillar underlying a stream was

breached by a small development entry.

Consideration of Percentage Extraction

The percentage of the coal reserve base that can be recovered in

the area designated Normal Extraction Permitted (Figure 1)will depend

on many factors other than the surface waters. Some of these factors

are: depth of the proposed workings beneath the surface; thickness and

- 20-

AREA OF POTENTIAL SUBSIDENCE

FIGURE 2. EXAMPLE OF

AREA DUE TO

POTENTIAL SUBSIDENCE

INBREAK ANGLES.

- 21 -

integrity of consolidated rock structures in the overburden; thickness of the

seam; strength and resistance to subsidence and cave-ins of the overburden

rock structures; existence of abandoned workings and their proximity to the

active workings; preference of mine officials for partial or full extraction

mining methods; government restrictions which may limit recovery; and

purchases of coal reserves by surface land owners. These factors should

already have been considered in the mine devetoprner.t plan of the company.

Mining Near Abandoned Workings and Natural Subsurface Hazards

As with Continental Mining Under Surface Waters, the full and

partial extraction guidelines for Mining Near Abandoned Workings will

generally be identical. The requirements for Level I Guidelines ensure

the safety of the miners with Iittle or no subsurface exploration or testing

on the part of the mine operator. This leaves large blocks of coal and

overburden which generally afford adequate protection to the mine work-

ings regardless of extraction methodology or percentages. The full and

partial extraction guidelines for Mining Under Unconsolidated Deposits

and Natural Reservoirs are necessarily di.fferent as denoted in Table 1.

Establish Barrier Pi.llars Around Abandoned Workings

Breaking through into abandoned workings presents the greatest

- 22-

inundation hazard to underground mining. Even when these abandoned

workings can be inspected and certified free of potentially dangerous

accumulations of water, they still should be approached with caution.

The disrupted rock mechanics in the strata above the abandoned workings

can cause roof problems for the approaching mine which could possibly

result in fracturing to overlying waters. Therefore, guidelines presented

in this sub-section consider flooded and dry abandoned workings.

Whenever a working section approaches within 200 feet of any

abandoned workings of that mine or any other mine that cannot be inspec-

ted, it should be assumed that these abandoned workings contain potentially

hazardous accumulations of water and all mining should cease. The 200

foot stopping distance affords adequate protection to the mine workings

while allowing for some degree of survey error in mine mappi.ng. VVhen

the abandoned mine or workings can be inspected and certified free of

dangerous accumulations of water, the active section can appr-oach closer

than 200 feet; but no closer than permitted by property boundary barrier

pillar requirements, or no closer than the minimum effective pillar size

as reflected by the width to thickness ratio of 10 to 1, whichever is

applicable. VVherefaults are knownto occur that could impair the

strength of these barrier pillars, additional pillar width may be required

as determined by the mine engineer and mine inspector.

- 23-

Charles T. Holland, Professor Emeritus, West Virginia Univer-

sity, has found that pillar stability can generally be assured when the width

to thickness ratio of a square pillar is at least 9 to 1. To at low for var-

iability in the affecting parameters and for consideration of the crushed

edges of the pillar due to uneven load distribution, a ratio of at least 10

to 1 should be adopted. Therefore, extraction in a 5 foot thick coal seam

should leave square pillar supports of 50 feet. Pillars of smaller width

are frequently utilized with very satisfactory results where the stress on

the pillars is not great. For example, where pillar stress is 900 psi and

60 percent of the coal is recovered in first mining with 12 foot wide pas-

sageways, a factor of safety of about 2 is realized with pillar width of 21

feet. Determining the width of passageways and pillars is site specific

for each individual operation considering the follOWingfactors: ability of

roof rocks to span the passageway; mining method and equipment used;

possibility of falls extending to the surface or to overlying beds which

should be protected; and the possibility of squeezing of roof and floor

rocks.

In summation, this guideline allows mining to within 200 feet of

any abandoned workings which cannot be inspected, and to within a distance

where pillar stability is assured by a minimum pillar width to thickness

ratio equal to 10 to 1 for workings which can be inspected and certified

- 24-

free of dangerous accumulations of water (or to the limit of the property

boundary pillar r-equtr-ement, whichever is larger).

Property Boundary Barrier Pillars

A boundary barrier pillar of solid coal should be left to the prop-

erty line of each individual operation to guarantee the integrity of that mine

and any adjacent mines, and to avoid the possibility of breakthrough into

any abandoned workings which may have been mined near to or beyond

their property limits. This guideline will offer protection to future mine

workings if a present mine should be abandoned and allowed to fill with a

dangerous accumulation of water.

The width of the pr-oper-ty bar-r-ier- pillar wi ll depend upon the

thickness of the seam being mined and the depth of that seam below

the property line and is calculated as fol.lowa:

Pb = 10 + 2T + 50,

where Pb is tile wi.dthof the boundary barrier pillar in feet, T is the

thickness of the bed in feet rounded to the next highest integer, and 0

is the depth of the bed at the property line in 100 foot increments rounded

to the next highest integer. For example, a 50 inch thick seam (4 feet,

2 i.nches; T = 5) at a depth of 520 feet below the surface at the property

line (0 = 6) will require a 50 foot thick barrier pillar. This requirement

- 25-

is imposed on both mine workings on each side of the propert,y line and

as such results in a total pillar thickness of 100 feet.

Where the coal on one side of the property line has been mined

closer than is permitted by this guideline, the approaching workings

must compensate and the width of the boundary barrier pillar should be

increased. For instance, if in the above example the previous working

had come to within 10 feet of the property limits, the approaching work-

ings must leave a barrier pillar of 90 feet to provide the 100 foot total

requirement.

Areas where faults occur within the coal that is to be left as a

boundary barrier pillar may require additional pillar width to the fault

line to so compensate. FaUlts, joints, and other types of fr-aotur-ee may

be natural or man-made and may have bond strengths ranging from zero

to values greater than the host rock. Additional pillar width that may be

required to protect the mine workings under these conditions should be

estimated, based on the experience and judgment of the mine engineer

and mine inspector.

Mining Near Wells, Shafts or Other Openings

on and Gas Wells

Current Federal regulations require barriers of not less than

-26-

300 feet in diameter to be left around all oit and gas wells that penetrate

the coal bed. It is recommended that the well be located within 30 feet

of the pi.llar center. This protects the workings from potential inrush

of natural gas or water (generally the water problem is more serious

with abandoned wells). The 300 foot barrier pillar has proven satis-

factory in protecting the mine workings from any leakage that may be

associated with the wen and in preventing accidental mining into the

well casi.ng itself. The Bureau of Mines and Energy Research and De-

velopment Administration are currently working on methods of sealing

abandoned wells to permit mining through and recovery of these barrier

pillars. These will be discussed more fully within the Level II Guidelines.

At present there seems to be no reason to alter the current Feder?J re-

quirement of leaving barrier pillars of unmined coal 300 feet in diameter

as protection around oil and gas wells.

Shafts and Other Mine Openings

Generally, to protect the shaft entry and the surface buildings and

equi.pment from subsidence, a barrier pillar of unmined coal is left around

the shaft. These coal pillars are also left around slope and drift entries

and around important gaHeries such as haulage ways, traveling ways,

some drives, raises, and other mine structures which are needed for an

- 27-

appreciable time. If the shaft is cased and grouted properly, it should

offer no water seepage problem to the mine working.

Uponabandoning of the workings, these pillar supported areas

offer cavities where substantial water accumulation may occur. The

barrier pillar requirements outlined in this section offer protection in

most instances; however, mining into raises, shafts and like structures

is not necessarily prevented.

Where shafts, raises, and other vertically extended structures

penetrate the coal seam, and cannot be inspected and certified free of

dangerous accumulations of water, a 200 foot thick barrier pillar of un-

mined coal should be left around the structure as protection against inun-

dation. This 200 feot stepping di.stance affords adequate protection to

the mine workings while allowi.ngfor some degree of survey error in

mine mapping. When these structures can be inspected and certified

safe, a barrier pillar of width to thickness ratio of 10 to 1 should be left

to guarantee present mine integrity. When mining in the area of abandoned

slopes and other inclined openings, the guidelines for mining near abandoned

workings should be foHowed.

Mining Uncler Unconsolidated Deposits and Natural Reservoirs

Whenever natural reservoirs or unconsolidated deposits that are

- 28-

likely to flow when wet are knownto exist above the coal seam or to inter-

sect with the coal seam, a partial extraction guideline must be followed to

prevent their inundation of the mine. Whenever these are knownto exist

above the worked seam" the thickness of the intervening strata separating

them from the seam should be at least 180feet. Nomining should be

permitted within that 180feet of overlying strata. Holland has noted that

roof falls generally do not extend vertically more than three times the

passageway width.•however .•certain factors have very significant effects

on the vertical extent of roof falls. Holland denotes these as: 1) Howwell

the cleavage system is developed in the roof r-ocks • A well developed set

of joints will promote falls of greater extent; 2) the stress system that is

acting in the horizontal direction. R.oof rock tension could extend the

height of a fall, and open joints may be an indication of roof tension; 3) the

strength of the rocks that compose the roof. Strong rocks such as sandstone

usually mean shallower falls. Since Level I Guidelines preclude the compi-

lation of this information" the 180foot guideline has been adopted from

present mining directives in this area. This gUidelineshould also apply

when mining under a previously mined seam whose workings cannot be

inspected and certified free of dangerous accumulations of water.

VVhenthese natural reservoirs or unconsolidated deposits are

knownto intersect the coal bed, a pi.llar of coal large enough to protect

- 29-

the integrity of the mine workings must be left. In order for this pillar

to give adequate protection to the workings, it should be 200 feet wide or

as wide as those required when mining near abandoned workings.

Guidelines in this sub-section apply totally to partial extraction

techniques. Full extraction will require considerable surface and sub-

surface exploration and testing by the mine operator and is therefore

considered within the Level II Guidelines.

General Mine Planning Procedures

Upon reviewing case histories of mine inundations, it was found

that some massive water influx occurred even though precautionary guide-

lines existed as defined under the other major guideline categories. Nat-

urally, the benefits or protection realized by followtnq established guidelines

can only be as reI iable as the superintendent of the operation responsible

for their implementation and supervision. Even though a conscientious

plan for guideline implementation may be practiced, poor or inadequate

mapping can offset any attempt to ensure proper safety factors. Many

other precautionary factors, critical to the safe operation of an underground

mine, are a matter of good common sense and frequently do not lend them-

selves to documented guidelines. It is with this thought that the following

General Mine Planning Procedure guideline recommendations are presented.

- 30-

These guidelines were derived entirely from existing regulations and, if

implemented, should effectively preclude accidental inundations with tittle

or no subsurface exploration on the part of the mine operator.

Management and Supervision

Management-supervisory personnel have very significant influ-

ences on inrush potential, as all judgments and responsibilities lie under

their jurisdiction. Existing guidelines are aimed at ensuring competent,

qua1ified personnel in decision making positions. In some cases, exact

duties of certain individuals are defined. Some of the guidelines which

general management has the responsibility to implement are briefly out-

lined below:

• Take all steps necessary for obtaining existing informationwhich indicates or tends to indicate the presence or absenceof:

a) abandoned contiguous workingsb) rock strata containing or likely to contain waterc) material that is likely to flow when wet

in the vicinity of any proposed workings in a mine. Itis management's responsibility to substantiate all col-lected data.

· Copies of all collected data should be distributed to allplanning personnel to make possible complete evaluationand delineation of potential danger areas.

• Where it is thought that an abandoned.• disused .• or discon-

- 31 -

tinued working or excavation contains or is likely tocontain a dangerous accumulation of water, the sur-veyor should, by notice in writing, inform the super-intendent to that effect.

• The surveyor should ensure that the superintendent isat all times aware of the faces which are being advanced.

• The surveyor should be responsible for correct establish-ment of survey pegs necessary for measurement, direction,and inclination of such workings and shall provide the super-intendent with correct, relevant survey data in writing.

• The surveyor should inform the superintendent in writingwhen workings are approaching limited work areas asimposed by abandoned workings, surface waters, orother dangers.

• All survey work should be performed by a competent regis-tered engineer or surveyor.

Mine Plan Mapping and Geologic Data

To fully assess inrush potentials, supervisory personnel must

have current, complete, and accurate information on existing conditions

in the mine area. Needless to say, decisions and plans of action for

mine development which are designed to guard against massive inunda-

tions can only be as dependable as the accuracy and completeness of

collected information. General guidelines which pertain to mapping and

geol0.gicdata gathering include:

• All mine surveys and map preparation should be conductedby a competent registered engineer or surveyor.

- 32-

• All materials submitted with applications for permitsor approvals must be supervised and certified by acompetent registered engineer or surveyor.

• All collected geologic data should be reviewed andevaluated by a competent geologist and/or miningengineer.

• The operator of a mine must have an accurate, up-to-date map of that mine, drawn to a consistent scale,and kept in a safe, fireproof location on the surface whichminimizes danger of map destruction. Such a map shouldinclude the following pertinent information:

Surface: Surface features may be shown directly on themine map, or on a transparent or translucent sheet,which, when overlain on a map of underground work-ings, shows true and exact relations of surface featuresto rntrie, workings and excavations. Surface features tobe shown include:

Name and address of the mineScale and orientation of the rYlCl.p

Boundary lines and names of all surfaceproperty ownersBoundary lines of the coal rights pertainingto each mine

. All coal outcrop linesTopographic features such as hills, ravine's,intermittent and permanent streams, bodiesof standing waters (with elevations andestimated depths)Location and identi.fication of municipal sub-divisions (state, county, townships)Location of all railroads and sidings, highways,and other roadsLocation and identification of mine buildings andfacilitiesLocation of all utilities and pipelinesLocation and depth of holes drilled for oil, gas,water, or geologic information that penetrate aworkable seam

- 33-

• Location of mine openings• Location and description of a permanent bench

mark or monument near the main mine opening

Underground: Whether or not combined on the same sheetwith surface f'ea.tur-e.s , at least one set of undergroundmine maps must be composed on the same scale. Perti-nent information to be recorded on the mine map includes:

• Name and address of the mineScale and orientation of the mapBoundar-y lines of coal rights and owneridenti ficationStructure contours and dip of the coal bed beingmined at not greater than 10' elevation intervalsLocation of all drill holes that penetrate themined bed

• All shaft, slope, drift, and tunnel openings andauger and strip mined areas of the bed beingminedLocation of an ventilation fansLocation and exact extent of adjacent active orabandoned undeeground workings above, below,or in the same seam. If abandoned workingsare known to exist in an area, but exact extentis not known, it should be so indicatedUp-to-date locations of active work areas,worked out areas, and abandoned areasLocations of entries and aircourses withdirection of airflow indicated by arrowLocation of al t escapeways

• Location and exact extent of all water pools,water bearing strata, or fluid-like materialswhich tend to flow when wet (qutckaands ,peat, etc.)

• Location and elevation of any body of waterdammed or held back in any portion of themine

• The location and description of at least twopermanent base line points coordinated withthe underground and surface mine traverses,

-34-

and the location and description of at least twopermanent elevation bench marks used in con-necti.onwith establishing or referencing mineelevation surveys

• The elevation of tops and bottoms of shafts andslopes, and the floor at the entrance to driftand tunnel openings

• The elevation of the floor at intervals of notmore than 200 feet in:

1) At least one entry of each working section,and main and cross entries

2) The last line of open crosscuts of each workingsection, and main and cross entries before suchsections and main and cross entries are aban-doned

3) Rooms advancing toward or adjacent to propertyor boundary lines or adjacent mines

• The owner, agent or manager of a mine should takeall reasonable steps to determine \Nhether ther-e isany material below the surface which could affectactive, or soon to be active) areas In a mine RS tocause danger to miners working in that mine. Allfacts pertaining to such conditions must be presentedto the manager.

The general guidelines presented above are the most notable pre-

cautionary measures. Any inability to accurately record the information

described above will cause r-ettance on faulty data, resulting in potentially

dangerous operating conditions.

Water in Mines

Proper and efficient handling of water in a mi.necan help protect

against accidental flooding and can reduce effects of water infiltration.

- 35-

General guidelines pertaining to water in mines include:

Keeping all passageways and wor king places used by personsand equipment well drained and free of water while occupied.

Prohibiting construction of any restraining dam or structurewhere rupture of such would imperil the safety of any minerin that mine or any other mine. (In emergency situations,installing a temporary restraining dam may be acceptable,but only after approval by the proper regulatory agency. )

Forbidding men to work in any por-t.iori of a mine where abody of water is dammed or held back at a higher elevationin the same mine (unless approval is obtained by the properregulatory agency).

Establ ishing and maintaining storm water trenches and em-bankments to protect surface machinery and urider-qr-oundworkings from flooding, at every shaft or other similaropening from the surface which connects with undergroundworkings.

. Closing a mine whenever the lives of miners employed hereinare jeopardized by reason of high water or overflow of adjacentstreams, until the danger has passed.

Keeping watch on all reasonably accessible sources of floodingdanger, all artificia 1 constructions for conserving or transport-ing water which may cause water to converge or accumulate.

Escapeways

Establ ishing safety or escapeways during the course of mining

affords excellent protection for miners in case of sudden inrush of water.

Generally, in any mine, where there is a potential danger of a sudden

inrush from any source, additional openings should be provided that

- 36-

permit miners to escape without using the traveling ways likely to be

inundated. Locations of such escapeways should be dictated by a respon-

sible regulatory agency.

Occasionally the mining plan will consist of a single entry, stope,

riase or small drift which does not lend itself to escapeway construction.

As a minimum~notification should be posted at the entry to that area, that

no escapeway is available.

- 37-

- 38-

DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTATION

OF LEVEL II GUIDELINES

- 39-

- 40-

DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENTATION OFLEVEL II GUIDELINES

PURPOSE OF LEVEL II GUIDELINES

The recommended guidelines presented in this section of the

report, termed Level II Guidelines, are those where various testing

and investigative procedures are outlined, whose adherence would pro-

mote the greatest possible mineral extraction while precluding accidental

mine inundation. This section of the report also discusses the economic

benefits which could accrue if these guidelines are incorporated into the

mine development plan. The type and extent of the required testing and

investigative procedures are fully defined for each circumstance encoun-

tered, and the reliability of the resulting mine development in terms of

mine safety and recommended factors of safety is addressed. In addition,

the appropriate geophysical, rock mechanics, and mining engineering

design and analysis techniques are discussed. Level II Guidelines define

the methodology to follow in recovery of some of the coal reserves that

are necessarily lost through Level I requirements.

Some of the uncertainties of subsurface strata relate to the non-

homogeneities encountered, such as:

(a) Differing permeabilities of the various sedimentary strata.(b) Differing permeabilities of faults and other fractures and

the difficulty in predicting their hydraulic continuity.

- 41 -

(c) Shatter zones frequently found adjacent to faults whichtend to be highly permeable aquifers.

(d) Dikes, veins, sills and other intrusive strata that formimpermeable barriers in the host rock.

(e) Other non-homogeneities such as old river beds, channels,grouted well casings, etc.

Methods of testing and investigating for these non-homogeneities and

other factors influencing mining are discussed in subsequent sections

of this report.

CURRENT GUIDELINES USED IN LEVEL II DEVELOPMENT

The current State, Federal, and Foreign guidelines which fit the

Level II category are summarized in Appendix B. Where necessary, the

Level I Guideline is repeated in order to facilitate a more cornpl ete under-

standing. Guidelines for mining under the sea are also included and are

further discussed in Appendix C. While there is no present, and little

future potential for, mining under the sea in the Ur.ited States, the guide-

lines and special mining considerations that have been developed in other

nations do have potential application in operations beneath overlying flooded

mines, large river systems, stored surface waters, and other subsidence

related problems. In light of this fact, these engineering concepts warrant

consideration.

- 42-

LEVEL II GUIDELINES

Level II Guidelines have been developed with the intent of recov-

ertng the greatest percent of coal reserves possible while providing for

a working environment safe from inundation hazards. Application of and

adherence to these guidel ines should have precluded the occurrence of

prior coal mine inundations that were reported in the Phase II report of

this study. Guidelines presented here are taken in part from current

guidelines that have proven applicable to inundation prevention. In addi-

tion, methodology has been developed for investigative and testing pro-

cedures to define mining limits. These techniques should permit mining

up to safe limitations in areas of differing parameters or in areas where

inundation hazards are known or suspected to exist. For ease of discussion,

gUidelines are divided into the following major categories:

Mining Under Continental Surface WatersMining Near Abandoned WorkingsMining Under Natural Subsurface Hazards

Major categories are subdivided as needed to address specific considerations.

The General Mine Planning Procedures category, presented in Level I Guide-

lines, is considered applicable to Level II operations and need not be re-

peated here. These guidelines are applicable when mining under any water

body that, in the opinion of the mine inspector and responsible government

permit granting agency, could present a hazard to underground mining

- 48-

operations. A thorough review of inundation case histories reveals that

during seasonal high water flow or flooding conditions, even normally

small water bodies present potential hazards to underground mining. There-

fore, it is recommended that the mine inspector and permit granting agency

take into consideration such factors as normal and peak volume flow, water-

shed area and flow, and water-table levels.

Guidelines presented here are applicable to flat lying beds and beds

that are inclined less than 30%. When applying guidelines to inclined beds,

the strata overlying that part of the bed closest to the water body should be

evaluated for strength and cohesiveness.

Level II Guidelines are not directly applicable to mining steeply

inclined beds such as are often found in Pennsy!vania anthracite fiAlds. In

order to develop guidelines for these conditions, much more empirical data

would need to be gathered. These steeply pitching beds can outcrop in river

beds or in abandoned strip pits that have filled with unconsolidated deposits.

Values for such parameters as slip plane frictional coefficients between the

coal bed and surrounding rock, the strength of the coal in the overlying pillar,

the time dependent effect of permeability on strength, the minimum pillar

height required to protect the workings, the pressure head above and the

permeability of the overlying coal all need to be assessed. Guidelines for

these steeply inclined workings are beyond the scope of this report.

-44-

Specific Level II Guidelines are presented in Table 2. Unless

otherwise denoted, these guidelines presume that no additional hazards

(faults, impermeable zones, etc ;'), other than those specifically addressed,

have been delineated by the investigative and testing procedures that are

conducted in advance of mi.ning. The assumptions, considerations, and

methodology used in developing Table 2 are presented in the sections

following.

Mining Under Continental Surface Waters

In order for mining to progress into the safety zone establ ished

under Level I Gui.delines, the operator should ensure that he is in pos-

session of as much geologic and prior mining information relo.ted to inter-

lying strata between the water body and working seam that is available.

He should know, to the extent possible, the location, extent, and thickness

of unconsolidated and cohesive strata that overlie and underlie the coal

bed. Location and extent of old workings andun-mined beds that should

be protected should also be known. Reservoir beds and zones of high

permeability should be delineated along with fault zones and any associ-

ated shatter zones or zones of impermeability. Water problems experi-

enced by prior mining in overlying seams should also be evaluated for

potenti.al applicability to present mining conditions. This data, along

- 45-

TABL

E2

LEV

ELII

GU

IDEL

INES

REC

OM

MEN

DED

FOR

MIN

ING

UN

DER

SUR

FAC

EW

ATER

SO

RH

AZAR

DS

WH

ICH

CO

ULD

RES

ULT

ININ

UN

DAT

ION

PART

ML

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GUl

DELl

NES

1

I it I

A.Es

tllbUs

hBa

r-•..

•ie;-

PUla

•...lI

Al"O

Und

Aban

done

dW

O••kl

ngs

FULL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GUI

DELI

NES

CATE

GO

RY

I.M

ININ

GUN

OER

CONT

INEN

TAL

SURF

ACE

WAT

ERS!

1.Co

hesiv

ero

ofro

ckeq

ual

tofiv

etim

esthe

width

ofthe

head

ingmu

stex

tstbe

twee

nthe

coal

bed

and

thewa

terbo

dy.

Cohe

siv"n

ess

Isde

termi

ned

by:

n,M

ININ

GNE

ARAB

ANDO

NED

WOR

Klf\G

s2

a)St

rength

ofthe

water

satu

••ated

spec

imen

equa

lto

orgr

e.lter

than

4,000

psi

asde

ter-

mine

dby

unIax

ialco

mpres

sion

testin

g.b)

The

rock

qualH

yde

signa

tion

(RQD

)mu

stbe

deter

mine

dqu

antit

ative

lybe

geolo

gicco

r-eev

aluatl

on.

c)Th

ethi

ckne

ssof

thestr

atatha

tfit

sr-e

qutr-

e--

ment

"a"

must,

when

multi

plied

bythe

rock

quali

tyde

signa

tion

(RQD

)de

termi

ned

In"b

",be

equa

lto

orgr

eater

than

five

times

thewi

dthof

thern

tnehe

ading

.

2.Pi

llars

must

bede

sIgne

dfo

rsta

bittty

acco

rding

tothe

proc

edur

ede

scrtb

edIn

thetex

t,Or

aneq

uivale

ntpr

oced

ure

that

can

besh

awn

togiv

ethe

same

degr

eeof

plttar

depe

ndab

lllty.

Afac

torof

safet

yof

atlea

st2

shou

ldbe

appl

ted,

3.Co

albe

dflo

orro

ckrru

stbe

evalu

ated

for

stren

gthby

uniax

ialco

mpres

sion

tests

cond

ucted

Onwa

tersa

turate

dco

r-esa

mples

taken

from

thebe

dding

plane

.A

factor

of,-,

afety

of4

shou

ldbe

appll

edto

theres

ults

ofthe

setes

ts.PU

larde

sign

must

con-

sider

thestr

ength

ofthe

floor

rock

sotha

tthe

max-

Imum

poten

ttal

load

tr-an

sfer-r

-edfro

mthe

pitlar

(tnclu

ding

theaa

fety

factor

)do

esna

tex

ceed

thebe

aring

capa

city

ofthe

floor

r-ock

asde

fined

byun

iaxial

testin

g.

4.\I'v

1'len

minin

gfo

rthe

first

time

unde

ra

water

body

,Or

when

minin

gan

yco

albe

dov

erlyin

gthe

bed

offir

stex

tracti

on,

WI<

)de

velop

ment

head

ings

(for

ventt

latlon

purp

oses

.)ke

ptas

narro

was

possi

blesh

ould

bedr

iven

ttlr'o

ugh

thesa

fety

zone

.Th

ese

head

ings

shou

ldno

tex

ceed

15fee

tin

width

unles

ssp

ecial

appr

-ova

lha

sbe

enrec

eived

from

there-

spon

sible

gove

rnme

ntag

ency

.

1.Lo

cator

boreh

oles

shou

ldbe

drill

edfro

mthe

adva

ncIn

gfac

ewh

ichIs

neare

stto

theab

ando

ned

mine

,thr

ough

the20

0fo

otba

rrier

ptllar

(requ

ired

byLe

vel

[Guid

ettnc

s)to

deter

mine

theloc

ation

ofab

ando

ned

work

Ings

.Th

eeq

uipme

ntan

dma

terial

sne

cessa

ryto

plug

thebo

rehole

upon

brea

kthro

ugh

1.At

least

100

feet

ofIn

terve

nIng

strata

shou

ldex

istfo

rea

ch1

foot

ofex

tracte

dse

amthi

ckne

ss;ard

.the

cumu

lative

tensil

estr

ainind

uced

onthe

floor

ofthe

water

body

from

allun

derly

ingmi

nlrg

oper-

ation

ssh

ould

not

exce

ed10

parts

per

thous

and,

Tens

tlestr

ainis

calcu

lated

assh

awn

inthe

text.

2,Fu

llex

tractt

onmI

ning

shou

ldno

tbe

cons

idered

where

total

overb

urde

nthi

ckne

ssIs

less

than

700

feet

unles

sthe

overb

urde

nis

monI

tored

for

stabiU

tyby

techn

iques

such

asml

crose

lsmlc

monit

oring

.If

monit

oring

isus

ed,

theov

erbur

den

requir

emen

tca

nbe

reduc

edto

350

feet

for

a:3.

5fo

otthI

ckco

albe

d.

3.Pa

rtial

extra

ction

mInin

gca

nbe

cond

ucted

,as

defin

edby

thepa

rtial

extra

ction

guide

lines

,if

cumu

lative

tenstt

estr

ainIs

ator

near

10pa

rtspe

rtho

usan

d.

1,Sa

me

asro

rPl

lr"tta

lEl

o<tra

ctlon

Gu1d

eltne

s

1)De

notes

room

-and-

pt1!ll

i"ft/

"st

mtn

tng,

Orm

InIn

gof

appl"

OXim

ately

50pe

rcent

oftt

1eco

alres

erve

2)Th

ese

guide

ttnes

shou

ldbe

cons

idered

appU

cable

topa

rtial

and

full

extra

ction

work

tngs

unles

soth

erwise

deno

ted,

TABLE

2(C

ON

TIN

UED

)

LEVE

LIT

GUIDELINES

REC

OMMEN

DED

FOR

MINING

OR

HAZARDS

WHICH

COULD

RES

ULT

INUNDER

SURFACE

WATERS

INUNDATION

CAT

EGO

RY

PAR

TIAL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

FULL

EXTRACTION

GUIDELINES

I-i::>

'-I I

II.MI

NIN3

NEAR

ABAN

DONE

DW

ORKI

f\GS

A.Estab

lish

Barrier

PiHars

Around

Abandoned

Work

ings

(Cont'ln

.sed)

1.(C

onti

nued

)

must

beavrit

labl

eto

thedrill

crew.

The

water-

head

pressu

reor

atroos

pher-Ic

conditio

nsin

theabandoned

workings

should

bedetermined.

2.Un

less

down

hole

instrume

ntation

definitely

estab-

lishes

that

nowater-

exists

inthe

abandooed

work-

ings,

even

though

Oress

ureor

gr<lvity

flow

does

not

occur

ator-eakth

r-ouqb

,the

wor-kioq

sshould

beass

umed

flooded.

Ifit

issubsequently

determined

that

theabandoned

workings

aredry

,minin

gma

ypro

ceed

upto

thelim

itsof

theboundary

barrier

pillar

requirem

en!:

(when

appro

achin

gthe

property

line)

asde

f'tned

byPb

~10

+2T

+5

0wh

erePb

isthe

pillar

width

infee

t,10

isa

constan

tsafety

factor,

Tis

thethickness

ofthe

bed

Infee

trou

nded

tothe

next

highest

integer,

and

Dis

thedepth

ofthe

seam

atthe

proper:y

line

inhundred

foot

increm

ents

rounded

tothe

next

highest

integer;

or<X

lrmal

minin

gopera

tions

should

bepermitte

dwh

enpro

perty

limits

arenota

factor

tobeconslde

redinthis

develop

ment.

3.Water

may

bedra

ined

from

abandoned

workings

through

adrift

orauger

entry,

ifpossible

,or

from

boreh

oles

drilled

from

thesurface.

Water

also

may

bedra

ined

through

the200

foot

barrier

plllar

tothe

active

workings

and

pump

edto

thesurface.

This

latter

metho

dis

poten

rtalty

hazar-dous

,how-

ever,

and

shoule!

only

bedone

under

thedIrection

ofknow

ledgeable

2,nd

experienced

perso

nnel.

The

permits

necessa

ryto

/jischarg

ethe

water

onthe

surface

will

need

tobe

procured

.

4.If

theabandoned

workings

arenet

InItially

dryor

draine

dof

water,

aneffective

sl1fety

barrier

pillar

should

besized

byutilizing

modeling

techniqu

esand

unconfined

COtnpress

Ivestrength

tests.

Afac

torof

safety

of4

should

beused

inpillar

design.

Whenever

theWl1t"r

pressu

rehead

isequal

toO

r"

greater

than

5atm

osphere

s,conside

ration

should

begiv

ento

draining

these

workings.

The

perme-

abl1ity

ofthe

unmined

barrier

pillar

should

also

bedetermined

forconside

ration

ofits

affect

onwater

and

flow

and

furthe

rpillar

develop

ment.

Two

provin

gheading

s(for

ventH

ation

purpo

ses)

kept

asnarrow

aspossible

and

protected

bybore-

holes

(asdefined

Inthe

guide

llne

titled

"Drilling

Boreh

oles

InAd

vance

ofMining")

would

bea

safe

2.Same

asfor

Partial

Extraction

Gulde

lines

3.Same

·as

forPartial

Extraction

Guide

lines

4.Same

asfor

Partial

Extraction

Guide

lines

TABL

E2

(CO

NTIN

UED)

LEVEL]I

GU

IDE

LIN

ES

RE

CO

MM

EN

DE

DFO

RM

ININ

GU

ND

ER

SU

RFA

CE

WA

TER

SO

RH

AZA

RD

SW

HIC

HC

OU

LDR

ES

ULT

ININ

UN

DA

TIO

N

CAT

EGO

RY

PAR

TIAL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

FULL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

I J:t,co 1

II.MINING

NEAR

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KINS

S

A.Estab

lish

Barrier

Pillars

Around

Abandoned

Work

ings

(Contl

•..•.•ed)

8.Drllllng

Boreh

oles

inAd

vance

01'M

ining

C.Mmlng

Under

Flooded,

AbandO

l'1ed

Work

ings

4.(Continued)

minin

gpla

nto

utilize

fordevelop

ingthe

barrier

pil-

larup

tothe

limite;

determined

bythis

recom

mended

testing

procedure.

These

heading

sshould

belim

ited

to15

feet

inwidth

.The

minin

gcre

wshould

bealert

forsigns

ofpillar

instab

ility,

excessive

water

leak-

age,

strong

sulfur

smell

oroth

erind

icators

ofwater,

and

minlt-,g

halted

orre-evalu

ated

asneces-

ary.

The

per-rneabtl

ityof

thepillar

can

bered

uced

and

itsstrength

Increa

sedby

introd

uction

ofgro

utor

other

ceme

ntir\(]

agent.

1.Tw

ocente

rfac

eholes

orlead

holes

should

bespaced

about

2to

dfee

tapart

Inthe

cente

rof

thesec

tion

advancing

toward

anabandoned

work-

Ing,

and

maintain

edat

adistan

ceof

20to

30fee

tIn

advance

ofthe

heading

.

Side

face

holes

located

about

2fee

tin

from

therib

should

bedrilled

atan

angle

of15

0to

theadvance

and

maintain

edat

adistan

ceof

20to

30fee

tin

front

ofthe

workings.

These

holes

should

bedrilled

onone

orboth

sides

ofthe

advancing

heading

asreq

uired

bythe

relative

location

ofthe

abandoned

workings.

Rib

holes

should

bedrilled

every

10fee

tat

anangle

of30

0to

theadvance

foratotal

length

of30

feet.

These

holes

should

bedrilled

onone

Orboth

sides

ofthe

advancing

heading

asreq

uired

bythe

relative

locntton

ofthe

abandoned

workings.

2,These

gulde

ltnes

Sl10uld

not

apply

when

theaban-

doned

workings

arepart

ofthe

active

mine

and

Itcan

besafely

determined,

bythe

mine

inspecto

r,tha

tno

hazard

tominin

gexists.

Inthis

case,

minIn

gma

ypro

gl"ess

tothe

boundary

barrier

when

appro

achin

gthe

pruperty

!lne,

(asdetermined

bythe

equation

Pb~

10+2T

+5D)

ornormal

minin

gopera

tions

should

bepermitte

dif

thepro

perty

llmlts

arenot

being

appro

ached.

1.At

least

100

feet

ofcohesive

roof

strata

(asdeflned

In"Partial

Extraction

Guide

lines

forMining

Under

Continenta

lSurfaCE

'waters")

should

bepre

sent

between

theabandoned

and

active

workings.

1.Same

asfor

Partial

Ex1:J"action

Guide

lines

2.Same

asfor

Partial

Extraction

GUlde

ttnes

1.At

least

100

feet

01'Inte

rventn

gstrata

shoutd

exist

foreach

1foo

tof

ex1:J"acted

seam

thickness;

and,

thecumu

lative

tensile

strain

induced

onthe

floor

ofthe

water.

body

from

allu

nderlyin

gmInin

goper-attons

should

not

exceed

10parts

per

thousand.

Tensile

strain

Iscalcu

lated

asshow

nIn

thetex

t.

TABL

E2

(CONTINUED

)

LEVELn

GUIDELINES

RECOMMENDED

FOR

MINING

OR

HAZA

RDS

WHICH

UNDER

SURFA

CE

WATE

RS

COULD

RESULT

ININUNDATION

CAT

EGORY

PARTIAL

EXTR

ACTION

GUIDEL

INES

FULL

EXTR

ACTION

GUIDEL

INES

I ~ I

II.M

ININ

:::;NE

ARAB

ANDO

NED

WOR

KING

S

C.M

ining

Unde

rFlo

oded

,Ab

ando

ned

Work

ings

(Con

ttnue

d)

D.Pr

opert

yBo

unda

ryBa

rrier

PUlar

s

E.M

ining

Near

Well

s,Sh

afts

orOt

her

Open

ings

2.De

velop

ment

head

ings

shou

ldno

tbe

greate

rtha

n15

feet

inwi

dth.

Ape

r-rntt

issue

dby

theres

pons

ible

gove

rnmen

tag

ency

shou

ldbe

requir

edIf

head

ings

areto

begre

ater

than

15fee

tIn

width

.

2..Fu

llex

tracti

onmi

nIng

shou

ldno

tbe

cons

Idered

where

total

overb

urden

thick

ness

Isles

stha

n70

0fee

tun

less

theov

erburd

enIs

monit

ored

forsta

bility

bytec

hniqu

essu

chas

mlcr'

Osels

mlc

monit

oring

.If

rnonit

oring

Isus

ed,

theov

erburd

enreq

uirem

ent

can

bered

uced

to35

0fee

tfor

a3.5

foot

thick

coal

bed.

3.Pa

rtial

extra

ction

minin

gca

nbe

cond

ucted

,as

defin

edby

thepa

rtial

extra

ction

gulde

Hnes,

Ifcu

mulat

iveten

sile

straIn

Isat

orne

ar10

parts

per

ltlous

and.

1.Le

vel

[Guid

eline

sfor

prope

rtybo

unda

ryba

rrier

I1.

same

asfor

Parti

alEx

tracti

onG"

,ldeU

nes

pillar

ssh

ould

not

bealt

ered

forinc

reased

mine

ralrec

overy

unles

sthe

minin

gpro

posal

ensu

resIns

pec

tlon

and

certi

ficati

ontha

tall

ofthe

affec

tedwo

rking

sare

free

from

hazz

v-oou

sac

cumu

lation

sof

water

,an

dthe

propo

salha

s:

a)Be

enag

reed

toby

theint

ereste

dmi

ning

comp

anies

and

superinten

dents

.b)

Been

appro

ved

by!he

mine

inspe

ctor.

c)Re

ceive

dpe

rmit

appro

val

from

theres

pons

ible

gove

rnmen

tr"g

ulator

yag

ency

.d)

Cons

idered

even

tual

interc

onne

ction

ofthe

minin

gop

eratio

nseit

her

byac

ciden

tor

deve

lopme

ntpl

an,

e)Co

nside

,'ed

thede

velop

ment

plans

from

allaff

ected

mlnir

.gco

mpan

ies.

1.Oi

lan

dga

swe

lls

Mini

ngsh

ould

not

corne

closer

toac

tive

oilan

dga

swe

llstha

rithe

300

foot

diame

terba

rrier

pillar

requir

edby

curre

ntFe

deral

regula

tions

(±30

ft.).

VVh<

<r1the

sewe

llsare

aban

done

d,ho

weve

r,the

yca

nbe

sealed

and

theba

rrier

pillar

mine

dthr

ough

,pro

vtded

that

thesea

lsare

tested

forlea

kage

prior

tomi

ning.

Ame

thod

ofsea

llng

and

leak

testin

gIs

descr

ibed

inthe

text.

2.Sh

afts

and

other

minin

gop

ening

s

Vv'he

nthe

seab

ando

ned

open

ings

can

beIns

pecte

dan

dce

rtifie

dfre

eof

haza

rdous

eccu

rrwtet

tons

ofwa

terthe

yca

nbe

mine

dthr

o",gh

as'in

n:>rm

alpil

larrec

overy

opera

tions

.

1.Sa

meas

forPa

rtial

Extra

ction

Gutde

lines

2.sam

eas

forPa

rtial

Extra

ction

Gvlde

Hnes

TABL

E2

(CO

NTIN

UED)

LEVE

Ln

GU

IDEL

INES

REC

OM

MEN

DED

FOR

MIN

ING

OR

HAZ

ARD

SW

HIC

HC

OU

LDU

ND

ERSU

RFA

CE

WAT

ERS

RES

ULT

ININ

UN

DAT

ION

CAT

EGO

RY

I en o I

E.Mining

Near

Wells,

Shafts

orOther

Opening

s(Continued)

II.MINING

NEAR

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KING

S

III.

MINING

UNDE

RNA

TURA

LSU

BSUR

FACE

HAZA

RDS

PAR

TIAL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

2.Shafts

and

other

minin

gopening

s(Continued)

When

they

cannot

be-inspected,

drill

hoLes

should

bedriven

tothe

opening

and

down

-hole

testing

conducted

tode~ermlne

Ifwater

ispre

sent.

Ifthe

tests

show

nowater.

thepillar

can

berec

overe

das

Innormal

opera

tions.

Ifthe

tests

show

water,

itshould

bedra

ined

out

ofthe

opening

before

theptllar-

Ismined.

After

draining,

itshouLd

beasc

ertain

edby

moni-

toring

that

there

isno

furthe

rLeakage

into

theopening

.If

leakage

exists

toan

exten

ttha

tcould

prove

hazardo

usto

theminin

gopera

tions,

theopening

should

beplu

gged

and

filled

in,mu

chthe

same

aswith

abandoned

oiland

gas

wells.

After

plugging

,the

opening

should

again

betested

forleakage.

Ifthe

r-eis

nofurthe

rhazardo

usaccumu

lation

ofwater

due

toleakage,

normal

pillar

recovery

opera

ttons

can

beconducted

.

1.Cohesive

roof

rock.

equal

to5tim

esthe

wIdth

ofthe

heading

must

exist

between

thecoal

bed

and

thewater

body.

Cohesiveness

isdefined

InPartial

Extraction

Guide

ltnes

I.1.

2.Pillars

should

bedesigned

according

tothe

procedure

describe

dIn

thesec

tion

ofthis

report

entitled

"Par-

tial

Extraction

Guld"

ltnes"

for"M

ining

Near

Conti-

nenta

LSurface

Waters,"

oraccording

toan

equlv

alen

procedure.

Afac

to,·

ofsafety

ofat

least

2should

beapplied.

3.Coal

bed

floor

rock

must

beevalu

ated

forstrength

byuniax

ialcomp

ression

tests

conducted

oncore

sampLes

taken

from

thebedding

plane.

Pillar

design

must

conside

rthe

strength

ofthe

floor

rock

sotha

tthE

!rna

xtrnurn

poten

tiaL

load

transferred

from

thepillar

(Inclu

ding

thefac

torof

safety

)does

not

exceed

thebearing

capacity

ofthe

floor

rock

asdefined

byuniax

ialtesting.

Afac

torof

safety

ofat

least

4should

beapplted.

FULL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

1.At

least

.100

feet

ofInterv

entng

strata

should

exist

between

thecoal

bed

and

poten

tIal

hazard

foreach

1foo

tof

extracted

coal

thickness;

and.

ttlecumu

lative

tensile

straIn

Induced

onthe

floor'

ofthe

water

body

from

allunderlying

minin

gopera

tions

should

not

exceed

10parts

pet"

thousand.

Meth

ods

ofcomp

uting

tenslle

strain

ar-e

show

ntn

thesec

tion

ofthis

report

entitled"

Full

Extraction

Gulde

llnes"

for"M

InIng

Near

Continenta

lSurface

Waters

..."

2.Full

extraction

minin

gshould

not

beconside

redwh

eretotal

overb

urden

thickness

Isless

ttlan

700

feet.

Mining

can

beconducted

closer

tothe

natural

hazard

Ifthe

InterV

E!nln

gstrata

Isevalu

-ated

forstrength

and

cohesiveness

byRQ

Dand

uniax

ialcare

testing

and

Ismo

nitore

dfor

stabIlity

bYtechniqu

essuch

asmtcr-osetsmtc

array.

Ifmo

nItor

Lng

Isused,

theoverb

urden

requirem

ent

can

bered

uced

to350

feet

foracoal

bed

upto

3.5fee

tthick.

Maximum

tensile

atr-atn

of10

parts

per

tnousand

should

beco

ristd

er-e

d......nen

minin

gbetween

350

to700

feet.

TABL

E2

(CO

NTIN

UED)

LEV

EL

nG

UID

ELI

NE

SR

EC

OM

ME

ND

ED

FOR

MIN

ING

UN

DE

RS

UR

FAC

EW

ATE

RS

OR

HA

ZAR

DS

WH

ICH

CO

ULD

RE

SU

LTIN

INU

ND

ATI

ON

CAT

EGO

RY

PAR

TIAL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

FULL

EXTR

ACTI

ON

GU

IDEL

INES

I en ...•.

III.MI

NH\l3

UNDE

RNA

TURA

LSU

BSUR

FACE

HAZA

RDS

4.W

hen

minin

gfor

thefir

sttim

eun

der

poten

tial

haza

rds,

orwh

enmi

ning

any

coal

bed

overl

ying

thebe

dof

first

excra

ction

,tw

ode

velop

ment

head

ings

(for

venti

lation

purpo

ses)

kept

asna

rrow

aspo

ssible

shou

l(Jbe

drive

nthr

ough

theha

zardo

usare

a.Th

esehe

ading

ssh

ould

bethe

only

deve

lop-

ment

perm

itted

unttl

theha

zard

has

been

passe

dor

unttl

theco

hesiv

eness

ofthe

roof

rock,

urderl

ying

apo

tentia

lha

zard,

has

been

demo

nstra

tedto

thesat

isfac

tion

ofthe

mine

inspe

ctor

byex

tensiv

ede

velop

ment

minin

gan

dmo

nitori

ng.

These

head

ings

shou

ldno

tex

ceed

15fee

tIn

width

unles

ssp

ecial

perm

itap

prova

lha

sbe

enrec

eived

from

theres

pons

ible

gove

rnmen

tag

ency

.

3.Pa

rtial

extra

ction

minin

gca

nbe

cond

ucted

.as

defin

edby

thepa

rtial

extra

ction

guide

line.

when

thecu

mulat

iveten

slle

strain

isat

orne

ar10

parts

per

thous

and.

with mine development plans for the area within the safety zone, should

be presented for permit approval to the responsible government agency.

With the above information, Level II Guidelines will allow partial and

full extraction resource recovery in the safety zone of no mining that

was established by Level r Guidelines.

Geologic stratigraphy should be obtained by coring of the strata

within the safety zone dtr-ecttybe low and adjacent to the water body,

from the surface to the strata below the coal bed. Much information

can be gleaned from core evaluations, as discussed in the following

sub-section entitled" Partial Extraction Guidelines". The location

and number of holes to be cored will depend on the extent of the water

body, presence of discontinuities, nature of sedimentary deposits (flat

bedded or inclined), presence of lenticular deposits or intrusive struc-

tures and the percentage core recovery. These corings must be evaluated

by qualified, competent individuals who will be responsible for submitting

these core evaluations to the responsible government agency. Those

conducting the coring program must be able to determine the required

locations, distance between drill holes, and total number of corings

needed. Frequently, holes for reserve evaluation and mine planning

are drilled on 330 foot centers; however, this may prove inadequate for

proper evaluation of strata under continental surface waters. This

- 52-

requirement should be euoject to final approval by the responsible govern-

ment agency prior to issuance of a permit to mine within the safety zone.

Generally, the cost of coring will average about $14 per foot of

strata. The cost of the coring and core evaluation program win need to

be evaluated against the benefits accruing from this additional resource

recovery.

Additional information may be obtainable from aerial photography.

Color or color infrared low level photography would probably be the most

applicable type of aerial data gathering as it would allow adequate resolu-

tion of small or local ized surface structures. Some of the structures that

could be detected include faults, fracture traces, general stratigraphy,

subsidence areas, str-eams and rivers, ponds and lakes, impoundments,

watershed divides, and drainage areas.

Partial Extraction Guidelines

Existing regulations related to mining near the surface are fre-

quently based on local conditions and experiences. For example, extensive

evaluations of surface subsidence due to partial extraction mining in England

has shown that overburden thickness of 150 feet is generally sufficient to

prevent subsidence problems and to protect the integrity of mine rooms that

are Iimited to 10 feet in width. Where the operator has sufficient information

-53-

about intervening strata to determine that hazardous conditions would

not ensue if he mined closer than 150feet, mining is permitted to within

60 feet of the surface or 10 times the height of the coal seam, whichever

is greater. In Pennsylvania, mining is permitted under surface water

bodies where test drilling has shown at least 35 feet of competent rock

cover overlying the coal. In addition, most submarine mining regulations

(such as those of the United Kingdom, NovaScotia, British Columbia,

Japan, and Chile) require about 200 feet of overlying strata to the seabed.

While most of these guidelines are based on extensive research and testing,

it is important to note that they are usually site specific. As such, they

cannot be universally adopted.

Roof Rock Evaluation

For purposes of this Level II Guideline and in order to protect the

integrity of the mine, it is recommended that partial extraction mining

can be practiced wherever cohesive roof rock strata that is equal in

thickness to 5 times the width of the mined rooms exists between the

workings and the water body. (Partial extraction mining, as used here,

refers to room-and-pillar first mining of approximately 50 percent of

the reserve). The cohesiveness of the rock can be determined by various

laboratory and in-situ testing procedures such as uniaxial and triaxial

-54-

testing, core evaluation, and seismic velocity testing.

For evaluation purposes, a core stringer should be taken from

the first coherent rock strata below the surface, downto the level of

the coal bed; or until it has been determined that the minimum required

roof rock thickness does exist.

Much information on natural subsurface hazards can be obtained

from exploratory drilling; however, a great deal of important additional

information to fill in strata profiles between drill holes must be obtained

by seismic techniques. Seismic evaluation of the strata overlying the

coal seam is necessary to reveal the location and extent of subsurface

hazards such as channel sands and alluvial deposits. Guidelines for

these subsurface hazards are discussed in Section III, "Mining Under

Natural Subsurface Hazards".

From the standpoint of cohesiveness, the most applicable data

derivable from a geological examination of cores is the rock quality

designation (RQD). Rock quality designation is a quantitative measure-

ment of the extent of the cored strata that is intact. Deere and others

describe a method of specifying RQDby core logging(9). The ratio of

the total length of intact cored strata that are 4 inches long, or longer,

compared to the total length of the hole drilled, gives a measure of RQD.

For example, if the total core run is 75 feet with intact strata of 4 inches

- 50-

TABLE 3 - Uniaxial Compressive Strength ofSome Coal Mine Rocks, psi

Southern Illinois Coal Area

Shale (Main Roof) - _Limestone (Immediate Roof) _Shale (Immediate Roof) ------Clay-Shale ------ _Clay-Shale (Immediate Roof) ----Sandstone (Sub-Floor) _

Source: Dr. H. Reginald Hardy, Jr. (18)

2,500 to 4,5006,600 to 15,9005,0001,4005,400 to 7,6006,900

Pennsylvania Coal Area

Floor Rock:SandstoneRed SiltstoneShaly Siltstone

Roof Rock:SiltstoneLimestoneRed ShaleShaleSandstone

9,400 to 12,6005,0003,500 to 6,700

6,500 to 29,1003, 400 to 4, 2002,200 to 2,9003,7009,500 to 12,600

Source: Engineering Characteristics of the Rocks of Pennsylvania,Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, 1972.

or longer comprising 50 feet, the RQD is 50/75 or 67 percent. RQD

percentage values of 0-25 denote very poor qual ity rocks, 25-50 are

poor, 50-75 are fair, 75-90 are good, and 90-100 are excellent. This

is one step in evaluation of cohesiveness of the intervening strata. In

addition to the RQD, core examination also gives a measure of fracture

-56-

or parting spacing as well as qualitative indicators of cohesiveness such

as rock type and recementation of tr-actur-es ,

Uniaxial and triaxial compressive tests determine the stt""ength

characteristics of rock strata under laboratory conditions. These lab-

oratory derived values are indicative of the relative strength character-

istics of in-situ rocks. Values for some typical rocks are shown in

Table 3. The geometry of the cores used was generally 2 or 2.5 to 1,

height to thickness ratio, with a core diameter of 2 inches.

A classification of the strength categories of intact rock deter-

mined by uniaxial compression testing is shown in Table 4. Rocks that

are classified low strength and above (::: 4000 psi) can be considered

as acceptable, cohesive roof rock.

TABLE 4 - Engineering Classification for Intact Rock

Class DescriptionUniaxial Compressive

Strength, psi

ABCDE

Very high strengthHigh strengthMedium strengthLowstrengthVery low strength

> 32,00016,000-32,000

8,000-16,0004,000- 8,000

<4,000

Source: D. V. Deere and R. P. Miller (8).

Additional research is needed to determine the proper methodology

- 57-

in core evaluation. At present only that part of a core that remains intact

when a test specimen is cut from it, is used in unconfined compression

tests. A method of evaluating the total core would prove beneficial in

making an average strength determination.

Onodera describes howto measure moduli.of elasticity for in-situ

(E in-situ) and intact (E intact) rock to determine rock soundness and crack

coefficient characteristics by conducting seismic velocity tests(33). Rock

soundness is determined by the ratio of Eintact/Ein-situ, and Eintact --

Ein-situ/Eintact is referred to as the crack coefficient. His method of

classifying rocks according to these measurable characteristics are shown

in Table 5. A geological description of these various classifications is also

given. This method of evaluation, however, is not as universally applied

or accepted as is uniaxial compression testing.

In summation, there must exist between the water body and the

mine workings, cohesive roof rock at least equal in thickness to 5 times

the width of the passageway. This roof rock must:

1) Be evaluated to determine the rock quality designation;2) Be equal to or greater than 4,000 psi in compressive

strength as determined by uniaxial tests;3) The thickness of the strata that fits requirement 2 above

must, when multiplied by the rock quality designation,give a resultant roof rock thickness equal to or greaterthan 5 times the mine room width.

The permeability of these roof rocks will also be of interest to the

- 58-

TABLE 6 - Classification of In-Situ Rock

Soundness Classification Geological Diagnosticsof Rocks In-Sib..! of Rock Grade

Symbol Grade Soundness-Crack Coefficient Geologic Description

A Excellent 0.75-1.00 <0.25 Fresh, no alteration,few joints

B Good 0.50-0.76 0.25-0.50 More or less jointed,joints only slightlyopen; some weath-ing along surfaces

C Available 0.35-0.50 0.50-0.65 More or less partedby joints with or .without minor clayfilling; rock freshbut joint surfacesweathered

D Deficient 0.20-0.35 0.65-0.80 Joints rather widelyopened containingclay fill, water injoi.nts, rock moreweathered

E Bad <0.20 0.80-1.00 Advanced weathering;conspicuously joint-ed, cracked orcrushed

Source: T. F. Onodera(33).

- 69-

mine operator. Some typical permeabil ities of rocks encountered in

coal mining are given in Table 6.

TABLE 6 - Typical Permeabilities of RocksNormally Encountered in Coal Mining

MaterialPermeability Range

gal per day/ft2*ClayShaleLimestoneSandstone

10-5 to 10-31 to 1001 to 100

10 to 1000

*As defined by Meinzer, the rate of flow in gallons a day through asquare foot of the cross section of material, under 100 per centhydraulic gradient, at a temperature of 60oF.

Source: The Water Encyclopedia(44).

The greater the permeability, the greater will be the seepage of water

into the mine. Therefore, the amount of water that will require pump-

ing from the mine will be directly related to the permeability of the

strata underlying the water body.

Not all coal mining operations below or near surface waters will

prove to have large water inflows. In room-and-pillar mining where

ground disturbance above workings is a minimum, the quantity of water

entering the mine will primarily depend on in-situ permeability of frac-

ture systems and the specific yield of water bearing zones in the over-

burden and floor strata. A classification of geological features likely to

- 60-

influence the ground water regime between mine openings and surface

waters is given below(37):

(a) Sedimentary systems where the strata is composedof layers of material of different permeability, I.e.sandstone/~hale or sandstone/coal/clay.

(b) Gouge-filled faults and seams tending to form imper-meable barriers within rock masses.

(c) Shatter zones forming highly permeable aquifers with-in a rock mass. These are often found adjacent to faults.

(d) Dykes or other intrusive zones haVinga different permea-bility than the host rock.

(e) Solution channels.

Indirect methods of strata evaluation involving aerial photography, cor-

relation of downholeand surface observations, and seismological testing

may provide valuable data on the geometry of geological features. How-

ever, the intrinsic hydraulic properties of such features can usually be

determined only by localized testing. The most important hydraulic

property which must be assessed in estimating water inflows is the per-

meability of overburden material and coal. Permeability can sometimes

be determined from pump-in-pressure-tests in drt 11holes conducted at

and near grade of an underground mine opening or tunnel. Two widely

used methods of conducting pressure tests use single packer and double

packer methods respectively. Figure 3 illustrates a single packer set-up

- 61 -

utiltzed at a tunnel project in Australia; such a set-up may be applicable

for permeability testing in coal operations located under water bodies.

Packer testing sometimes gives erroneous results due to leakage, espe-

ciatly where the strata is friable. A series of packer tests, however,

may give a good indication of strata permeability.

Assuming steady flow in accordance with Darcy's law, that the

ground is saturated, and that the rock is or can be regarded as a homog-

eneous, isotropic, pervious medium, Goodman et at , (15) have derived

an approximate equation for permeability making use of an assumed

value for the radius of influence of the drill hole:

K = 8q/(2 P) . . • .. . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . • (1)

where, = length of the hole being pressure tested, cm or ft.K = permeability for water in units of em/sec, or ft./min.P = gage pressure usually measured at the collar and

corrected for the water table elevation and for thefriction losses in the pipe between the meter and thedischarge point in the bottom of the hole, pounds perfoot(2)

q "= pumping rate into the hole, pounds per min.

Thus, on the basis of water loss measurements in pressure tests

conducted in dr-tl l holes, it is possible to assign a value of permeability

to given regions in a rock mass along the line of a planned tunnel or under-

ground mine opening. If in addition, geological studies can outline or give

an indication of the location of zones of expected water inflow, it is possible

- 62-

DIAMOND --l~DRILL

BYPASS VALVE'A--..J0...)-~~ -PRESSURE GAGE

WATER PUMP

PACKERS SEALING HOLEPACKERS ARE EXPANDED BYPRESSURE FROM THE HYDRAULICHEAD OF THE DRILL IF WEIGHT OFTHE RODS ALONE IS INSUFFICIENT.

'\.'ool-- NX SIZE HOLE

'\.'\.~.------- NX SIZE DRILL RODS

SECTION BEING TESTED(USUALLY 20 FEET LONG)

PERFORATEDDRILL ROD

OF HOLE///1%/1//

PROPOSED TUNNEL

" """FROM GOODMAN. (15)

FIGURE 3. SINGLE PACKER ARRANGEMENT AS

PROPOSED FOR PERMEABILITY

TESTING OF OVERBURDEN AND COAL

- 63-

to offer prediction of the size and duration of water inflows as underground

workings advance through a water-bearing zone.

Determining the Width of the Heading

The width of the mined rooms will depend upon the strength and

horizontal stress component of the roof rock and its ability to span the

opening. The rock quality designation (RQD)for the immediate roof rock

(as defined by the quantitative geological examination of cores) is one tool

that can be used as an indicator of roof stability. An RQDof 50 percent

or greater indicates a quality of rock which will safely span an opening

of from 20 to 40 feet without requiring additional, heavy support. "Addi-

tional heavy support" denotes when portions of the overburden load is

transferred away from the roof and the pillars to the artificial support

constructed in the mine entry. Roof bolting and other light support sys-

tems which only hold loose rock surrounding the opening are not considered

additional, heavy support systems. Roof rock with an RQDof less than 50

percent will require heavy support such as beams, yielding arch supports,

cribbing, etc.

In addition to uniaxial testing and RQDevaluations, there are other

methods of determining rock strength and cohesiveness. Dr. H. Reginald

Hardy, Jr. and others have developed a fracture density classification

-64-

method for cored strata(18). They relate this evaluation to rock strength

and cohesiveness to predict roof control problem areas in the mine. The

results of these site specific evaluations have not as yet been published.

PHlar Dimensioning

Pillars should be dimensioned as needed for stability and to ac-

commodate the room width. Holland and Gaddy have developed a formula

for estimating strength of coal pillars where:

5 = K LT

where S is unit strength in psi, L is the least width of the pillar in inches,

(1 LT

12)

T is the pillar thickness in inches, and K is determined by:

K :::: S Dc (3))

where Sc is the strength of the specimen as tested i.nthe laboratory and

D is the edge dimension of the cubical specimen being tested(19). The

units of K are pounds per inches to the 1.5 power. To determine Sc

in equation (3), a representative sample of the coal seam is secured.

From this sample, 20-25 cubical speci.mens, preferably 3 inches on a

side, are cut. The cubical specimens are water saturated and tested

wet in a uniaxial compression test. The average strength determined

by the 20-25 tests is then used as the value for sample strength in

equation (2). For example, if a representative sample has an average

- 65-

specimen strength of 4,000 psi, then K is approximately equal to 4,000

times V3or 6950 Ibs/in. 1.5.

The shape of the pillar will also influence its strength as shown in

Table 7. The circular pillar has the greatest relative strength; however,

a square or rectangular shaped pillar is generally better suited to mine

development. Moreover, the least width dimension appears to have the

greatest effect on, and appears to be directed related to, relative strength.

TABLE 7 - Relative Supporting Strength of PillarsHavingVarious Cross-Sectional Shapes and the Same Area

Least Width Strength RelativeShape of Pillar Feet psi Strength

Circle 58.5 3100 1.30Hexagon 56.0 3000 1.25Square 52.5 2900 1.21RectangleL x 1~ L 42.7 2600 1.08RectangleLx2L 37.0 2400 1.00

Source: (20)C. T. Holland •

To determine the stress on the pillar, we can generally assume

that overburden pressure equals 1 psi for every foot of overburden thick-

ness. Whenmining a seam at a depth of 500 feet with 50 percent extrac-

tion, the average load on the pillars win be equal to 500 psi or 1000psi ••5

- 66-

When applying a factor of safety of 2, the pillar should be designed to

withstand 2,000 pst. A factor of safety of 2 is applied to accommodate

irregularities in the seam and uneven load distribution on the ptttar-,

Referring back to equation (2), when S = 2,000 psi, K= 6950 lbs/in. 1.5.

and T = 60 inches, we can determine a value for L, the least width of the

pillar. Therefore,

L = (s;tor L is appr-oxtrnatety equal to 300 inches or 25 feet. For 50 percent ex-

traction with square pillars, the room would necessarily be about 10 feet

wide. Extraction of grE::aterthan 50 percent could probably be considered,

or room width could be increased to accommodate the mining equipment.

A reliable pillar monitoring system can also be used to warn of

any impending failure in the roof or ptllars. A microseismic array mon-

Horing system can be considered such a reliable monitoring system.

Hardy reports that microseismic monitoring can effectively be done from

the surface (to evaluate strata 1000 to 1500feet deep) or it can be done

from within the underground mine workings(18). The hardware for a

seven array station to effectively monitor a 500 by 500 foot area would

cost from $50,000 to $75,000. This hardware is reusable with replace-

ment required for approximately $2,000 worth of geophones and related

equipment for each monitoring site. Unless a long term need could be

- 67-

discerned for this equipment, the mining company would probably wish

to contract with a service agency to do this work.

Holland has shown that mine pHlars free from water and working

under a factor of safety of 1.6 to 3 have stood for more than 34 years

with no evidence of failure; and will probably not fail over several times

this long(20)• Vv'henmining under surface waters, however, the pillars

may become wet which would tend to significantly reduce their strength.

This is why in originally defining Sc the specimens are saturated prior

to testing.

Floor Rock Evaluation

So far we have defined methods of evaluating ~ and acceptable

values for, cohesive roof rock and coal pillars. All that remains is to

determine the bearing strength of coal bed floor rock. Cores should be

taken in the floor to a depth equal to twice the width of the mine heading.

A1illi.ps has shown that bearing capacity of laboratory tested core

samples can be determi.ned based on the theory of elasti.city with a factor

of safet;y of 4 by:

P == 1.81 So' (4)

where P is the safe bearing capacity and So is the tensile strength of the

rock(34). A 2 to 1 ratio of sample height to thickness was used. Unfor-,

- 68-

tunately, field evaluations of the theory are not provided.

Prandtl, however, observes that for clay the bearing strength

in the mine is at least equal to 2.6 times the laboratory derived uni-

axial compressive strength(35). Dulaneyevaluated the strength of shale

floors and found that the ratio of bearing strength in the mine to the uni-

axial compressive strength for wet shale samples ranged from 1.2 to

3.2(12) •

It is safe to assume that uniaxial compressive tests will give

satisfactory measures of the bearing strength of mine floor rock.

Therefore, the pillar must be designed so that the load it imparts to

the floor rock is within the bearing strength capabilities of that rock

as determined by these uniaxial tests when a factor of safety of 4 is

applied to the results of these tests. A factor of safety of 4 is recom-

mended due to the scarcity of empirical data to confirm the results of

laboratory unconfinedcompressive tests. Better correlating and

predictive methods could probably result in a reduction of this recom-

mended factor of safety. Some typical values of bearing strength, as

determined by Dulaney, are given in Table 8. The geometry of the

core samples used by Dulaneywere 2 to 1, height to thickness ratio.

The samples tested ranged from 1 inch squares up to 12 inch squares.

- 69-

TABLE 8 - Compressive Strength andBearing Strength of Coal Bed Floor Shales

Coal Bed Unconfined CompressiveStrength

psi

Bearing Strengthas fOU'1din the Mine

psi

dry wet

Elkhorn No. 3 3436 1341 1950C Seam 4257 1968 5540Upper Banner 3655 1250 4088America 5857 1381 2272Mary Lee 4447 1575 1994

Source: R. L..Dulaney (12).

Development Plan

If any abandoned workings exist in the same seam or overlying seam,

or if natural reservoirs or unconsolidated materials that are likely to

flow when wet overlie the workings, the applicable guidelines pertaining

to those hazards should also be considered.

When mining is to be conducted for the first time under the water

body or in any bed overlying the bed of first extraction, a safe development

plan would consist of 2 headings (to meet venti lation requirements) kept

-as narrow as possible, driven through the safety zone. These headings

-should not exceed 15 feet in width unless special permit approval has been

received from the responsible government agency. The mining crew should

be alert for increasing water leakage, sulfur smells, or other indicators

-70-

of potential water hazards and the operation halted or reevaluated if

these occur.

Fun Extraction Guidelines

Full extraction mining should not be attempted unless at least

100 feet of intervening strata exists, between the bed and the surface

waters or interlying hazardous strata, for each 1 foot of extracted seam

thickness; and, it has been determined that the cumulative effect of mul-

tiple seam mining does not induce a tensile strain of more than 10 parts

per thousand at the floor of the water body.

Stefanko has indicated that longwall mining under overburden of

650 feet or less can experience many roof control problems that make

the system untenable and hence uneconomical(42). In addition, sub-

marine mining regulations in Nova Scotia require at least 700 feet of

overburden to the seabed for subsidence protection before allowing full

extraction mining to take place. However, National Coal Board guidelines

require only about 350 feet of overburden in submari.ne mining areas.

For these reasons, it is recommended that full extraction mining not be

considered uncler roof that is shallower than 700 feet unless the overlying

strata is to be monitored by techniques such as microseismic monitoring.

If microseismic monitoring is to be used, the overburden can be as shallow

- 71 -

as 350 feet, for coal beds that are 3.5 feet or less in thickness. Mtcro-

seismic monitoring should detect fracture zones extending toward the

water body and allow the mining operation to be halted or reevaluated

before a potentially hazardous situation occurs. If mining is to be con-

ducted in the intervening strata between 350 and 700 feet, the tensile

strain limitation of 10 parts per thousand should be followed.

Tensile strain, which is a measure of the intensity of disturbance

of the surface at the bottom of the water body, can be computed as follows:

Emax = CR, (5)

where Emax is the maximum tensile strain, C is K2times Smax, K2 is

a constant (ranging from 0-1) derived from local observations, Smax is

a multiplier for local surface subsidence (ranging from 0-1),R is the ratio

T/0, T is the thickness of the seam and 0 is the depth of the seam. K2

and Smax are site specific values which can only be determined through

extensive observations. If no empirical observations are avafl.able , K2

and Smax should be assigned maximum values of 1 for calculation

purposes. For example .• if we are evaluating the maximum tensile strain,

where no empirical data exists, for a coal bed 4 feet thick at a depth of

1200 feet, Emax is simply ~or 3.3 parts per thousand. For multiple1200

bed mining, the tensile strain is cumulative. If another overlying or

- 72-

underlying bed is being mined at a depth of 1600feet and a thickness of 5

feet~ the additional tensile strain would be approximately 3.1 parts per

thousand for a total tensile strain of 6.4 parts per- thousand.

Actual values of K2and Smax average 0.75 and 0.8 for the United

Kingdom. These values should be determined empirically for each area

where extensive multiple seam longwall mining is to be conducted. These

values can be artifically reduced by means of atowtnq, strip packing,

single packings, etc. where stow material (rubbish, waste, debris) is

placed into the void created by longwall mining to effectively reduce over-

burden subsidence. Some specifi.c stowing materials and techniques are

more effective than others. For example, solid stowing with more than

80%solid rock is more effective than llsing 50'%rock and 50%dirt. The

effects of these on K2and Smax should be part of the empirical observa-

tions.

When considering tensile strain, the question arises as to whether

consideration should be given to the subsidence effects of old partial extraction

workings that cannot be inspected in the vicinity of the active operation as

well as to prior full extraction workings. These effects are generally

minimal due to the resealing of fractures over time. In addition, roof

collapse and material swell and recompaction reduces the subsidence

effect of pittar failures while also increasing pillar strength.

- 73-

When the maximum tensile strain of 10 parts per thousand has

been attained, no further full extraction mining should be conducted; how-

ever, partial extraction with stable pillar design can be considered at

this point. The tensile strain guideline will assure ground support near

and under the surface waters for the proj ected life of all present and future

mining operations. The permeabi lity of the overlying strata should again

be considered and maximum potential seepage planned for by construction

of sump areas and by providing for adequate pumping capacity.

Mining Near Abandoned Workings

Establish Barrier Pit lars Around Abandoned Workings

Level I Guidelines require a barrier pillar thickness of 200 feet

around any abandoned workings that cannot be inspected and certified free

of potentially dangerous accumulations of water. In order to mine closer

than 200 feet, the nature of the intervening strata and the exact location of

the abandoned workings relative to the advancing mine should be known.

Presence and pressure of any water contained within the abandoned

workings should also be ascertained. This additional requirement necessi-

tates the implementation of Level II Guidelines. Level II guidelines wiII

allow additional mining, up to total recovery of the barrier pillar, where

safety can be assured by proper app1ication of the investigative and testing

procedures described below.

.- 74-

The best way to locate abandoned workings is by a borehole locator

program. This involves radia lly dr-i IIing from the advancing face that is

nearest to the abandoned mine, through the 200 foot barrier pillar until

the abandoned workings are located. Equipment and materials necessary

to cap the borehole upon breakthrough must be available to the drill crew.

The water head pressure or atmospheric conditions in the abandoned

workings can also be determined at this time for their effects on develop-

ment planning for this pillar. Methods of performing these tests include

use of in-line pressure gages and vacuum pump-vacuum container systems

for sample isolation.

If water is not encountered upon breakthrough, it should not be

assumed that the abandoned workings are dry; the dri II bit may have entered

at a level above the water line. Unless definitive measures are taken which

absolutely establish that no water exists (as determined by down-hole

instrumentation), the mine should be assumed flooded.

If it is subsequently determined that the abandoned workings are

dry, and present no hazard to the advancing workings, the same guide-

lines should apply as in Level I where these workings are inspected and

certified safe. Mining may then proceed up to the limits of the boundary

barrier pillar requirement, if mining is near the property tine, or

normal mining operations should be permitted if property limits are not

- 75-

a consideration. If permanent barrier pillars are to be left where the

property line is not a consideration, a pi llar width to thickness ratio of

10 to 1 is recommended.

If it is found that the workings do contain water, there are several

alternatives open to the mine operator. One alternative is to drain the

water by a drift or auger entry, if possible. Another alternative is to

dri 1I boreholes from the surface to pump water- from the workings. It

is also possible to drain through the unmined coal pi llar to the active

workings. T his method is potentia lly hazardous and should on ly be don e

under the direction of knowledgeable and experienced personnel. The

necessary permits would be needed to allow proper discharge of this mine

water- on the surface.

Another alternative is to maintain an effective safety barrier

pillar between the flooded and active workings. P:lIar strength should be

accurately determined by modeling and uniaxial laboratory testing. Mod-

eling consists of dimensioning the test specimen to scale with the actual

pi ltar-, Uniaxial laboratory testing should be done as pr-evtous ly discussed

in the section entitled "Partial Extraction Guidelines for Mining Under

Continental Surface Waters". Again, the testing should be done with

water saturated samples to simulate actual conditions. A factor of safety

of 4 should be applied to these strength determinations. If these flooded,

abandoned workings are on the up-dip, they present an increased hazard

- 76-

due to the gravitational pressure head. Whenever the pressure head is

equal to or greater than 5 atmospheres, consideration should be given

to draining the abandoned workings.

Pillar permeability should also be assessed if these workings are

to be utilized for any length of time. Permeability may be assessed by

packing a borehole a measured distance into the pillar .• then injecting an

easily detectable liquid or vapor into the void to determine the time rate

of flow. High permeabi lity could hamper further development of the barrier

pillar by allowing an intolerable inflow of water into the advancing face.

With this strength and permeability information, the necessary minimum

barrier pittar size can be determined and mining can progress to these

new limits. A mining plan to be used within this potentiatly hazardous

zone could i.nclude driving two headings as narrow as possible (protected

by boreholes to detect uncharted, abandoned workings as described in the

following section), up to and along this newly defined boundary. Headings

should be limited to 15 feet in width. The mini.ngcrew should be alert for

increasing water leakage .•strong sulfur smells, or other indicators of

potential water hazards and the operation halted or reevaluated if these

occur. If no problems are encountered by this exploratory heading, normal

mining procedures can be resumed to the pillar limits. If additional pro-

tection is required, the permeability of the pillar can be reduced and its

strength increased by introduction of grout or other cementing agent.

- 77-

Drilling Boreholes in Advance of Mining

The requirement to find abandoned workings by drilling a locator

borehole into the 200 foot barrier pillar before mining does not obviate

the need for constant borehoIe drilling as protection for advancing workings.

A locator borehole wilt only give an indication of the extent of the old

workings. Proper protection for the advancing heading can only be given

by a continuous boreho le pattern.

Current State, Federal, and Foreign gUidelines generally require

boreholes to be drilled and maintained at least 20 feet in advance of

workings in the vicinity of abandoned mines - one borehole to be cen-

trally located in advance of the face and one each in the left and/or right

rib (as required by the relative locations of the abandoned and advancing

workings) at an angle of 450 to the advance. The center hole must be

maintained at a minimum advance of 20 feet with rib holes of 20 feet

drilled every 8 feet. A typical borehole pattern in advance of mining is

shown in Figure 4.

Although this guideline is almost universally accepted, it never-

theless has the potential to miss sizeably flooded workings due to the

limited depth, number" and spatial pattern of the boreholes. The theo-

retical envelope of safety afforded by existing gUidelines appears adequate

UitH we assume a single abandoned heading as shown in Figure 5. In

-78 -

__ -....__ .-'-...."'-- 12' --~_~--v

uHEADING

\\\,, \,,,

,\\\

\\\\

~

\

\

~

~ ~

~ _== ----""""' ...-L1

-------~---

PRO J E C TED

BOREHOLE ADVANCE

\

II

FIGURE 4. CURRENTLY REQUIRED BOREHOLE PATTERNIN ADVANCE OF MINING

- 79-

ADVANCING HEADING THEORETICAL ENVELOPE

OF SAFETY

----------- ~L- _

-'-..•.•...... -------~~. -

WATER FILLED :-_~'\

~~~- \

FIGURE 5. PENETRATION OF THEORETICAL ENVELOPE OF. SAFETY AFFORDED BY PRESENT GUIDELINES

- 80-

this circumstance, present guidelines would not assure borehole contact

with the abandoned workings until they were separated by a dangerously

thin pillar of unmined coal; possibly too late to prevent an inundation. In

order to reduce the possibility of this occurring, a change in the rib hole

pattern is proposed. It is recommended that rib holes be drilled at an

angle of 300 to the advance for a length of 30 feet at 10 foot intervals;

side face holes about 2 feet from the rib should be drilled at an angle of

150 to the advance and maintained at a length of 20 feet; and 2 center face

holes or lead holes spaced about 2 to 4 feet apart in the center of the

advancing section should be maintained 20 to 30 feet in advance. Since the

lead holes must be maintained at least 20 feet in advance of the workings,

we propose the following methodology for a continuous mirier- section:

a) Dri11the lead holes 30 feet in advance of the heading;dri II the side face holes about 2 feet in from the rib,on one or both sides as required by the relative loca-tion of the abandoned workings, a length of 30 feet atan angle of 15° to the advance.

b) Drill rib holes in one or both corners as required bythe relative location of the abandoned workings. Theseholes are to be drilled at an angle of 300 to the advancefor a length of 30 feet.

c) Move the dri II crew and eqUipment out of the headingand advance the workings by 10 feet.

d) Move the miner out of the face area, roof bolt, andadvance venti lation as required.

e) Drill face holes, which are now 20 feet in advance, atleast an additional 10 feet. Drill new rib holes at a30° angle to a distance of 30 feet.

- 81 -

f) Repeat, c , d , and e as required.

For a conventional mining section:

a) Same as a above.

b) Same as b above.

c) Drill holes for explosive charge.

d) Undercut the seam, charge and blast the boreholes.

e) Load the coal out of the section, roof bolt and advanceventi lation as required.

f) Repeat c , d, and e until the section has advanced 10 feet.

g) Same as e for continuous miner.

h) Repeat c , d, e, f, and g as required.

The ideology behind the 10foot advance in mining and rib hole

spacing is that is falls In lme with the current ventilation requirements

of the 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act which requires brattice

cloth or tubing to be maintained within 10 feet of the working face. Also,

the rib holes angled at 30° give a better "look" at what lies in advance of

the workings, as shown in Figure 6. By implementing the proposed

guidelines, borehole contact would be made with the abandoned mine,

as shown in Figure 7, when the workings were 30 feet apart; while

under existing guidelines, contact is made at a much shorter distance.

This requirement should not be applied when the abandoned wor-k -

ings are part of the present mine and it can be safely determined, by the

- 82-

FIGURE 6. PROPOSED BOREHOLE PATTERNIN ADVANCE OF MINING

- 83-

ENVELOPE OF SAFETY

THEOREtiCAL

FOR CURRENT GUIDELINES

WATER

WORKING

FIGURE 7. AN EXAMPLE OF THE INCREASED SAFETYAFFORDED BY THE PROPOSED GUIDELINES

- 84-

mine inspector, that these are not flooded. In this case, normal mining

operations should be permitted. If partial extraction is to be conducted,

the safety pillar should be sized according to property boundary barrier

pi llar requirements, if mining is near the property limits.

Mining Under Flooded Abandoned Workings

Mining under flooded, abandoned workings can be hazardous due

to the vertical extent of roof falls and also because of the increased,

localized stress on the floor of the' abandoned mine due to remaining pillars.

It is not difficult to envision an instance where a roof fall in the active mine,

under an area of severe pillar stress in the abandoned mine, could result

in the pi llar- punching through into the active workings.

In order to ensure safe operations under a flooded, abandoned mine,

it is recommended that at least 100 feet of cohesive rock strata, as defined

by RQD and compressive strength testing, interlie between the flooded,

abandoned mine and the presently active mine. It is also recommended that

development headings be no greater than 15 feet in width in order to ensure

that adequate intervening strata will remain in the event of a roof fall of

vertical extent 2 or 3 times the width of the heading. If headings are to be

greater than 15 feet in width, a permit should be acquired from the respon-

sible government agency.

- 85-

Additional research is needed in this area to determine safe

limitations to mining that do not unnecessarily isolate reserves from

recovery. The 100 feet of intervening, cohesive rock strata that is

recommended here may prove to be too restrictive; however, this is recom-

mended to ensure the safety of the mining operation until future research

and observation denote more practical limitations.

Property Boundary Barrier Pillars

Level I Guidelines for property boundary barrier pillars are

designed to protect the integrity of the present and any future mine opera-

tions from accidental breakthrough into abandoned or active workings.

These guidelines should not be altered for increased mineral recovery

unless it has been agreed by the interested mine superintendents, approved

by the mine inspector, and permit approval received from the responsible

regulatory agency so that mining can progress up to the property line.

Application of this Level II requirement could allow for eventual intercon-

nection of all of the mining operations for total pillar recovery or permit

mining to within new barrier pillar limits that have been determined sare ,

This can only be done when all of the workings can be inspected and

certified free from any hazardous accumulations of water or when a

borehole locator program and down-hole instrumentation certifies the

safety of the workings. Mining development plans should be a part of this

- 86-

agreement with all superintendents and the mine inspector aware of, and

in agreement with, the methods in which mine developments are to take

place.

These guidelines shall be applicable to any partial or full extraction

mining method.

Mining Near Wells, Shafts or Other Openings

Oil and Gas'Wells

Whenever active oil and gas wells penetrate the coal seams, there

should be no mining closer than the 300 foot diameter barrier pillar

required by Level I Guidelines. The 300 foot diameter barrier pillar is

used to prevent large amounts of methane from seeping into the mine

workings and to protect against accidentally mining into these wells. Even

with large barriers, however, some gas seepage does occur, especially

through the face cleats of the coal bed. Zabetakis, et al., have measured

methane contributions from nearby oil and gas wells to be 58 to 70 percent of

the total methane volume released into the workings being surveyed(46).

Measurable inflows of methane were noted from wells separated from the

workings by over 700 feet of unmined coal.

The possibility exists that a barrier pillar around an oil or gas well,

as protecting against inundation, could be much sma ller than 300 feet. As

- 87-

protection against large methane emissions, however, it is recommended

that this current requirement for active wells be continued. When these

wells have been abandoned, however, they can be effectively plugged to

permit additional coal recovery. Application of this Level II Guideline wiII

a llow up to tota I recovery of this barr ter pillar.

The Bureau of Mines successfully demonstrated a technique for

well plugging and monitoring during 1971. Methodology for locating and

mining through these plugged wells can be obtained from Bureau of Mines

TPR 56, 1972, or from the Energy Research and Development Administration

office, Morgantown, West Virginia. In short, this procedure involves

pulling the casing and cleaning the hole prior to plugging. About 100 feet

of neat cement is set in a column immediately above the oil or gas reservoir

and cement pLugsare placed below, through, and above the coal seam.

Either full or partial extraction can be conducted once the well is

safely plugged. (Methods of testing the effectiveness of these plugs include

the use of sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas.) Mining through these plugs

does not damage the extraction equipment nor the plug itself. Cleaning

the hole removes the potential water hazard while plugging affords protection

from future inflows.

- 88-

Shafts and Other Mine Openings

When these shafts and other openings are sti II being used, the

barrier pi Ilar s surrounding them are necessary for protecting surface

structures as well as the openings themselves, and should not be mined.

When these are abandoned, however, application of Level II Guidelines will

allow mining through as in normal pillar recovery provided they can be

inspected and certified free of potentially hazardous accumulations of water.

If they cannot be inspected, a borehole should be drilled to the opening

and down-hole testing conducted to determine if water is present. If

the tests show no water, the pillar can be recovered as in normal opera-

tions. Where water exists, it should be drained out of the opening before

the pillar is mined.

After draining the water, it should be determined that no further

leakage into the opening (from surface waters, ovedying reservoirs, etc.)

is occurring. If there is leakage, the opening should be plugged and fi Iled

in, much the same as with abandoned oil and gas wells. Testing for plug

effectiveness should be conducted and, if adequate, the pillar can be mined.

This requirement, of course, may vary with specific conditions. For

example, if these pilLars are the last, or close to the Last, reserves of

the mine, and if the leakage is quite small so that water presence will not

be a hazard to mining operations, the pillar may be pulled as in normal

- 89-

operations. This is a decision that should be considered by the mine

inspector.

Mining Under Natural Subsurface Hazards

Partial Extraction Guidelines

The location and extent of subsurface hazards to mining, such as

channel sands and alluvial deposits, should be ascertained by seismic

testing prior to mining within the 180 foot restricted zone of Level L

The underlying strata down to the coal bed should then be evaluated by

coring and laboratory testing for cohesiveness and strength.

The thickness of the interlying cohesive roof rock (which has been

evaluated by the testing methods described in the "Par-tta l Extraction

Guidelines for Mining Under Continental Surface vv=+er-s ") should be equal

to 5 times the width (5W)of the advancing heading. Application of this

guideline will allow recovery of those coal measures that exist within the

5Wto 180 foot interval required by Level L This intervening strata should

also be relatively impermeable, as well as cohesive, to reduce the leakage

of water into the mine. Water in the mine can reduce the effective strength

of pillars and roof and floor rocks. An 8 foot measure of shale or rock of

equivalent permeability is usually sufficient to keep the workings dry.

Some typical permeabilities of roof rock were given in Table 6. When

- 90-

mining for the first time under these potential hazards, or when mining

in any bed overlying the bed of first extraction, two development headings

kept as narrow as possible should be driven through the hazardous area.

I hese headings should be the only development permitted until the hazard

has been passed or until the cohesiveness of the roof rock has been demon-

strated to the satisfaction of the mine inspector by extensive development

mining and monitoring. IWo headings are required to satisfy ventilation

requirements. These headings should not exceed 15 feet in width unless

special permit approval has been received from the responsible government

agency.

Hazardous natural strata includes reservoirs and unconsolidated

mater-tat that is likely to f'low when wet; auch as moss, peat, sand, gr'avel,

si It, mud, or rocks consisting of loosely coherent or uncemented particles.

HoLLandhas shown that roof falls generally do not extend vertically more

than 3 times the heading width (20). Since cohesive rock usually means

shallower roof faLLs, the guidelines specified here will adequately protect

the workings provided that the pi llars and rooms are properly sized to

accommodate the appl ied stresses.

Full Extraction Guidelines

Level I Guidelines do not allow full extraction mining under natural

subsurface hazards. Application of Level II requirements, however,

- 91 -

permits full extraction in these underlying coal beds.

The same guidelines as proposed for full extr-aotton when Mining

Under Continental Surface Waters should be applied here. At least 100

feet of intervening strata should exist for each 1 foot of extracted coal

thickness. The tensile strain limit of 10 parts per thousand at the base

of the natural subsurface hazard should also be considered as in Mining

Under Continental Surface Waters.

Mining can be conducted closer to the natural hazard or abandoned

working than is permitted by the 100 feet to 1 foot ratio, if the intervening

strata is evaluated for strength and cohesiveness by RQD and uniaxial core

testing and is monitored for stability by techniques such as microseismic

array equipment. The height of the caved zone and induced fractures

should also be monitored by the microseismic equipment and the operation

halted if caving and fractures become too extensive.

Full extraction mining should not be done when less than 700 feet

of overburden exists between the coal and the surface because of economic,

roof control, and subsidence related reasons unless monitoring techniques

are to be used. If monitoring is used, the overburden requirement can be

reduced to 350 feet for coal beds up to 3.5 feet thick. When mining in the

strata between 350 and 700 feet, the maximum tensile strain of 10 parts

per thousand should be considered.

- 92-

FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS

- 93-

- 94-

FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS

A set of gUidelines should be developed which would detail proce-

dure, equipment needs, parameters to be measured, steps to be followed,

and degree of caution to be exercised during exploration for, and drainage

or safe isolation of, abandoned workings. Methods of determining water

pressures and potential water volumes should also be studied.

1. Means by which abandoned workings can be located and thelevel of confidence that can be expressed in these methodsshould be evaluated. These would include:

• Surface indications of old workings such as abandonedshafts, drifts, or tipples.

· Collecting and analyzing all available old mine maps,claims, and other legal documents.

· Evaluating the physical indicators (such as sulfur smell,water seepage, etc.) delineated in the active workings.

· Borehole patterns from active workings that overlie,underlie, or are in the same bed as the abandoned workings.

· Seismic and other geophysical techniques.

2. Alternate methods of drainage should be evaluated, including:

• Drilling boreholes from the surface to the abandonedworkings to tap and drain the water.

· Drilling boreholes through the abandoned workings toopen abandoned workings below (which pose no threatto future mining operations), for water drainage.

· Draining the abandoned workings from overlying or under-lying active workings.

- 95-

• Methods of draining abandoned workings in the same seamfrom approaching active workings •

3. Methods of isolating abandoned workings so that they have noaffect on present workings also should be considered, including:

• Barrier pillars of sufficient size surrounding accuratelylocated abandoned workings .

• Use of grout, cement, or other material to significantlyreduce the permeability and increase the strength of bar-rier pillars allowing closer mining without drainage.

These three areas of research would delineate which methods are the

safest, most efficient, recover the greatest additional coal reserves, and

offer the best benefit/ cost ratio.

Under present guidelines, a 200 foot barrier pillar- must be left

adjacent to abandoned workings in the same coal bed that cannot be inspected

and certified free of hazardous accumulations of water. When accurate

mapping of these workings is not available, it must be assumed that they

were developed to the pr-oper-tyline, as shown in Figure 8.

If methods were available to accurately determine the location and

extent of these abandoned workings, development could progress to the

limits determined by property boundary barrier pillar requirements pro-

posed in Level I guidelines. For example, using the formula Pb = 10+

2T + 5D (see Level I guidelines), if development is in a 5 foot seam that is

1000 feet deep, a 70 foot barrier pillar must be left on both sides of the

-96 -

..........

rr~fff~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

ACTIVE

WORKINGS

FIGURE 8. CURRENT BARRIER PILLAR REQUIREMENT

WHEN LOCATION AND EXTENT OF ABAN-

DONED WORKINGS ARE UNKNOWN.

- 97 -

property line. Figure 9 shows how additional reserves can be recovered

if the abandoned workings are accurately mapped. The worst case in

Figure 9 allows development to wi.thin 140 feet of the property line; the

best case shows development to within 70feet of the property line. In a 5 foot

seam with 50 percent mining, an additional 4500 tons of reserve, for each

additional acre that is opened for development, could be recovered.

According to a recent publication by the Environmental Protection

Agency entitled "\Vater Pollution Prevention and Controll', there are at

least 100,000 abandoned, flooded mines within the United States. If we

can assume that, by accurate determination of their location and extent, we

could free an average of 25 acres for new development at each mine, we could

recover, at 50%extraction in 5 foot seams, an additiona 1 11 bi11ion tons o~_~oa1.

In addition to accurately locating these abandoned workings, re-

search should be conducted to determine the applicability of alternate

methods of drainage. If the abandoned workings in the above example

could be safely and effectively drained it is possible that new mining could

be permiUed to progress up to the property boundary limits. This would

free additional reserves for recovery.

If it is determined that drainage of the abandoned mine would be

uneconomical at the time, means of safely isolating it from the present

workings should be studied and evaluated. These methods of isolation

- 98-

WORST CASE

o

INTERMEDIATE CASE

!I!! w:t!i!ir:> ..:.:.:.;.:.•.::.'.::.,::. . .....- ;.:.:.:.:.:.~

.-.:... ':.':.•:.':.':.':,'...:.....:.. t- ........... ~

0 -,-x-;-; a:~:~:t:-c ::::::::::::0:::::::: ':::::::::':::-........ >

BEST CASE:::::;::::::::::::::::

~ if::r ~ ::1111111111111111111

o ._ ;..~._._..

FIGURE 9 RECOVERY OF ADDITIONAL RESERVES THROUGH THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF LEVEL I GUIDELINES WHEN

ABANDONED WORKINGS CAN BE ACCURATELY LOCATED.

- 99-

should consider that at some time in the future it may become economical

to drain the flooded workings to recover the barrier pillar.

An additional area of research should involve guidelines for mining

under flooded, abandoned workings. The guidelines that are recommended

in the text, under Level II, require at least 100 feet of cohesive intervening

strata. In many instances, this may tend to be restrictive and may isolate

large quantities of coal from development. It is estimated that at least

5 percent of the coal reserve base, or about 20 billion tons, would be lost

to development due to this gUideline.

Currently, not much information exists on the problems related to

mining under 'or- over abandoned workings, especially partially extracted

abandoned workings. The objective of this research effort would be to

evaluate the factors, both positive and negative, currently encountered in

mining over or under prior extracted seams. From this evaluation, guide-

lines based on field measurements to allow the greatest possible resource

recovery could be developed.

- 100-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- 101-

- 102-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ahcan, R., "Influence of Mining on the Construction and Maintenanceof Underground Roads" ~ Rudarsko - Metalurski Zbornik, No.1, pp, 31-43 (available from NTIC U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,Virginia 22151), 1971.

2. Ahcan, R., "Trial Mining by the Velenje Mining Method in Three Sliceswith Storing in the Velenje Lignite Mines", Rudarsko - Metalurski Zbornik,No. 2-3, pp. 169-183 (ava ilab le from N"TIC U. S. Department of Commerce,Springfield, Virginia 22151), 1972.

3. Bar-torr, N., "Estimating the Shear Strength of Rock .Jotrrts"; Proceedingsof the "Third Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics,Denver, V. 2, Part A, pp. 219-220,1974.

4. Cameron Engineers, "A Technical and Econorn ic Study of CandidateUnderground Mining Systems for Deep, "ThickOj l Shale Deposits", PhaseI Report USE?MContract Report S0241074, July, 1975.

5. Coates, D. F., "Classification of Rock for Rock Mechanics", InternationalJournal of Rock Mechani.cs and Mining Science, V. 1, 1964.

6. Coates, D. F. and T. S. Cochrane, "Rock Bolting, Research and DesignSpecifications", 6th International Mining Congress, Madrid, Spain, 1970.

7. Cording, J. E. and J. W. Mahar, "The Effect of Natural GeologicDiscontinuities on Behavior of Rock in Tunnels", Proceedings RapidExcavation and "Tunneling Conference, AIME, San Francisco, California,V. 1, pp. 107-138, June 24, 1974.

8. Deere, D. U. and R. P. Miller, "Engineering Classification and IndexProperties for Intact Rock", A. F. W. L. TR-65-116, 1966.

9. Deere, D. U., A. H. Merritt, and R. F. Coon, "Engineering Classificationof In-Situ Rock", A.F.W. L. TR-67-144, 1969.

10. Deere, D. U,.; "Techn ica I Description of Rock Cores for EngineeringPurposes 'I, Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology, V. 1-1, 1963.

- 103-

11. Diadkin, D., "Rock Mechanics Problems of Underground Excavations",Proceedings of the 1" hird Congress of the Internationa l Society for RockMechanics, V. 1, Part B, pp . 1399-1410, Denver, Colorado, 1974.

12. Dulaney, Roy L., "T he Structural Strength of Coal Mine Floors", 1" hesis,Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1960.

13. Engineer Manual No. 1110-2-380, "Systematic Drilling and Blasting forSurface Excavations", Chapter 6, Department of the Army, Office ofthe Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C. 20314, March 1, 1972.

14. Gaddy, Frank L., "A Study of the Ultimate Strength of Coal as Relatedto the Absolute Size of the Cubical Specimens, ested", Bulletin 112,Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Engineering Experiment Station, 1956.

15. Goodman, R. E., etal., "Groundwater Inflow During Tunnel Driving",Engineering Geology, AEG, 1965.

16. Greenwald, H. P., Howarth, and I. Hartmann, "Experiments of Strengthof Small Pi llars in Coal in the Pittsburgh Bed", Progress Report, U. S.Bureau of Mines RI 3575, June, 1941.

17. Harding, S. T ., "Multiple Mine Openings Subjected to Seismic Loading",14th Symposium on Rock Mechanics,' ASCE, 345 East 47th Street, NewYork, N. Y. 10017, pp . 739-745, 1973.

18. Hardy, H. Reginald, Jr., Pennsylvania State University, Mining Engineer-ing Department, Personnel Communication .

19. Holland, Charles T ., "Design of Pillars for Overburden Support", MiningCongress Journa l, March and Apri l , 1962.

20. Holland, Charles 1" ., "Factors in the Design of Mine Pillars for the Supportof Overburden Permanently", Rock Mechanics Symposium, Rock MechanicsApplications to MininQ. West Virginia University.

21. Holland, Charles T., '''Mine Pillar Design", SME Mining EngineeringHandbook (edited by Given), V. 1, Section 13.8, SME/AIME, 1973.

- 104-

22. Hooker, V. and W. I. Duvall, tt Stress in·Outcrops Near Atlanta, Georgia",RI6860, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1966.

23. Hrastnik, L., "Problems of Determining the Safe Thickness of ImpermeableClay Layers Between Coal Seam and Water-Bearing Sand Layers in theHangingWall", Rudarsko - Metalurski Zbornik, No.1, pp. 45-57 (availablefrom N"'IC U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151),1971.

24. Janezic, S., "Trial Probing with Hydraulic Sliding Roof Bars on Faces ofthe Velenje Lignite Mtrie '", Rudarsko - Metalurski Zbornik, No. 2-3, pp , 185-191 (available from N'"IC U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,Virginia 22151), 1972.

25. Kapp, W. A. and R. C. Williams, "Extraction of Coal in the Sydney Basinfrom Beneath Large Bodies of Water", Papers Aust. LM.M. Conference,Newcastle, p . 77, (Aust. LM.M., Melbourne), 1972.

26. Konstantynowicz, E., et a l , , "Determination of Safety Pillars for LimitingWater Hazard in Hard Coal Mines" (in Polish) Prace GIG, Korn , nr615 Wyol.GIG, Katowice, A4, 19, fot. -,rys. 9, wykr.-, tabl. 2, Konsp. Summ.,1974.

27. MerriH, R. H. and T. A. Morgan, "Method of Determining the Stl"'engthofa Mine Roof", U. S. Bureau of Mines, RI 5406,1958.

28. National Coal Board, "Subsidence Engineers Handbook", (Revised), Produc-tion Department, London, 1966.

29. National Coal Board, "Working Under the Sea", Production DepartmentInstruction, PI/1968/8, London, 1968.

30. Obert, L., W. I. Duvall and R. ;Merrill, "Design of Underground Openingsin Competent Roolc'", U. S. Bureau of Mines BuLLetin587, 1960.

31. Obert, L., "Rock Mechanics", SME Mining Engineering Handbook(editedby Given), V. 1, Section 6.2, SME/AIME, 1973.

32. Obert, L. and W. 1. Duvall, "Rock Mechanics and the Design of Structuresin Rook'", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, pp. 409-459,1967.

- 105'"

SSe Onodera, T. F., "Dynamic Investigation of Foundation Rocks In-Situ",Proceedings, 5th Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Pergamon Press,New York, 1963.

S4. Phillips, as referenced by Trask, Parker D., "Applied Sedimentation",John Wiley and Sons, NewYork, 1950.

35. Prandtl, as referenced by Tschebotarioff, G. P., "Soil Mechanics,Foundations and Earth Structures", McGraw-HiL1Book Company, NewYork, 1951.

36. Salamon, M. D. G., andA. H. Munro, "A Study of the Strength of CoalPillars", Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and MetaLLurgy,V. 68, 1967.

S7. Sharp, J. C., et a l., "Eva luation of Hydrau1ic Properti es of RockMasses", 14th Symposium on Rock Mechanics, ASCE, 345 East 47thStreet, New York, N.Y. 10017, 1973.

38. Sherman, Walter C., "Elements of Soil and Rock Mechanics", SMEMining Engineering Handbook, V. 1, Chapter 6, 1973.

39. Skelly and Loy, "Guidelines for Mining Near Surface Waters", Phase I,Interim Report, August 29, 1975.

40. Skelly and Loy, "Guidelines for Mining Near Surface Waters", Phase II,Interim Report, January 16, 1976.

41. Sovinc" I., "Geotechnical Aspects of Longwall Face Caving", Proceed-ings of the Third Congress of the International Society for Mechanics,V. II, Part B, pp, 1096-1107, Denver, Colorado, 1974.

42. Stefanko, Robert, "Coal Mining inthe U.S.A.", College of Earth andMineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, March 5, 1975.

4S. Thomas, J. L., "An Introduction to Mining-Exploration, Feasibility,Extraction, Rock Mechanics", Holstead Press, A Division of JohnWiley & Sons, Inc , , 605 Third Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10016,p , 418, 1973.

44. Water Encyclopedia, Edited by David Keith Todd, Water InformationCenter, Inc , , 1970.

- 106-

45. Wilson, A. H., "Research into the Determination of Pillar Size",Part 1, A Hypothesis Concerning Pillar Stability, The MiningEngineer, V. 131, Pt. 9, June, 1972.

46. Zabetakis, M. G., T. D. Moore, .Jr-,.; A. E. Nagel and J. E.Carpetta, "Methane Emission in Coal Mines: Effects of Oil andGas Wells", RI 7658, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1972.

47. - - - - - "Physical Properties of Some Typical Foundation Rocks",Concrete Laboratory Report SP-39, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,1953.

- 107-

APPENDICES

A-I

APPENDIX A

CURREJ\fT STATE" FEDERAL" AND FOREIGN GUIDELINES

WHICH .FIT THE LEVEL I CLASSIFICATION

A-2

APPENDIX

A

CURRENT

STA

TE.

WHICH

FIT

THE

FEDERAL

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

LEVEL

ICLA

SSIFICATION

5TATE

.FE

DERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFF

ECTIVE

DATE

REGULA

TING

AGENCY

l> I U>

Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

MINING

CLOS

ETO

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KING

S

Section

291.

The

superinten

dent

shall

not

permit

theminin

gof

coal

within

fifty

feet

ofan

abandoned

mine

orany

ebandoneo

portion

ofany

mine

conta

ining

adangero

usaccumu

-lation

ofwater,

'"The

superinten

dent

shall

not

permit

theminin

gof

coal

inany

seam

theentire

distan

ceto

apro

perty

boundary

line

not

includ

ingboundaries

around

reserv

ations

oralo

ngcro

plines,

when,

onthe

adjoinin

gpro

perty

there

aremine

workings

insaid

seam

within

three

thousand

feet

ofsaid

boundary

line,

but

shall

leave

abarrier

pillar,

from

theopera

tion

tothe

property

boundary

line,

ofnot

less

than

tenfee

tplu

stwo

feet

forevery

foot

orpart

ofa

foot

ofthickness

ofthe

bed

measu

redfrom

theroo

fto

thefloor,

plus

five

feet

foreach

one

hundred

feet

orpart

ofone

hundred

feet

ofcover

over

thebed

atthe

boundary

line;

and,

where

thecoal

onone

side

ofthe

property

boundary

line

shall

have

been

mined

prior

tothe

effective

date

ofthis

act

closer

tothe

property

boundary

line

than

hereinbefo

repermitte

d,the

nthe

barrier

pillar

tobe

left

inthe

mine

appro

achin

gthe

boundary

line

shall

beat

least

equal,

when

added

totha

talready

left

inthe

adjoinin

gmine,

totha

thereinbefo

rer-equtr-eo

onboth

sides

ofsaid

property

boundary

line;

provid

ed,

that

if,in

theopinion

ofthe

mine

inspecto

rin

thedistrict

orthe

superinten

dent

ofeither

minin

gpro

perty,

thebarrier

pillar,

asher-einb

efor-e

required,

isdeem

edinsufficient,

then

after

due

notice

tothe

opera

toror

opera

tors

ofthe

minin

gpro

perty

adjoinin

gabarrier

pillar

ofunmined

coal,

one-h

alfof

which

shall

beon

each

side

ofthe

property

boundary

line,

except

aspro

vided

above

inthis

section,

shall

beleft,

ofsuch

thickness

asin

thejud

gment

ofthe

mine

inspecto

rin

thedistrict

and

ofthe

superinten

dent

orow

ner

ofeither

minin

gpro

perty

isdeem

ednecessa

ryto

afford

safety

and

protection;

•••

<U .~ >,

(fl

E ~(fl

OJ

••.•C

o._ ~s <U"0

.J5~e

.-e'

,5OJ

~"O -5 ~L

0,2 s g 'g B iii

1961

!ii'

OJ

(fl0

OJ5

'r0

t;m

-5Cl

c_ -<U

-1:

'"OJ

~E

cc

-e

~.-

"0~ ~w (fl••.•

OJ°

C~

.-c

~OJ

•.E °t •..'"

~a. HI tOJ

a£i

~~ t,

Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

MINING

INSA

FETY

ZONE

S

The

General

Assem

blyof

theComm

onwealth

ofPennsylva

niahereb

yenacts

asfollow

s:

ESTA

BLISHM

ENT

OFSA

FETY

ZONE

S

Section

1. Asafety

zone

ishereb

yestablished

beneath

and

adjacent

toevery

stream,

river

and

natural

orartificial

body

ofwater

inthe

Comm

onwealth

that

issufficiently

large

toconstitu

teahazard

tominin

gin

theopinion

and

inthe

discre

tion

ofthe

departm

ent.

Such

safety

zone

shall,

inthe

case

ofsuch

streams

and

rivers,

exten

dhorizontally

two

hundred

feet

from

thehig

hwater

mark

ofeach

band.

Inthe

case

ofany

other

body

ofwater

sufficiently

large

toconstitu

teahazard

tominin

gin

theopinion

and

inthe

discre

-tion

ofthe

departm

ent,

itshall

exten

dhorizontally

two

hundred

feet

from

theknow

n',perim

eter.

Inany

case,

thezone

shall

exten

ddown

ward

tothe

limit

ofthe

wor-kable

beds.

(J) OJ

••..C ~~ ~"0

.J5

rne

cCl

'c~

~~ -:::>8

L0.2 (J)<u

a'c

c<u

'g~

B~

,-c

enOJ a.

1961

~'O

~c"

.-E

(J)

~.•..8

"0L

LCa

:J

'"~°

(J)0m

~OJCl

._.c

-~""21

••3:c

o0

OJ

.•.•Z

Ec""'c

OJme

E_,-

tb~

~~w

OJ"0

O,S

APP

END

IXA

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FEC

TIVE

DA

TER

EGU

LATI

NG

AG

ENC

Y

» I ~

Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

Section

5. The

superinten

dent

shall

not

permit

theminin

gof

coal

within

fifty

feet

ofany

abandoned

mine

contain

ing

adangerous

accurnulation

ofwate

r-,(prO

Vided,

that

the

thickness

ofthe

barrier

pillars

shall

begre

ater

and

shall

bein

proportion

ofone

foot

ofpillar

thickness

toeach

one

and

one-q

uarter

feet

ofwater

head.

ifin

thejud

gment

ofthe

engin

eer

ofthe

property

and

that

ofthe

district

inspecto

r'it

isnecessa

ryfor

thesafety

ofthe

perso

nswo

rking

inthe

mine).

The

superinten

dent

shall

not

permit

theminin

gof

coal

theentire

distan

ceto

apro

perty

boundary

lme,but

shall

leave

abarrier

piIlar

from

theopera

tion

tothe

property

boundary

llne

ofnot

less

than

tenfee

tplu

stwo

feet

forevery

foot

orpart

ofa

foot

ofthickness

ofthe

bed

measu

redfrom

theroo

fto

thefloor

plus

five

feet

foreach

one

hundred

feet

orpart

ofone

hundred

feet

ofcover

over

thebed

atthe

boundary

line;

and

where

thecoal

onone

side

ofthe

property

boundary

line

shall

have

been

previo

usly

mined

closer

tothe

property

boundary

line

than

hereinbefo

repermitte

d,the

nthe

barrier

pillar

tobe

left

inthe

mine

appro

achin

gthe

boundary

line,

shall

beat

least

equal

(when

added

totha

talready

left

inthe

adjacent

mine),

totha

thereinbefo

rereq

uired

onboth

sides

ofsaid

property

boundary

line:

Pro-

vided

furthe

r,tha

t,if

inthe

opinion

ofthe

district

mlne

trispsctor-,

orthe

superinten

dent

ofeither

property,

there

isaFaulty

conditio

nor

liability

ofsqueezing

,and

thebarrier

pillar

ashereinbefore

required

isdeem

edinsufficient,

then,

after

due

nottce

toadjoinin

gow

ner

orow

ners,

abarrier

pillar

ofunmined

co.al

(one-h

alFof

which

shall

beon

each

side

ofthe

property

boundary

line,

except

aspro

vided

above

inthis

section)

shall

beleft,

ofsuch

thickness

asin

thejud

gment

ofthe

otstr-Ict

mine

inspecto

r,and

thesuperinten

dent

orow

ner

ofeither

property

isdeem

ednecessa

ryto

afFord

safety

and

protection;

b~

~S OJE

rii3 Ifl- "

0m.~

1Il

~E~

.55•...>

:?:

-~~

m.8~

"- 0I

<1:~

•...

COJ"0

a.1935

OJ

s:C

u;

E•..•

III

0

t~oSID

t1l c,

Q)

~.s

OJ

:g),:?:

0>

02o.lii

a.E

0wO

0 ~~

U0

<t~

cOJ

<ta

.

Penns:llva

nta(Bituminous)

MINE

FORE

MAN

;DR

AINA

GE

Section

224.

(a)The

mine

forem

anshall

seetha

tthe

water

isdr-alr.ed

out

ofthe

wor-king

places

llt}fo

rothl~

nh)n

Ul\ll

.!t',

fInd

that

the

wl.\

t'klI\

Ypl

ttce.

s~H

'ukc

ptd~:

rrue

fruln

water-

aspr-ao-

ticable

during

working

hours

.(L

)Wh

t:n~v(;r

any

workln~

plac

ein

nrru

neap

proa

chco

w\Ulin

fifty

t'cet

ofaban-

done

dwo

rkings.

insuch

rrune

asshow

nby

surveys

certi

l'l.:!

oI)y

i\reqistcrocJ

enqlner>,r

Or"

survo

yor

,or

wttl

untwo

hundrod

l'eet

ofany

other

aberidonud

workinys

ofsuch

mine,

which

cannot

beinspected

and

which

may

conta

indangero

usaccumu

lation

sof

water

orgas,

orwithin

two

hundred

feet

ofany

workings

ofan

adjacent

mine

••..

Itshall

bl~unlnwful

toW~

'1I"'''

orl..

'ITlp

h.ly

rnon

towo

rkin

~IIIY

pO"hun

01'd

IJllu

rnln

ous

coul

mine

inwh

ichabody

ofwater

isdamm

edor

held

back

atahig

her

elevation

inthe

same

mine

bynatural

orartiftcial

means,

unless

permission

todo

sois

given

inwritin

gby

thesec

retary

.

III

.~ > ), ~ c ifif' OJ

"-C

0._ m:?:

~"0 jS 012 .S~ .5III

...~lJ

<:c

-:J

IIIt.

8.2

~ 2 'E .3 ffi

1961

"-n;0

t.•..•

OJC,....

S;JJ

'F,

:?:c

OJ

"0t~

c~5

III

OJ

1Il

'n0

'Il1>

Cl

COJ_

~£.s

~~;

()()~

Zc

•..•~

c§

(,1~

E.~')

fu~8

Cl.:J

~:s

APPENDIX

A

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

liON

» I 0'1

West

Virginia

5TATE

.FE

DERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFF

ECTIVE

DATE

REGULA

TING

AGENCY

--E

°u '"'t1l

c_ ~~ LIII

t1l.-

o.L

~~~

Alabam

a

Virginia

Kentu

cky

PROT

ECTION

AGAINS

TWAT

ERAN

DGA

S

Rule

30. (C

)In

every

mine

where

there

isdanger

ofaaudoer-

inburst

ofwa

ter,

addition

alpassagew

ays,

shall

beconstructe

das

are

necessary

inthe

opinion

ofthe

Departm

ent,

toins

ure

theescape

ofwo

rkmen.

(d)Except

inem

ergencies

norestrain

ingdam

shell

beins

talled

inany

mine

where

theruptu

reof

such

dam

would

imperil

thesa

fety

ofme

nin

said

mine

oroth

ermine,

•••

APPR

OACH

ING

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KING

S

Section

45.1-93.

•••within

fifWfee

tof

abandoned

workings

insuch

mine

asshow

nby

surve

ysma

deand

certified

byacomp

etent

engin

eer

orsurve

yor,

orwithin

two

hundred

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

workings

orsuch

mine,

which

cannot

beins

pecte

d.

BORE

HOLE

SIN

ADVA

NCE

OFFA

CE,

WHE

NRE

QUIRED

Section

352.3

71.

Whenever

any

working

place

approaches

within

fifty

feet

ofabandoned

areas

inthe

mine

asshow

nby

surve

ysma

deand

certified

byaregis

tered

engin

eer,

orwithin

two

hundred

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

areas

ofthe

mine

whicn

cannot

beins

pecte

dand

which

may

corita

tr-dangerous

accumu

lation

sof

water

orgas,

orwithin

two

hundred

feet

ofany

workings

ofan

adjac

ent

mine,

•••

MINE

MAPS

Supervisio

nby

Profe

ssion

alEn

gineer

orLic

ensed

Land

Surve

yor;

Seal

and

Certifica

tion;

Conte

nts,

Exten

sions;

Repository;

Availability;

Traversin

g;Co

pies;

Archive

;Fin

alSu

rvey

and

Map;

Penaltie

s.

Section

22-2-1.

(16)

The

location

ofany

body

ofwa

terdamm

edin

themine

orheld

back

inany

portio

nof

themine,

butsuch

bodie

sof

water

may

beshow

non

overlay

sor

tracin

gsattached

tothe

mine

maps

used

toshow

conto

urlines,

asprovide

dunder

subdivisio

nten

ofthis

section;

(17)

The

elevation

ofany

body

ofwa

terdamm

edin

themine

orheld

back

inany

portio

nof

themine;

(16)

The

abandoned

portio

nor

portio

nsof

themine;

(19)

The

location

and

description

ofat

least

two

permanent

base

line

points

£ .•..

ot1l

(/)E

a>t1l

_.0 &~ ~~ .20

t1l2j

Ul

t1l

~Ui

~ .•.. o (/)t1l

~.-

t1lC

-I.~

rn._

,S> c ~

~a>_

:50 g>U

.-~ f- a>t1l

~8 (!)••.•

(/)0

~g'

-I'c s

t1l

:5 E'

:> ]i ~ .•..

o (/) ~ J rn .5 c s

Decemb

er15,

1962

1966

1967

1974

~'C~

C-g

a>_

SU LC

IIIIII

o.L

~B .5 (/) ~f ~~ ~~ E-g

~t1l

0.1/

)

~.~ ~

Ul 5 ~ .•.. o '"' ~ t1l 0. Q) o

APP

ENDIX

A

CURREN

TST

ATE

.FE

DER

AL

WHICH

FIT

THE

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDEL

INES

LEVE

LIC

LASS

IFICATION

» I (l)

Ohio

8TATE

.FE

DER

AL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDEL

INE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTIVE

DATE

REG

ULA

TING

AGEN

CY

West

Virginia

MINE

MAP

S(Corrtd

,)

Section

22-2-1.

(Contd.)

coor

dina

tedwi

thth

eun

derg

roun

dan

dsu

rface

min

etr-aver-s

es,

and

the

locat

ionan

dde

scrip

-tion

ofat

least

two

permanent

elevation

bench

marks

used

inconnection

with

estab

lishin

gor

refer

encin

gm

ine

eleva

tion

surv

eys;

(20)

Mine

sabove

orbelow

;(21

)Water

pools

above;

(22)

The

location

ofthe

princ

ipal

streams

and

bodie

sof

water

ontbe

surface.

Duties;

Ventilation

;Loose

Coal,

Slate

orRock;

Props;

Drain

age

ofWater;

Man

Doors

Section

22-2-8.

(a)The

duties

ofthe

mine

forem

anshal

Ibe

tokeep

acareful

watch

ove

I"the

ventilating

apparatus,

theairways,

traveling

ways,

pump

sand

drain

age.

The

mine

forem

anshall

have

allwater

drain

edor

haule

dout

ofthe

working

places

where

practicable,

before

theminers

enter,

and

such

working

places

shall

bekept

dryas

far

aspr

actic

able

while

the

min

ers

are

atwo

rk.

ro C

til

:~Ql e

>~

tl'5

Ql

C3

1974

Ql

u,

E

0 til

t::

<l

ja. 8

E'c ~

APPR

OACH

ING

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KiNG

S

India

na

Section

86.

Whenever

any

working

place

inan

underground

mine

2.pproaches

within

50fee

tof

abandoned

working

sin

such

mine

asshow

nby

surveys

made

and

certified

byacom-

peten

tengin

eer

orsurveyor,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

working

sof

such

mine,

which

cannot

beinspected

and

which

may

conta

indangero

usaccumu

lation

sof

water

orga

s,or

with

in20

0fee

tof

any

work

inqs

ofan

adjac

ent

mine

,...

ADDITiON

ALOP

EI',JiNG

FOR

PROT

ECTION

AGAINS

TiNUN

DATION

Section

4153.15

.

Atany

mine

wher

eth

ere

isa

strea

mor

body

ofwater-

onthe

surfa

ce,

orIn

thewo

rking

sof

themine,

atahig

her

level,

which

islike~y

tobreak

through

into

such

mine,

and

inundate

either

thetraveling

orescapeme

ntway

ofsuch

mine,

soas

topre-

vent

tho

L'L1fX'!~:~~;()rr)(~r:,on~:,

l.'n,pl~·)yt'd

th(!r'

l'ill,

th('

l)WIIL'

r,lC'j:;v~',

oriH

Jl:fl

l~~h•.d

lpr-ovld

oand

maintain

anaddl

ttorial

opening

byme

ans

ofwh

ichSU

C~l

perso

nsma

yescape

witho

utusing

thetraveling

orescapeme

ntway

likely

tobe

tnundated,

Noow

ner-,

tessee

,ag

ent,

orop

erato

rof

ami

nesh

allwi

llful

lyre

fuse

ornegle

ctto

comp

lywith

thlssection.

Ql ,s<l

••...en

••...e

o.':1

oe

:J.-

enU

rJ.S

::oS

~:2

.5'0

:Ju

~BMarc

h8,

1955

m~

<'l

._<l

~~

e•.•

~(f)

.-e

u._

£:2

til- e 3

0'iU

:ca;

0CCen

u,_

rJ

0.~

.S

til

£;:2

~'fl

••...

1875

:J')

.J~

C01

.::;0

e......-

'co.~

s•.•> e.-

Ql0

E t <l a. <ll 0

P- I -..J

Oklah

oma

8TA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TY

APP

END

IXA

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

L.A

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

GU

IDEL

INE

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

OF

LAW

o 6 ..... o ~ ~ 'c ~

1975

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

ill-

<)III

C

E~

illu,

:J0

-g

C_

0......~

o.!!l

4'>

C.-

<)0

E•

4'U

l'-

CIII

00.

.~

~~&!

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

Ohio

PREC

AUTION

SWHE

NWOR

KING

PLAC

EAP

PROA

CHES

COMP

LETE

DWOR

KING

SOR

ABAN

DONE

DMINE

S

Section

4153.39

.

When

any

working

place

approaches

within

fifty

feet

ofaccurately

surve

yed

comp

leted

wor-klrvjs

inthe

same

mine,

orwithin

two

hundred

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

work

ings

,th

atca

nnot

bein

spec

ted

and

whic

hrn

ayco

ntai

nda

nger

ous

accu

mul

atio

nsof

water

orga

s,...

Comp

leted

workings

are

accurately

surve

yed

when

acomp

etent

engin

eer

orsurve

yor

has

certified

asto

thesurve

ying

and

recording

thereof.

Noow

ner,

lessee,

agent,

oroperato

rof

amine

shall

Willfully

refus

eor

negle

ctto

comp

lywlth

this

section.

REST

RICT

IONS

ONMINING

NEAR

.o.BA

NDON

EDWOR

KING

S

Sectlon

321.

Driving

toward

abandoned

mines.

Nooperato

rshall

bepermitte

dto

mine

coal

within

two

hundred

(200)

feet

ofany

abandoned

mine

workings

conta

ining

adangerous

accu

mul

ation

ofwa

ter,

...

MAP

ORPL

ANOF

MINE

S:"

NECE

SSITY

-RE

QUISITES

Section

341•

Such

map

orpla

nshall

furthe

rshow

accurately

thetr-acks

and

sidetracks

ofall

rallro

ads,

theloc

ation

and

depth

ofholes

drille

dfor

oil,

<Jas,or

water

that

penetrate

thewo

rkable

coal

seam

,and

theloc

ation

and

elevation

above

thecoal

seam

ofany

body

ofwa

tertha

tmight

endanger

thelives

ofmlners

working

therein

shall

also

besh

own.

FORE

MAN'S

DUTIES

ASTO

TIMB

ERS

AND

DRAINA

GE

Section

562.

The

mine

forem

anshall

see

that

allwa

terbe

cr-atr.ec

orhaule

doutof

allwo

rking

places

before

theminer

enters,

and

asfar

aspracticable,

kept

dry

while

theminer

isat

work

.

III E E III X 0 u, 0III

/JJ

1973

E

~0 s:

If)III

OJ

:i:5

0u,

.....

0

0

Ul

~~

4'

.JIf)

0> .s C ~

APP

END

IXA

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

:t> I co

Illino

is

STA

TEo

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NOF

LAW

1962

~ (J) ~ t « "- o 2 <:l if)

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

Arkansas

WAT

ERIN

MINES

Section

233-7

285.

Whenever

and

where

ver

acoal

mine

inthis

State

become

sdangero

usfrom

high

water

oroverflow

ofstreams

adjacent

thereto,

where

bythe

lives

ofrntne

r-sem

ployed

therein

arejeo

pardized

byrea

son

ofsuch

high

water,

itshall

bethe

duty

ofthe

managers

ofsuch

coal

mine

tocall

theminers

out

ofthe

same

,and

ror-bio

their

working

therein

until

such

dang

eris

past,

and

failu

reto

doso

ishe

reby

mad

ea

high

misd

emea

nor,

and,

upon

conviction

thereo

f,shall

befined

inany

sum

not

less

than

five

hundred

($500.00

)dollars

nor

more

than

five

thousand

($5,00

0.00)

dollars,

orby

imprisonm

ent

not

less

than

sixmo

nths

nor

more

than

one

year.

Section

26.12

.

Noaccumu

latlon

ofice

orobstructions

ofany

kind

shal

lbe

permitted

inany

shaf

tin

which

men

are

hoist

edor

lower

ed;

nor

shall

any

d-ar

;ger

ous

gase

sor

steam

bedi

scha

rged

into

the

shaf

tin

such

quan

tities

orat

Such

times

asto

inter

fere

with

the

safe

passa

geof

men.

All

surface

oroth

erwater

which

flews

thereln

shall

beconducted

byrin

gsor

othe

rwt.se

tore

cept

acles

prov

ided

for

the

sam

ein

such

man

ner

asto

prev

ent

water

from

falling

upen

men

while

passing

into

orout

ofthe

mine

orwh

ilein

thedis-

charg

eof

thelr

duties

about

theshaft

bottom.

MINE

PLAN

S

Section

33.02

.

Such

map

orpla

nshall

accurately

show

thesurfac8

boundary

lines

ofthe

coal

right

spe

rtain

irgto

each

min

e,an

dall

secti

ons

orqu

arter

-secti

onlin

esor

corn

ers

within

thesame

;the

lines

ortow

nlots

and

streets;

thetracks

and

side-trac

ksof

allra

ilroa

dsan

dth

eloc

ation

ofall

wago

nro

ads,

river

s,str

eam

s,po

nds,

locat

ionan

ddepth

ofholes

dril1ed

for

oil,

gas

orwater

that

penetrate

[(wo

rkable

coal

seam

,and

theelevation

above

thecoal

seam

ofany

stream

orbody

ofwater

that

might

endanger

the

min

e.

Section

34.04

.

During

pillar

recovery

inany

mine

when

working

places

approach

within

50fee

tof

abandoned

sealed

working

s,as

show

nby

surveys

made

""oJ

certlfied

bya

comp

etent

engin

eer

orsurveyor-,

which

may

cont

ainda

nger

ous

accurr.ul

attons

ofwa

cer

orga

s,or

within

200

feat

ofany

worklng

sof

anadjacent

mine,

...

~ iJI £~

'0~

UlOf.

::<.

.5~

.50 c ~

(J) f "c

•..

so <l:

1)en

July,

1971

cc

<:l

'c~

~c

'iii

~0

"-

00

<1J

ts:

"r-

E •..<.

<:l 0. 'J 0

APP

END

IXA

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

NC

UR

REN

TST

ATE

.W

HIC

HFI

TTH

E

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TY

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

OF

LAW

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

GU

IDEL

INE

WOR

KING

PLAC

ESKE

PTFR

EEFR

OMWAT

ER

Section

92-6-6.

The

mine

forem

anshall

see

that

thewo

rking

places

are

kept

asfree

from

water

aspracticable

during

working

hours.

0 "2 '- .9 0 0 ....

0 Q)

-8Iii

EUl

0Q)

(5:5

1966

0'0

.... 0

~2

<U

s-l

lJl

~ 'c s r.i 8

PREC

AUTION

SNE

ARAB

ANDO

NED

MINE

S

Section

92-6-7.

Whenever

any

wor-ktnq

place

approaches

within

two

hundred

feet

ofabandoned

workings

that

cannot

beins

pecte

dand

that

may

conta

indangerous

accumu

lation

sof

water

orga

s,...

Colorado

SURF

ACE

MAPS

Section

92-7-5.

J>

cb

Whe

nth

em

ine

map

does

not

show

surfa

cefea

ture

sth

esu

rface

map

shall

bem

ade

ontra

nspa

rent

ortra

nslu

cent

cloth

orpa

per,

sotha

tit

may

Delai

dOr

')til

em

apof

theunderground

workings

toshow

thetr-ue.relation

sof

thesurface

features

tothe

mine

workings

and

excavations.

Itshall

show

allsurface

features

overlying

thecoal

seam

such

asra

vines

,in

term

itten

tan

dpe

rman

ent

strea

ms,

bodi

esof

stand

ing

water

,co

unty

,to

wnsh

ipan

dse

ction

lines

,to

wnsh

ipan

dse

ction

num

bers

,to

wnlot

s,str

eets

and

road

s,th

eloc

ation

ofth

em

ine

open

ings

,th

epo

sition

and

nam

esof

build

ings

,co

keov

ens,

railr

oad

track

,sid

etra

cks

and

min

etra

mwa

ysor

haul

agew

ays,

boun

dary

lines

ofthe

property,

theele

vation

above

sea

level

ofaome

point,

bench

mark,

orpe

rman

ent

mon

umen

tne

arth

em

ainop

enin

gof

the

min

e;an

dall

outcr

ops

ofco

alse

ams

where

thesame

are

visible.

Ifthe

surface

map

bema

deon

tracin

gclo

thit

shall

bere

turn

edto

the

owne

rfo

rex

tensio

n.

WOR

KING

INVICINITY

OFAB

ANDO

NED

AREA

-AD

VANC

EWOR

KING

S-PR

ECAU

TION

SQ) 1J 0 0 $>

Iill

8':iJ

<fl

1972

!fI~

~~~

~~:::

~o«

Q)

o'-

Z

'x.e

....

Q)

0

~21

<U

~•..

Q)

lJl

Z

Section

63-14-19,

New

Mexic

oWhen

any

working

has

approached

within

one

hundr-e

d(100)

feet

ofany

portio

nof

anabandoned

mine

not

know

nto

befree

from

gas

ordangerous

accumu

lation

ofwa

teror

explo

sive

gas,

•••

APPENDIX

A

CURRENT

STATE

fWHICH

FIT

FEDERAL

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

THE

LEVEL

ICLA

SSIFICATION

> I ..•.

o

Pennsylva

nia(Anth

racite)

5TATE

.FE

DERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDELINE

PUBLICA

TION

OF

LAW

~ ~ rJ 8 fa :5 '- <E

EFF

ECTIVE

DATE

REGULA

TING

AGENCY

.c <ll :J •...

o 9 01 III E E 8 'iii

E III -5 s

MINE

MAP

Utah

Section

5. The

map

shall

show

thefollow

ingfea

tures:

1.Bo

undary

lines

and

thickness

ofboundary

barrier

pillars.

2.Elevations

atthe

topand

bottom

ofshafts,

slopes,

raise

sand

planes.

3.Locations

and

elevations

ofunderground

bodie

sOFwa

ter.

4.Locations

and

depth

ofbore

holes

and

ofgas

and

oilwe

lls,

and

location

ofoil

and

gas

pipe

lines.

APPR

OACH

ING

-"'BA

NDON

EDWOR

KING

S-

IMPO

UNDING

WAT

ER

Section

33.

(a)Whenever

any

working

place

inan

underground

mine

approaches

within

50fee

tof

abandoned

workings

insuch

mine

asshow

nby

surve

ysma

deand

cer-ttfte

dby

acomp

etent

engin

eer

orsurveyor,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

workings

ofsuch

mine,

which

cannot

beins

pecte

dand

which

may

conta

indangerous

accumu

lation

sof

water

orgas,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

v1o("king

sof

anadjac

ent

mine,

••• (b)Wate

rshall

notbe

impounded

byme

ans

ofada-n

orwa

llin

any

section

ofamine

.•..

~ '" "2 o .c .2 m (f) rJ '- ," ~ I.')

January

1,1967

ESTA

BLISHM

ENT

OFSA

FETY

ZONE

S

Section

1. Asafety

zone

ishereby

estab

lished

beneath

and

ac.jacont

toevery

stream,

river

and

natural

orartificia

lbody

ofwa

terin

theCo

mmonwe

alth

that

issuffic

iently

large

toconstitu

teahazard

tominin

gin

theopinion

and

inthe

discre

tion

ofthe

departm

ent.

Such

safety

zone

shall,

inthe

case

ofsuch

streams

and

rivers,

exten

dhorizontally

two

hundred

feet

from

thehig

hwa

terma

rkof

each

bank.

Inthe

case

ofany

other

body

ofwa

tersuffic

iently

large

toconstitu

teahazard

tominin

gin

theopinion

and

inthe

discre

tion

ofthe

departm

ent,

itshall

exten

dhorizontally

two

hundred

feet

from

theknow

nperim

eter.

Inany

case,

thezone

shall

exten

ddown

-wa

rdto

thelim

itof

thewo

rkable

beds.

'",s ••••<ll

o._

>,C

~<ll

.D>

E>'

~~

~§

~Q.

<llu,

'-0

'".c

c..,

'"~

l'l~

1!~

..,6

>,

r-.D

C..,E

o0

«U c «

Decemb

er22,

1959

Ul'"

III0

'"~

"r6

m*

:>C!:

~...,

-2 "2~

"E

cc

~2

"E.~

r;W

OJ:.:-.

'"0

c~

~~

.~c

ot

..,

r,J

ca.

'""

50 t.t'J

<ll.c

a.~ 8~ ~

APPENDIX

A

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

FED

ERA

L.A

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESTH

ELE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

8TATE

.FE

DERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFF

ECTIVE

DATE

REGULA

TING

AGENCY

» ( ...•. -

Pennsylve

nia(Anth

racite)

PASS

AGEW

AYS,

WEL

LDR

.".INED

Section

237.

Passagew

ays

used

byperso

nsand

roads

used

fortransportation

inany

mine

shall

bewe

lldrain

ed.

REGU

LATION

S,PL

ACES

,o,PP

ROAC

HING

INAC

CESS

IBLE

WOR

KING

S

Section

238.

Whe

neve

ra

plac

eis

appr

oach

i.ng

inac

cessi

ble

work

ings

,th

eop

erat

orsh

allestab

lish

and

clearly

show

onthe

map

fumish

edthe

mine

forem

anasto

pping

distan

ceno

tle

ssth

anon

ehu

ndre

dfe

etfro

mth

esa

idi.n

acce

ssib

lewo

rki.n

gsan

dsu

chst

oppi

ngpoint

shall

notbe

passed

••.No

such

stopotno

dista

nce

shal

lbe

less

than

one

hund

red

feet

from

the

said

inac

cess

ible

aban

done

dwo

rkin

gs,

nor

need

i.tbe

grea

ter

than

the

dist

ance

calc

ulat

edin

acco

rdan

cewith

therule

comm

only

used

inthe

estab

lishin

gof

barrie

I'pillars,

name

ly,one

perce

ntof

thedepth

below

drain

age

times

thethickness

ofthe

coal

seam

plus

thickness

ofseam

times

five,

exce

ptln

gin

such

case

swh

ere

calcu

latio

nin

e.ccor-d

ance

wi.th

said

rule

estab

lished

asto

pping

distan

ceof

less

than

one

hundred

feet.

This

act

does

notpermit

thB

drivi

ngof

gang

ways

,ch

ambe

rsor

other

exca

vati.

ons

L,to

barr

iers

whi.c

har

esu

bjec

tto

their

max

imum

water

or-essur-e

,as

calcu

lated

inaccor-d

ance

with

the

rule

here

estab

lished,

•••Th

eter-m

"rnlrunq

engin

eer"

,as

used

inth

isac

t,sh

allm

ean

the

pers

onwh

osh

all,

inbe

half

ofth

eop

erat

or,

have

char

geor

gene

ral

super-vts

ionof

the

work

ofco

mpi

ling

themine

map.

MAP

TOSH

OWBO

UNDA

RYLIN

ES,

PIPE

LINES

,ST

i'<EL

\MS,

I'<OA

DS,

ETC.

Section

302.

The

map

shall

also

accurately

show

theboundary

1ines

ofthe

lands

ofthe

said

coal

min

eor

colli

ery

and

the

prox

imLt

yof

the

work

ings

ther

eto,

allpi

pelin

es,

strea

ms

orot

rer

bodi

esof

water,

build

i.ngs

and

struc

ture

s,ro

ads

and

high

ways

and

inca

sean

ymine

conta

insany

water

damm

edup

inany

part

thereof,

itshall

bethe

duty

ofthe

operato

ror

superinten

dent

tocause

thetrue

location

ofthe

said

dam

tobe

accurately

marke

don

said

map

orpl

an,

toge

ther

with

the

tidal

eleva

tion,

~ncHn.:ltion

ofstr

ata.

and

area

·ofsa

idwo

rki.n

gsco

ntain

i.ng

water

,an

dwh

enev

eran

ywo

rkin

gsor

exca

vatio

nsar

eap

proa

chi.n

gth

ewo

rkin

gswh

ere

such

dam

orwa

teris

cont

aine

dor

silua

ted,

the

oper

ator

,su

per-

intendent,

ormine

forem

an,

shall

notify

the,ins

pecto

rof

':Ile

same

witho

utdelay

.

BARR

IER

PILLAR

BETW

EEN

ADJO

I"JING

PROP

ERTIES

Section

312.

Itsh

all

beob

ligat

ory

onth

eow

ners

ofad

joLn

ing

coal

prop

ertie

sto

leave

,or

Ui' "0 s, :J 0 (J) e c: :§ c ~ c 0 <. s c W

III"-

.~0 •..

c>

o;;,

EUl c

'-C

III

&a.

"-~

0IJ)

":5

i:i:

III .JNo

vemb

er29,

001

1965

~.S

Ul

C<ll

~E

"Ul :J

•..

1J·0

CIII

-'-

2:5 c

<ll

«c ~ '0 i.i

Ul "C ~ "- 0 c ~ <. <l a. <ll 0

APPE

N;)IX

A

CURREN

TST

ATE,

FEDER

ALWHICH

FIT

THE

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDEL

INES

LEVE

LIC

LASS

IFICAT

ION

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALOR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDEL

INE

EFFE

CTIVE

DAT

EREG

ULA

TING

AGEN

CY

c o ~ b '" c ·E u ".a 02rJ iJ)

PUBL

ICAT

ION

OF

LAW

» I ..•.

ro

Pennsylva

nia(Anth

r-acite)

BARR

IER

PILLAR

BEIW

EEN

ADJO

INING

PROP

ERTIES

(Contd.)

Section

312.

(Coritd

,)

cause

tobe

left,

apillar

ofcoal

ineach

seam

orvein

ofcoal

worke

dby

them,

along

theHn

eof

adjoi.ning

property,

ofsuch

Width,

that

taken

inconnection

wLth

thepillar

tobe

left

bythe

adjoinin

gpro

perty

owner,

will

bea

suffic

ient

barrier

forthe

safety

ofthe

emplo

yes

ofeither

mine

incase

theoth

ershould

beabandoned

and

allow

edto

fillwith

water;

such

width

ofpilla.r

tobe

determined

bythe

e:""lg

ineers

ofthe

adjoinin

gpro

-perty

owners

togeth

er-with

theins

pecto

r-of

thectatr

rctin

which

themine

issituated

,and

thesurve

ysof

thefac

eof

thewo

rkings

along

such

pillar-

,;hall

bema

dein

duplicate

and

rous

tpractically

agree

.A

copy

ofsuch

duplicate

aurve

ys,certified

to,mu

stbe

FLIed

with

theow

ners

ofthe

adjoinin

gproperties

and

with

theIns

pecto

rof

thedis

trict

inwh

ichthe

n1ine

orpro

perty

issituated

.

WOR

KED

OUT

ORAB

ANDO

NED

PART

SOF

M[NE

TOE1

EI<EF

'TFI~E

EOF

l'ODrES

OFGA

SES

Section

508.

All

worked

out

orabandoned

parts

ofa

mine

~noper-ation

,so

faras

practicable,

shall

bekept

free

ofdangero

usbodie

sof

gases

orwater",

and

iffound

impracticable

todeep

the

entire

mine

free

from

anaccumu

lation

ofgases

orwater,

therntn

einspecto

rmu

stbe

Irnrnedt

ately

notiFLed,

and

later

confirm

edin

wri~:ing.

FEDE

RAL

"'"

IIIU

ro"~

'r0

cUl~

ro >~"

>,

u~

c_'"

-ro

crJC

c "<..<lJ

CL

<lJE

"-c

~0

~2

III".

:;:: ro

Noverr-ber-

29,

cC

-lrJ;,j

1965

Ul"-

.~~

0.:;c

c2"

~,~"

2o~

~<..

Ti

cro

"Q.

ro58

£<..

"

Cglf

<J:

" o~ is

MINE

MAP

(STA

TUTO

RYPR

OVISiONS

)

Section

75.12

00

The

ope•...ato

r-of

acoal

mine

shall

have

inafire

proof.

repository

locate

din

anarea

onthe

surface

ofthe

mine

chosen

bythe

mine

oper-ator

...to

rntrurni

zethe

clanger

ofdestruction

byfu"'o

0''''

other'

h~i.\I"'d,

.:..\naccur-a

te':1rHJIIp-to-:latu

map

ofsuch

mine

draw

non

scale

.Su

chma

pshall

show

:(a)The

active

wor-ktnq

sr.

(b)All

pillared,

worke

dout,

and

abandoned

areas,

except

asprovide

din

thls

section;

(C)

Entrie

sand

aircourses

with

thedirection

ofair-flo

wInd

icated

byarrows

;(d)Conto

urlines

ofall

elevattons

,(e)Elevations

ofall

main

and

cross

orside

entr-te.s

,(f)

Dip

ofthe

coal

bed;

(~n

Ff-H"lpl..'W'\\':.;;

(h)Ad

jacent

mine

workings

within

1,000

feet;

(i)Mines

above

orbelow

;(j)

vvater-

pools

above,

and

(k)Eithe

rproducing

orabandoned

alland

gas

wells

locate

dwithin

500

feet

ofsuch

mine

and

any

underground

area

ofsuch

rn.ne

;and,

(1)Su

choth

erinforma

tion

asthe

Secre

tary

may

require.

Such

map

shall

(f) <lJ U ~ 6 ~ 0:: ~ <.. <lJ c ~ ~ ~ 'Il '3 OJ <lJ

0::

Septe

mber,

197

~ ~ E 'J ( .2 c C.J

g ~

f1 <..

<lJ u "I.L "- o "u 8

APP

END

IXA

CU

RR

ENT

8TA

TE,

WH

ICH

FiT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

» I ....•.

co

FEDE

RAL

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FEC

TIVE

DA

TER

EGU

LATI

NG

AG

ENC

Y

c o ~ b en C E u < o ~ III (f)

MIN

EM

AP(S

TATU

TORY

PROV

ISIO

NS)

(Con

td.)

Secti

on75

.1200

.(C

ontd.

)

identi

fytho

seare

asof

themi

newh

ichha

vebe

enpil

lared

,wo

rked

out,

orab

ando

ned,

which

areina

ccess

ible

orca

nnot

been

tered

safely

and

onwh

ichno

info

rmat

ionis

avail

able.

ADDI

TION

ALIN

FORM

ATIO

NON

MIN

EM

AP

Secti

on75

.1200

-1.

Addi

tiona

lin

form

ation

requ

ired

tobe

show

non

min

em

aps

unde

rse

ction

75.12

00sh

allinc

lude

thefol

lowing

:(a)

Name

and

addre

ssof

themi

ne;

(b)

The

scale

and

or-te

ritatl

onof

the

map

;(C

)Th

epro

perty

orbo

unda

rylin

esof

themi

ne;

(d)Al

ldri

llho

lestha

tpe

netra

tethe

coe.l

be.d

being

mine

d;(8

)Al

lsh

aft,

slope

,dr

ift,

and

tunn

eloper.loqs

ancl

auge

ran

dstr

ipm

ined

areas

ofthe

coalb

edbe

ingmi

ned;

(f)Th

eloc

ation

ofal!

surfa

cemi

neve

ntllat

ionf3n

s;the

locati

onma

ybe

desig

nated

onthe

mine

map

bysy

mbols

;(g)

The

locati

onof

railro

adtra

cks

and

publt

chig

hway

slea

ding

tothe

mine

,an

drni

r-ebu

ildin

gsof

ape

rman

ent

natu

rewi

thid

entif

ying

nam

essh

own;

(h)Th

eloc

ation

and

descr

iption

ofat

least

two

per-rnanerit

base

hne

point

sco

ordi

nated

with

the

unde

rgro

und

and

surfa

cerntne

trave

rses

,an

dth

eloc

ation

and

desc

riptio

nof

'at

least

two

perrriarverrt

eleva

tion

benc

hma

r-ks

used

inco

nnec

tion

with

esta

blish

ing

orre

feren

cing

min

aele

vatio

nsu

rvey

s;(i)

The

locati

onof

any

body

ofwa

terda

mmed

inthe

mine

orhe

ldba

ckin

any

porti

onof

the

min

e;pr

ovid

ed,

howe

ver,

such

bodi

esof

water

may

besh

own

onov

erlay

sor

traci

ngs

atta

ched

totl'

1em

ine

maps

used

tosh

owco

ntou

rlin

esas

provid

edun

der

parag

raph

(m)

oft"'LS

sectio

n;U)

The

eleva

tions

oftop

san

dbo

ttoms

ofsh

afts

anj

slope

s,en

dthe

floor

atthe

entra

nce

todri

ftan

dtun

nel

open

ings;

(k)Th

eele

vatio

nof

theflo

orat

inter-

val

sof

not

mar"

tha.n

200

feet

in:(1

)At

least

one

entry

ofea

chwo

rkin

gse

ctio

n,and

main

and

cros

sen

tries

;(2

)Th

elas

tlin

eof

open

cros

scut

sof

ea.ch

work

ing

secti

on,

and

matri

and

cros

sen

tries

befo

resu

chse

ction

san

dm

ainan

dcr

oss

entri

esar

eab

ando

ned;

(3)

Room

sac

vanc

tnotow

ardor

adjac

ent

to,:or

opert

yor

boun

dary

lines

orad

jacen

tm

ines

;(I)

The

eleva

tion

ofan

ybo

dyof

water

damm

edin

themi

neor

held

back

inan

ypo

r-tron

ofth

em

ine;

and,

em)

Cont

our

lines

passi

ngth

roug

hwh

olenu

mbe

rele

vatio

nsof

tr,a

coa

lbed

bein

gmi

ned.

The

spac

ingof

such

lines

shall

not

exce

ed10

-Foo

tele

vatio

nlev

elsex

cept

that

abro

ader

spac

ingof

conto

urlin

esma

ybe

appro

ved

bythe

Distr

ict

en

OJ ~ :J 0 en

OJ

(Y 'iii<.. ~ ~ ({) c 0 ~ :; 01 & ~ OJ "OJ u, u, 0

I

OJ

"8 0

I I

Septe

mber

1972

.. c OJ E OJ ~ .E c w OJ c i

APPE

NDIX

A

CURRENT

STA

TE,

WHiCH

FIT

FEDERAL.

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

THE

LE\/E

LIC

LASSIFICATION

STA

TE.FE

DER

AL!

OR

FOREIGNI

COUNTY

GUIDEL

INE

~ I ....•.

~

FEDE

RAL

PUBliCAT

ION

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTIVE

'IREG

ULA

TING

DATE

AGEN

CY

Septe

mber

1972

c ~ b '!! c .~ i5 < C 'J "- '"111

~ ~ m'"

-Q)

:>0

(;lL '":>

It0

-"~

~a:

-8rr;

Q)

LlJ..

Q) c

'of

-1l

o o

PREC

AUTION

SAG

AINS

TEX

TERN

ALDA

NGER

STO

WOR

KING

S

Section

75.

(1)

Inthe

case

ofevery

mine,

theow

ner

ther-eof

and

thema

nager

ther-eof

shall

each

becharged

wlth

theduty

-(a)

oftak

ingsuch

steps

asma

ybe

necessary

for

securing

that

heis

atall

material

times

inposse

ssion

ofall

tnfor-matt

cowh

ichind

icates

orten

dsto

indicate

thepre

sence.

orabsen

ce,

inthe

vicirvity

ofany

workings

carried

or.or

proposed

tobe

carried

onin

themine,

ol~-

(l)any

disused

w0rkinS

Js(whethe

rmine

woikrnqs

ornot);

(II)

any

rock

orstratu

mconta

ining

orlikely

toconta

inwater

(whethe

rdispersed

orin

natural

ce.vitlO

S)i

(Ill)

allY

PU':'lt,

n10::j:..i,

~,:uld,

gl"'.:.\vc

l,:illl

or'.JU·)~r

rnotc

r-tal

that

LSlLk

elyto

flow

when

wet;

and

(b)

oftuk

lngsuch

stop

sas

rYluy

I..•cnecessat"

"./for

lh8purpose.

of5ubstarltln

tlng

oJ.ny::";Lldl

Lnl',.JrrYK1

UI..)rl

Wl1lVh

cornvu

ll1ltJ

hl~·;PU

'~;·.I...~':3~3inn(whl...:Lher

inco.v-couonce

ofth~

dU..:,cho.rqu

oflhe

uuly

Lrnpoued

upon

hLm

t,ythe

l'or0~Join

~Jp.:1r?l.~JrClph

ornot)

• (2)

Inthe

C3SI..~

orevery

rninc

,the

owner-

tht~reof

<tlld

thl~

nlTl.~VH

J'~r

thnr-eof

:o;".-:,n

L\•.\I..::h

l'L'

I,.:i1;.\1\Jl."!

wltI\UIL'duly

-(a)

forthw

ithafter

any

such

informa

tion

asis

merv.toneo

inparagraph

(a)

ofthe

foregO

lngsubsection

comes

irrto

hispossess

Lon

(whethe

rin

consequence

oftile

di~~chi1t"'lJG

oftht.~

duty

Lt1lP

U(;od

upon

himl~y

lhwfXll"'d~JI"'i..\ph

ornol)

,of'

furni.shin

gto

theoth

eroar-ti

cular-s

ofthe

irrfo

r-rriat

iori;

and

(b)

forthw

ithafter

taking

any

steps

inct

schar-q

oof

theduty

imposed

upon

himby

par-a

qr-aph

(b)

oftho

tsubsection,

ofI\.Jrllis!li:l~~

tot!18

other'

particulars

ofthe

steps

taken

and

ofany

conc

lustori

reached

asa

result

oftak

ingthe

m.

ADDITION

ALINFO

RMAT

ION

ONMINE

MAP

(Contd.)

Sectlon

75.12

00-1.

(Contd.)

Manager

forste

eply-pitching

coalb

eos

,Co

ritcut-

lines

may

bepla

ced

onoverlay

sor

tracin

gsattached

tomine

maps.

ABAN

DONE

DAR

EAS.

ADJACE

NTMfNE

S;DR

ILLING

OFBO

REHO

LES

(STA

TUTO

RYPR

OVIS10NS

).

Section

75.17

01.

Whenever

any

working

place

approaches

within

5efGet

ofabandoned

ar-eas

inthe

mine

asshow

nby

surveys

made

and

certifLed

bya

ret:ji3te

red

engin

eer

orsurveyor,

orwl

thtri

200

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

areas

ofthe

mine

which

cannot

beins

pecte

dand

which

may

conta

indangerous

accumu

lation

sof

water

0('gas,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

workings

ofan

adjac

ent

mine,

•••

~ C '" E 8 L ,2 CJ g f

United

Kingdom

v "' ~ "-'"

0~

'":>

'J0

<1:

OJ

~x tl1

L2-

L1954

~!1J

:>

<;l

(jU1

"0~

c;~

iil (J)

§~

'":<:

'"1..

APPENDIX

A

CURRENT

STA

TE,

WHICH

FIT

THE

FEDERAL

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

LEVEL

ICLA

SSIFICATiON

}> I ....••

en

United

Kingdom

STATE

.FE

DERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFF

ECTIVE

DATE

REGULA

TING

AGENCY

PREC

AUTION

SAG

AINS

TEX

TEF<

NAL

DANG

ERS

TOWOR

KING

S(Contd.)

Section

77.

Itshall

bethe

duty

ofthe

manager

ofevery

mine

totak

e,with

respect

toevery

working

inthe

mine,

such

steps

asma

ybe

necessary

toprevent

any

inrust,

into

thewo

rkinqs

ofgas

from

disused

wor-klnq

s(whethe

rmine

wor-kinq

sor-not)

orof

water-

orma

terial

thal

flows

when

wet

(whethe

rfrom

disused

workings

orfrom

any

other

source).

Section

78.

(1)

Where

anins

pecto

ris

ofopinion,

with

r-esoe

ctto

awo

rking

ina

mine,

that

there

isa

danger

ofthe

occurre

nce

ofsuch

aninrush

.nto

thewo

rking

asis

men-

tioned

inthe

last

foregoin

gsectlon,

bei.ng

adanger

that

inhis

opinion

iscapable

ofbe

ingav

erted

,an

deit

her

noste

psfor

avertLn

gthe

danger

have

been

taken

orste

pstha

thave

been

taken

fortha

tpurpose

appear-

tothe

inspecto

rto

beina

dequate

orirr.pr-o

per-,

hema

yserve

onthe

man.:lQer

ofthe

mine

anotice

specifying

thewo

rking,

stating

that

heis

ofopinion

aforesaid

with

respect

thereto,

and

that,

asthe

case

rnay

be,

noste

psfor

avertlng

thedanger

have

been

taken

orste

psso

taken

appear

tohim

tobe

inadequate

orimproper,

and

imposin

gall

orany

ofthe

follow

ingrequireme

nts,

that

lsto

say:

-(a)

arequireme

nttha

tthe

manager

shall,

before

tre

expiration

ofsuch

period

begin

ning

with

thedate

onwh

ichthe

notice

becornes

operative

asma

ybe

specifie

dthe

rein,

execute

such

works

forthe

purpose

ofaverting

thedanger

asma

ybe

speci.fied

inthe

notice;

(b)

ar-e

qutr-e

rneot

that,

until

such

works

have

beef'

execute

d,no

perso

nshall

(save

forthe

purpose

ofexecuting

thewo

rksor

savin

glife

)be

permitte

dby

thema

nager

tobe

inthe

mine

orin

such

part

thereof

asma

ybe

specifLed

inthe

notice;

(C)

arequireme

nttha

toperations

forgettin

gminerals

inthe

working

shall,

tosuch

exten

tas

may

bespecifie

din

thenotice,

bedis

continued

until

such

works

have

been

execute

d,or

shall

not

becontinued

othervvise

than

inaccordance

wLth

such

asyste

mof

working

asma

ybe

sospecLfied.

(2)

VJhere

anLnspector

isof

optriion

,with

respect

toa

working

ina

mine,

that

t1lere

isa

danger

ofthe

occurre

nce

ofsuch

aninrush

into

thewo

rkLng

asis

meri-

tioned

inthe

last

foregoin

gsection,

being

adanger

that

Lnhis

opiriion

isnot

capable

ofbeing

averted

,he

may

serve

onthe

manager

ofa

mine

anctice

ape

cirytnq

thewo

rking,

stating

that

heis

ofop

iruoriafo

resaid

with

respect

ther-a

to,and

reqU

iring

that

opera-

tions

forgettin

gminerals

inthe

working

bepermanently

discontL

nued

and,

ifthe

inspec-

torthinks

f'it,

imposin

g,in

addition

,either

orboth

ofthe

f0110wirg

requireme

nts,

that

isto

say;

-(a)

arequireme

nttha

tthe

manager

shall,

before

theexpiratL

onof

such

period

beoin

nLng

wi.th

thedate

onwh

ichthe

notice

becornes

operative

asma

ybe

specifie

dthe

r-eto

,execute

such

works

forthe

purpose

ofprote

cting

therest

ofthe

mine

asma

ybe

sospecifie

d;(b)

arequireme

nttha

t,until

such

works

have

been

exec

uted,

noperso

nshall

(save

forthe

purpose

ofexecuting

thewo

rksor

savtriq

life)

bepermitte

dby

...

,n ~ "- 0"

'"'

.~

o

'5

<l:

o

ill

"x

T:

W

L19

54~

<0 6

~ <0

1)

(/)

c

1)

<0

C

"'

<C

":5

c ~iii " I

APPENDIX

A

CURRENT

STATE

,WHICH

FIT

THE

FEDERAL

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

LEVEL

ICLA

SSIFICATION

l> I -4 0>

8TATE

,FE

DERAL

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

EFF

ECTIVE

REGULA

TING

OR

FOREIGN

OF

LAW

DATE

AGENCY

COUNTY

'"PR

ECAU

TION

SAG

AINS

TEX

TERN

ALDo

'<NGE

RSTO

WOR

KING

S(C

ontd.

)S

"'::>

'"u

r'"

Secti

on78

.(C

ontd.

)x

L'<t

Wlll", ::>

Ol

:c-

thema

nage

rto

bein

themi

neor

insu

chpa

rtthe

reof

asma

ybe

spec

ifled

a~Un

ited

King

dom

-0••.•

1954

~in

theno

tice.

iii~

<l

(3)

The

prov

ision

sof

Part

XVof

this

Act

with

respe

ctto

refere

nces

(f)

"'U

"0up

onno

ttces

serv

edby

inspe

ctors

shall

apply

toa

notic

ese

rved

unde

reit

her

ofthe

'"«

iii

cforegoin

gsubsections,

and

any

such

notice

shall,

ifit

isso

specifie

dthe

rein,

~:5

beco

meop

erativ

efo

rthwi

th.<

U '"IIt

isthe

duty

both

ofthe

owne

ran

dof

thema

nage

rof

every

mine

_(a)

totak

esu

chste

psas

may

bene

cessa

ryfo

rse

curin

gtha

the

isat

allma

terial

times

inpo

ssessi

onof

allinf

orma

tion

which

indica

testhe

pres

ence

orab

senc

ein

thevic

inity

ofan

ywo

rking

sca

rried

onor

pro-

pose

dto

beca

rried

on,

of-

(I)an

ydis

used

work

ings;

(II)

any

rock

orstr

atum

conta

ining

,or

likely

toco

ntain,

water

;(II

I)an

ype

at,mo

ss,sa

nd,

grav

el,sil

t0'"

other

mater

ialtha

tis

likely

toflo

wwh

enwe

t;an

d(b

)to

take

such

steps

asma

ybe

nece

ssary

for

thepu

rpos

eof

subs

tantia

ting

any

such

infor

matlo

n(7

5).

Itis

thedu

tyof

themi

nema

nage

rto

take,

with

r-e.sp

ect

toev

erywo

rking

in'"u

themi

ne,

such

steps

asma

ybe

nece

ssary

topr

even

tan

yinr

ush

into

thewo

rking

"'it

'"of

gas

from

dlsus

edwo

rking

sor

ofwa

teror

mater

ialtha

tflo

wswh

enwe

t(7

7).

c0

~L

Whe

rean

inspe

ctor

isof

opini

on,

with

respe

ctto

awo

rking

ina

mine

,tha

t.8

there

isa

dang

erof

theoc

curre

nce

ofan

inrus

hof

gas,

water

orma

terial

that

flows

'iii

<l

when

wet

into

thewo

rking

,an

dtha

tthe

dang

eris

capa

bleof

being

avert

ed,

hema

y-8

.JUn

ited

King

dom

(a)req

uire

thema

nage

r-to

exec

utewi

thin

asp

ecifi

edtim

ellm

ltsp

eclfl

ed

.s19

55'iii c

work

sfo

rthe

purp

ose

ofav

erting

theda

nger;

:c-

o(b

)req

uire

that

until

such

work

sha

vebe

enex

ecute

don

lysp

ecifl

edpe

rsons

~~

shall

bepe

rmitt

edby

thema

nage

rto

bein

themi

neor

inan

ysp

ecifi

edIII

Epa

rtof

themi

ne;

(f)

'" c(C

)req

uire

that

opera

tions

for

getti

ngmi

neral

sin

thewo

rking

shall

tosu

ch-

exten

tas

may

besp

ecifi

edbe

disco

ntinu

edun

ttl

such

work

sha

vebe

enex

ecute

d,or

shall

not

beco

ntinu

edoth

erwise

than

inac

cord

ance

with

such

syste

mof

work

lngas

may

besp

ecifi

ed.

Whe

rean

inspe

ctor

isof

oplni

onwi

thres

pect

toa

work

ingtha

tthe

reis

ada

nger

ofthe

occu

rrenc

eof

anlnr

ush

ofga

s,wa

teror

mater

-tat

that

flows

when

wet

into

thewo

rking

,an

dtha

tthe

dang

eris

not

capa

bleof

being

avert

ed,

hema

y_

(a)req

uire

that

thema

nage

rsh

all,

withi

na

spec

ified

time

limit,

exec

utesp

ecifi

edwo

rks

for

thepu

rpos

eof

prote

cting

theres

tof

themi

ne;

(b)

requir

etha

tun

tilsu

chwo

rks

have

been

exec

uted

only

spec

ified

perso

nssh

allbe

perm

itted

bythe

mana

ger

tobe

inthe

mine

orin

asp

eclfl

edpa

rtof

thern

ine

(78)

.1.

The

owne

r,ag

ent

and

mana

ger

ofa

mine

ehal

lfro

mtim

eto

time

J> I ...•.

.....,

STA

TE.

FEDERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

APPENDIX

A

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

FED

ERA

L.A

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESTH

ELE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFFE

CT

IVE

DA

TE

RE

GU

LA

TIN

GA

GE

NC

Y

Ul<D r t. <Il 6 "t

l Iij

Ul<D C ~

United

Kingdom

United

Kingdom

caus

eall

reas

onab

leste

psto

betak

ento

asce

rtain

from

allavat

labl

etnro

rrnatton

and

evide

nce

wheth

erth

ere

isan

yma

terial

below

the

sur-race

wht

chma

ySo

affec

tan

ywo

rkin

gsbe

ing,

orab

out

tobe

,ca

rried

onat

that

mi.n

eas

toca

use

dang

erto

perso

nswo

rking

therein

and

shall

ensure

that

thefac

tsso

ascertain

edare

inthe

poss

essi

.on

ofth

em

anng

er.

2.(1)

Nowo

rking

which

iseppr-oac+uno

and

wlthin

150

feet

ofthe

surface

shall

beca

rried

onin

any

min

eun

less

the

rnarraqer-

has

suffi

cient

info

rmat

ion

abou

tth

ena

ture

ofth

ema

terlal

betw

een

the

work

i.ng

and

the

surF

ace

tode

termi

newh

ether

itma

yca

use

dang

erto

per-sons

wor-ktnq

inth

en1

lne:

Provide

dtha

tthis

parag

raph

shall

not

apply

where

there

isanoth

erwo

rking

ora

disu

sedwo

rkin

gve

rtlca

llyab

ove

the

work

ing

atacts

tence

not

less

than

30fee

tor

five

times

the

thick

ness

ofth

esea

mto

bewo

rked

,wh

ichev

eris

the

grea

ter.

(2)No

working

shall

becar-r-ted

onat

any

place

inany

mine

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

150

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

any

rnat.er-l

alwh

ichwh

enwet

islikely

toflo

w,in

cludi

ngpe

at,mo

ss,sa

nd,

grav

elan

dstlt,

unles

sth

ema

nage

rha

ssu

fficie

ntin

forma

tion

tode

termi

neth

ena

ture

,po

sition

,th

ickne

ssan

dex

tent

ther

eof.

(3)No

working

shall

becarr-tee

onat

any

place

inany

mine

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

150

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

any

rock

orstratu

mlikely

toconta

inwa

ter(w

heth

erdi

sper

sedor

inna

tura

lca

vities

)un

less

the

rnan

ager

has

suffi

cient

infor

matio

nab

out

the

natu

reor

posit

ionth

ereo

fto

deter-rru

neth

atit

isno

tda

nger

ous

tope

rsons

work

ing

inth

emi

ne,

orsu

fficie

ntin

forma

tion

abou

tth

ena

ture

,po

sition

,th

ickne

ssan

dex

tent

ther

eof

tode

termi

newh

ether

itma

yca

use

dang

erto

such

perso

ns.

4.No

work

other

than

work

nece

ssary

forth

epr

eserv

ation

ofth

emi

neor

forthe

slnkin

gof

shafts

orthe

drivin

gof

drifts

from

theaur-race

shall

becarried

out

inany

mine

within

60fee

t,orOfgre

ater)

tentim

esthe

maxlm

umheigh

tof

thewo

rkin

gor

prop

osed

work

ing,

of-(a)

any

material

describe

din

parag

raph

(2)of

regula

~ion

2,•.•

THE

COAL

AND

OTHE

RMINES

(PRE

CAUT

IONS

AGAINS

TINRU

SHES)

REGU

LATION

S,1956,

Havin

gEffec

tas

ifMade

Under

Section

One

Hundred

and

Forty-on

eof

theMine

sand

Quarries

Act,

1954.

1.These

regula

tions

shall

apply

toevery

mine

ofcoal.

stratified

ironston

e,sh

aleor

firec

lay,

and

inth

esere

gulat

ions

"rntne

"me

ans

such

ami

ne.

2.(1)

Without

prejud

iceto

thegenerality

orsec

tion

seventy-five

ofthe

Act,

nowo

rkin

gwh

ichis

appr

oach

ing

and

with

inon

ehu

ndre

dan

dfif

tyfee

tof

the

surfa

cesh

allbe

carr

iedon

inan

ymi

ne,

unles

sth

ema

nage

rha

ssu

fficie

ntin

forma

tion

about

thenature

ofthe

material

between

thewo

rking

and

thesurface

todetermlne

wheth

erit

may

cause

danger

toperso

nswo

rking

inthe

mine:

Provide

dtha

tthis

parag

raph

shall

not

apply

where

there

isanoth

erwo

rking

oradisused

working

vertically

above

thewo

rking

inquestion

atadistan

cenot

less

than

thirty

feet

orfive

times

thethickness

ofthe

seam

tobe

worke

!"wh

ich-

ever

isth

egr

eater

.(2)

Nowo

rking

shall

becarried

onat

any

place

inany

mlne

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

one

hundred

and

fifty

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

any

peat,

moss,

sand,

gravel,

silt

oroth

erma

terial

that

islikely

toflow

when

wet,

•.•

Ul

B

~ siC u, 0

'iiit.

00

o-2

oS

.J

1;1955

iii

.2!

15

<Il

~(J]

C t. Q) " s

~ o :c :J«)

lilt{)

U(J)

~~

Q.t.

~~ Ult.

~O ~ID

t.s:

Q)Ul

.r:.:J

"t.

°E -g"

<Il~

-'iii

<IlOl

8« ~ J-

January

1,1957

APPE

NDIX

A

CURRENT

STA

TE.

FEDERAL

WHICH

FIT

THE

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

LEVEL

ICLA

SSIFICATION

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALOR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

» r ..•.

ex>

Cana

da

Unite

dKi

ngdo

m

GUIDEL

INE

THE

COAL

AND

OTHE

RM

INES

(PRE

CAUT

IONS

AGAI

NST

INRU

SHES

)RE

GULA

TION

S(C

ontd.

)

(3)

Nowo

rking

shall

beca

rried

onat

any

plzce

inan

ymi

neif

there

isev

idenc

etha

twi

thin

one

hund

redan

dfif

tyfee

tthe

reof

there

may

bean

yro

ckor

stratu

mco

ntaini

ngor

llkely

toco

ntain

water

(whe

ther

dispe

rsed

orIn

natur

alca

vities

)•••

4.W

itho

utpr

ejudic

eto

thege

neral

ltyof

secti

onse

venty

-seve

nof

theAc

t,no

Wor

king

which

isap

proa

ching

and

withi

non

ehu

ndred

aidtw

enty

feet

ofan

ypla

ceco

n-tai

ning

orllk

elyto

conta

inan

accu

mulat

ionof

water

orma

ter-Ia

ltha

tflo

wswh

enwe

tor

ofan

ydis

used

work

ings,

not

being

work

ings

which

have

been

exam

ined

and

foun

dto

befre

efro

mac

cumu

tatton

sof

water

orma

terial

that

flows

when

wet,

•..5.

The

mana

ger

ofev

eryrn

irie

shaH

ensu

retha

,:no

per-son

carri

esou

tan

ywo

rk,oth

ertha

nwo

rknecessary

forthe

preservatlon

ofthe

rnin

eor

For

thesin

king

ofa

shaft

orthe

driVing

ofan

outlet

from

thesurface,

inany

working

inthe

mine

within

sixty

feet

orten

times

thehe

ight

ofthe

work

ing(w

hlch

ever

isthe

grea

ter)

of-

(a)an

ype

at,mo

ss,sa

nd,

grav

el,sI

ltor

other

mater

ialtha

tis

likely

toflo

wwh

enwe

tjor

(b)

any

rock

orstr

atum

conta

lning

orllk

elyto

conta

inwa

ter(w

hethe

rdis

perse

dor

inna

tural

cavities

)no

tbe

ingro

ckor

stretu

mwh

ichby

reaso

nof

itsna

tural

posit

ionLS

not

dang

erous

;ex

cept

inac

cord

ance

with

spec

ialreg

ulatio

nsep

plica

bleto

that

mine

.6.

(1)In

these

regula

tlons

thefo

llowl

ngex

pres

sions

have

theme

aning

she

reby

••esp

ectiv

elyas

signe

dto

them,

that

isto

say

-lith

eAct!'

means

theMines

and

Quarries

Act,

1H54;

"rrrir

ie"

has

them

eani

ngassig

ned

thereto

tnr-e

q.rla

tilon

one.

(2)

The

Inter

pr-e

tation

Act,

1889

(d),

shall

apply

tothe

interp

retati

onof

these

r-equ

latt

ons

asit

appli

esto

theIn

terpr

etatio

nof

anAc

tof

Parli

amen

t.

CHAP

TER

188

Secti

on88

.

(1)W

here

thewo

rking

sin

any

mine

areap

proa

ching

any

aban

done

dwo

rking

s,wh

ether

inor

belon

ging

totha

tmi

neor

any

other

mine

,the

owne

r,ag

ent,

orma

nage

rin

charg

eof

thepr

esen

two

rking

ssh

allr-e

por-t

thecir

cums

tance

sin

writi

ngto

theIn

spec

torfo

rthe

distri

ctin

which

thewo

rking

sa=

esit

uate

befo

rethe

pres

ent

work

ings

reach

withi

nthr

eehu

ndred

feet

ofthe

aban

dor.e

owo

rking

s;an

dno

work

shall

bedo

newi

thin

th••e

ehu

ndred

feet

ofthe

aban

done

dwo

rking

sun

tila

defin

iteme

thod

ofproceedi.ng

with

thewo

rkhas

been

sLd.lmitted

toand

appr

-ove

dby

theIn

spec

tor. (2

)Th

lsse

ction

shall

not

apply

where

theab

ando

ned

work

ings

can

berea

dily

exam

ined,

and

akn

owled

geob

taine

dof

theco

nditi

ons

pr'ev

ailing

therei

n.

PUBL

ICA

TION

OF

LAW

~ s: fIl :J <. s ., fIl C iii 01 « ~ o :;::

:J III([

JU

l()O

JG

l<.~

Q.L

'-'O

JfI

luO

JL

.50 :2:

<.

OJ fi o -g III 'iii o o 1 I- ., U « c .9 '.ii

'3 g>

IY fIl ~ ~ iii o o 1 c o fJ ~ 01 3

EFFE

CTIVE

DAT

E

Janu

ary1,

1957

1924

REG

ULA

TING

AGEN

CY

fIl III T:

L III :J a u § fIl

OJ

C ~ ~ .a !J fIl

.",

CJ .J .~ U III C 8

APPENDIX

A

CURREN

TST

ATE.

WHICH

FIT

FEDER

ALAN

DFO

REIGN

GUIDEL

INES

THE

LEVE

LIC

LASS

IFICAT

ION

» I -'" co

canada

8TATE

.FE

DERAL

OR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDELINE

PUBLICATION

OF

LAW

EFF

ECTIVE

DATE

REGULA

TING

AGENCY

<1l

<.

::l ., :§ ar .J I: III '5 III I: III o

Canada

Canada

CHAP

TER

217.

Sectlon

8. (1)When

anadvancing

seetlon

ofamine

approaches

abandoned

workings

situated

inthe

same

seam

Jwh

ether

these

belon

gto

themine

aforesaid

ornot,

theow

ner,

agent,

orma

nager

shall

report

thecircums

tances

Inwritin

gto

theIns

pecto

rfor

thedistrict

before

theadvancing

roadw

ays

orfac

escome

within

five

hundred

feet

ofthe

abandoned

workings,

and

operatlons

shall

cease

until

thedetails

ofthe

metho

dto

befollow

edwh

enadvancem

ent

isresume

dhave

been

subm

itted

tothe

Inspecto

rand

have

receive

dhis

approval.

(2)

Inno

circums

tances

shall

theadvancing

section

approach

nearer

than

one

hundred

and

fifty

feet

toabandoned

workings

situated

inthe

same

seam

.••(3)Su

bject

tosuch

modifica

tlons

asthe

Chlef

Inspecto

rdeem

snecessary,

subsections

(1)and

(2)shall

apply

,mu

tatis

mutan

diS,

tothe

case

oflive

and

aban-

doned

workings

sltuated

indifferent

seam

swh

enthe

abandone

dwo

rkings

and

advancing

sections

are

separated

byles

stha

none

hundred

and

eighty

feet

ofsolid

measures.

(4)This

section

shall

notapply

where

itis

possible

toexam

inethe

abandoned

workings

tothe

exten

ttha

tadefinite

know

ledge

ofthe

cenditio

nsprevailing

inall

parts

thereof

can

beobtatned

,

ALBE

RTA

Section

132.

When

any

working

has

approached

within

120

feet

ofapla

cewh

ichis

likely

toconta

inadangerous

accumu

lation

ofwa

teror

gas

orof

disused

workings

(not

being

workings

which

have

been

exam

ined

and

found

tobe

free

from

accumu

lation

sof

water

and

gas),

•••

CHAP

TER

3.

Section

14.

(1)The

owner,

agent,

orma

nager

ofevery

mlne

ahalt

keep

inthe

office

ofthe

mine

accurate

plans

onasca

lein

accorda

nce

with

good

engin

eering

practice,

and

upto

adate

not

more

than

three

month

slas

tpast,

asfollow

s:-

(a)A

surface

plan

show

ingthe

Hcences

orleases

onwh

ichminin

gi.s

being

carried

out

and

show

ingall

lakes,

streams,

main

roads,

railways,

power

transmi.ssion

-Line

s,building

s,shaft

opening

s,adits,

surfac

ewo

rkings,

diamo

nd-drill

holes

collared

onsurface,

dump

s,and

tailings

ponds

and

their

overflow.

f/)

"0<.

I:11

III~

.•...•I- ~~

1:0 3g'

~ti ::lU

01<1l

<1la.

~~

~~

I:f/)

.~I:

::::.9

-1U

III_

8a,

fl..,

U « I: o ~ '5 01 <1l ~ f/) <1l

I: ~ <n o o I I: o ~ ~ 01 <1l .J f/) ~ ~ 'iii o o .S .c ~ III U1

1948

1955

1967

-<1l

IIIU

giE ~O <'J E 11 s >'Ul

01"

<.U

~3

Wit

••...<1l

ort

~u -~

~f/)

<.<1l

IIII:

a..~

~2<. o 5

» I J\) o

Republic

ofSouth

Africa

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TY

APP

END

IXA

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ICLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

GUIDEL

INE

PUBL

ICAT

ION

OF

LAW

IIIU

LC

2n1

III III•.••f--

~~

cO .~CJl

•.•C ~~ :J(J

en"

"a.

rr~

ill!Y

cIII

,_c

2,9

-rti

Ill_ 85, <J)

!r

1967

v ~ :J o III III C!:

'0 ~ ~ c ~

EFFE

CTIVE

DAT

EREG

ULA

TING

AGEN

CY

Canada

GENE

RAL

RULE

S,Section

28.

Rule

136. (a)

Nobulkh

ead

ordam

toimpound

water

shall

beconstructed

underground

witho

utthe

writte

npermission

ofthe

inspecto

r,and

then

only

when

constructed

inaccorda

nce

with

plans

and

specifications

that

have

been

appro

ved

byhim

.

Rule

138. (b)

(I)Where

thewo

rkings

inamine

areappro

achin

gany

abandoned

workings,

wheth

erin

orbelon

ging

totha

tmine

orany

other

mine,

thema

nager

incharg

eof

thepre

sent

workings

shall

report

thecircumstan

ces

inwritin

gto

theinspecto

rbefore

thepre

sent

workings

reach

within

three

hundred

feet

ofthe

abandoned

workings;

and

(II)

Nowo

rkshall

bedone

within

three

hundred

feet

ofthe

abandoned

workings

until

•.•

WAT

CHTO

BEKE

PT

Section

2.10.1

2.

Provide

that

adequate

watch

bekept

onall

reasonably

accessible

sourc

esof

danger

from

flooding

ofthe

mine

orwo

rks,

and

that

he01'

hisrep

resentative

beimme

diately

inform

edof

any

possibility

ofsuch

danger;

Section

2.10.1

3.

Provide

foradequate

watch

tobe

kept

onall

artificial

constructions

athis

mine

orwo

rks

for

cons

ervin

gwa

ter01""

which

may

caus

ewa

terto

'conv

erge

orac

cum

ulat

e,an

dgiv

eno

tice

with

out

delay

toth

em

anag

er,

orhi

sre

pres

enta

tive,

ofall

min

esor

work

ssttun

tedbe

lowsli

chconstr-uctions

ofany

po.v.itu

lity

off1

cll)c

Jinu

Ilyrl:lJ~

0nof

such

cons

truct

ions

;

PLAN

SOF

DAMS,

COFFER

-DAM

S.ET

C.

Section

2.10.1

4.

Subm

itfor

appro

val

tothe

Cover-nrnont

Minin'J

lcn"in

eer

plans

and

upcctncattoos

giving

detai

lsof

construction

and

catch

ment

area

ofany

dam

tobe

constructed

forthe

purpo

seof

conserv

ingwater

and

ofany

coffer-dam

oroth

erbarricade

which

isto

beconstructed

underground

forkeeping

back

water

under

apre

ssure

exceeding

seven

bars

;

IIIIII

{)<ll

rc

...

~4::5

...

0:J

•..

0c

I/l<ll

•..

1956

Ef)

t~

r.l a.III

<J)

.J0

E'

'" ()

'cr

~•..4:

'iii

P

8:J 0 IJi;>,

E'

<ll

C W •.. o ..., c <> E t a ~

APPE

NDIX

A

CURRENT

STA

TE,

FEDERAL

WHICH

FIT

THE

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDELINES

LEVEL

ICLA

SSIFICATION

}> I ro ....•.

Repu

bHc

ofSo

uthAf

rica

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALOR

FOREIGN

COUNTY

GUIDEL

INE

PUBL

ICAT

ION

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTIVE

DAT

EREG

ULA

TING

AGEN

CY

PREv

ENTI

ONOF

FLOO

DING

Secti

on5.1

.1.

Atev

erymi

nean

dat

every

works

storm

-wate

rtr-

ench

esan

dem

bank

ments

shall

beest

abHs

hed

and

kept

ingo

odord

erfor

thepro

tectlo

nfro

mflo

odlng

ofall

mach

inery

onsu

rface

and

allun

dergr

ound

worki

ngs

where

perso

nsare

emplo

yed.

Sectl

on5.

1.2.

The

collo

rof

every

shaft

oroth

erslm

ilar

open

lngfro

mthe

surfa

ce,

situa

tedin

low-ly

inggro

und,

which

conn

ects

wlth

unde

rgrou

ndwo

r:<ing

swh

erepe

rsons

areem

ploye

d.sh

ullbe

raised

soas

toaff

ordeff

ielen

tpro

tectio

nag

i:lins

tno

oding

.

WOR

KING

SNE

ARW

ATER

ORGA

S:PR

ECAU

TION

S

Secti

on7.1

0.1.

The

mana

ger

shall

ensu

retha

tthe

surve

yor

lsat

alltim

esaw

areof

thefac

eswh

ichare

being

adva

nced

.

Secti

on7.1

0.2.

The

surve

yor

shall

lnform

thema

nage

rIn

writin

gwh

enthe

face

ofa

workl

ngis

being

adva

nced

withi

n,or

isbe

ingad

vanc

edSo

asto

come

withi

n,30

metre

sof-

(a)any

abandoned,

disused

ordis

continued

working

orexcavations;

or(b)

any

place

onthe

surfa

cewh

erethe

rema

ybe

anac

cumu

lation

ofwa

ter.

Secti

on7.1

0.3.

Whe

resu

chab

ando

ned,

disus

edor

disco

ntinu

edwo

r-ktnqs

orex

cava

tion

conta

insor

isHk

elyto

conta

ina

danc

er-ou

sac

cumu

latlon

ofwa

teror

noxio

usor

inflam

mable

gas,

orwh

erethe

reis

ada

ngero

usac

cumu

lation

ofwa

terat

such

place

onthe

surfa

ce,

thema

nage

rsh

allby

notic

ein

writin

ginf

ormthe

surve

yor

totha

teff

ect.

Secti

on7.1

0.4.

Befor

ethe

face

ofthe

worki

ngbe

ingad

vanc

edrea

ches

adis

tance

of15

metre

sfro

man

ypla

cewh

erethe

reis,

oris

Hkely

tobe

,a

dang

erous

accu

mulat

ionof

water

orno

xtous

orinf

lamma

blega

s,the

surve

yor

shall

give

thema

nage

rwr

itten

notif

icatio

nof

thepo

sition

ofthe

worki

ngrel

ative

tosu

chpla

ce.

Secti

on7.1

0.7.

For

thepu

rpose

ofreg

ulatio

n7.1

0the

term

surve

yor

shall

mean

ape

rson

appo

inted

inter

msof

regula

tion

2.12.

Inthe

case

ofa

mine

forwh

ichno

surve

yor

has

been

appo

inted

inter

msof

regula

tion

2.12,

thema

nage

rsh

allass

ume

the

«S

II)U

III

'rC

"-~

« :5"- 0

:lC

0 If)III

u,E

0t

~19

56<l a. III 0

.5«S o

c'r

~.... «

iG:5

8:l 0 If)

» I ro ro

8TA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TY

APP

END

IXA

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

L.A

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESW

HIC

HFI

TTH

ELE

VEL

ICLA

SS·IF

ICA

TIO

N

GU

IDEL

INE

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY *

III.J

o~.-.•..

.t:0

«,-,

.cc

'5~ 0.•.

•(j)L II

I0. ~

Republic

ofSouth

Africa

Belgium

WOR

KING

SNE

ARWAT

EROR

GAS:

PREC

AUTION

S(Contd.)

Section

7.10.7

.(Coritd

,)

responsibilities

ofthe

surve

yor

under

this

regula

tion.

Section

7.11

•1•

The

manager

shall

take

reasonable

precautions

toensure

that

every

perso

nem

ployed

inthe

workings

ofamine

issafeguarde

dagain

stinu

ndation

bywater

ormu

dor

aflo

wof

rock

,sa

nd,

silt

01"'

"oth

ersim

ilar

mater

ial.

Section

62. Mine

opera

tors

shall

bebound

toacquire

alllnfor-matton

concern

ingthe

position

.exten

t,and

depth

ofold

workings

and

natural

reserv

oirs

(water-bearing

faults

and

natural

wells)

that

may

exist

inor

near

their

concess

ions.

"- o Ul

::III

III0

...J'r 2'~

cfj

.JOJ

~0

_(1)

III

o o

Ul

COJ

._c

2>~

OJ ~70

(f)0 o

1956

1955

tU8

8E

:;;0

l1l

L

t.8

.8III

oS...J

B-1

APPENDIX B

CURRENT STATE, FEDERAL, AND FOREIGN GUIDELINES

WHICH FIT THE LEVEL II CLASSIFICATION

B-2

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NO

FLA

W

1935

Ul III C ~

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

Section

5.

The

s.upe

r-lrrtenoerit

shall

not

permit

theminin

gof

coal

wlthtn

fiftv

feet

ofany

abandone

dm

ine

cont

aini

nga

dang

erou

sac

cum

ulat

ion

ofwa

ter"

,un

tilsa

idda

nger

has

been

rem

oved

bydr

iVin

ga

passa

gewa

yto

tap

and

drain

off

said

water

,as

prov

ided

for

inth

isact,

•••and

provide

dfurther,

that

ifit

shall

beagree

dby

thesuperinten

dents

orow

ner'S

ofad-

jacent

coal

mlnes,

that

theproperty

boundary

line

isso

located

that

there

isno

danger

toproperty

orlives

inminin

gcoal

oneither

orboth

sides

ofthe

property

boundary

line

upto

said

property

boundary

line,

then

insuch

cases,

minin

gto

theproperty

boundary

line

shall

belaw

ful

ifsuch

agree

ment

isfirst

approved

bythe

district

mine

inspecto

r,and

ifall

danger

from

accumu

lated

water

and

gas

shall

have

first

been

removed

bydriving

apassa

geway

totap

and

drain

off

any

accumu

lation

sof

water

and

gas

asprovide

dfor

inthis

act.

:5u'iii

~III

0~6U

Io.UlIll

(l)E

:J'c

.cW

0III

.•....

.S>

5~E),

u;0.a

(J)

(l)~-

E~

(l)OJ

(l)

>Q.1

!Q.

~~

.•..••

l&-

Q.0

•.•0

Bo6~

...,~~.s

()~u

~«

cc"E

III

«IIIoS

.•.. o c E t III Q. s

OJ

~

Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

MINE

FORE

MAN

;DR

AINA

GE

Section

224.

(b)Whenever

any

working

place

Ina

mine

approaches

withln

fifty

feet

ofabandoned

work

ings

Jin

such

mine

assh

own

bysu

rvey

sce

rtifle

dby

are

gister

eden

ginee

ror

surv

eyor

,or

with

intw

ohu

ndre

dfee

tof

any

othe

rab

ando

ned

work

ings

ofsu

chm

ine,

which

cann

otbe

insp

ected

and

which

may

cont

ainda

nger

ous

accu

mul

ation

sof

water

orga

s,or

with

intw

ohu

ndre

dfee

tof

any

work

ings

ofan

adja

cent

min

e,th

em

ine

fore

man

shall

see

that

aboreh

oleor

boreh

oles

shall

bedrilled

toadistan

ceof

atleast

twenty

feet

inadvance

ofthe

face

ofsuch

working

place.

Such

boreh

oles

shall

bedrilled

sufficiently

close

toeach

other

toensure

that

theadvancing

face

will

not

accid

entally

hole

through

into

such

working

s.Boreh

oles

shall

also

bedrilled

not

more

than

eight

feet

apart

inthe

ribof

such

working

place

toadistan

ceof

atleast

twenty

feet

and

atan

angle

offorty-flve

degrees.

Such

ribholes

shall

bedrilled

inone

orboth

ribs

ofsuch

work

ing

plac

eas

may

bene

cessa

ryfo

rad

equa

tepr

otec

tion

ofpe

rson

swo

rkin

gin

such

place.

Nowater

orgas

from

any

portion

ofan

abandoned

mine,

orfrom

any

idle

portion

ofan

active

mine,

and

noboreh

olefrom

thesurface

shall

beta.pped

except

under

theimme

diate

tnetr-uctton

and

direction

ofthe

mine

forem

anwith

theuse

ofapproved

safety

lamps.

MINING

CLOS

ETO

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KING

S

Section

291.

The

superinten

dent

shall

not

permit

theminin

gof

coal.

within

fifty

feet

ofan

abandoned

mine

orany

abandoned

portion

ofany

mine

conta

ining

adangero

usaccumu

la-tion

ofwater,

until

said

danger

has

been

removed

bydriving

apassa

geway

totap

and

drain

off.

said

water

,as

prov

ided

inth

isac

t....

and

provide

dfurther,

that

ifit

shall

beagree

dby

themine

inspecto

rin

thedistrlct

and

superinten

dents

ofsuch

adjoinin

gcoal

minin

gproperties

that

such

property

boundary

line

Ul (l) c ~ u C :J(l)

1:

:5

~~

(l)~U

1u C

~lll

:JUl

0

<.

"<.

.Er5

•.•U

l

III

3III

-~u[( c~

>-

III

>.

~...,

IIIC

~<.

(l)

c~E

(l)19

61__

cQ.

~1:

.•..

u->

0cc

~

IIlW

C/l••••

(l)0

£cg'

~Qi

C.•..

E0...,

s••<.

cIII

'iii

IIIQ.

E(l)

0fO

UIII

UlQ.

:J(l)

00

C E .3 iii

APP

END

IXB

AN

DFO

REI

GN

GU

IDEL

INES

LEVE

LIT

CLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

m I ~Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

E

MINING

CLOS

ETO

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KING

S(Contd.)

Section

291

(Contd.)

isso

located

that

there

isno

danger

toproperty

orIives

inminin

gcoal

ineither

orboth

sides

ofthe

property

boundary

line

upto

said

property

boundary

line,

then

insuch

cases

minin

gto

theproperty

boundary

line

shall

belaw

ful,

ifall

danger

from

accumu

lated

water

and

gas

shall

have

flr-s

tbeen

removed

bydrive

ngapassa

geway

totap

and

drain

off

any

accumu

lation

sof

water

and

gas,

asprovide

dfor

inthis

act.

Ifany

ofthe

parties

inintere

stfails

toagree

onthe

carrying

out

ofany

ofthe

provisions

ofthis

section,

anyone

ofsaid

parties

may

appeal

tothe

secre

tary

who

shall

deter-r

nine

thema

tter.

OPEN

ING

FOR

DRAINA

GEON

OTHE

RLA

NDS

Section

298.

(c)In

any

mine

ormines,

orportions

thereo

f,wh

erein

water

may

have

been

allow

edto

accumu

late

inlarge

and

dangero

usquantities,

putting

indanger

theadjoinin

gor

adja

cent

min

esan

dth

eliv

esof

the

mi.n

ers

work

ing

ther

ein,

and

when

such

can

beta

pped

and

set

free

and

flow

byits

own

gravity

toany

point

ofdrain

age,

itshall

belaw

ful

for

any

oper

ator

orpe

rson

havin

gm

ines

soen

dang

ered

,wi

thth

e,a

ppro

val

ofth

em

ine

insp

ecto

rin

thedistrict,

toproceed

torem

ove

thesaid

danger

bydriving

adrift,

ordrifts,

prote

cted

byboreh

oles,

asprovide

dfor

bythis

act,

and

inrem

oving

,;aid

danger

itshall

belaw

ful

todrive

across

property

lines

ifneedful.

AUGE

RMINING,

SPEC

IAL

REQU

IREM

ENTS

Section

603.

Cd)A

uger

holes

shalt

not

lntor-su

ctunoe

rqr-o

uno

rnlric

work

ings

know

nto

conta

tnor

susp

ected

toco

ntain

dang

erou

squ

antit

iesof

impo

unde

dwa

ter,

-exc

ept

todr

ainsu

char

eas

unde

rco

ntro

Hed

cond

ition

san

dth

enon

lyaf

teran

nece

ssary

prec

autio

nsha

vebe

ent.

:\k

'-:.

'f'Ito

saf\,,~V\,.I'"r-dlif'e

and

or-ope

rly

•

TUNN

ELS

UNDE

r-;(

U'::D

SOF

NAV[GI'~[;U:::

STf~D\MS

Section

1.

Heit

enacteo

,sc,

T/1.

,ttr-orn

(,U"I

darto

r-th

oP()~';suV

(.~of

:til

l!.,;

act,

when

ever

thi~

pOW

I..'r"

I....•p

r"l1"lIr

.'l~lllr"'lll~1

1''11''

'''ill

tll'.!

pl.llll

t'lfW

lYCl'

lllljld

rlY,

Ill'r'

.l'ltll

lH'l.'

orlu

..:r·I

.:•..

..lill..H

·lll-

corporated

under

thelaw

sof

theComm

onwealth

off-'ennsylv

ania,

issituated

upon

ornear

thebank

ofany

navig

able

stream

within

this

Comm

onwealth,

and

such

comp

any

has

the

right

,eit

her

asth

eow

ner

infee

orby

leas

eor

othe

rar-r-anqcrnent

,to

min

eco

alfrom

orunder

lands

adjoinin

gor

adjacent

tosuch

opposite

bank

ofsaid

navig

able

stream,

oris

theow

ner

ofama

jority

ofthe

capital

stock

ofany

corr-pany

that

has

theright,

eithe

ras

owne

rill

feeor

bylea

seor

othe

rar

rang

emen

t,to

mine

coal

From

orun

der

lands

adjoinin

gor

adjacent

tosuch

opposite

bank

ofsaid

navig

able

stream,

such

comp

any

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

OF

LAW

~ III "o <- ;J 0 III "1r

III

"§

"cID

~E

'0

C

c2

;J'>

2c

E'

w

'"

'~

'0

0

ct

:J III

".~

E t>

III

>,

a. "III

0

C c1961

"8'.

:5

"-

i:

0

0

~

Z ~

III

rn

-l'"

01

E

c

III

C

;J

~

'E

'iii

'iii

0

<-

0~

III

~:J 0

"0

C E

c l\l

~

III '"

rn

c ~ '<- rJ C " E t r,; a. <!l 0

OJ I 01

Penn

sylva

nia

(Bituminous)

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TY

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

L.A

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ITC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

GU

IDEL

INE

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

TUNN

ELS

UNDE

RBE

DSOF

NAVIGA

BLE

STRE

AMS

(Contd.)

Section

1.(Contd.)

shall

have

the

right

and

lawfu

lau

thor

ityto

cons

truct,

oper

ate,

and

main

tain

tunn

elsun

der

said

navig

able

strea

m,so

asto

conn

ect

said

coal

lands

,an

dan

ymi

neop

erate

din

conn

ec-

tion

with

said

coal

lands,

with

said

powe

ror

minin

gpla

ntof

said

comp

any:

Provide

d,ho

weve

r,be

fore

any

comp

any

begin

sth

eco

nstru

ction

ofan

ytu

nnel,

itsh

allma

keap

plica

-tion

toand

secure

theappro

val

of,the

Wate

rand

Powe

rRe

-sour-

cea

Board

orsuch

other

autho

rityas

shall,

atthe

time

ofsuch

application,

have

jurisd

iction

over

navlg

able

streams

under

thelaw

sof

theCo

mmonwe

alth

ofPe

nnsylva

nlathe

same

asnow

veste

din

said

Wate

rand

Powe

rRe

sourc

esBo

ard:

Provlde

d,howe

ver,

that

said

corpo

ration

orcorpo

ra-tions,

conatr-ucttno

sald

tunnel

totun

nels,

shall

pay

tothe

Comm

onwe

alth

ofPe

nnsylva

niathe

fair

marke

tvalue

forall

coal

mined

inconstructing

said

tunnel

ortun

nels.

MINING

INSA

FETY

ZONE

SThe

General

Assemb

lyof

theCo

mmonwe

alth

ofPe

nnsylva

niahereb

yenacts

asfollow

s:

ESTA

BLISHM

ENT

OFSA

FETY

ZONE

SWritten

Autho

rization

Needed

toMine

Within

Safety

Zone

Sectlon

2.

(a)No

mlnin

gor

removal

ofminerals

whats

oever

shall

bepermitte

dwithin

thesa

fety

zone

unles

sau

thor

izatio

nis

spec

ifica

llygr

ante

din

adva

nce

and

inwr

iting

byth

eDe

partm

ent

ofMines

and

Mineral

Industrie

s.(b)

Such

autho

rizatlon

shall

only

begra

nted

upon

application

ofthe

opera

torandl

orthe

lessor.

Such

application

shall

beaccomp

anied

byfou

rcopie

sof

apla

nof

thepro

posed

minln

goper-

atlon

,The

plan

shall

indica

tethe

thici<

ness

ofthe

unconsolidated

strate

,the

thlckness

ofthe

rock

strata

and

coal

beds

overlyin

gthe

bed

tobe

mined,

thethickness

ofthe

bed,

thewidth

sof

theopening

sto

bema

deand

thewidth

ofthe

pillars

tobe

left,

and

any

other

special

features

that

may

bedeem

ednecessary

asaffecting

theconte

mplated

first

minin

g.(C)

The

Departm

ent

ofMines

and

Mineral

Industrie

sshall

make

periodic

exam

in-atlons

todetermine

theaccurac

yof

allpla

ns,

maps

and

dr-avvlnqs

subm

itted

tothe

munder

the

prov

ision

sof

this

act.

Requireme

ntsfor

Plan

Appro

val

Section

3.

Inno

instan

cewill

any

plan

beappro

ved

ifthe

reis

less

than

thirty-fiv

efee

tof

rock

cover.

Facto

rsconside

redin

plan

appro

val

shall

includ

ethickness

ofbed,

width

ofmine

opening

s,width

ofpillars

and

such

other

factors

asare

deem

edappH

cable

bythe

Departm

ent

ofMines

and

Mineral

Induatr-res

,

en "() t. :J 0 til "[(

tils

"cc

sOJ E

"0C

Ce

:J 0"~

t. 0>u

<- "

....

"00

C•..

::J

c<-

OJ

.2E t

«l<l

"~Q "

>0

),Q)

til-5

c cs

rl:

1961

0 Z"-

~0

til

~Q)

«lf

..Itil :J

g"0 .£

c'iii

st.

'iii

OJ c

0~

0 til"0

:JC

0«l

Ctil

"fQ) C

:J~

•.. iil

"- 0 •..

c Q) E t <l Q Q) 0

(0 I 0>

Penn

sylva

nia(B

itumi

nous

)

.b.P

PEND

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

ESTA

BLIS

HMEN

TOF

SAFE

TYZO

NES

(Con

td.)

Pilla

rRe

cove

ry

Secti

on4.

Nopil

larrec

overy

shall

beun

derta

ken

until

such

tim;

asthe

plans

areap

prov

edby

theDe

partm

ent

ofM

ines

and

Mine

ralIn

dustr

ies.

Apptt

catto

r.fo

rpi

liar

recov

erysh

allbe

acco

rnpa

nteo

byfo

urco

pies

ofthe

plan

which

shall

includ

esu

chinf

orma

tion

assh

allbe

deter

mine

dby

thede

partm

ent.

The

appr

oval

orots

apcro

ve.l

shall

beba

sed

onthe

factor

sof

depth

,the

thick

ness

ofthe

bed,

thepe

rcenta

geof

plllar

spr

opos

edto

beex

tracte

dan

dto

belef

t,the

effec

ton

pillar

srem

aining

inov

erlyin

gbe

ds,

and

any

other

spec

ialfea

tures

that

may

bede

emed

nece

ssary

bythe

depa

rtmen

t.

Proo

fof

Rock

Cove

r

Secti

on5.

(a)Pr

oof

ofthe

exist

ence

ofthl

r-ty-

ftve

feet

ofro

ckco

ver

shall

acce

mpan

yan

ypla

nssu

bmitt

ed.

(b)

Said

proo

fof

rock

cove

ris

tobe

asce

rtaine

dby

test

holes

drill

edon

inter-

secti

nglin

esfo

rmlng

rectan

gles

orsq

uares

where

theco

ver-

thick

ness

isles

stha

nfif

tyfee

t.Th

ese

holes

shall

bedr

illed

onsp

acing

ofno

tmu

retha

nthi

rty-fi

vefee

tce

nter

s.

Copie

sof

Plan

san

dPr

oof

ofRo

ckCo

ver

tobe

Sign

ed

Secti

on6.

All

cepic

sof

theafo

remen

tione

dpla

nsan

dpr

oof

ofro

ckco

ver

must

indica

tethe

locati

onof

thetes

tho

lesan

dthe

depth

ofthe

rock

cove

r,an

dthe

ymu

stbe

signe

dbe

fore

subm

ission

tothe

Depa

rtmen

tof

Mine

san

dM

ineral

Indu

stries

bya

Regis

tered

Mini

ngEn

ginee

rrep

resen

ting

theop

erator

and

aRe

gister

edM

inin£

,En

ginee

rof

theles

sor

and/o

row

ner.

Appr

oval

orDi

sapp

rova

lof

Plan

s

"Sec

tion

7.

(a)Af

terex

amina

tion

and

appr

oval

ofthe

plans

bya

I,<"g

isterc

dM

ini"g

Engin

eer

for

theDe

partm

ent

ofM

ines

and

Mine

ralIn

dustr

iesan

dthe

secre

tary

ofthe

depa

rtmen

t,the

ysh

allsig

nall

copie

s.Th

eor

igina

lsh

allbe

retain

edIn

thede

partm

ent,

one

copy

shall

befo

rward

edto

theSt

atemi

neins

pecto

rfo

rthe

area

.nwh

ichthe

mlnin

gis

tobe

carr

iedon

,on

eco

pyis

tobe

forwa

rded

toth

eRe

gister

edM

ining

Engin

eer

repr

esent

ingthe

oper-

ator-

and/o

rthe

lesso

ror

owne

r,an

don

eco

pyis

tobe

forw

arded

tothe

opera

tor.

(b)

Ifthe

plan

isdis

appr

oved

,the

Regis

tered

Mini

n(J

E:n<

Jinee

rfo

rthe

Depa

rtmen

tof

Mine

san

dM

ineral

Indu

stries

and

these

cretar

yof

thede

partm

ent

shall

note

their

STAT

E'FE

DE~

OR

FORE

iGN

.~U

IDEL

INE

PUBL

ICAT

ION

EFFE

CTIV

ERE

GUL

ATIN

GCO

UNTY

.O

FLA

WDA

TEAG

ENCY

Ui'

JlJ U L :J 0 "OJ

~n: 2

sC JlJ

UE

c :J

C

0e

L (Jl'>

Lc

gl:J

c.~

:J0

L+' c

.EO

J

<0

5.~

L III

>

0.

>,

JlJ

Jj)

0c

OJ

c19

61:5

OJ

Q.

3:

"-0

0t,

Jj) 3:

Jj)

III

OJ

-lE

E'

Jj) :J

'c:s

~r.i

Ci1

L

0Q

0C

"~

:JU

2~

EJj)

.3JlJ C

W~ .~ 0 •...

C JlJ E t <l 0. JlJ 0

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

nC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FEC

TIVE

DA

TER

EGU

LATI

NG

AG

ENC

Y

IJJ I .....,

Pennsylva

nia(Bituminous)

ESTA

BLISHM

ENT

OFSA

FETY

ZONE

S(Contd.)

Approval

orDisapproval

ofPlans

(Contd.)

Section

7.(Contd.)

reasons

and

attach

acopy

toeach

set

ofpla

ns.

One

copy

ofthe

plan

shall

then

bereturned

tothe

opera

tor,

one

tothe

State

mine

inspecto

rfer

theare

a,one

tothe

Registered

Mining

Engin

eer

for

theopera

torand/o

row

ner

orlessor

and

one

shall

beretain

edby

thedepartm

ent.

Notice

toMine

rsWorkin

gWithin

theSafety

Zone

Section

8.

After

approval

ofthe

plan

bythe

Departm

ent

ofMine

sand

Mine

ralIndustries,

nomi

ning

orre

mova

lof

mine

rals

may

begin

with

inth

esa

fety

zone

until

the

mine

forem

anhas

conspic

uously

posted

anotice

onthe

outside

ofthe

mine

and

has

orally

notified

each

miner

affected

that

heis

working

inthe

safety

zone.

III 'c ~ ~ c c OJ Q.~

•..c

~~ ~-g

.J5

CJlt.

.5~

~~ 'iii:;) ot.

O,£?

s o c 'E .a II)

1961

-;;'0

t.<oJ

OJ

C~

COJ

f/).-

EOJ

~t~

'0III

JCO

.o~13~

OJ

cr

COJ_

.-:5.'!l

~~

C•.•

0<ll

ozE

<oJ~

C

6f/)e

EOJ.-

.->

~~t5

0.J

~E

Alabam

a

TAP

WAT

ERIN

ADJOINING

COAL

MINE

Section

11.

(a)In

any

coal

mine

,or

coal

mine

s,or

parts

ther

eof,

wher

einwa

terma

yha

vebe

enallow

edto

accumu

late

inlarge

and

dangero

usquantities,

putting

indanger

theadjoinin

gor

adjacent

coal

mines,

and

thelives

ofthe

miners

working

therein,

and

when

such

can

betap

ped

and

set

free

and

flow

byits

own

graVity

toany

point

ofdrain

age,

any

opera

toror

perso

nhaVing

amine

soendangere

d,with

theapproval

ofthe

Departm

ent,

may

proceed

and

remove

thesaid

danger

bydriving

adrift

ordrifts

prote

cted

bybore

holes

aspro-

vided

bythis

Act,

and

inrem

oving

said

danger,

itshall

belaw

ful

todrive

across

property

lines

ifneedful.

All

coal

removed

insuch

driving

from

adjacent

lands

shall

be'paid

for

onthe

basis

of25

cents

per

tonof

2,000

pounds.

Noperso

nshall

dam

orin

any

way

obstruct

theflow

ofwater

from

said

mine

orparts

thereo

f,wh

enso

set

onany

part

ofits

passa

geto

point

ofdrain

age.

~ if) £ •.•III

oE

f/)III

Lea

.J-~

CJl•.•

C0

'c.

~ 'iii o o

1960

.~ C0 .9;J

<oJIII

0_ <ll

OJ

o.cr

~-

-r.l

'0'r

C<oJ

t1l

~

>''0

~.s

t1l

•.•

Ul

0

o§

§5

.-t.

.~~

oB

Alabam

a

PROT

ECTION

AGAINS

TWAT

ERAN

DGA

S

Rule

30. (a)

Notice

shall

begiv

ento

theDepartm

ent

inwriting

oefore

any

mine

working

shall

beallow

edto

approach

within

fifty

(50)

feet

ofany

par-rof

aWinz

e,stope

oroth

eropening

'in

which

there

isa

know

nor

suspected

dangero

usaccumu

tetton

ofwater,

thelev

elof

which

may

beabove

thelev

elof

theapproaching

wor-ktnq,

(b)

Notice

shall

begiv

ento

theDepartm

ent

inwriting

oefore

starting

toadvance

•.•

t1l

oE

f/)t1l

OJ.o

-t1l

J_ cr«

.0'0

~OJ

IIIin

Ul<oJ

OJUl

.SQ

}

~:5

Decemb

er15,

1962

'iii r ~ ~~

•..0

2~ c_ OJOJ

Ecr

t 8- OJ o

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STAT

E.FE

DERA

LO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

OJ I CD

Kentu

cky

Alabam

a

Virginia

GUI

DELI

NE

PROT

ECTION

AGAINS

TWAT

ERAN

DGA

S(Contd.)

Rule

30.

(Contd.)

amine

working

within

one

hundred

(100')

feet

ofanoth

ermine

working

that

islikely

toconta

inadangerous

accumu

lation

ofgases

orwa

ter.

Work;

ngs,

when

approaching

such

places,

shall

notexceed

eight

(8')

feet

inWidth,

and

theperso

nor

perso

nsdriving

such

place

shall

constan

tlykeep

asuffic

ient

distan

ceahead,

notles

stha

nten

(10')

feet

inad

vanc

e,on

ebor-e

bole

near

the

cent

erof

the

work

ing,

and

one

inea

chco

rner

fLfte

en(15

')fee

tdeep,

atan

angle

offorty-five

(450)

deqr-ees

,at

intervals

ofsix

(6')

feet.

These

holes

shall

not

beused

forbla

sting

butseparate

holes

forbla

sting

notover

four

(4')

feet

deep,

must

bedrille

d.

APPR

OACH

ING

AB."'N

DONE

DWOR

KING

S

Section

45.

1--93.

Itshall

furthe

rbe

theduty

ofthe

mine

forem

anto

heve

boreholes

kept

notles

stha

ntwenty

feet

inadvance

ofthe

fa~e.

and

where

necessary,

one

each

cuton

sides

ofthe

working

places

that

are

being

drive

ntow

ard

and

danqer-ous

proximity

to,an

aban-

doned

mine

orpart

ofmine

which

may

conta

inflamm

able

[)as

orwh

lchis

filled

with

water.

These

holes

shall

bedrille

dwh

enever

any

working

place

inan

underground

mine

approaches

within

fifty

feet

ofabandoned

workings

insuch

mine

asshow

nby

surve

ysma

dean

dce

rtifie

dby

aco

mpete

nten

ginee

ror

surv

eyor

,or

with

intw

ohu

ndre

dfee

tof

any

other

abandoned

workings

ofsuch

mine,

which

cannot

belns

pecte

d.These

holes

must

becr-tlied

not

more

than

flfteen

feet

apart.

PUBL

ICA

TIO

NO

FLA

W

OJ £ ••...III

oE

en

III

OJD

~III

:J~ et«

0'0

oJ!!O

J

nl'"'

Ul2l

OJUl

c ~ c:l :g E'

'> ..... o en j 01 C 'f' ~

EFFE

CTIV

EDA

TE

Decernbe

r-15

,1962

1966

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

'Z 'r::

U; ~ oS~

.~c

o~

'"'

<;1

c-Ii~ t 8- t3

c 3 "0 s -g nl s, o D ro .J ..... o t E t nl a. 8

BORE

HOLE

SIN

J\[>V

J\I\IC

TOIC"FJ\CI:.

WIID

,jr·rOlIlI'l

Tl

Section

352.3

71.

Whenever

any

working

place

approaches

within

fifty

feet

ofabandoned

areas

inthe

min

eas

show

nby

surv

eys

mad

ean

dce

rtifie

dby

are

gister

eden

ginee

r,or

with

intw

ohundred

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

areas

ofthe

mine

which

cannot

beins

pecte

dand

which

may

cont

ain

dang

erou

saccumu

rations

ofwa

ter

orga

31

orwi

thin

two

hund

red

feet

ofany

workings

ofan

adjac

ent

mine,

aborehole

orboreholes

shall

bedrille

dto

adis

tance

ofat

least

twenty

feet

inadvance

ofthe

working

face

ofsuch

working

place

and

shall

beco

ntin

ually

rnal

ntatne

dto

adls

tanco

ofat

lcns

tte

nroet

Lnaovanco

ofth

ead

vanc

ingwo

rkln

gfac

e.When

there

ismo

retha

none

borehole,

they

shall

bedrille

dsuffic

iently

close

toeach

other

toen

sure

that

the

adva

ncing

work

in<]

face

will

not

accid

cntu

llyho

leth

roug

hint

oabarv-

doned

areas

ofadjac

ent

mines.

Boreholes

shall

also

bedrille

dnot

more

than

eight

feet

apart

inthe

ribof

such

working

place

toa

distan

ceof

atlea

sttwenty

feet

and

atan

angle

offorty-FLve

degrees.

Such

ribholes

shall

bedrille

din

or-e

orboth

ribs

ofsuch

working

place

asma

ybe

necessary

foradequate

prote

ction

ofrnin

er-s

insuch

place.

~ U 'E nl

';;j 8 '0 g c ~ <1J £ 01 C E Q) > o o ~

1967

en ~ <- OJ

C ~ -g nl en<!l c ~ ..... o t OJ E t ro c, OJ o

m cb

Oklah

oma

5TAT

E.FE

DERA

LO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

GUI

DELI

NEPU

BLIC

ATIO

NO

FLA

W

ra ~ U 5 .•.. o 2)J9 III 'll :5 .•.. o IfJ ~ .J OJ c 'c i

1973

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY g' c i '0 ~

EFFE

CTIV

EDA

TE

Indian

a

Ohio

APPR

OACH

ING

ABAN

OONE

DWOR

KING

S

Section

86.

Whenever

any

working

place

inan

underground

mine

approaches

within

50fee

tof

aban

done

dwo

rkin

gsin

such

min

eas

show

nby

surv

eys

mad

ean

dcer-ttfte

oby

aco

mpe

tent

engin

eer

orsurve

yor,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

workings

ofsuch

mine,

which

cann

otbe

insp

ected

and

which

may

cont

ainda

nger

ous

accu

mul

ation

sof

water

orga

s,or

within

200

feet

ofany

workings

ofan

adjac

ent

mine,

aborehole

orboreholes

shall

bedrille

dto

adis

tance

ofat

least

20fee

tin

advance

ofthe

face

ofsuch

working

place.

Such

boreholes

shall

bedrille

dsuffic

iently

close

toeach

other

toensure

that

thendvancing

face

will

not

accid

entally

hole

through

into

such

workings.

Bore:')()les

shall

also

bedrille

dnot

more

than

8fee

tapart

inthe

ribof

such

working

place

toadis

tance

ofat

least

20fee

tand

atan

angle

of45

degrees.

Such

ribholes

shall

bedrille

din

one

orboth

ribs

ofsuch

work

ing

plac

eas

may

bene

cess

ary

For

adeq

uate

prot

ectio

nof

pers

ons

work

ing

insu

chpla

ce.

PREC

AUTION

SWHE

NWOR

KING

PLAC

EAP

PROA

CHES

COMP

LETE

DWOR

KING

SOR

ABAN

OONE

DMINE

S

Section

4153.39

.

When

any

working

place

approaches

within

fifty

feet

ofaccurately

surve

yed

com-

plete

dwo

rkin

gsin

the

sam

em

ine,

orwi

thin

two

hund

red

feet

ofan

yot

her

aban

done

dwo

rkings,

that

cannot

beins

pecte

dand

which

may

conta

inde.ng

erous

accumu

lation

sof

water

orgas,

boreholes

shall

bedrille

dat

least

twenty

feet

inadvance

ofthe

face,

and

forty-five

degree

angle

ribholes

shall

bedrille

dat

least

twenty

feet

deep

and

notmo

retha

neig

htfee

tapart

inone

orboth

ribs

asma

ybe

necessary

foradequate

prote

ction.

Comp

leted

workings

are

accurately

surve

yed

when

acomp

etent

engin

eer

orsurve

yor

has

certified

asto

thesurve

ying

and

recording

thereof.

March

8,1955

o :c o u, o "' ~ .J OJ c 'c i

1975

IfJ

III C i '8 ffi ~ OJ ra s ~ IfJ

-~ra,_ -r~ "'.•..

~0

'0C

5g ••..Ul

o's

:§O

E•

t~ ra0 0.:4

:1IIIra

00; cr

REST

RICT

IONS

ONMINING

NEAR

ABAN

OONE

DWOR

KING

S

Section

321

•

Driving

toward

abandoned

mines.

Nooperato

rshall

bepermitte

dto

mine

coal

within

two

hundred

(200)

feet

ofany

abandoned

mine

workings

conta

ining

adangerous

accu

mul

ation

ofwa

ter,

exce

ptas

here

inaf

terpr-ovid

ed,

until

said

dang

erha

sbe

enremo

ved.

BORE

HOLE

S

Section

322.

Inany

place

that

isbeing

drive

ntow

ards,

orin

dangerous

proximity

toan

abandoned

ra~

E ~ :Y a .•..

o 2 ra iii ,5 u, o IfJ ~ .J OJ c 'c i

E ~ :Y o •...

o ~ iii

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

L.W

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ITC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

m I ..•.

o

llIino

is

5TAT

E.FE

DERA

LO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NEPU

BLIC

ATIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FECT

IVE

DATE

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

l2 ~ x L < "- o 2 r; (j)

Oklah

oma

Arkansas

BORE

HOLE

S(Contd.)

Section

322.

(Contd.)

min

eor

part

ofm

ine

susp

ected

ofco

ntain

ing

infla

mm

able,

noxio

usor

poiso

nous

gase

s,or

which

may

conta

inwater,

boreh

oles

shall

bekept

not

less

than

eighte

en(18

)fee

tin

advance

ofthe

face

and

onthe

sides

ofsuch

working

ptaces

,Ho

lesof

thesam

edepth

shall

bedrl11ed

diagonal1y

,not

more

than

ten(10

)fee

twid;"

and

nowater

orgas

from

theabandoned

mine

orpart

ofthe

mine,

and

noboreh

oles

from

thesurface

shall

bekriowiriqty

tapped

until

theem

ployees,

except

those

engaged

atsuch

work,

areout

ofthe

min

e.Su

chwo

rkis

tobe

done

unde

rth

eim

med

iate

supe

rVisi

onof

the

min

efo

rem

an.

PREC

AUTION

SIN

DANG

EROU

SWOR

KING

S

Section

525.

Inany

place

that

isbeing

driven

toward

sor

indangero

uspro

ximity

toan

abandoned

min

eor

part

ofm

ine

susp

ected

ofco

ntain

ing

infla

mm

able,

noxto

us,

orpo

isono

usga

ses,

orwh

ichma

ybe

inundated

with

water,

boreh

oles

shall

be«ept

not

less

than

twelv

efee

tin

advance

ofthe

face,

and

onthe

sides

ofsuch

working

places

said

side

holes

ofthe

same

depth

shal1

bedrilled

dlagonally

not

more

than

eight

feet

apart,

and

atany

place

driven

totap

water

orgas,

shall

not

bemo

retha

nten

feet

wide,

and

nowater

orgas

from

anab

ando

ned

min

e)or

part

ofa

min

e,an

dno

bore

holes

from

the

surfa

cesh

allbe

tapped

until

theem

ployees,

except

those

engaged

atsuch

wor-k

,are

out

ofthe

mlnes,

and

such

work

isto

bedo

neun

der

the

imm

ediat

esu

perv

ision

ofth

em

ine

fore

man

.

BORE

HOLE

SIN

MINE

Section

9320.

"The

owner.

agent,

oropera

torshall

provid

etha

taboreh

oleshall

bekept

twenty

(20)

feet

inadvance

ofthe

face

ofeach

and

every

working

tace,

and

ataforl¥-ftve

(45)

degre

eangle

atinterv

alsof

eight

(8)fee

ton

each

ribof

sa.d

working

face

when

drivin

gtow

ardan

abandoned

mine

orparts

ofamine

suspected

ofconta

ining

inflam

mable

gases

,or

bein

unda

ted

with

water

."

MINE

PLAN

S

Section

34.04

.

During

pillar

recovery

inany

mine

when

working

places

appro

ach

within

50fee

tof

abandoned

sealed

workings,

asshow

nby

surve

ysma

deand

cer-tifl

edby

acomp

etent

engin

eer

orsu

rvey

or,

which

may

cont

ainda

nger

ous

accu

rnul

ation

sof

water

orga

s,or

within

200

feet

ofany

workings

ofan

adjacent

mine,

boreh

oles

shall

bedrilled

toadis-

C1l

E 0 s :x 0C1l

"-E

0.2

sC1l

2:!l

U)

1973

0£;

u, 0(;

~Ul

(j)

~ -1 g'

:g 2

III :5l2

"-Ul

o~

Ul~

~~

-1"- '"0

.Ss

cm

~iJ)

1962

.•..

() < '"c c iJuly,

1971

"iii 8 III J:: f-

"g iUl ~ia oL ••••

OJ

Cc

E~

...." a§ O

J o

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FEC

TIVE

DA

TER

EGU

LATI

NG

AG

ENC

Y

~ ~!!l

••III

oL Q

l•.

•C ~.~

1i~

LC

[OIl s

illino

is

MIN

EPL

ANS

(Cor

itd,)

Secti

on34

.04.

(Con

td.)

tance

ofat

least

20fee

tin

adva

nce

ofthe

face

ofsu

chwo

rkit-

,gpla

ce.

Such

boreh

oles

shall

bedr

illed

suffi

cientl

yclo

seto

each

other

toen

sure

that

thead

vnnc

inqfac

ewt

llno

tac

ciden

-tal

lyho

lethr

ough

into

such

work

ings.

Boreh

oles

shall

also

bedr

illed

not

more

than

8fee

tap

artin

therib

ofsu

chwo

rking

place

toa

distan

ceof

atlea

"t20

feet

and

atan

angle

of45

degr

ees.

Such

ribho

lessh

allbe

drill

edin

one

orbo

thrib

sof

such

work

ingpla

ceas

may

bene

cessa

ryfor

adeq

uate

prote

ction

ofpe

rsons

work

ingin

such

place

.Th

eab

ove

pro-

vision

ssh

allap

plyto

any

work

ingpla

cein

any

mine

atan

ytim

esh

ould

cond

ition

swa

rrant

same

inthe

intere

stof

safet

;y.

~ 2''c ~ ~ 8 Q

l ~

July

.19

71

ill I •..•.

-a.

Color

ado

PREC

AUTI

ONS

NEAR

ABAN

DONE

DM

INES

Secti

on92

-6-7

.

Whe

neve

ran

ywo

rking

place

appr

oach

eswi

thin

two

hund

redfee

tof

aban

done

dwo

rking

stha

tca

nnot

beins

pecte

dan

dtha

tma

yco

ntain

danqer-oue

accu

mulat

ions

ofwa

teror

gas,

boreh

oles

shall

beke

ptat

least

twen

tyfee

tin

adva

nce

ofthe

face,

and

fort;

y-fiv

ede

gree

angle

ribho

lessh

allbe

drill

edat

least

twen

t;yfee

tde

ep.

Thes

eho

lessh

allbe

not

more

then

eight

feet

apart

.

PITC

HING

VEIN

SFR

EEFR

OMW

ATER

Secti

on92

-10-

24.

(1)

Any

owne

rwi

shing

toop

erate

coal

veins

,se

ams

pitch

ingov

ertw

enty-

five

degr

ees

unde

rwo

rking

sof

thesa

memi

neor

any

adjoi

ning

mine

where

water

exl

ats,

shall

see

that

such

work

ings

arepr

eviou

slyma

defre

efro

mwa

teran

dare

kept

free

from

water

solon

gas

hesh

allwo

rksa

idve

in.

~ o ;3 '0 ~ .•..

lfl l .•.. '0 ~ 2''c s 'jij 8

1966

s f o ;3 .. o i (/)

New

Mex

ico

WOR

KING

INVI

CINI

TYOF

ABAN

DONE

DAR

EA-

ADVA

NCE

WOR

KING

S-

PREC

AUTI

ONS

Secti

on63

-14-

19.

Whe

nan

ywo

rking

has

appr

oach

edwi

thin

one

hund

red(1

00)

feet

ofan

ypo

rtion

ofan

aban

done

dm

ine

not

know

nto

befre

efro

mga

sor

danq

er-ou

sac

cum

ulat

ionof

water

orex

plosiv

ega

s,the

adva

nce

work

ings

orhe

ading

ssh

allno

tex

ceed

sixtee

n(1

6)fee

tin

width

and

there

shall

beco

nstan

tlyat

least

one

(1)

boreh

ole,

ei9hte

en(1

8)fee

tin

adva

nce,

drill

edce

ntrall

yin

thefac

eof

each

head

ing;

and

when

withi

nfif

t;y(5

0)fee

tof

conje

ctured

locati

onof

thewo

rking

s,in

addit

ionto

thece

nter

hole,

ther-e

shall

also

bedr

illed

inad

-va

nce

atlea

sttw

o(2

)ho

les,

for

each

nine

(9)

feet

adva

nce

ofthe

face,

one

(1)

onea

chsid

eof

thehe

ading

atan

angle

ofthi

rt;y

(30)

degr

ees

tofo

rty-fi

ve(4

5)de

gree

swi

ththe

axis

ofthe

entry

orwo

rking

s,wh

ichho

lessh

allbe

drill

edat

least

eighte

en(1

8)fee

tde

ep.

Ql 8 ~ ~ID

lflc

~~ ~::: <l:

8L

'x.e

Ql ~ ~ Z

1972

o u 'x ~ ~ Ql Z ...

o Ql !§ lfl

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

OJ I ~ I\)

Pennsylva

nia(Anth

raci

te)

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NEPU

BLIC

ATIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FECT

IVE

DATE

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

s: s :> "- o I: o 1.0 " E E o o 'iii E ":J :s

Utah

APPR

OACH

ING

ABAN

DONE

DWOR

KING

S-IM

POUN

DING

WAT

ER

Section

33.

(a)Whenever

any

working

place

inan

underground

mine

approaches

within

50fee

tof

abandoned

working

sin

such

mine

asshow

nby

surveys

made

and

certified

byacomp

etent

'engin

eer

orsurveyor,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

working

sof

such

mine,

which

cannot

beinspected

and

which

may

conta

indaoqer-ous

accumu

lation

sof

water

orgas,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

working

sof

anadjacent

mine,

aboreh

oleor

boreh

oles

shall

bedrilled

toadistan

ceof

atleast

20fee

tin

advance

ofthe

v/or-kiriq

place.

Such

boreh

oles

shall

bedrilled

sufftc

tently

close

toeach

other

toensure

that

theadvancing

face

will

not

accid

entally

hole

through

into

such

working

s.Boreh

oles

shall

also

bedrilled

not

more

than

8fee

tapart

inthe

ribof

such

working

place

toadistan

ceof

atleast

20fee

tand

atan

angle

of45

0 •Such

dbholes

shall

bedrilled

inone

orboth

ribs

ofsuch

working

place

asm

aybe

nece

ssar

yfo

rad

equa

tepr

otec

tion

ofpe

rson

sv/o

r-ktnq

insu

chpl

ace.

*AUT

HORIZA

1l0N

NEED

EDTO

MINE

WITHIN

SAFEll'

ZONE

Section

2.

(a)No

mintn

gor

removal

ofmlnerals

whatsoever

s11,,11

bepermitted

within

thesafety

zone

unless

autho

rization

isspecifically

granted

inadvance

and

inwriting

bythe

Depa

rtmen

tof

(\!lin

esun

dMin

orC

ltIn

dust

ri9s.

(b)

Such

autho

rization

shall

only

begranted

upon

applicatlon

ofthe

opera

torand/o

rthe

lessor.

Such

application

shall

beaccomp

onted

byfour

copie

sof

apla

nof

theproposed

minin

gopera

tion.

The

plan

shall

indicate

thethickness

ofthe

unconsolidated

strata,

thethickness

ofthe

rock

strata

and

coal

beds

overlyin

gthe

bed

tobe

mined,

thethickness

ofthe

bed,

thewidth

sof

theopening

sto

bema

deand

thewidth

ofthe

pillars

tobe

left,

and

any

other

special

features

that

may

bedeem

ednecessa

ryas

affecting

theconte

mplated

first

minin

g.(C)The

Departm

ent

ofMine

sand

Mlne

ralIndus

tr-tes.

shall

moke

periodic

exam

ina-

tions

todetermine

theaccurac

yof

allpla

ns,

maps

and

drawing

ssubm

itted

tothe

munder

theprovisions

ofthis

act.

*IIA

utho

rizin

g"in

origi

nal.

REQU

IREM

ENTS

FOR

PLAN

APPR

OVAL

Section

3.

Inno

instan

cewill

any

plan

beapproved

ifthe

reis

less

than

thirty-five

feet

ofrock

cover,

Facto

rsconside

redin

plan

approval

shall

indude

thickness

ofbed,

width

ofmine

opening

s,width

ofpillars

and

such

other

factors

asare

deem

edapplicable

bythe

Departm

ent

ofMine

sand

Mine

ralIndustries.

t. .E Ul t.Ul

a>a>

1:,5 O~ >.-

..,

I'J

~8 (f)£:

caB

t.:>

a>

ID

CJ ro C ro > ), ~ c et "- o :G 'iiia> ~ E E o o a>

£: ..,

"- o >.

:0 E a> Ul :!l ~ ~ a> CJ £ }; tJ « I: «

Janu

ary

1,1967

Decemb

er22,

1959

r- 'n a>ID~

'r15

..,Ul

3a>

-oct 1:_ -i'l -c

ctl

'J~E

.5S

~t.

v.~ ~W U

l"-

a>0

I:..,

~§

"o~

..,

I'JI:

0. L~ fu~

0...

,

8~ is

OJ I ....•.

CJ.)

Penn

sylva

nia(A

nthrac

ite)

STA

TE.

FEDERAL

OR

FOR

EIG

NC

OU

NTY

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VELn

CLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

GU

IDEL

INE

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTI

VED

ATE

REG

ULA

TIN

GA

GEN

CY

PILL

ARRE

COVE

RY

Secti

on4.

Nopil

larrec

overy

shall

beun

derta

ken

until

such

time

asthe

plans

areap

prove

dby

theDe

partm

ent

ofM

ines

and

Mine

ralInd

ustri

es.Ap

plica

tion

forpil

larrec

overy

shall

beac

comp

anied

byfou

rco

pies

ofthe

plan

which

shall

includ

esu

chinf

ormati

onas

shall

bede

termi

ned

bythe

depa

rtmen

t.Th

eap

prova

lor

disap

prova

lsh

allbe

based

onthe

factor

sof

depth

,the

thick

ness

ofthe

bed,

thepe

rcenta

geof

pillar

spro

posed

tobe

extra

cted

and

tobe

left,

theeff

ect

onpil

lars

remain

ingin

overl

ying

beds

,an

dan

yoth

ersp

ecial

featur

estha

tma

ybe

deem

edne

cessa

ryby

thede

partm

ent.

PROO

FOF

ROCK

COVE

R

Secti

on5.

(a)Pr

oof

ofthe

exist

ence

ofthi

rw-fi

vefee

tof

rock

cove

rsh

allac

comp

any

any

plans

subm

itted.

(b)Sa

idpro

ofof

rock

cove

ris

tobe

ascert

ained

bytes

tho

lesdri

lled

onint

er-sec

ting

lines

formi

ngrec

tangle

sor

squa

reswh

erethe

cove

rthi

ckne

ssis

less

than

fifW

feet.

These

holes

shall

bedri

lled

onsp

acing

ofno

tmo

retha

nthi

rw-fi

vefee

tce

nters.

COPI

ESOF

PLAN

SAN

DPR

OOF

OFRO

CKCO

VER

TOBE

SIGN

ED

Secti

on6.

All

copie

sof

aforem

entio

ned

plans

and

proof

ofroc

kco

ver

must

indica

tethe

locati

onof

thetes

tho

lesan

dthe

depth

ofthe

rock

cove

r,an

dthe

ymu

stbe

signe

dbe

fore

subm

ission

tothe

Depa

rtmen

tof

Mine

san

dM

ineral

Indus

tries

bya

Regis

tered

Mini

ngEn

ginee

rrep

re-sen

ting

theop

erator

and

aRe

gister

edM

ining

Engin

eer

ofthe

lesso

ran

d/or

owne

r.

APPR

OVAL

ORDI

SAPP

ROVA

LOF

PLAN

S

Secti

on7.

(a)Af

terex

amina

tion

and

appro

val

ofthe

plans

bya

Regis

tered

Mini

ngEn

ginee

rfor

theDe

partm

ent

ofM

ines

and

Mine

ralInd

ustri

esan

dthe

secr-e

tary

ofthe

depa

rtmen

t,the

ysh

allsig

nall

copie

s.Th

eori

gina

lsh

allbe

retain

edin

thede

partm

ent,

one

copy

shall

befor

warde

dto

theSta

temi

neins

pecto

rfor

theare

ain

which

themi

ning

isto

beca

rried

on,

one

copy

isto

befor

warde

dto

theRe

gister

edM

ining

Engin

eer

repres

entin

gthe

opera

toran

d/or

theles

sor

orow

ner,

and

one

copy

isto

befor

warde

dto

theop

erator

.(b)

Ifthe

plan

isdis

appro

ved,

theRe

gister

edM

ining

E:ng

ineer

forthe

Depa

rtmen

tof

Mine

san

dM

ineral

Indus

tries

and

thesec

retary

ofthe

depa

rtmen

tsh

allno

tethe

irrea

sons

and

attac

ha

copy

toea

chset

ofpla

ns.

One

copy

ofthe

plcln

shall

then

ber.e

tumed

tothe

opera

tor,

one

tothe

State

mine

inspe

ctor

forthe

area,

one

tothe

Regis

tered

Mini

ngEn

ginee

rfor

theop

erator

and/o

row

ner

orles

sor

and

one

sl\all

be,

retain

edby

thede

part-

men

t.

,..,

III oil 0 L a III oil (t

IIIiU <J

'~C oil

>E

>,

c'"

eE

.~oil u

wu,

••...

00

:5'" c

iU

§oil ~

LC

III0

c.E

oil

E0

8oil :5

£De

cemb

er22

,~

••...

1959

~0 :?;>

III oil

.Q

'rE

'"oil

sIII '"

u<l:

s~

OJ

Loil

oil

CC

oil

~0 o

il

u.c

c'"

III),

III.Q

oil

<J.s

0 <l:

~c

••...

<l:

0 '" C oil E t 111 c. s

APPE

r\'DI

XB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ITC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NEPU

BLIC

ATIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FECT

IVE

DATE

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

Pennsylva

nia(Anth

racite)

NOTICE

TOMINE

RSWOR

KING

WITHIN

THE

SAFE

TYZO

NE

Section

8.

After

approval

ofthe

plan

bythe

Qepartm

ent

ofMine

sand

Mine

ralIndustries,

nominin

gor

removal

ofminerals

may

begin

within

thesafety

zone

until

themine

forem

anhas

conspic

uously

posted

anotice

onthe

outside

ofthe

mine

and

has

orally

notified

each

miner

affected

that

heis

working

inthe

.safefy

zone.

'iU '-

.•...

.,.,

0~:5:5~

(9l.

l-r-

'co

IIIIII

Ul

Q)>

.c),;;-

•..:Dc~

),E

0~

.D.,Ee

t)~E~

««8

e «

Decemb

er22,

1959

l/ll/l

•.•<)

0e

c..

.•m

...•

....b

E.9

,2

!n

•.

.c.

::;t.

C)

U)

'O~~E(])

•.•'"

<)e~

~'iU026

E~ss

l/lts:5i5d!

1l.2;;.•...

.,u

00

o§~

OJ I ..•.

l\.Pennsyl

vania

(Anth

racite)

REGU

u\TIONS

,Pu

\CES

APPR

OACH

ING

INAC

CESS

IBLE

WOR

KING

S

Section

238.

Whenever

apla

ceis

approaching

inaccessible

working

s,the

opera

torshall

estab

Hsh

and

clearly

show

onthe

map

fumished

themine

forem

anastopping

distan

cenot

less

than

one

hundred

feet

from

thesaid

inaccessible

working

sand

such

stopping

point

shall

not

bepasse

duntil

after

thecoal

comp

any

officials,

theminir.g

e.1gln

eer

and

themlne

inspecto

rhave

agree

don

thewidth

ofany

such

approaching

place

orpla

ces,

thepoint

atwh

ichtest

holes

shall

bestarted

and

theloc

ation

ofthe

test

rotes

,The

test

holes

shall

not

beless

than

twenty

feet

inadvance

ofthe

working

face

with

sufficient

flank

holes

oneach

side

ofsaid

place.

Nosuch

stopping

distan

ceshall

beless

than

one

hundred

feet

from

thesaid

inaccessible

abandoned

working

s,nor

need

Itbe

£weater

than

thedistan

cecalcu

lated

inaccordance

with

therule

comm

only

used

inthe

estab

Hshin

gof

barrier

pillars,

name

ly,one

perce

ntof

thedepth

below

drain

age

times

thethickness

ofthe

coal

seam

plus

thick

ness

ofse

amtim

esfive

,ex

cept

ing

insu

chca

ses

wher

eca

lculat

ionin

acco

rdan

cewith

said

rule

estab

lishes

astopping

distan

ceof

less

than

one

hundred

feet.

This

act

does

not

perm

itth

edr

iving

ofga

ngwa

ys,

cham

bers

oroth

er-ex

cava

tions

into

barr

iers

which

are

subj

ect

toth

eirm

axim

umwa

terpr

essu

re,

asculcu

tated

inac

cord

ance

with

the

rule

here

esta

blish

8d,

unles

sth

esa

idwa

terh

ead

isr-eouceo

bypu

mpi

ngor

othe

rm

eans

.Th

eter

m"rrururvj

enCj

in(;c

r"Ju:~

u::;e

din

lhis

act,

shul

lmC

ilnlh

<.:ocr-so

nwh

oeturll

,in

beha

lfof

the

oper

ator

,ha

vech

arge

orge

nera

lsu

pcr-vtaton

ofth

ewo

rkof

cornpl

lirvj

the

f1\ll

hJll\~

ql.

FEDE

RAL

III 'c ~ ), l/l E ., 0- .•...

o l/l ~ -l g>

'c ~ 2 .~ :5 e «

Novemb

er29,

1965

Ul "

l/l()

.,'-

·r5

•..~

~CL :2 IIIe s,"

~E

.~e

22

u.-

~~ W

l/l••...

~0

~~ .•...

E0

•.••..'-

eIII

.,a.

E(l) •.•0 '-" ~:5 ., o;; o Z J

AI3A

r,oor'Il~

D(,R

I=AS

,J\[)JA

CL~JT

MlI\li:S;

DI"lLLlN

COF

'UO

I-:t.::HO

LES

(STA

TUTO

I~YPR

OVIS

IONS

).

Section

75.17

01.

Whenever

any

working

place

approaches

within

50fee

tof

abandoned

areas

inthe

mine

asshow

nby

surveys

made

and

certified

bya

register'ed

engin

eer

orsurveyor,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

other

abandoned

areas

ofthe

rnirie

which

cannot

beinspected

and

which

may

conta

indangero

usaccumu

lation

sof

water

orgas,

orwithin

200

feet

ofany

working

sof

anadjacent

mine,

aboreh

oleor

boreh

oles

shall

bedrilled

toadistan

ceof

atleast

20fee

tin

advance

ofthe

working

face

ofsuch

w~)rK

ingpla

ceand

shall

becontinually

maintain

edto

adistan

ceof

atleast

10fee

tIn

advance

ofthe

advancing

working

face.

When

there

ismo

retha

none

boreh

ole,

they

shall

bedrilled

suffL

ciently

~ o :gI

i)

-" iJ,~ .,:l 0::0 -~ ~0::

~ro .,'-

IL" e

'O~

(l) '8 o

Septe

mber,

197

Z.

.E III I1l§

S~

Eb

.,l/l

().-

t..5

,EE

en w« ., e ~

rn I ...•.

en

FEDE

RAL

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STA

TE.

FEDERAL

OR

FORE

IGN

COUN

TY

FEDE

RAL

GUI

DELI

NE

ABAN

DONE

DAR

EAS,

ADJACE

NTMINES;

DRILLING

OFBO

REHO

LES

(STA

TUTO

RYPR

OVISIONS

)(Contd.)

Section

75.17

01.

(Contd.)

close

toeach

other

toensure

that

theadvancing

working

face

will

not

accid

entally

hole

through

into

abandoned

areas

oradjacent

mines.

Ooreh

oles

shall

also

bedrilled

not

more

thari

8fee

tapart

inthe

ribof

such

working

place

toadistan

ceof

atleast

20fee

tand

atan

angle

of45

degrees.

Such

ribholes

shall

bedrilled

inone

orboth

ribs

ofsuch

working

place

asma

ybe

necessa

ryfor

adequate

prote

ction

ofminers

insuch

place.

OPER

ATIONS

UNDE

RWAT

ER(STA

TUTO

RYPI"OVISION

S)

Section

75.17

16.

Whe

neve

ran

oper

ator

min

esco

alfro

ma

coal

min

eop

ened

after

Mar

ch30

,19

70,

orfro

man

yne

wwo

rkin

gse

ction

ofa

min

eop

ened

prior

tosu

chda

te,in

am

anne

rth

atre

quire

sth

eco

nstru

ction

,op

erat

lon,

and

main

tenan

ceof

tunn

elsun

der

any

river

,stream,

lake,

oroth

erbody

ofwater,

that

is,in

thejud

gm,en

tof

theSecre

tary,

sufficiently

large

toconstitute

ahazard

tominers,

such

opera

torshall

obtain

apermit

from

theSecre

tary

which

shall

includ

esuch

terms

and

conditions

ashe

deem

sappropriate

toprote

ctthe

safel¥

ofminers

working

orpassing

through

such

tunnels

from

caveins

and

other

hazards.

Such

permits

shall

require,

inaccordance

with

apla

nto

beapproved

bythe

Secre

tary,

that

asafety

zone

beestab

lished

beneath

ano

adjacent

tosuch

body

ofwater.

Nopla

nshall

beapproved

unless

there

isaminim

umof

cover-

tobe

determined

bythe

Secre

tary.

Nosuch

permit

shall

bereq

uired

inthe

case

ofany

new

working

section

ofa

mine

which

isloc

ated

under

any

water

resource

reserv

oirbeing

constructed

byaFederal

agency

onDecemb

er30,

1969,

theopera

torof

which

isreq

uired

bysuch

agency

toopera

tein

ama

nner

that

prote

ctsthe

aafety

ofminers

working

insuch

section

from

cave

insand

other

hazards.

OPER

ATIONS

UNDE

RWAT

ER;

NOTIFICA

TION

BYOP

ERAT

OR'

Section

75.17

16-1.

Anopera

torpla

nning

tomine

coal

from

coal

mines

openeo

after

Marc

h30,

1970,

orfrom

working

sections

inmines

opened

prior

tosuch

date,

and

insuch

manner

that

min

ing

oper

ation

swi

llbe

cond

ucted

,or

tunn

elsco

nstru

cted

..un

der

any

river

,str

eam

,lak

e,or

other

body

ofwater,

shall

give

notice

tothe

Coal

Mine

Safel¥

District

Mana-

ger

inthe

district

inwh

ichthe

mine

isloc

ated

prior

tothe

comm

enceme

ntof

such

minin

gopera

tions.

PUBL

ICAT

ION

OF

LAW

III § ~(f)

~Q) iH Q

):J

n:0 -~ ~n: Q

)-

~~

lL~

'O~

Q) 8

EFFE

CTIV

EDA

TE

Septe

mber

1972

~ 0 t.C

:J 00

~s

n:

b~

III 'cQ)

.§c ~

u <l:III

July

1,1974

:0C 0

~~

III Ul

'5.•..

0>C

Q)

Q)

n:

E

~Q) 0 s,

Q)

.E"0 (I)

clL

Wu,

III0

CQ)

~"0 8

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

:0 ~ III ~§

c.- E~

(I)III

0._ t.C

0·- ""E

iilu « ~ ~

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

OJ I ...•.

0>

Unite

dKi

ngdo

m

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

EPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FEC

TIVE

DA

TER

EGU

LATI

NG

AG

ENC

Y

FEDE

RAL

PERM

ITRE

QUIR

ED

Secti

on75

.1716

-2.

Ifin

thejud

gmen

tof

theCo

alM

ineSa

fety

Distr

lctlI;

\anag

erthe

propo

sedmi

ning

opera

tions

referr

edto

Insec

tion

75.17

16-1

cons

tItute

aha

zard

tomI

ners,

hesh

allpro

mptly

sono

tify

theop

erator

that

ape

rmit

Lsreq

uired

.

APPL

ICAT

IONS

FOR

PERM

ITS

Secti

on75

.17

16-3.

Anap

plica

tion

fora

perm

itreq

uired

unde

rthi

ssec

tion

shall

befil

edwi

ththe

Coal

Mine

Safet

yDi

strict

Man

ager

and

shall

conta

inthe

follow

i1£

1gen

eral

inform

ation

:

(a)Na

mean

dad

dress

ofthe

comp

any.

(b)Na

mean

dad

dress

ofthe

mtne

,(C

)Pr

ojecte

dmi

ning

and

groun

dsu

pport

plans

.(d)

Ami

nema

psh

owing

theloc

ation

sof

theriv

er,str

eam,

lake,

oroth

erbo

dyof

water

and

itsrel

ation

tothe

locatl

onof

allwo

r·king

place

s.(e)

Apro

flle

map

show

ingthe

type

ofstr

ataan

dthe

distan

cein

eleva

tion

betw

een

theco

albe

dan

dthe

river,

strea

m,lak

eor

other'

body

ofwa

terinv

olved

.Th

etyp

eof

strata

shall

bede

termi

ned

byco

retes

tdri

llho

lesas

prescr

ibed

bythe

Coal

Mine

Safet

yDi

str-L

ctM

anag

er.

ISSU

ANCE

OFPE

RMIT

S

Secti

on75

.17

16-4

Ifthe

Coal

Mlne

Safet

yDi

strict

Man

ager

deter

mine

stha

tthe

propo

sedmi

ning

opera

tions

unde

rwa

terca

nbe

safely

cond

ucted

,he

shall

issue

ape

rmit

forthe

con-

duct

ofsu

choper-a

ttons

unde

rsu

chco

nditi

ons

ashe

deem

sne

cess

ary

topr

otec

tth

esaf

etyof

mine

r-sen

gage

dIn

those

ooer-

atton

s,

PREC

AUTI

ONS

AGAI

NST

EXTE

RNAL

DANG

ERS

TOW

ORKI

NGS

Secti

on76

. (1)

Itsh

allbe

thedu

tybo

thof

theow

ner

and

ofthe

,ma

nage

rof

every

mine

totak

e,wi

thres

pect

toan

ywo

rking

sca

rrled

onor

propo

sedto

beca

rried

onIn

themi

nein

theVi

cinity

ofthe

sea,

alak

eor

river

oran

yoth

erbo

dyof

surfa

cewa

ter(w

hethe

rac

cumu

lated

natur

ally

orart

ificia

lly)

such

steps

asma

ybe

nece

ssary

forasc

ertain

ingthe

total

thicl<

ness

ofthe

strata

lying

betw

een

thewo

rking

san

dthe

surfa

cewa

ter.

Ul III 0 '-

C:J 0

0U

l;:;

IIIb

[( n;

Ul

'-'c

III'f

C ~'0 <

l:

~:0

0.2

!

~Ju

ly1,

1974

III rJ)

'5t

OJ

IIIIII

[(E

n;

<))

'-~

IIIJ2

'0 ~C W

•..

<))

0C

III~

'0 0 0 o:t

IIIt[) O

J~

u,:J

00

.,'"

0x

<l:

wU

l19

54:0

.!!!

<2!

'- '-r;

l<

llrJ)

:J'0

ac

'0'"

§,5

~O

ic

<)

sI

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

FED

ERA

LW

HIC

HFI

TTH

EA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

ITC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

CD I ...•.

"'"

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NEF

FEC

TIVE

REG

ULA

TIN

GO

RFO

REI

GN

GU

IDEL

INE

CO

UN

TYO

FLA

WD

ATE

AG

ENC

Y

"1.

The

owner,

agent

and

manager

ofamine

shall

from

time

totim

ecause

allrea

son-

able

steps

tobe

taken

toasc

ertain

from

allavailable

inform

ation

and

evide

nce

wheth

erthe

reis

any

material

below

thesurface

which

may

soaffect

any

workings

being

,or

about

tobe,

carried

onat

that

mlne

asto

cause

danger

toperso

nswo

rking

therein

and

shall

ensure

that

thefac

tsso

ascertain

edare

inthe

posse

ssion

ofthe

manager.

2.(1)

Nowo

rking

which

isappro

achin

gand

within

150

feet

ofthe

surface

shall

becarried

onin

any

mtne

unless

thema

nager

has

sufflcient

lnform

ation

about

thenature

ofthe

material

between

thewo

rking

and

thesurface

todote

r-rntn

ewh

ether

itma

ycause

danger

tope

rson

swo

rkin

gin

this

min

e:Provide

dtha

tthis

parag

raph

shall

not

apply

where

thnre

isanoth

erwo

rking

ora

disused

working

vertically

above

thewo

rking.

atadistan

cenot

less

than

30fee

tor

five

times

thethickness

ofthe

seam

tobe

worke

d,wh

ichever

isthe

g~eater.

(2)No

working

shall

becarried

onat

artY

place

inany

mine

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

150

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

any

material

which

when

wet

islikely

toflow,

includ

ingpe

at,mo

ss,sa

nd,

grav

elan

dsil

t,un

less

the

mana

ger

has

suffi

cient

infor

matio

nto

deter

-mine

thenature,

position

,thickness

and

exten

tthe

reof.

(3)No

working

shall

becarried

onat

any

place

inany

mine

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

150

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

any

rock

orstratu

mlikely

toconta

inwater

<D

(whethe

rdispersed

orin

natural

cavttteej

unless

therna

naqer-

has

sufficient

inform

ation

0Ul

ifabout

thenature

orposition

thereo

fto

determine

that

itis

not

dangero

usto

perso

nswo

rking

Q) c

0in

the

min

e,or

sufF

Lcien

tin

form

ation

abou

tth

ena

ture

,po

sition

,th

ickne

ssan

dex

tent

~'-

thereo

fto

determine

wheth

erit

may

cause

danger

tosuch

perso

ns.

0'iii

.D

3.(1)

Nowo

rking

which

-lU

0.J

United

Kingdom

(a)is

appro

achin

gand

within

150

feet

ofthe

surface,

or0

1955

'iii

(b)is

within

150

feet

ofany

material

describe

din

parag

raph

(2)of

thelast

.S§

precedin

greg

ulation,

or.?;>

:g(C)is

within

150

feet

ofany

mater-Ial

describe

din

parag

raph

(3)the

reof

(other

than

.2l

mat

erial

which

byre

ason

ofits

natu

reor

posit

ionts

not

dang

erou

s),lU

E(/)

2shall

exceed

10fee

tin

width

unless

theconditio

nsspecified

inthe

follow

ingparag

raph

ares

satisfied

.(2)

The

aforesaid

concttto

nsare

that

-(a)

notice

ofthe

proposed

working

has

been

sent

bythe

owner,

agent

orma

nager

tothe

inspecto

rof

thediv

ision;

and

(b)either

-(I)

The

inspecto

rof

thedlv

ision

has

within

one

month

notified

thema

nager

that

hehas

noobjectlon

topro

posed

worklngs

orthe

proposed

working

subje

ctto

comp

liance

with

conditio

nsfor

ensuring

thesafety

orperso

nswo

rkin

gin

the

min

e,or

(II)

Ithas

been

determined

inma

nner

provid

edby

theAct

forsettlin

gdisputes

that

thepro

posed

working,

orthe

proposed

working

subje

ctto

comp

liance

with

conditlo

nsfor

ensuring

thesafety

ofperso

nswo

rking

inthe

mine,

would

not

bedangero

usto

such

perso

ns;

anc

.(c)

where

any

such

conO

itions

forensuring

safety

areimposed

,the

yare

comp

lieO

with.

4.No

work

other

than

work

necessa

ryfor

thepre

servation

ofthe

mine

orfor

thesinkin

gof

shafts

orthe

Oriving

ofdrifts

from

thesurface

shall

becarried

out

inany

mine

within

60fee

t,or

(ifgre

ater)

tentim

esthe

maxim

um.

heigh

tof

theWOrkln

gor

pro-

posed

working,

of-

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

m I ~ co

United

Kingdom

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NEPU

BLIC

ATIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FECT

IVE

DATE

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY -"<tl0 51t

~O <tl<.

E0

".0

~<tl

E-l

United

Kingdom

(a)any

material

described

inparag

raph

(2)of

regula

tion

2,or

(b)

any

material

described

inparag

raph

(3)the

reof

(othe

rtha

nma

terial

which

byrea

son

ofits

nature

orposition

isnot

dangero

us),

exce

ptin

acco

rdan

cewi

thsp

ecial

regu

lation

sfo

rth

em

ine.

II

THE

COAL

AND

OTHE

RMINES

(PRE

CAUT

IONS

AGAINS

TINRU

SHES)

REGU

LATION

S,1956,

HaVing

Effec

tas

ifMade

Under

Section

One

Hundred

and

Forty-One

ofthe

Mine

sand

Quarries

Act,

1954.

1.These

regula

tions

shall

apply

toevery

mine

ofcoal,

stratified

ironston

e,shale

orfir

eclay

,an

din

thes

ere

gulat

ions

"min

e"m

eans

such

am

ine.

2.-(1)

Without

preju

dice

tothe

generality

ofsection

seventy

-five

ofthe

Act,

nowo

rking

which

isapproacntnq

and

within

one

hundred

and

flfty

feet

ofthe

surface

shall

beca

rried

onin

any

rntne

,un

less

the

man

ager

has

euffl

ctent

info

rmat

ionab

out

the

natu

reof

thema

terial

between

thewo

rking

and

thesurface

todetermine

wheth

erit

may

cause

danger

toperso

nswo

rking

inthe

mine:

Provide

dtha

tthis

parag

raph

shall

not

apply

where

there

isanoth

erwo

rking

ora

disused

working

vertically

above

thewo

rking

inquestion

atadistan

cenot

less

than

thirty

feet

orflve

times

thethickness

ofthe

seam

tobe

worked

which

ever

isthe

greater.

(2)

Nowo

rking

shall

becarried

onat

any

place

inany

mine

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

one

hundred

and

firty

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

any

peat,

moss,

sand,

gravel,

silt

oroth

erma

terial

that

islikely

toflow

when

wet,

unless

thema

nager

ofthe

mine

has

sufficient

informa

tion

todetermine

thenature,

position

,thickness

and

exten

tthe

reof.

(3)

r-lowo

rking

shall

becarried

onat

any

place

Inany

mine

ifthe

reis

evide

nce

that

within

one

hundred

and

fifty

feet

thereo

fthe

rema

ybe

an",

rock

orstratu

mconta

ining

orlik

elyto

conta

inwa

ter(w

heth

erdi

sper

sed

orIn

natu

ral

cavit

ies)

unles

sth

em

anag

erof

themine

has

sufficient

lnforma

tion

about

tbe

nature

orposition

thereo

fto

determine

that

itis

not

dang

erou

sto

pers

ons

work

ing

int+e

min

eor

sufrl

cient

info

rmat

ionab

out

the

natu

re)

posit

ion)

thick

ness

and

exten

tth

ereo

f'to

deter

min

ewh

ether-

itm

aycause

dang

erto

such

perso

ns.

3.Without

preju

dice

tothe

generality

ofsection

seventy

-seven

ofthe

Act,

nowo

rking

which

-(a)

isapproaching

and

within

one

hundred

and

fifty

Feet

ofthe

surface;

or(b)

iswtthtn

one

hundred

and

fifty

feet

ofany

peat,

moss,

sand,

gravel,

silt

oroth

erma

terial

that

isltkety

toflow

when

wet;

or(C)is

within

one

hundred

and

flfty

feet

ofany

rock

orstratu

mconta

ining

orlikely

toconta

inwater

(whethe

rdispersed

orIn

natural

cavities)

not

be,ng

rock

orst

ratu

mwh

ich

byre

ason

ofits

natu

re01

"'pos

ltton

isno

tda

nger

ous;

shaH

exce

edte

nfe

etin

wldth

,un

less

the

rnannqer-

has

given

toth

ein

spec

tor

for

the

dis-

trict

notice

ofhis

Inten

tion

towo

rkto

agreater

width

anc'

theinspecto

rhas

within

thirty

days,

bynotice

served

onthe

manager,

consented

totha

two

rking

exceeding

tenfee

tin

width

. 4.Without

preju

dice

tothe

generality

ofsection

seventy

-seven

ofthe

Act,

nowo

rking

which

isapproaching

and

within

one

hundred

and

twenty

feet

ofany

place

conta

ining

orlikely

toconta

inan

accumu

latton

ofwater

orma

terial

that

flows

when

wet

orof

any

disused

working

s,not

being

working

swh

ichhave

been

exam

ined

and

found

cm

.~c

4'~ ~- <tl<

tl

1118

<D to (]) s, ~ <. o m .c Z E ~ III C 'm Jf ~ ,9 @ ~ ~ ~ ~ <. 91 8 '2 <tl

7il 8 1!

f-

1955

January

1,1957

III "r <. 10 6 ] III Q) c s

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

nC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

co I ->. co

Canada

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LO

RFO

REI

GN

CO

UN

TYG

UID

ELIN

E

United

Kingdom

Canada

THE

COAL

AND

OTHE

RMINES

(PRE

CAUT

IONS

AGAINS

TINRU

SHES)

REGU

LATION

S(Contd.)

tobe

free

from

accumu

lation

sof

water

orma

terial

that

flows

when

wet,

shall

exceed

eight

feet

inwidth

,and

inrespect

ofany

such

working

thema

nager

shall

ensure

that

boreh

oles

areat

"'.ll

times

maintain

edin

advance

near

thecente

rof

thewo

rking

ofalen

gthnot

less

than

fifteen

feet

and

oneach

flank

atinterv

alsnot

exceeding

flfteen

feet.

5.The

manager

ofevery

mine

shall

ensure

that

noperso

ncarries

out

any

work,

other

than

work

nece

ssary

forth

epr

eserv

ation

ofth

emi

neor

forth

esin

king

ofa

shaft

orthe

driVing

ofan

outlet

from

thesurface,

inany

working

inthe

mine

within

sixty

feet

orten

times

theheigh

tof

thewo

rking

(whic

hever

isthe

greater)

of-

(a)any

peat,

moss,

sand,

gravel,

silt

oroth

ermater-tal

that

islikely

toflo

wwh

enwe

t;or

(b)

any

rock

orstratu

mconta

ining

orlikely

toconta

inwatar

(whethe

rdispersed

orin

natu"

",-t

·cavities)

not

being

rock

orstratu

mwh

ichby

reason

ofits

natural

posit

ion.

isno

tda

nger

ous;

except

inaccordance

with

special

regula

tions

applicable

totha

tmine.

CHAP

TER

188

Rule

15. Whe

rea

place

isHk

elyto

cont

aina

dang

erou

saccumcta

ttor-

ofwa

ter,

the

work

ingapproaching

such

place

shall

not

exceed

eight

feet

inwidth

,or

such

greater

width

asma

ybe

permitted

bythe

Chief

Inspector

ofMine

s,and

there

shall

beconstan

tlykept

ata

sufficient

distan

ce,

not

being

less

than

five

yards

inadvance,

atleast

one

boreh

olenear

thecentre

ofthe

working

,and

sufficient

flank

boreh

oles

oneach

side.

CHAP

TER

217.

Section

8. (1)V,fhen

anadvancing

section

ofamine

aopr-oachee

abandoned

working

ssit

uated

inth

esa

mesea

m,wh

ether

these

belon

gto

the

rrunc

afor-e

sald

orno

t,th

eow

ner,

agen

t,or

man

ager

shall

r-epor-t

the

circu

mst

ance

sin

writi

rgto

the

Insp

ector

for

thedistrict

before

theadvancing

roadways

orfac

escom"

within

five

hundred

feet

ofthe

abandoned

working

s,and

opera

tions

shall

cease

until

thedetails

ofthe

metho

dto

befollowed

when

aovancern

ent

isresum

edhave

been

subm

itted

tothe

Inspector

and

have

rece

ived

hisap

prov

al.(2)

Inno

circumstan

ces

shall

theadvancing

section

approach

neare

rtha

none

hund

red

and

fLfty

feet

toab

ando

ned

work

ings

situa

tedin

the,~;am

esea

mun

tilth

eex

act

position

ofthe

sehas

been

estab

lished

byaboreh

ole,

orbornholes,

drilled

from

thelive

working

sand

theabandoned

working

shave

been

drain

edof

allstanding

water

above

thelev

elof

theadjoinin

gwo

rking

s.(3)

Subje

ctto

such

modifications

asthe

Chief

Inspector-

deem

snecessa

ry,

subsections

(1)

and

(2)shall

apply

,mu

tatis

mutan

dis,

tothe

case

ofltve

and

abandoned

PUB

LIC

ATI

ON

EFFE

CTI

VER

EGU

LATI

NG

OF

LAW

DA

TEA

GEN

CY

(J) c s 16en

oto

~~

Q.I.

(J)

.....,Q)

Q)

s~

r I.cO

III

~'iii'

:JJanuary

1,a

Q)

I..c

1957

"E

Q)

(J)

:5~

t.l (J)

oC

Q)

-0::

cc

(J)

sIIIC

<U·iU

oOl

0« Q) s: r -- •..

Q)

'iii~I. :J

oC

~o

0~

I~ c.!:!

al'

o:J

1924

..J~.~

cUiIY

III

.-(J)

'5Ol(\)

III

(\)C

fd

..J~

0

t) « c 0 :;; III

'5<1J

ClI.

(\).a

IYIII

Ul

Ui

(\)0.

c ~Q)

1948

..J

'iU

fd

0'5

0III

Ia

c0

0 :;:;

III

Ui

.0,

(\) ..J

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

m r0 o

Cana

da

STAT

E.FE

DERA

LO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NE

CHAP

TER

217.

(Con

td.)

Cana

da

Sectl

on8.

(Con

td.)

work

ings

situa

tedin

differ

ent

seam

swh

enthe

aban

done

dwo

r'<ing

san

dad

vanc

ingse

ction

sare

sepa

rated

byles

stha

non

ehu

ndred

.and

eighty

feet

ofso

lidme

asur

es.

(4)

This

secti

onsh

allno

tap

plywh

ereIt

ispo

astbl

eto

exarnIn

ethe

aban

done

dwo

rking

sto

theex

tent

that

adeftritte

know

ledge

ofthe

conc

ltto

nspr

evail

ingin

allpa

rtsthe

reof

can

beob

taine

d.

Secti

on49

.(W

ater-c

overe

dCo

alAr

eas)

Nosu

bmari

nese

amof

coal

orstr

atiFt

edde

posit

thereo

fsh

allbe

mine

dun

der

less

cove

rth

anon

eh'

-lndr

edan

deig

hty

feet

ofso

lidme

asur

es:Pr

o)vld

edth

atth

eow

ner,

agen

t,or

lessee

ofany

subm

arin

eco

alar

eam

aydr

ivepa

ssage

ways

towi

nth

eco

alto

bem

ined

unde

rtes

sco

ver

than

one

hund

red

and

eight

yFe

et,bu

tno

tles

sth

anon

ehu

ndre

dFeet

ofso

lidme

asur

esun

less

theco

ndlti

onof

thestr

ataov

erlyin

gsu

chpr

opos

edpa

ssage

ways

warra

ntsthe

Chlef

Insp

ector

perm

itting

ales

ser

cove

rtha

non

ehu

ndred

feet

ofso

lidm

easu

res;

and

prov

ided

furth

erth

atno

thin

ghe

rein

cont

ained

shall

prev

ent

any

owne

r,ag

ent,

orles

see

from

winn

ing

water

-cove

red

coal

area

s,wh

ere

other

mean

sof

acce

ssth

ereto

are

not

avail

able,

byca

isson

,sh

aft,

orco

ncre

tere

vetm

ent,

orby

any

safe

metho

dwh

ereby

any

shaft

orop

ening

may

besa

fely

and

secu

r-ely

sunk

ordr

iven

and

main

taine

dth

roug

hsu

chwa

ter-co

vere

dar

eas,

but

any

coal

orstr

atifie

dde

posit

sore

ache

dsh

allbe

mine

dan

dop

erate

dsu

bjec

tto

the

prov

ision

sof

this

sectio

n.

ALBE

RTA

Secti

on13

2.

"Whe

nan

ywo

rking

has

eppr

-oac

hed

withi

n12

0fee

tof

apla

cewh

lchis

likely

toco

ntain

ada

ngero

usac

cumu

latlon

ofwa

teror

gas

orof

disus

edwo

rking

s(n

otbe

ingwo

rking

swh

ichha

vebe

enex

amine

dan

dfo

und

tobe

free

from

accu

mulat

lons

ofwa

teran

dga

s),the

work

ingap

proa

ching

such

place

shall

not

exce

ed8

feet

Inwi

dthor

heigh

tor

such

grea

terwi

dths

asma

ybe

perm

itted

bythe

Direc

tor'

ofM

lnes

and

there

shall

beco

nstan

tlyke

ptat

asu

fficie

ntdis

tance

,no

tbe

ingles

stha

n15

feet

inad

vanc

e,at

least

one

boreh

olene

arthe

centr

eof

thewo

rking

face

and

suffi

cient

Rank

boreh

oles

onea

chsid

eat

interv

alsof

not

more

than

15fee

t.In

case

ofov

erlay

ingac

cumu

lation

sof

water

,the

Distr

lctIn

spec

tor,

after

cons

ultati

onwi

ththe

engin

eer

and

themi

nema

nage

r,ma

yreq

uire

that

solid

pillar

sbe

left

inor

thear

-ea

dewa

tered

.Ev

erysu

chdir

ectio

nin

this

conn

ectio

nby

aDl

strict

Insp

ector

shall

beco

mplie

dwi

th."

EFFE

CTIV

EDA

TERE

GUL

ATIN

GAG

ENCY

PUBL

ICAT

ION

OF

LAW

., o <{ c .9 ~ :iQ

l

01<.

Q)

.a~

nl

"'U

i

'"a,

c ~Q

l

1948

.J';;j

C nl

0:0

0nl

IC

Cnl

0()

:;:; nl

'iii

'0,.5

Q) o ,;::

U)

'0Q

l19

55c

<.

~.8

'iii

.50 0

'iii

.Sc s

1i'

nl

~C <.

nl

.8if)

s

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESFI

TTH

ELE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

STAT

E.FE

DER

ALO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NEPU

BLIC

ATIO

NO

FLA

WEF

FECT

IVE

DATE

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

(j) '" ~ ~ (j) &!

u ~ (j) ~ s

CD I ro -"

Canada

GENE

RAL

RULE

S,Section

28.

Rule

13U. (a)

Whe

rean

ywo

rki.n

gin

ami

neap

proa

ches

apla

cewh

ere

ther

eis

orma

ybe

anaccumu

lation

ofwater,

boreh

oles

shall

bekept

well

inacvance

,and

such

addition

alpre

cautlons

shall

betak

enas

may

bedeem

ednecessa

ryto

obvia

tethe

danger

ofa

sudden

breaking

-throu

ghof

thewater.

(b)(I)

Where

thewo

rkings

inamine

areappro

achin

gany

abandoned

workings,

wheth

erin

orbelon

ging

totha

tmine

orany

other

mine,

thema

nager

incharg

eof

thepre

sent

workings

shall

report

thecircumstan

ces

inwritin

gto

theinspecto

rbefore

thepre

sent

workings

roach

within

three

hundred

feet

ofthe

abandoned

workings;

and

(ll)

Nowo

rkshall

bedone

within

three

hundred

feet

ofthe

abandoned

workings

until

adefinite

metho

dof

proceeding

with

thewo

rkhas

been

subm

itted

toand

appro

ved

bythe

inspecto

r.

Section

90.

(2)If

thesea

mbe

twelv

efee

tor

more

inthickness,

anaddition

alhole

fifteen

feet

inlen

gthshall

bebored

ahead

ofthe

working

face

atan

angle

ofnot

less

than

twenty

degre

eswith

theroo

fof

thepla

ce.

Repub\ic

ofSouth

Africa

'iii o o~ o ~ :; g' cr~

u'"

~tl '"

.•..••I-

~m

c(9

.Sl01

.•..

•C~~ :J

001~ &(

j)

(J)

(j)cr

~ ~

1967

>. 2'

(J) c W .....

o .•... c Q) E t ro Q. "o

Section

12.

"Whe

rea

place

cont

ains

oris

likely

toco

ntain

ada

nger

ous

accu

mulat

ionof

water

ornoxio

usgases

,any

working

appro

achin

gtIl

atpla

ceshall

have

boreh

oles

kept

inadvance,

and

such

addit

ional

prec

autio

nary

mea

sure

ssh

allbe

take

nas

rnay

bede

emed

nece

ssary

toobvia

tethe

danger

ofasudden

breaking

through

ofsuch

water

orgases

,and

such

working

place

must

not

exceed

8fee

tin

width

.A

certi

ficate

dsu

rvey

orsh

allex

ercis

esu

perv

ision

atev

ery

such

work

ing

place

and

shall

beresponsible

forthe

correct

direction

ofsuch

working,

and

forthe

breaking

through

ofsu

chwa

ter

orga

ses

with

out

acctd

ent

,In

the

case

ofa

mine

forwh

ichth

are

isce

rtific

ated

rntne

surv

eyor

,th

ema

nage

rsh

allha

veth

epo

wer's

and

resp

onsib

ilities

and

perfo

rmall

the

dutie

sco

nfer

red

orimposed

onacertificated

surve

yor

inthis

regula

tion."

en

Q) c s 'iii o o .S .?> ~ (/)

1955

(J) o ,;::

o '- B .5 'iii c o :g E !

Republic

ofSouth

Africa

WOR

KING

SNE

ARWAT

EROR

GAS:

PREC

AUTlON

S

Section

7.10.5

.

Where

thefac

eof

thewo

rking

reaches

adistan

ceof

1fjme

tres

from.any

place

wher

eth

ere

is,or

islik

elyto

be,

a.da

nger

ous

aocurnul

attoo

ofwa

teror

noxio

usor

inflam

mable

gas

-(a)

thema

nager

shall

cause

-

.....

o en3:ro

ctl0

.J'C

01••...

C«

'cs:

.-:i 20

'iii(/)

o o

1956

(j) o c8~ -..

...

J:0

<t .s::Q)

:>.5

o'-

(/)[ 8

APPE

NDIX

B

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE,

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

L.A

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

tn I ro I\)Republic

ofSouth

Africa

STAT

E,FE

DERA

LO

RFO

REIG

NCO

UNTY

GUI

DELI

NEEF

FECT

IVE

DATE

REG

ULAT

ING

AGEN

CY

WOR

KING

SNE

ARWAT

EROR

GAS:

PREC

AUTION

S(Contd.)

SectL

on7.1

0.5.

(Contd.)

(1)the

dLme

nsLons

ofsuch

workLng

tobe

restricted

tonot

more

than

2.5me

tres

inwidth

and

2.5me

tres

in.heigh

tor

tosuch

gl'eater

dimensLons

asthe

Inspector

ofMi

nes

may

perm

it;

(II)

auttaoly

directed

boreh

oles

tobe

drLlled

from

such

working

sufftclent

innu

mbe

ran

dlen

gth

togive

ampl

ewa

rtlin

gof

the

water

orga

sjan

d(Ill)

such

addition

alprecautLons

tobe

taken

asclrcumstan

ces

may

lndlcate

tobe

nece

ssar

yto

ensu

reth

esa

fety

ofpe

rson

s.•.

Section

7.10.6

.

The

precautLons

and

responsLbillties

set

out

inreg

ulatlon

7.10.5

.shall

continue

until

ahollng

isaffected

oruntil

thefac

eof

thewo

rking

passe

sbeyond

adistan

ceof

15me

tres

from

such

place.

Section

7.10.8

.

Whenever

any

shaft

isbeLng

sunk

orany

heading

advanced

through

ground

which

conta

ins,

oris

likely

toconta

in,an

accumu

lation

ofwater

which

may

constitute

adanger,

thema

nager

shall

cause

suitably

directed

bor-ehotes

tobe

drilled

from

such

shaft

orheading

,sufficLent

lnnumb

erand

length

togiv

eam

plewarning

ofthe

presence

ofwa

ter,

and

shall

caus

esu

chad

ditio

nal

prec

autio

nsto

beta-cen

ascir

cum

stan

ces

may

indi~ate

tobe

necessa

ryto

ensure

thesafety

ofperso

ns.

BOUN

DARY

PILL

ARS

Section

7.12.2

.

Noperso

nshall

mLne,

orcause

orpermit

any

other

oer-son

torntne

,such

boundary

pillars

unless

permLssion

thereto

has

been

obtained

inter-r-is

ofreg

ulatLon

7.12.3

or7.1

2.4.

Section

7.12.3

.

Onthe

joint

appllcation

ofthe

owners

ofadjoinin

gmines,

theInspector

ofMLnes

may

give

permissLon

tocut

through

orwo

rkthe

respective

boundary

pillars

under

such

conditions

ashe

may

prescribe

inwriting.

Section

7.12.4

.

Inthe

absence

ofsuch

joint

appllcation,

theGo

vernrrent

Mining

Engin

eer

may

give

permission

towo

rkor

cut

through

such

pillars

under

such

conditions

ashe

may

prescribe

Lnwriting.

PUBL

ICAT

ION

OF

LAW

<1l

"'0

'";f

c«

~:5

•...

0:J

C0 If)

'"•...

E0

t~

1956

<1l

a. e.J

001

<1l

C0

'c'r

~•...

«'itl

:50

:JU

0 If)

APP

END

IXB

CU

RR

ENT

STA

TE.

WH

ICH

FIT

THE

FED

ERA

LA

ND

FOR

EIG

NG

UID

ELIN

ESLE

VEL

IIC

LASS

IFIC

ATI

ON

OJ I ro co

STA

TE.

FED

ERA

LPU

BLI

CA

TIO

NEF

FEC

TIVE

REG

ULA

TIN

GO

RFO

REI

GN

GU

IDEL

INE

CO

UN

TYO

FLA

WD

ATE

AG

ENC

Y

Section

63.

Soundin

gsin

thecoal

orthe

rock

shall

betak

enwh

enever

there

isrea

son

tosuspect

theexistence

ofbodie

sof

water

near

thewo

rkings.

The

numb

er,len

gth,

and

arrangeme

ntof

thetrial

oor-ehotes

shall

befixed

bythe

mine

manageme

ntaccording

toloc

alcircumstan

ces

and

wi~h

special

regard

tothe

thickness

and

comp

ositio

nof

thesea

ms,

thehardn

essof

thecoal

and

theroc

ksto

bepenetrated

,the

arrangeme

ntof

thewo

rking

faces,

and

thepre

sume

dheigh

tof

thebodie

sof

water

that

itis

feared

toencounter.

Section

64.

III uIII

r;::

During

working

hours

thewo

rkers

drillin

gtrial

boreh

oles

shall

always

have

within

aJ

••...

Ca

reach

thenecessa

ryma

terial

forblo

cking

upthe

holes

imme

diately

incase

ofneed.

~!.. 0

'iU

DSection

65.

0j

Belgium

01955

c'iii

Before

releasing

abody

ofwater

themine

manageme

ntshall

take

allthe

necessa

ry.~

cpre

cautions

tosafeguard

thewo

rkers

from

any

accid

ents

that

might

result

from

the.a

.9~

n;

oper

ation

.III

EIn

thereg

ister

that

isreq

uired

tobe

kept

bysec

tion

67me

ntion

shall

bema

deof

IIIa

thepre

cautionary

measu

restha

thave

been

decid

edupon.

sSection

66.

The

officials

supervlsing

thedrillers

shall

beme

ntioned

assuch

inthe

staff

register;

they

shall

report

tothe

overm

anon

thestate

ofthe

boreh

oles

before

thear-r-Ival

ofeach

shift.

Sectlon

67.

Areg

ister

shall

bekept

Show

ingthe

positlon

ofthe

boreh

oles

ateach

workp

lace.

Section

138.

aJ u

The

roads

orwo

rkplaces

driven

inadistrict

where

aninrush

ofwater

may

bem

~fea

redshall

bepre

ceded

bydiv

ergent

boreh

oles

atleast

~1m

long,

thenumb

er,len

gthc

a~

!..and

arrangeme

ntof

which

shall

bedetermined

bythe

opera

tor.

0'iii

-gFrance

Section

139.

81955

.J

.S'iii c

The

opera

torshall

notlfy

thedistrict

inspecto

rof

mtr.es

before

drillln

ginto

abody

.a0

ofwater

when

thepre

sume

dpre

ssure

exceed",

30m

ofwater

orwh

enthe

drillin

gis

to~

=g

bedo

nein

coal.

Heshall

specify

ininstructions

therne

asur-es

tobe

taken

toensure

IIIE

IIIaJ

safety

inall

thedistricts

which

may

beaffected

byan

tnr-us

riof

water.

'"' s

APPE

NDIX

B

CURREN

TST

ATE.

WHICH

FIT

THE

FEDER

P\l,

AND

FOREIGN

GUIDEL

INES

LEVE

LIT

CLA

SSIFICAT

ION

m I I\) ~

Nethe

rland

s

STAT

E.FE

DERA

LOR

FORE

IGN

COUN

TYGUIDE

LINE

PUBL

ICA

TION

OF

LAW

EFFE

CTIVE

DATE

REGUL

ATING

AGEN

CY

Germ

any

Secti

on11

.

(1)

For

mine

work

irgs

inwh

ichbo

dies

ofwa

terma

ybe

tappe

d,the

follo

wing

regula

-tio

nssh

allap

ply:

(a)Th

ewo

rking

ssh

allbe

drlve

nun

der

thedir

ectio

nof

thesu

rvey

or.

(b)

Iftri

albo

rings

arema

de,

thenu

mber,

posit

ionan

dde

pthof

thebo

rehole

ssh

allbe

enter

edda

ilyin

asp

eci

atreg

ister

(Boh

r-ltstej.

(C)

Mate

rial

for

block

ingup

thebo

rehole

san

dfo

rd3

mming

thero

ads

shall

beke

ptin

readin

ess

onthe

spot.

(d)

Asa

fean

dlig

hted

way

ofes

cape

shall

beav

ailab

lean

dsh

allbe

notif

ied,

befo

rethe

work

isbe

gun,

toall

men

enga

ged

inrel

easir

gga

sor

water

.(e)

Care

shall

betak

entha

ttho

seem

ploye

din

other

mine

work

ings

areno

ten

dang

ered

byan

inrus

hof

water

orga

s.(f)

The

actua

lwo

rkfo

rthe

purp

ose

ofrel

easin

gga

sor

water

shall

only

beun

derta

ken

inthe

pres

ence

ofa

supe

rvlso

ryof

ficial

.(2

)Co

algett

lngsh

allon

lybe

carri

edon

inpla

ces

where

noinr

ush

ofwa

teris

tobe

feared

. (3)

Wate

rsh

allno

tbe

drain

edof

fthr

ough

theco

al.(4

)Su

bsec

tion

(1)

shall

also

apply

inpla

ces

where

aninr

ush

from

water

-bea

ring

strata

oran

outbu

rstof

harm

ful

gas

may

beex

pecte

d.

Secti

on67

.

Ifthe

possi

bility

isto

berec

kone

dwi

ththa

t,in

cons

eque

nce

ofthe

adva

nce

ofthe

work

ings,

conn

ectio

nma

ybe

estab

lishe

dwi

thpla

ces

that

conta

inwa

teror

harm

ful

gase

s,or

for

other

reaso

nsda

rger

from

inrus

hes

ofwa

teror

outbr

eaks

ofga

sis

tobe

feared

,tri

albo

rehole

ssh

allbe

drill

edan

dsu

itable

meas

ures

taken

toen

sure

safet

y."1

.W

hen

draln

inga

'simp

el'(w

orke

dou

tan

dpa

cked

strip

along

thelow

ersid

eof

aro

ad)

byme

ans

oftri

albo

rehole

sfro

mthe

topof

alow

erris

ehe

ading

orcro

ss-cu

tin

theco

al,the

trial

boreh

oles

inthe

coal

shall

beat

least

4m

long

prov

ided

that

ifthe

reare

large

quan

tities

ofwa

ter,

for

exam

plewh

endr

ainirg

oldwo

rking

sin

theco

altha

tsta

ndse

veral

metre

sde

epin

water

,the

trial

boreh

oles

shall

beco

rresp

ondin

glylon

ger.

2.In

thevic

inity

ofthe

water

,the

coal

face

shall

beke

ptas

small

aspo

ssible

and,

ifne

cessa

ry,

shall

bepr

otecte

dag

ainst

extru

sion

byme

ans

ofsp

rags

onbo

thsid

esof

thebo

rehole

.3.

Durin

gthe

draw

ingof

fof

thewa

ter,

nowo

rkers

shall

bepr

esen

tin

thewo

rkpla

ces

below

thedis

charg

eop

ening

.4.

(1)

The

mine

mana

£jer

shalt

lrnme

otate

lyno

tify

theIn

spec

torGe

neral

ofM

lnes

iffau

ltsare

disco

vered

inwo

rking

sles

stha

n30

mme

asur

edve

rtica

llybe

lowthe

topof

theco

alme

asur

es,

inso

faras

thehe

ight

ofthe

throw

ofthe

sefau

ltsis

not

accu

rately

know

n.(2

)IF

there

isa

poas

lbtl

ltytha

tthe

overb

urde

nbc

hind

thefau

ltsis

lower

than

infro

ntof

them,

work

atthe

place

shall

not

beco

ntinu

edbe

for-e

itha

sbe

enma

dece

rtaln

byborings

that

noinrushes

ofwa

teror

quick

sand

areto

bafea

red."

~Q

)

c

o

~IE 0

~t.

0.8

0~

.519

55...J

.a~

~c 0

IIIs

Ul

E Q) c Q) o lC

<Il

'-Q

)

0C

t.i

0 .0~

-5

019

550

<i

.sc 0

.a~

~C t.

r;;

SU

l

s

C-l

APPENDIX C

SUBMARINE MINING

AND

SUBSIDENCE PREDICTIVE METHODS

C-2

C1

LIST OF FIGURES - APPENDIX C

Page

Development of Arch Over Small Mine Void CoN) •••• C-15

C2 Development of Subsidence to Surface at Critical Void

C3

C4

Width CoNe) • • • . • • • • • • • • . • . . • • . • . • • • C-15

Movement of Surface Points Along Subsidence Tro~gh • C-16

Relationship of Percentage Subsidence to CoN/h)••• C-17

C5 Relationship Between Maximum Subsidence, Width

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10

and Depth • • . • • • . • . . . • • • • • • • . • . C-19

Correction Graph for Limited Face Advarioe . •• C-21

Prediction of Subsidence (S) Profiles ••••• C-23

Tabulation and Plotting of Subsidence Profile Values •• C-25

Variations in Limit Angle for Tilted Seam •••• C-27

Displacement of T rough Profile for Tilted Seam . . . C-27

C11 Subsidence Reduction Over Center Gates and Solid

C12

C13

C14

Coal Pillars •.•••••••• C-28

Prediction of Strain Profiles. . . . C-31

Principal Types of Strain Profiles. C-32

Compressive Strain at Panel Center Relative toMaximum Compression. • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• C-32

C15 Prediction of Maximum Slope and Strains for VaryingVaLues of W/h • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C-33

C-3

C16

C17

C18

C19

LISI OF FIGURES - APPENDIX C(continued)

Nomogram for Calculating Variation in Strain Due toSloping Surface • • . . • • • • • • • •

Graph for Predicting Strain ••

Subsidence Development Curve for Typical Conditions

Subsidence Development with Various Gob Treatments .

C-4

Page

C-35

C-37

C-38

C-39

C1

LIST OF TABLES - APPENDIX C

Relationship Between W/h and d/h for Various Pointson a Subsidence Profi Ie • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

C2 Relationship of Various Strain Values in a Subsidence

C3

Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .Effects of Seam Gradient on Tensile Strain

C-s

Page

C-24

. . C-30

C-36

C-6

APPENDIX C

SUBMARINEMINING

GENERAL DISCUSSION

Eight foreign countries with active submarine mining operations

have been identified, including Japan, Chile, Taiwan, Turkey, Spain,

Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Most of these countries

have been confronted with serious mine inundations at some time.

Majorfloodings in Japan between 1900 and 1959 took 611 lives - with

235 men lost in a single incident in 1915. Fatal inrushes also occurred

in Chi le, Austra 1ta , and Spa in. Unfortunate ly , deta iled information

concerning many of these accidents is not available.

Data that was gathered indicates that most submarine inundations

have been attributed to failure of thin, consolidated rock cover or inter-

ception of water bearing faults and high flow aquifers. In some cases,

mining to within 100 feet of the sea floor was accomplished before break-

through occurred.

Various mining guidelines are utilized to prevent inrush occurrences

in submarine mining operations. The most widely used submarine mining

guidelines involve the limit angle of 35 degrees, as defined in previous

Phase Reports.

C-7

A line projected downward to the mineral seam at an angle of

350 fr-om the vertical away from the body of water on all sides establishes

the boundary or perimeter. Within this boundary, no mining is permitted

within approximately the first 200 feet of cover. Below this zone of no

mining, partial extraction (about 50 percent) is permitted. The zone

where full extraction can take place is variab le with cover thicknesses

based on local geology and experiences. The Nova Scotia guideline is the

most restrictive, however, requiring at least 700 feet of cover.

Presently the United Kingdom and Canada have substantial subma-

rine coal production, and guidelines utilized have been developed through-

out their long mining history. These guidelines have been enhanced by years

of subsidence studies which enable prediction of the potential for failure

of strata supporting man-made structures or surface waters. (Subsidence

pr-edtcttve methods are discussed in detail in the following section.)

According to the accident record, these guidelines, although they

differ in their requirements, afford reasonably good protection. Since

many miners in these submarine operations are working one or two miles

from the nearest onshore escapeway, a great deal of precaution is taken

to eliminate possibilities of an inrush. Precautions against seabed breach-

ing are also taken to prevent sterilization of considerable coal resources.

National Coal Board guidelines afford good protection for their

submarine mining regions • Thorough review of these explicit guidelines

c-a

indicates a wide variety of problems are anticipated and considered in

development of safety precautions. Major considerations include:

• Strength, type and thickness of overlying rock strata includingthe coal left in pillars.

• Recognition of deep buried channels in the floor of the seabedwhich could be mistaken for solid rock cover. Actual rockcover in such instances would be much less than predicted.

• Mapping of faults with regard to their displacement and pos-sib le water bearing capacity.

• Location of water bearing strata, aquifers or fracture zones,which may convey unacceptable quantities of water into mineworkings.

• Consideration of previous and proposed mining to determine .combined rock strain effects on over-lytnq strata if new miningproceeds.

• Consideration of previous mining to prevent inadvertent con-tact v..lith flooded mine workings.

• Use of provi.ng headings for controlled seaward advance of mineworkings and to provide on-site testing of rock integ r-ity andpermeabil ity.

The specific requirements of the National Coal Board for full and

partial extraction mining methods are summarized below:

• Longwall Mining

No extraction permitted (panels) with less than 344 feet ofcover between seabed and top of seam, or with less than197 feet of carboniferous strata overlying the seam.

The sum total of all mining is not permitted to induce a ten-sile strain at the seabed exceeding 10 parts per thousand.Analysis and testing methods (subsidence predictive methods)to evaluate tensile strain are presented in the fol lowiriqsection.

C-g

The stability of old pi lIars must be considered in assessingstrain predicted.

Positions of working edges (ribs and face lines) may bestaggered to minimize strain.

- Particular attention must be given to the "hurnp" in the sub-sidence trough caused by chain pillars and pack walls, es-pecially for multi-seam mining.

- If solid stowing is adopted, subsidence predictions (straincalculations) are permitted using half the seam thicknessfor the best methods, others being judged by their ownmerits •

• Room-and-Pillar (Partial Extraction)

No partial extraction where cover between top of seam andseabed is less than 197 feet, and where thickness of car-boniferous rock is less than 148 feet.

- Minimurn dimension of pillar, where seam thickness isequal or less than 6.5 feet, shall not be less than h/10(h = depth of seam). For seam thicknesses greater than6.5 feet the minimum width is h/10 plus the thickness ofthe seam. The above applies when the width of extraction(room) does not exceed 20 feet. Depth determinations mustinclude 1/2 the depth of sea water. Where bottom rock isplastic when wet the minimum pillar width shall not be lessthan h/6 tncluotno 1/2 the depth of water.

• Room-and-Pillar (Pillar Extraction)

All requirements and restrictions apply as for longwallmining discussed above.

C-10

• Other Requirements

All potentially dangerous sources of water (faults, aquifers,etc.) must be mapped, Includtnq effects of mining inducedsubsidence and resultant increased permeabtl ity of rockstrata.

Elevations of all seabed and consolidated rock interfaces,thicknesses of unconsolidated material, and locations of anyburied river channels shal 1be indicated.

Any reductions in thickness of carboniferous rock units mustbe determined. When minimum thickness is not met, onlya proving heading is permitted in such areas.

- Exemptions from the provisions above may be permittedonly through application and subsequent. approval.

The restrictions and r-equir-ernenta of the Province of Nova Scotia,

Canada are summarized below:

• Full Extraction Methods

Total extraction of the coal in the submarine field may becarried out safely by allowing 100feet of cover for everyfoot of seam mined, providing a minimum cover of 700 feetis met.

Where any workings are carried on using the longwallsystem (or where pil lar-s are pulled) less than 1,000 feetbelow sea bottom, any suspect areas (faults) must be firstexplored with a proving heading in a seaward direction 150feet in advance of the workings. If this ground is provenby other workings, exceptions to the above may be granted.

C-11

• Partial Extraction Methods (Room-and-Pillar:)

Weight of overburden, ultimate crushing strength of coal,and method of extraction must all be considered.

The following list of approved pillar sizes shall assist sub-marine mine planning. These approved pillar sizes wereestabl ished using an average crushing strength of 2,500pounds per square inch and weight of overburden using 150pounds per cubic feet.

Approved Pillar Sizes

Cover (ft.) Seams over 5.5' and under 7.0' Seams 7.0' and overSize of Pillar Percent left Size of Pillar Percent lett

(ft. ) in pillar (ft. ) in pillar

200-300 32 x 48 e;o.o 32 x 48 50.0300-350 34 x 50 51.5 34 x 50 51.5350-400 36 x 52 53.0 36 x 53 53.0400-500 38 x 54 54.3 38 x 54 54.3500-G50 40 x 56 55.6 40 x 56 55.6550-600 40 x 56 55.6 43 x 59 57.5600-650 41 x 57 56.2 43 x 59 57.5650 or over 45 x 61 58.5 47 x 63 59.5

• All Methods

No mining (workings) is permitted under less than 180 feetof solid rock cover. Entries to win coal may be driven undernot less than 100 feet of solid cover. Mining under less coverby less efficient mining methods is only permitted if sterili-zation of significant coal resources would otherwise result.

In all workings where the overhead cover is less than 500feet, levels shall be taken at least every three months andsoundings taken at reasonable distances. Such data willindicate depth of water at least 1, 000 feet in advance ofwor-ktnqs ,

C-12

- No new lift or level of coal may be worked from an existingmine without acquiring a new permit.

In submarine mining areas, a 150 foot barrier between pro-perties shall be left, 75 feet on each side.

C-13

SUBSIDENCE PREDICTIVE METHODS

(Abstracted From "Subsidence Engineers Handboo.k"National Coal Board - Mining Department 1975)

HORIZONTALSEAMS

One of the most critica 1factors contr-o 1ling fracture of over lying

strata is the width 01'1)or the mine void. If 0!V)is kept small, unfractured

strata wit I bridge the void as shown in Figure C1. However, as the width

is increased, fracturing will commence and arch upwards. Depending on

depth of the seam (h), seam thickness (t), and overlying rock type, the

critical width 0!Vc)is achieved when fracturing progresses to the surface

(see Figure C2). Critical widths are achieved both by increasing 0!V)at

a given depth or by excavating the same width at a shallower depth. The

resulting sag of the surface is referred to as the subsidence trough.

The width or area of surface disturbance is greater than the ex-

tracted width or area. Figure C3 illustrates the increased width of

disturbance which is equal to twice the depth times the tangent a (angle

of draw or limit angle a). The angle of draw is thought to be decreased

with increased depth of workings and the occurrence of thick sandstones

overlying the coal seam. In Europe, this angle is approximately 35

degrees; however, the subsidence effect is small beyond 25 degrees. The

amount of subsidence (s) varies across the excavation and reaches a max-

C-14

" .,r ,.. '~" ..-

.J"h OVERBURDEN PRESSUREDEFLECTED AROUND OPENING

I / 11-/; ~r )1 ,~\

J ) (Il ~ -, I(-.L ------)11PILLAR ; \. \\')'

PILLAR( ') l ) (

GROUND LINE

I~._--,W,-,--__ • I Adapted From Paper By

W. H. Kcpp , January, 1971

FIGURE C 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ARCH OVER SMALL MINE' VOID (W).

GROUND LINE

p--- ----(I- . "~ ,..

'II- I'~

----h -----

OVERBURDEN PRESSUREAPPLIED TO GOB-

-

----

PILLAR PILLAR

It-..••.._----.:w-.:c:-------; •._l Adopted From Paper ByW. H. Kopp, January, 1971

FIGURE C2. DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSIDENCE TO SURFACEAT CRITICAL VOID WIDTH (We).

C-15

wuzwo(/)1'4---""'<-m::>(f)

ORIGINAL SURFACE LEVEL

SUBSIDENCE TROUGHANGLE OF DRAWOR LIMIT ANGLE

GOB

PILLAR 1:- ---w---~S=SUBSIDENCE +=TENSIONV=DISPLACEMENT -=COMPRESStON

PILLAR

FIGURE C3. MOVEMENTSUBSIDENCE

OF SURFACE POINTSTROUGH.

ALONG

Adapted From National Coal BoardSubsidence Handbook, 1975

imum (5) at the center. If a supercritical width (+W)is reached or ex-

ceeded, maximum subsidence (Smax) occurs. Resultant rock displace-

ment 0/) creates tensile (+) and compressive (-) strains in strata toward. .

the point of Inflectton (near both ribs) inward to the center of the void. At

the point of inflection or transition, subsidence is found to be half (S/2)

of the maximum in the profile. For (- W), the transition point is found

over the rib and for CNc) it is more toward the gob. An angle between the

horizontal and another upward from the edge of the rib to the point of

maximum tensile strain is referred to as the "angle of break".

The amount of surface disturbance, or movement, is a function of

overburden type, inclination of the strata, surface topography, thickness

C-16

and depth of seam, width of excavation and resulting angle of draw. The

above phenomena applies to individual rooms, extracted longwall panels

(where length of panel is 1.4 times the depth) and full extraction room-

and-pillar workings. Any remaining chain pillars and pack walls will

produce a hump in the subsidence trough.

Measurement of subsidence value (S) is accomplished by precision

leveling at surface subsidence stations. Such leveling data permits graphical

illustrations of (S), (h) and (:N). Discussions of maximum trough subsidence

are often facilitated by eliminating seam thickness (t) in place of (S/t),

percentage of seam thickness. The subsidence development curve, Figure C4,

was established from surface measurements taken over 157 British coal

mines, 100 to 2,600 feet deep. These mines had seam thicknesses ranging

from 2 to 18 feet; dips to 25 degrees; widths (Withfull caving) between 100

to 1,500 feet; and yielding Width/depth (:N/h) ratios from 0.05 to 4.0.

Adapted From National Coal BoardSubsidence Handbook, 1975

1.0

/" -"'"/

/V

./

./ V

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

o o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6W/h

FIGURE C4. RELATIONSHIP OF PERCENTAGESUBSIDENCE TO (W/h).

C-17

From this figure, it is evident that the percentage of seam thickness sub-

sided is negligible (as are surface damages) if the W/h ratio is less than

0.25 and that subsidence to the extent of 90 percent seam thickness is

achieved when the W/h ratio exceeds 1.2. This is a general rule and does

not necessarily hold true of all coal basins. For instance, measurement

of ground subsidence in the Sidney Basin coal measures of Australia indi-

cate corresponding values are considerably less than 0.9 of the original

seam thickness. Currently, maximum subsidence values are multiplied by

a "reducing factor of 0.85 for use in the Sidney Basin. Corresponding

values for U. S. longwall mining might be less than 0.75 because of the

practice of leaving entry pillars.

A number of subsidcnc8 predictive methods have bean developed;

among these are the National Coal Board's, which merit special mention.

Knowtnqthe width (W)and depth (h) of workings, the ratio of maximum sub-

sidence (S) to seam thickness (t) is obtained from Figure C5, which was

developed empirically in the United Kingdom. If solid stowing (pneumatic)

is used, subsidence reduction is 50 percent. The limiting conditions for

this figure's application, permitting its use within 10 percent accuracy, are:

(1) where working panels extend for a distance of 0.7 times thedepth in front and beyond the surface where subsidence is tobe predicted, or total length of the panel (L) must be about 1.4h.

(2) no center gate stowing in panels or other zones of spatialpacking, apart from those in main and tail gates.

C-18

Adapted

From

National

Coal

Board

Subsidence

Handbook.

1975

1500

II

-/

1-= u,

/- <.!> Z

/z

o~

1000

/1

0..•.

(Cu, 0 J: b § II ~

500

/O~

/S/:/ /

o~~

II

II

I,

o500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

h=DEPTH

OF

COVER.(F

t)

FIGURE

C5.

RELA

TIONSHIP

BETW

EEN

MAXIMUM

SUBSIDENCE,

WIDTH

·AND

DEPTH

.

(3) panels are not developed parallel and an average value isusually chosen.

When a panel does not have sufficient length (1.4 h), Figure C6 values

must be used as a reduction factor in accordance with the proportion of

maximum subsidence which the limiting face advance permits.

Subsidence reduction is calculated by considering the length (L) of

face travel as a fraction of the depth, applying the appropriate partial sub-

sidence curve for any given depth (h). Distance traveled (L) as a fraction

of depth is read off the horizontal scale and Figure C5's subsidence factor

is multiplied by the corresponding vertical scale correction factor.

If, for example, a caved face traveled only 150m, working a panel

180m wide, in 1.5m thick seam at a depth of 300m, Figure C5 indicates

Sit = 0.61. Therefore, S = 0.6 x 1.5m or 0.815m, which corresponds

to Smax for L = 1.4 times the depth (about 420m). Applying the correction

factor from Figure C6, where advance over h is 0.5 (150/300) on the bot-

tom scale, the value of sis is 0.51 or S is 51 percent of 0.815m or 0.467m

(actual maximum subsidence). Experience in the United Kingdom indicates

it is possible to achieve an sit value of 0.8 for both deep and shallow

workings if the shallow working panels are wide enough.

In addition to the value of S, discussed above, the remaining pro-

file values of subsidence must be determined to ascertain the complete

effects of mining. The shape of a subsidence trough is a function of widthl

C-20

1.0 1

II

II

II

II

0.81

II

I/~

Y~

II

I

I1

I/

II

-~-I#7f

70.

61I

o/s

I.,

II

II

III

II

0.41

xri

I() ~ ..•.

0.21

I

o0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

FACEADVANCE(L)

DEPTH

(h)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Adapted

From

National

Coal

Board

Subsidence

H(lndbook.

1975

FIGURE

C6.

CORRECTION

GRAPH

FOR

LIMITED

FACE

ADVANCE.

depth ratios as determined from field observations. For any width/depth

value, a curve can be established relating sis ratios at any distance out

from the center of panel, with d/h, the distance from center, given in

terms of depth. Graphs relating sis to dlh for various W/h ratios were

used to develop Figure C7, a family of curves from which the subsidence

values sis for any subsidence trough can be obtained. The following table

of values (Table C1) were used to plot the curves and can be conveniently

used in place of Figure C7.

The usual method for plotting the subsidence profile for a particular

mine extraction is provided below.

If a longwall face 160 meters wide 0N) works a 1.4 meter thick seam

(t) at a depth of 400 meters (h) the W/h rati.o i.s 0.4. From Fi.gure C3 i.t is

then determined Sit equals 0.37 or S is 0.518 meters. For remaining

vertical movements (s) within the trough, assumed values of sis are tab-

ulated as shown below in column 1. From Table C1, distances in terms

of h are chosen for corresponding values of siS for W/h ratio of 0.4

(column 3). Having determined S is 0.518 meters, s in meters (column

2) for the assumed values of siS are calculated; for example if siS is

0.5 then s is 0.5 x 0.518 or 0.259.

The point of inflection, shown in the subsidence profile (Figure C8),

marks the transition of tensile to compressive strains inward towards the

center of the panel. This point also agrees with the position of half-maximum

C-22

2.6

-~V

V/1'~,{

//v~v/

//'"//~

/~'V/I/~

//////v/.~0VV

/),

-'V

VV/r/'i//V

//

,~/

OJ~

o~~~v0v//

1/)./

be;V~/~~~~//:V

VbC:f

/

/)~0

0//

.••I.-CY/~Ij/

/09

3I

/V

~/.:~V~V

A~~

I//

"///.~0~>V/4«;1/0":-

1/1/

/,V/V/.~~~j~V

/<><-~,/

V/

I'//~~~

vf/L"V/

~4~i'¥

-----l--

+--+--

-t/

/////~

Aoe;,

;,

/V/~~V

//

y1////V////-A

//

~J/1'//////~

~'Ivf~V;lf;/;/

///

I(ff(

\1//

,\k~~~~\~1\

VI'

'Adapted

From

National

Coal

Board

Subsidence

Handbook.

1975

2.4

2.2

2.0

;:.c

3L

/.8

o ,.h U>

J: 5::1.6

w o ~1.4

CJ) ~1.2

w •....

~I.O

J: t- e0.8

~

0.6

0.4

02

o0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4d

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

DISTA

NCE

FROM

CENTE

ROF,PANEL

INTE

RMS

OFDEPTH

(}'hl

FIGURE

C7.

PRED

ICTION

OF

SUBS

IDEN

CE

(S)PR

OFILE

S.

TABL

EC1.

REL

ATIONSH

IP

BETW

EEN

W/h

AND

d/h

'FOR

VARIOUS

POINTS

ON

ASU

BSIDEN

CE

PROFILE

.Va

lues

ofa/S

00.

060.

100.

200.

300.

400.

600.

600.

700.

800.

900.

961.

00

·w/h

RATIO

OF

PANEL

DISTA

NCES

FROM

PANEL

CENTR

EIN

TERMS

OF

DEPTH

2.6

2.00

1.51

1.39

1.29

1.24

1.19

1.16

1.12

1.08

1.03

0.95

0.87

0.41

2.4

1.90

1.41

1.29

1.19

1.14

1.10

1.06

1.02

0.98

0.93

0.85

0.77

0.31

2.2

1.80

1.31

1.19

1.09

1.04

1.00

0.96

0.92

0.88

0.83

0.75

0.67

0.23

2.0

1.70

1.21

1.09

0.99

0.94

0.90

0.86

0.82

0.78

0.73

0.65

0.57

0.16

1.8

1..60

1.11

1.00

0.90

0.84

0.80

0.76

0.72

0.68

0.63

0.55

0.47

0.10

1.6

1.50

1.01

0.90

0.80

0.74

0.70

0.66

0.62

0.58

0.53

0.45

0.37

0.05

1.4

1.40

0.91

0.80

0.70

0.64

0.60

0.56

0.52

0.48

0.43

0.35

0.27

0.01

1.3

1.35

0.86

0.75

0.65

0.59

0.55

0.51

0.47

0.43

0.38

0.30

0.23

01.

21.

300.

810.

700.

600.

540.

500.

460.

420.

380.

330.

250.

190

1.1

·1.2

50.

770.

650.

550.

500.

450.

420.

380.

340.

290.

210.

160

1.00

1.20

0.72

0.61

0.51

0.45

0.41

0.37

0.33

0.29

0.24

0.18

0.13

00.

981.

190.

710.

600.

500.

440.

400.

360.

330.

280.

240.

170.

120

0.96

1.18

0.70

0.59

0.49

0.43

0.39

0.35

0.32

0.27

0.23

0.16

0.11

00.

941.

170.

690.

580.

480.

420.

380.

340.

310.

260.

220.

160.

110

0.92

1.16

0.68

0.57

0.47

0.41

0.37

0.33

0.30

0.26

0.21

0.15

.0.1

00

0.90

1.15

0.68

0.57

0.46

0.40

0.36

0.32

0.29

0.25

0.20

0.14

0.10

00.

881.

140.

670.

560.

450.

400.

360.

320.

280.

240.

200.

130.

100

0.86

1.13

0.66

0.55

0.45

0.39

0.35

0.31

0.27

0.23

0.19

0.13

0.09

00.

841.

120.

650.

540.

440.

380.

340.

300.

260.

220.

18.

0.12

0.09

00.

821.

110.

640.

530.

430.

370.

330.

290.

260.

210.

170.

120.

080

o0.

801.

100.

630.

520.

420.

360.

320.

280.

250.

21'0

.17

0.11

0.08

0

~0.

781.

090.

630.

520.

420.

360.

320.

280.

240.

200.

160.

110.

080

0.76

1.08

0.62

0.51

0.41

0.35

0.31

0.27

0.23

0.20

0.16

0.11

0.07

0~

0.74

1.07

0.61

0.50

0.40

0.34

0.30

0.26

0.23

0.19

0.15

0.10

0.07

00.

721.

060.

610.

500.

390.

340.

300.

260.

220.

180.

150.

100.

070

0.70

1.05

0.60

0.49

0.39

0.33

0.29

0.25

0.21

0.18

0.14

0.10

0.07

00.

681.

040.

600.

490.

380.

320.

280.

240.

210.

170.

140.

100.

070

0.66

1.03

'0.6

00.

480.

380.

320.

280.

240.

200.

170.

140.

090.

060

0.64

1.02

0.59

0.48

0.37

0.31

0.27

0.23

0.20

0.17

0.13

0.09

0.06

00.

621.

010.

590.

470.

370.

310.

270.

230.

190.

160.

130.

090.

060

0.60

1.00

0.59

0.47

0.36

0.30

0.26

0.22

0.19

0.16

0.13

0.09

0.06

00.

580.

990.

590.

470.

350.

300.

250.

220.

180.

160.

130.

090.

060

0.56

0.98

0.59

0.47

0.35

0.29

0.25

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

54.0

.97

0.59

0.47

0.34

0.29

0.25

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

520.

960.

590.

470.

340.

280.

240.

210.

170.

150.

120.

080.

060

0.50

0.95

0.59

0.47

0.34

0.28

0.24

0.21

0.17

0.15

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

480.

940.

590.

470.

330.

280.

230.

200.

170.

150.

120.

080.

060

0.46

0.93

0.59

0.47

0.33

0.28

0.23

0.20

0.17

0.15

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

440.

920.

590.

470.

330.

280.

230.

200.

170.

150.

120.

080.

060

0.42

0.91

0.59

0.47

0.34

0.28

0.24

0.20

0.17

0.15

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

400.

900.

590.

470.

340.

280.

240.

210.

180.

150.

120.

080.

060

0.38

0.89

0.60

0.48

0.35

0.29

0.24

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

360.

880.

600.

480.

350.

290.

250.

210.

180.

150.

120.

080.

060

0.34

0.87

0.60

0.49

0.36

0.30

0.25

0.22

0.19

0.16

0.12

0.08

0.06

00.

320.

860.

600.

490.

370.

310.

260.

220.

200.

160.

130.

090.

060

0.30

0.85

0.61

0.50

0.38

0.32

0.27

0.23

0.20

0.17

0.13

0.09

0.06

00.

280.

840.

610.

510.

390.

330.

280.

240.

210.

180.

140.

090.

070

0.26

0.83

0.62

0.52

0.41

0.35

0.30

0.26

0.22

0.19

0.15

0.10

0.07

00.

240.

820.

620.

530.

430.

360.

320.

280.

240.

200.

160.

110.

070

0.22

0.81

0.63

0.55

0.46

0.39

0.34

0.30

0.26

0.21

0.17

0.11

0.08

00.

200.

800.

640.

570.

480.

410.

370.

320.

280.

230.

190.

130.

080

Adopted

From

National

Coal

Boord

Subsidence

Handbook,

1975

(i; 0.25a:wt;j 0.50:E~ 0.75

GROUND LINEDATUM

Adapted _From National Cool BoardSubsidence Handbook, 1975

PILLAR

I--w--lDistance in Distance in

siS (1) s(meters) (2) terms of h (3) meters (4)

0 0 0.90 3600.05 0.026 0.59 2360.10 0.052 0.47 1880.20 0.104 0.34 1360.30 0.155 0.28 1120.40 0.207 0.24 960.50 0.259 0.21 840.60 0.310 0.18 720.70 0.363 0.15 600.80 0.414 0.12 480.90 0.466 0.08 321.00 0.518 0.00 0

FIGURE ca. TABULATION AND PLOTTING OFSUBSIDENCE PROFILE VALUES.

subsidence S or 5/2. This inflection point has been found to migrate

inwards with increasing W/hvalues or for increasi.ng panel widths while

maintaining the same cover. The precise location of maximum subsidence

and point of zero subsidence are diffi.cult to determine within 3 percent

C-25

accuracy. Contributing to these problems are movement of monitoring

stations, rainfall and "temperature.

TILTED SEAMS

The above subsidence profile discussions are applicable to level

seams. However, most coal beds dip somewhat and thereby cause dis-

placement of the subsidence trough toward the dip. From Figure C9

variations in limit angles can be determined. It should be noted, how-

ever, that such data obtained from field experience is extremely limited

for seams pitching more than 25 degrees. Figure C10 illustrates the dis-

placement of the trough profile determined in the foregoing example. Re-

sultant surface tilting can be determined from the subsidence profile values

tabulated above. For example, if two points 92 and 112 meters from the

center (20 meters apart) undergo 0.196 and 0.147 meters of subsidence,

respectively, the difference of 0.049 meters over the 20 meters of station

separation produces a tilt or slope of 0.0025 or 0.17 degrees. In many

cases the original mining plan may not be followed to completion and resul-

tant subsidence may increase. I\s an extra precautionary measure, maxi-

mum possible subsidence should be anticipated when planning a new operation.

The above profiles do not consider the so-called "hump" or possible

flattening of the trough resulting from center gate or other packing zones.

For deep lying seams, the critical width may extend across two or three

C-26

..J

,,--113)01 P- ..... •...i.- .~

/ "/~ ~v ,[\ t~)..g!:!I!te I

" ,,- .1"- /" / <, ~)< ..","~"'- ••

V r- - fBJI~' \.,10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°

Cl ANGLE OF DIP OF SEAMAdopted From Notional Coal BoardSubsidence Handbook, 1975

FIGURE C9 . VARIATIONS IN LIMIT ANGLE FOR TILTEDSEAM.

Adopted From Notional Coal BoardSubsidence Handbook, 1975

FIGURE C10. DISPLACEMENT OF TROUGH PROFILE FORTIL TED SEAM.

C-27

panels and their respective support zones which decrease maximum sub-

sidence. The National Coal Board has examined such cases of reduced

subsidence and developed the following graph (Figure C11) which relates s

(at top of hump) to the otherwise predicted 5. Figure C11 plots siS against

w/h for the mean of stowed center gates and solid coal pillars, the latter

being left between adjacent panels. As indicated, wide pack walls (greater

than O.7h) produce a subsidence of 0.45 where equivalent width solid pillars

almost eliminate subsidence. It should also be noted that packs and pillars

pr-ovidelittle subsidence reduction when small.

Adapted From National Coal Board Subsidence Handbook 19751.0 "

\\ \~ .v7'!....R

GATE

\-,""~

{~~••......

0.8

0.6

SIS

0.4

0.2

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0WIDTH OF PACK OR PI LLAR ZONE

IN TERMS OF DEPTH

l2

FIGURE C 11 •. SUBSIDENCE, REDUCTION OVER CENTER

GATES AND SOLID COAL PILLARS.

C-28

Subsidence produces horizontal strains (e) by producing changes in

lengths of a section of ground. This change is usually expressed in mm/m,

for example, 0.01 would be 10mm/m. The direction of change resulting in

compression or extenetons .is indicated by (-) and (+) signs, respectively.

Zones of maximum extension and compression are designated by (+E) and

(-E), respectively. The transition point between -e and +e occurs near

ribside when the w/h ratio is greater than 1.35 and over the rib if less.

Maximum compression occurs at the panel center when Widths are less

thanO.42h, but with greater ratios two compression zones are developed.

Table C2 provides values of e/E used in Figure C12 to illustrate strain changes

associated with increasing panel widths for 0.42h, 0.9h and 1.5h (See Figure

C13). The middle diagram (b) does not vary greatly from 0.5h to 1.4h.

Figure C14 shows howthe compression (-e) on such humps compares with

maximum compression (-E).

The relationship of strains, extension and compression is of

interest as w/h ratios change. The intensity of +E is 25 percent greater

than -E for critical width panels. However, for more narrow width panels

-E is significantly greater than +E, in fact, twice as great for panel widths of

o .43h. Figure C15 illustrates these relative amounts of strain for increasing

w/h ratio panels. The vertical scale, S/h, is chosen since strain is pro-

portional to subsidence and inversely proportional to depth, or maximum

C-29

TAB

LEC2

.R

ELA

TIO

NSH

IPOF

VAR

IOU

SST

RA

IN'

VA

LUE

,SIN

ASU

BSI

DEN

CE

PRO

FILE

.E

xten

sion

(+E

)C

ompr

essi

on(-

E)

Val

ues

ofel

E0

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

0.80

00.

200.

400.

600.

801.

000.

800.

600.

400.

200

w/h

RA

TIO

OF

PA

NE

LD

ISTA

NC

ES

FRO

MP

AN

EL

CE

NTR

EIN

TER

MS

OF

DE

PTH

3.0

.2.2

1.78

1.67

1.61

1.56

1.50

1.46

1.36

1.34

1.31

1.28

1.25

1.19

1.10

1.03

0.96

0.90

0.70

2.6

2.0

1.58

1.47

1.41

1.36

1.30

1.26

1.16

1.14

1.11

1.08

1.05

0.99

0.90

0.83

0.77

0.70

0.50

2.2

1.8

1.38

1.27

1.21

1.15

1.10

1.06

0.96

.0.

940.

910.

880.

850.

790.

700.

630.

570.

500.

302.

01.

71.

281.

171.

111.

051.

000.

960.

860.

840.

810.

780.

750.

690.

600.

530.

470.

400.

201.

81.

6'1

.17

1.07

1.01

0.95

0.90

0.86

0.76

0.73

0.71

0.68

0.65

0.59

0.50

0.43

0.37

0.30

0.10

1.6

1.5

1.08

0.97

0.91

0.85

0.80

0.76

0.66

0.63

0.61

0.58

0.55

0.49

0.40

0.33

0.27

0.20

0.03

1.4

1.4

0.98

'0.

870.

810.

750.

700.

660.

560.

530.

510,

480.

450.

390.

300.

230.

170.

100

1.3

1.35

0.93

0.82

0.76

0.70

0.65

0.61

OJi

10.

490.

460.

430.

400.

340.

250.

180.

120.

050

1.2

1.3

0.88

0.77

0.71

0.66

0.61

0.56

0.46

0.44

0.41

0.38

0.35

0.29

0,20

0.13

0.07

0.02

01.

11.

250.

830.

720.

660.

610.

560.

520.

420.

390.

370.

330.

310.

240.

150.

090.

030

01.

01.

20.

790.

680.

620.

570.

510.

470.

370.

350.

320.

290.

260.

200.

100.

050

00

0.98

1.19

0.78

0.67

0.61

0.56

.0.5

00.

460.

360.

340.

310.

280.

250.

190.

090.

040

00

0.96

1.18

0.77

0.66

0.60

0.55

0.49

0.45

0.:3

50.

330.

300.

270.

240.

180.

090.

040

00

0.94

1.17

0.76

0.65

0.59

0.54

0.48

0.44

0.35

0.32

0.30

0.26

0.23

0.17

0.08

0.03

00

00.

921.

160.

750.

640.

580.

530,

470.

430.

340.

310.

290.

250.

220.

160.

070.

020

00

0.90

1.15

0.74

0,63

0.57

0.52

0.46

0.42

0.33

0.30

0.28

0,24

0.21

0.15

0.06

0.02

00

00.

881.

140.

730.

620.

560.

510.

460.

410.

32.

0.29

0.27

0.24

0.21

0.15

0.05

0.01

00

00.

861.

130.

720.

610.

550.

500.

450.

400.

310.

290.

260.

230.

200.

140.

050

00

00.

841.

120.

710.

600.

540.

490.

440.

390.

300.

280.

250.

220.

190.

130.

040

00

00

0.82

1.11

0.70

0.59

0.53

0.48

0.43

0.38

0.29

0.27

0.25

0.21

0.18

0.12

0.03

00

00

I0.

801.

100.

690.

580,

530.

480.

420.

370.

290.

260.

240.

200.

170.

110.

020

00

0U

>0.

781.

090.

680.

570.

520.

470.

410.

360.

28.

0.26

0.23

0.20

0.17

0.11

0.02

00

00

00.

761:

080.

670.

570.

510.

460.

400.

360.

270.

250.

220.

190.

160.

100.

010

00

00.

741.

070.

670.

560.

500.

450.

390.

350.

260.

240.

220.

180.

150.

090.

010

00

0.0

721.

060.

660.

550,

490.

440.

380.

340.

260.

240.

216.

170.

150.

090

00

00

0.70

1.05

0.65

0.54

0,48

0.44

0.37

0.33

0.25

0.23

0.20

0.17

0.14

0.08

00

00

00.

681.

040.

640.

540,

470.

430.

370.

320.

240.

220.

200.

160.

130.

070

00

00

0.66

1.03

0.64

0.53

0.47

0.42

0.36

0:31

0.:1

40.

220.

190.

160.

130.

070

00

00

0.64

1.02

0.63

0.53

0.46

0.41

0.35

0.31

0.23

0.21

0.19

0.15

0.12

0.06

00

00

00.

621.

010.

630.

520.

450.

410.

340.

300.

230.

210.

180.

150.

120.

050

00

00

0.60

1.00

0.62

0.52

0.45

0.40

0.34

0.29

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.14

0.11

0.05

00

00

00.

580.

990.

620.

510.

440.

390.

330.

290.

220.

190.

170.

140.

100.

040

00

00

0.56

0.98

0.61

6.51

0.44

0.39

'0.3

30.

280.

220.

190.

179.

130.

100.

030

00

00

0.54

0.97

0.61

0.51

0.43

0.39

0.32

0.28

0.21

0.19

0.16

0.13

0.09

0.03

00

00

00.

520.

960.

600.

510.

430.

380.

320.

270.

210.

180.

160.

120.

090.

020

00

00

0.50

0.95

0.60

0.51

0.43

0.38

0.32

0.27

0.21

0.18

0.16

0.12

0.08

0.02

00

00

00.

480.

940.

600.

510.

430.

380.

310.

270.

200.

180.

150.

120.

080.

010

00

00

0.46

0.93

0.60

0.51

0.43

0.38

0.31

0.27

0.20

0.18

0.15

0.11

0.08

0.01

00

00

00.

440.

920.

600.

510.

430.

390.

310.

270.

;:00.

180.

150.

110,

070.

010

00

00

0.42

0.91

0.60

0.51

0.44

0.39

0.31

0.27

0.;'0

0.18

0.15

0.11

0.07

00

00

00

0.40

0.90

0.61

0.52

0.45

0.40

0.32

0.28

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.11

0.07

00

00

00

0.38

0.89

0.61

0.53

0.45

0.41

0.32

0.28

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.11

0.07

00

00

00

0.36

0.88

0.62

0.53

0.46

0.42

0.33

0.29

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.11

0.07

00

00

00

0.34

0.87

0.62

0.54

0.48

0.43

0.34

0.30

o.z

a0.

190.

150.

110.

070

00

00

00.

320.

860.

630.

550.

490.

450.

350.

30o

.zz

0.19

0.16

0.12

0.97

00

00

00

0.30

0.85

0.65

0.57

0.51

0.47

0.37

0.32

0.23

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.08

00

00

00

0.28

0.84

0.66

0.58

0.54

0.49

0.39

0.33

0.24

0.21

0.17

0.13

0.08

00

00

00

0.26

0.83

0.68

0.60

0.57

0.51

0.41

0.35

0.26

0.22

0.18

0.14

0.09

00

00

00

0.24

0.82

0.70

0.63

0.60

0.54

0.44

0.37

0.28

0.23

0.20

0.15

0.10

00

00

00

0.22

0.81

0.72

0.66

0.63

0.58

0.47

0.39

0.30

0.25

0.21

0.16

0.11

00

00

00

0.20

0.80

0.74

0.69

0.66

0.61

0.49

0.42

0.32

0.27

0.23

0.18

0.12

00

00

00

Ada

pted

From

Nat

iona

lC

oal

Boa

rdS

ubsi

denc

eH

andb

ook,

1975

2.4

/c,'v/

~~~<::)

~qj

C:)

Q~

-I' ?

/

Adapted

From

National

Coal

Board

Subsidence

Handbook,

1975

3.0

2.8 2.6

o l, ..A.

2.2

.-..

~.r:.

~2.0

::r: h:

w1.8

a u, o1.6

en ~ ffi1.4

~ ~1.2

::r: ~ Q1.0

:: 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 o

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

DISTA

NCE

FROM

CENTE

ROFPANELIN

TERMSOF.DEPTH

(~h)

FIGURE

C12.

PRED

ICTION'

OF

STRAIN

PROFILE

S.

( ,\ I\ ,',-,'

W= 0.42h

W=0.9h

\ ,.> <, }'",'" ..•.. ",_... ..•.. "

.••.•.•••. Adapted From National Coal BoardSubsidence Handbook, 1975W= 1.5h

FIGURE C 13. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF STRAIN PROFILES.

Adapted From National Coal Board Subsidence Handbook, 19751.0 <,

'" \ i\.

\\

"~~

0.2 0.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

0.8

0.6-~-E

0.4

0.2

0.6 0.8W/h

FIGURE C 14. COMPRESSIVE STRAIN AT PANEL CENTER

RELATIVE TO MAXIMUM COMPRESSION.

o

C-32

4 Adapted From National Coal Board Subsidence Handbook 1975

-:~ <,/

.•.•.."""'- SLOPE

1'"-....Ii --.••....

f / r-,r-,i I .......<,/ ~

....•..••. ••...•. EXTENSIONI

~ ........

i" ", COjPRESlS1ON

0.2 0.4 1.0 1.2 1.40.6W 0.8I'h

FIGURE C15. PREDICTION OF MAXIMUM SLOPE AND

STRAINS FOR VARYING VALUES OF ~/h.

o

strain is proportional to S/h, S being the maximum strain over the

workings. The slope in Figure C15 is the maximum slope (G) in a sub-

sidence trough derived by the multiplier S/h.

Although-previous methods of determining +E merely used 0.75S/h

for panel widths to 0.7h, it has been found that Figure C15 values are more

aocur-ate •. One method which facilitates quick determination of G, +E or -E

is the calculation of S/h then multiplied by the corresponding value (:N/h)

from Figure C15. This figure only applies when no center gate or other

cause for a hump (reduction is S) exists •.

C-33

The above mentioned predictive methods for calculating ground

strains apply to essentially level terrain and corrections are r-equtr-ed when

the surface slopes. The following nomograms are utilized to correct such

strain values. Figure C16a applies to bay lengths (lengths between stations

measuring subsidence) computed horizontally and Figure C16b, along the

slope. When predicting strains as indicated above, the strain adjustment

must be added to tensile strain and subtracted from compressive strain.

When the surface is level and the seam is dipping, 'a correction

factor increases tensile strain on the dip side and decreases it on the rise

side. Although this phenomena still requires some investigation for sloping

surfaces, correction factors listed in Table C3 below are useful within the

gradient'r'angei in 1.5 to 1 in 10 for level surfaces. For example, if a

seam is dipping at 1 in 3 and the calculated strain for a level seam were

1mm/m, the corrected strain would be 0.46 mm/m on the rise and 1.54 on

the dip side.

Prediction of strain values from the radius of curvature (p) of a

subsidence profile has proved useful. The smaller the radius of curvature,

the greater the strain; hence, strain is proportional to 1/p. Angle G-,

differential slope, is small, and if considered in radians for a given bay

length (1), then p equals l/G-and strain is proportional to &/1. Although much

could be said concerning proper selection of bay lengths, a useful and

C-34

IV

/1/

1/A:

7£I

7./bo...•••••

7'1""""

I10.03~w Q: U

II

II

I:--..~"'=1

"..•."'=1'x'\

r-r-\-H

I1/

/v/

....r7/1

r>~

II

I10.02~ <, w V>

II

II

II

I~~

\;\\~

If/-Y~

II

II

II

10.01~ Q

: U ~

From

National

Coal

Board

Subsidence

Handbook,

1975

,I

II

II

II

I~"'iP~

II

II

II

II

'10

86

42

a2

46

(STR

AIN

mm/m

)VARIATION

a.GRADIENTS

BASED

ON

HORIZONTA

LLE

NGTH

S

18

1216

1418

*SUBTR

ACT

FROM

EXTE

NSION

ADD

TOCOMPRESSION

WHEN

PREDICTING

STR

AINS,

THE

REVERSEWHEN

APPLIED

TOMEASURED

STR

AINS.

**ADDTO

EXTE

NSION,SUBTR

ACT

FROM

COMPRESSION

WHEN

PREDICTING

STR

AINS,

THE

REVERSE

WHEN

APPLIED

TOMEASURED

STR

AINS.

II

:I

I1•••••••••••

--1•••••••••.•••••

I••••.-0...'\I,,'~\\IW-l/l-'C--c...q•••••..

..cl-~

II

II

10.01

II

II

II

II

I-"",

>'-I

It

II

II

I'

108

64

20

24

810

1214

1618

(STR

AIN

mm/m)

VARIATION

b.GRADIENTS

BASED

ON

SLO

PE

LENGTH

S

C16.

NOMOGRAM

FOR

CALC

ULA

TING

VARIATION

INSTR

AIN

DUE

TOSLO

PING

SURFA

CE.

o d, 01

18

16

1412

FIGURE

TABLE C3. EFFECTS OF SEAM GRADIENT ONTENSILE STRAIN.

Proportion of NormalGRADIENT Tensile Strain

Rise Dip

1 in 1.5 0.29 1.711 in 2.0 0.35 1.651 in 2.5 0.41 1.591 in 3.0 0.46 1.541 in 3.5 0.51 "1.491 in 4.0 0.56 1.441 in 4.5 0.60 1.401 in 5.0 0.64 1.361 in 5.5 0.69 1.311 in 6.0 0.73 1.271 in 6.5 0.76 1.241 in 7.0 0.80 1.201 in 7.5 0.83 1.171 in 8.0 0.85 1.151 in 8.5 0.87 1.131 in 9.0 0.89 1•111 in 9.5 0.91 1.091 in 10 0.92 1.08

Adopted From National Coal Board Subsidence Handbook, 1975

accurate length is 0.05h or one twentieth the depth. Mean values of strains

proportional to ell have been ascertained by the NCBwithin usable limits

of accuracy and are shown on the following graph (Figure C17).

The relationship of subsidence to time for any point of interest near

an excavation has also received in-depth study in the United Kingdom. As

a face advances toward a point P on the surface, detectable subsidence

occurs when the face is within0 .75h, reaching about 15 percent of Smax

when the face is below this point, or more accurately below on a line drawn

C-36

2

Adapted From National Coal BoardSubsidence Handbook t 1975

a 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005.a-T

FOR PREDICTING STRAIN.

0.0006

FIGURE C 17. GRAPH

normal to the dip and intersecting the face. When the face advances a dis-

tance 0.7h farther from the point, regardless of whether advancement con-

tinues, all noticeable subsidence is complete. Field observations further

indicate two types of subsidence occur, an active and time-dependent or

residual subsidence. Both occur together unti1active subsidence ceases,

at which time residual continues, the amount varying according to the dis-

tance from the face. At points where combined subsidence was the fastest,

most residual subsidence occurs, other points having less toward the angle

of draw. Maximumresidual subsidence is typically about 0.095 at the point

of 5/2. Figure C18 illustrates typical subsidence development discussed

above. Exceptions or variations of the above subsidence development may

C-37

Adopted -From Notional Cool BoordSubsidence Handbook. 1975

Y-O -r-..,

r-,

"'"15-5X\1\

\h r\ .•...50%f--C '23h rf\

~\ -,

97·5 %<,

t"- V

POINTp SURFACE' DATUM

20

40

~ 50

60

80

0-8 0-4 0-2 0 0-2FACE ADVANCE

IN TERMS OF h"

0'4 0'6 0'8 1'0

FIGURE C 18. SUBSIDENCE DEVELOPMENT CURVE FOR

TYPICAL CONDITIONS.

result when unusually strong strata exist, in which case residual subsi-

dence is increased.

Room-and-pillar subsidence reacts differently where size and

number of pillars, soft bottom thickness of underclay, seam thickness

and depth of cover are determining factors. The type of work accomplished

in the gob, whether full caving, strip-packing or solid stowing, has little

effect on development behavior, as demonstrated by Figure C19.

C-38

1.0

• ~.:=-~"-..---.;f==.:.::::~

\,

~\.~\~\ PNEUMATIC ST0WED

'\~~~ '-'-'CAVED•• - •• - STRIP PACKED

. ~'\

~

---x-x- CAVED ~\~ 0-0-0 SLUSHER STOWED

'\ ---- STRIP PACKED------ CAVED

I\~~\-~~~\..': ~;~.,

~...~~~~ ~--'::--

pAdapted From National Coal Board

Subsidence Handbook t 1975

0.2

0.4siS0.6

0.8

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6FACE ADVANCE IN TERMS OF h••

0.8 1.0 1.2

FIGURE C19. SUBSIDENCE DEVELOPMENT WITHVARIOUS GOB TREATMENTS.

It must be stressed that white the above methods of subsidence

related predictions are useful, this information was derived from British

case histories, many of which involve longwall mining and gob stowing.

Thus, application to United States mining and overburden conditions must

be done with caution. Other relevant sources of information include:

State of the Art of Subsidence Control - Abandoned Mines by General.

Analytics, Inc. for Appalachian Regional Commission; Factors in the

Design of Mine Pillars for the Support of Overburden Permanently by

Charles T. Holland.

C-39