Officine Mario Dorin S.p.A. NEW SOLUTIONS FOR NEW CHALLENGES IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION: CO2.

Officine Mario Dorin S.p.A.Officine Mario Dorin S.p.A.

NEW SOLUTIONS FOR NEW NEW SOLUTIONS FOR NEW CHALLENGES IN COMMERCIAL CHALLENGES IN COMMERCIAL

REFRIGERATION: REFRIGERATION:

CO2CO2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. OFFICINE MARIO DORIN: GENERAL OVERVIEW

2. DORIN COMPRESSORS: REFERENCE LIST

3. LIMITATION OF USE OF HFC’S

4. ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS

5. DORIN SELECTED CO2 AS REFRIGERANT FOR FUTURE

6. DORIN CO2 COMPRESSORS IN RETAIL APPLICATIONS

7. CO2 REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS

8. HIGH EFFICIENCY CO2 SYSTEMS

9. REFERENCES

10. CONCLUSIONS


n°150 employees

GROUP OF 4 COMPANIES

to date: 65.000 manufactured compressors yearly

more than 17’000 CO2 compressors ALREADY RUNNING

ESTIMATED 25% MARKET SHARE IN EUROPE

ESTIMATED 50% MARKET SHARE IN TRANSCRITICAL CO2 COMPRESSORS

Holding

Officine Mario Dorin s.p.a.Since 1918

Shanghai Dorin Compressors salesAnd production

Since 2008

Other investments

ELDAOutsourcing Administration Company

Since 1985

ILMOutsource Mechanical Company


EUROPA44%

ASIA14%

AMERICA4%

AFRICA2%

MEDIO ORIENTE4%

AUSTRALIA1%

ITALIA 31%


20% production share for FREON20% production share for FREON

Leader share for CO2Leader share for CO2

European SEMI-Hermetic piston compressor European SEMI-Hermetic piston compressor production is:production is:

65’000 pieces/year65’000 pieces/year


RACK (RETAIL) BUSINESS

RAILWAY BUSINESS

INDUSTRIAL / OIL & GAS

MARINE / OFF-SHORE

HOT WATER HEAT PUMPS

ICE-SKATE ARENA

ICE-CREAM INDUSTRY

WHOLESALE NETWORk

DORIN COMPRESSORS FOR HFC’S:DORIN COMPRESSORS FOR HFC’S:

2.2. DORIN COMPRESSORS: REFERENCE LISTDORIN COMPRESSORS: REFERENCE LIST


RACK (RETAIL) BUSINESS

PROFROID

•GREEN & COOL - SE

• HILL PHOENIX - US

• ADVANSOR - DK

• RIVACOLD - IT

• ARNEG - IT

• COSTAN - IT

• HEATCRAFT - AU

• ZANOTTI - IT

• HUURRE - FI

• ENEX - IT

• SCM FRIGO - IT

• …

RAILWAY BUSINESS

• FAIVELEY - DE

• LIEBHERR - OS

• MERAK - SP

• REXXON - DE

• KLIMAT-FER - IT

• …


INDUSTRIAL/OIL & GAS

• JOHNSON CONTROL - DK

• MASKIN INDUSTRITEK - NO

• ANGELANTONI - IT

• FRIGEL - IT

• SKM UAE


MARINE APPLICATIONS

• MASKIN-INDUSTRITEKNIKK - NO

• KULDETENKNISK - NO

• ITALIAN NAVY - IT

• NORWEGIAN NAVY - NO

• …


HOT WATER HEAT PUMPS

• ITOMIC - JP

• QUANTUM - CN

• DONGQI – CN

• NAMJI – KR

• YUNG SUNG – TW

• ENEX – ITA

• THERMOCOLD - ITA

• ENERBLUE – ITA

• …


ICE-SKATE ARENA

• ADVANSOR - DK

• SMARTREF – CA

• HILL PHOENIX - US

• …


ICE-CREAM INDUSTRY

• CARPIGIANI - IT

• BRAVO - IT

• GEL-MATIC - IT

• FRIGOMAT - IT

• ISA - IT

• …


WHOLESALE: PARTNERS IN MORE THAN 90 COUNTRIES

LEADING WHOLESALERS


Compliance to all the most relevant quality and efficiency Compliance to all the most relevant quality and efficiency certificationscertifications


HCFC’s BANDED

HFC’s SEVERAL CONSTRAINTS INCOMING

DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS

Energy savingSYSTEM EFFICIENCY

SEASONAL EFFICIENCY

it makes no sense to use low GWP refrigerant if we create more co2 to drive the system

3. LIMITATION OF USE OF HFC’S REFRIGERANTS3. LIMITATION OF USE OF HFC’S REFRIGERANTS

European F-Gas Regulation

F-Gas Proposal in the world; baseline 2012 HFC production


THE GLOBAL SOLUTION FOR COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEMSTHE GLOBAL SOLUTION FOR COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

Massimo Casini

Products and equipment Date of

prohibitionProhibited

gasPossible

gas

Stationary refrigeration equipment,

with HFCs with GWP > 25001 January 2020 R404a

R22

R744 R134a R407F

R290R-717R407cR410aR407A R1270

R32

Stationary RACs > 40kW GWP > 150

GWP < 1500 only for primary refrigerant circuit of cascade systems

1 January 2022

R407FR407cR22

R410aR407AR404aR134a

R-717R744

R1270R290

R134a (only if used in a

primary circuit of a cascade

system)


Refrigerant R404A R407A R407F R407C R134a R32 R290 R1270 R717 CO2

Natural refrigerant

no no no No no no yes no yes yes

ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GWP (Global Warming Potential)

3780 1990 1705 1650 1300 550 20 3 <1 1

Safety group A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A3 A3 B2 A1

Critical temperature [°C]

73 83 83 87 101.2 78 96.7 92 132.3 31.1

Temperature glide [K]

0.7 6.6 6.4 7.4 0 0 0 0 0 0

2020 2022


HFC’s TAXATION

SPAIN (HFC) : Will be phased in gradually from 2014 to reach eventually alevel of €20/t CO2 eq in 2016 (35 euro for R407F; 26 euro for R134a)Will be applied to any refrigerants with GWP > 150.

NORWAY (HFC) : HFC tax from €30/t CO2 eq to €42/t CO2 eq

AUSTRALIA (HFC) : €38/kg

DENMARK (HFC) : €28/kg

SWEDEN (HFC) : €35/kg

Data as per our internal search, under deeper study.



Applications - Supermarkets

State of the Art Supermarket Refrigeration

• Direct Expansion Systems (DX)

• Indirect Systems (with Brine Chiller for MT)

All of them are HFC based plants

Annual leakage rate in Europe is in the range 15-30% of total charge.

Restrictions on the use of synthetic refrigerants are coming into force in several countries

There is a need for a natural refrigerant (no uncertainty for the future) withadditional advantages

CFC HCFC HFCCO2

YEARS1930 1990 2000 2010

HIGH WORKING PRESSURES FOR THE EPOQUE

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ??

HIGH ODP

HIGH GWP

HIGH ODP

HIGH GWP

NO ODP

HIGH GWP (R134a)

???

4. ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS4. ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS

HFC ???

OTHER HFCs, NEW BLENDS:

R32 FLAMMABILITY SUPPRESSION R407A – R407F, GWP=2100/1800 (R404A –

GWP=3900)

LOWER GWP

LARGE TEMPERATURE GLIDE (ABOVE 6)

HIGH DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE

NEW REFRIGERANTS, HFOs:

STRONG CHALLANGE IMPOSED BY MAC

MILDLY FLAMMABLE (A2L – ASHRAE)

NATURAL REFRIGERANTS:

R744 (CO2)

R290 – R1270 (PROPANE, PROPYLENE)

R717 (NH3 – AMMONIA)


Refrigerant R404A R407A R407F R407C R134a R32 R290 R1270 R717 CO2

Natural refrigerant

no no no No no no yes no yes yes

ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GWP (Global Warming Potential)

3780 1990 1705 1650 1300 550 20 3 <1 1

Safety group A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A3 A3 B2 A1

Critical temperature [°C]

73 83 83 87 101.2 78 96.7 92 132.3 31.1

Temperature glide [K]

0.7 6.6 6.4 7.4 0 0 0 0 0 0

Reasons for a renewed interest of natural refrigerants

2020 2022



Applications – Supermarkets

CO2 features

• Natural substance existing in atmosphere (350 ppm)

• Non toxic

• Non flammable (it is one of the by products of combustion)

• GWP (Greenhouse effect)=1 (GWP of R404A=3200 ca)

• By-product of industrial processes, for refrigeration it can be considered temporarily borrowed before final release to atmosphere (net GWP=0)

• Low cost (depending also on purity degree – attention to be paid), about 1/5 to 1/10 of HFC

• Available all over the world


How CO2 is used in Commercial Refrigeration

HEAT REJECTION TO EXTERNAL AMBIENT

HEAT REJECTION TO ANOTHER CIRCUIT

AS A HEAT TRANSFER

MEDIUM: PHASE CHANGE

SECONDARY FLUID

AS A REFRIGERANT IN A VAPOUR COMPRESSION

CYCLE

Transcritical/Subcritical Cycle Cascade Cycle


CHILLED BY THE REFRIGERATING UNIT

Indirect System

5. DORIN SELECTED CO2 AS REFRIGERANT FOR FUTURE5. DORIN SELECTED CO2 AS REFRIGERANT FOR FUTURE

CO2

YEARS1930 1990 2000 2010

DORIN IS RECOGNIZED TO BE THE FIRST COMPANY IN CO2 SEMI-HERMETIC COMPRESSOR DEVELOPMENT

1° GENERATION 2° GENERATION 3° GENERATION

SINCE 1990 A LONG WAY TO CO2 INNOVATION

......................


NORWAY 1996:NORWAY 1996: FIRST DELIVERED COMPRESSOR TO SINTEF FIRST DELIVERED COMPRESSOR TO SINTEF

OBJECTIVE: VALIDATE BEHAVIOUR OF FLOATING DISCHARGE PRESSURE

5. DORIN SELECTED CO2 AS REFRIGERANT FOR THE FUTURE5. DORIN SELECTED CO2 AS REFRIGERANT FOR THE FUTURE

R744 properties - saturated pressure

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Saturated temperature (°C)

Ab

so

lute

pre

ss

ure

(b

ar)

R22

R404A

R410A

CO2

R134a

R290

R1270

R717


R744 properties - density at suction of compressor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Evaporating temperature (°C)

Ga

s d

en

sit

y (

kg

/m3 )

R22

R404A

R410A

CO2

R134a

R290

R1270

R717


Cascade system LT stage - Condensing temperature = - 5°C, Sh = 10K, Sc = 2K (Th. compressor displacement 50 m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15

Evaporating temperature (°C)

Co

olin

g c

ap

aci

ty (

kW

)

R22

R404A

R410A

CO2

R290

R1270


R744 properties - Discharge temperature T_cond = 45°C (CO2 discharge pressure = 90 bar), Sh=10K

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20Evaporating temperature (°C)

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)

R22

R404A

R410A

CO2

R134a

R290

R1270

R717


90 bar

ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE

R744 -- Log(p)-h diagramCD 1500H

64 bar

26,9 kW26,9 kW

21,2 kW

8,3 kW

9,2 kW12,1 kW

Tgcout = 45°CTgcout = 35°C

Tgcout = 25°C

26,5 bar

0,69

1,75

2,92

2,22

COP


90 bar

ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE

R744 -- Log(p)-h diagram CD1500H

80 bar

120 bar100 bar

22,4 kW22,0 kW

21,2 kW

14,1 kW 11,1 kW

12,1 kW

13,0 kW14,7 kW

Tgcout = 35°C

26,5 bar

1,27

1,75

1,69

1,52

COP


Optimal discharge pressure

Gas cooler outlet

6. DORIN CO2 COMPRESSORS FOR RETAIL APPLICATIONS6. DORIN CO2 COMPRESSORS FOR RETAIL APPLICATIONS

R404A - R410A - R744

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20

suction pressure [bar_a]

dis

char

ge

pre

ssu

re [

bar

_a]

Different refrigerants for LT and MT

CO2 works in the LT side only

HP side works with HFC refrigerant

standstill must be handled properly

R404A

R410A

R744

15 bar

CO2

25 bar25 bar

1,5 bar

CO2 R134aCO2

5.1 CASCADE SYSTEMS:


ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE

Refrigerant -- Log(p)-h diagram CASCADE system




HTC

LTC

HTE

LTE

ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE

Refrigerant -- Log(p)-h diagram

mHT

mLT

R744

HFC


6.1.a6.1.a CDS range: THE NEW SUBCRITICAL COMPRESSOR FOR CASCADE CDS range: THE NEW SUBCRITICAL COMPRESSOR FOR CASCADE APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

Broad application envelope

Design pressure:

Pss = 40 bar

PS = 53 bar

Standstill “proof”

LOW PRESSURE AND HIGH PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE SUPPLIED AS STANDARD

CDS range represents the best solution available in the market for typical cascade and/or booster installations

R744_CO2

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15Temperatura evaporazione Evaporation temperature

[°C]

Tem

per

atu

ra c

on

den

sazi

on

e C

on

den

sin

g t

emp

erat

ure

Tem

per

atu

re

[°C

]


CDS RANGE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dis

plac

emen

t [m

3/h

]

6.1.a6.1.a CDS range: THE NEW LT COMPRESSOR FOR CASCADE APPLICATIONSCDS range: THE NEW LT COMPRESSOR FOR CASCADE APPLICATIONS

CDS_11

_________________________________________

SUB-CRITICAL CO2 COMPRESSOR RANGE

DISPLACEMENT FROM 1.89 m3/h TO 48.8 m3/h @ 50 Hz

_________________________________________

CDS_35

CDS_41



remarkable increase in compressor efficiency with low condensing temperatures (colder climates)

appropriate selection of high efficiency electric motor

proper valve plate dimensioning

fluid-dynamic analysis of the internal flows

inner reduced pressure drops

inverter drive operation with huge frequency range

6.1.b6.1.b ECOPREMIUM range: THE NEW R134a COMPRESSOR FOR ECOPREMIUM range: THE NEW R134a COMPRESSOR FOR CASCADE APPLICATIONSCASCADE APPLICATIONS


operating pressure decrease

higher safety margin especially for hot ambient installations

cycle COP increase

pressure pulses reduction

noise level reduction

maintenance cost reduction

lower GWP

R134a vs. R404A system comparison

6.1.b6.1.b ECOPREMIUM range: THE NEW R134a COMPRESSOR FOR ECOPREMIUM range: THE NEW R134a COMPRESSOR FOR CASCADE APPLICATIONSCASCADE APPLICATIONS


6.1 CASCADE SYSTEMS6.1 CASCADE SYSTEMS: use of two different refrigerants

CO2 works only in the LOW PRESSURE SIDE of

the installation, in SUBCRITICAL CONDITIONS

max operating pressures for CO2 circuit 40 bar_a

standstill must be handled properly

HIGH PRESSURE SIDE normally works with HFCs

need for transfer fluid depending on local legislation

good way to introduce CO2 systems

High first cost, especially with transfer fluid

Low efficiency, especially with transfer fluid

MT

CONDENSATORE

GLICOLE

R404A

CO2

EVAPORATORE

BT

7 1

2

3

3 4

5

6

5' 1'

2'

3' 4'

m'

m2

m1

mtot

SCHEMA 2

condenser

evaporator


NUMBER OF CASCADE SYSTEMS INSTALLED IN 2013 IN EUROPE



R404A - R410A - R744

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

suction pressure [bar_a]

dis

ch

arg

e p

res

su

re [

ba

r_a

]

Trans-critical Applications

same refrigerant in LP and HP stage

CDS range in LP and CD transcritical range in HP stage

PS up to 140 bar_a

PSS up to 100 bar_a (standstill)

consistently higher delta_P

BRAND NEW COMPRESSOR DESIGN

R744

trans-critical

15 bar 35 bar 90 bar

CO2

5.2 BOOSTER SYSTEMS:


GC

RC

HTE

LTE

ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE

R744 -- Log(p)-h diagram

1

mHT

mLT

mT

BOOSTER without Flash Gas extraction


GC

RC

HTE

LTE

ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE


mBY

mHT

mLT

mHT+mLT

mT

FGLHX

BOOSTER with Flash Gas extraction





CDS RANGE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Dis

plac

emen

t [m

3/h

]

6.2.a6.2.a CDS range: THE NEW LT COMPRESSOR FOR BOOSTER APPLICATIONSCDS range: THE NEW LT COMPRESSOR FOR BOOSTER APPLICATIONS

CDS_11

_________________________________________

SUB-CRITICAL CO2 COMPRESSOR RANGE

DISPLACEMENT FROM 1.89 m3/h TO 48.8 m3/h @ 50 Hz

_________________________________________

CDS_35

CDS_41



CD RANGE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Dis

pla

cem

ent

[m3/h

]

2 and 4 cylinders compressor ranges: CD 200 - CD 300 - CD 400

The widest CO2 compressor range available in the market

CD 400

CD 300

CD 200

Displacements ranging from 1.1 m3/h to 30.5 m3/h

Motor power ranging from 1.5 hp to 50 hp

6.2.b CD Compressor Ranges: TRANSCRITICAL MODELS



6.2.b CD Compressor Ranges: TRANSCRITICAL MODELS


From CD 150M up to CD 5000M (1,5 Hp, 1,2 m3/h – 50 Hp, 30m3/h) Huge application envelope

Pss = 100 bar PS= 160 bar

CD-B / CD-M / CD-H (R744_CO2)

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20Temperatura evaporazione / Evaporation temperature Temperature d'èvaporation / Verdampfungstemperatur

[°C]

Pres

sion

e di

man

data

/ D

isch

arge

pre

ssur

e Pr

essi

on d

e re

foul

emen

t / H

ochd

ruck

[bar

]

CRITICAL PRESSURE

H: for heat pump and inverter applications

M: refrigeration applications

B: LT subcritical stage in cascade or booster systems


6.2.b6.2.b CD range CO2 transcritical CompressorsCD range CO2 transcritical Compressors 高低压舍友安全阀确保安全运行

外排气管确保高温高压缩气体的热量完全直接排出以免与箱体内热传导充足的排气空间确保最低压脉冲（有效降低噪声 /振动采用高效坚固的阀板设计

采用高强度双层保护连杆

特殊的油路设计确保连杆小头的润滑

特殊表面镀层的铸铁活塞确保正常的高温运行

经过机械切削加工的活塞端面使得压缩机的容积效率进一步

三重机械密封组件确保压缩机的最佳性能

活塞销经过特殊的热处理和表面耐磨处理

多层低摩擦自润滑轴承用于压缩机的主轴承和连杆大头多齿轮高效耐用的油泵实现强制润滑

高强度耐磨的粗大曲轴驱动

曲轴箱体采用高强度铸铁


CD 200 - CD 300 - CD 400

Peculiar compressor design

Increase of compressor efficiency

HP / LP thermal insulation

Lower discharge temperature

Better lubrication

Isentropic efficiency increase

HIGHER RELIABILITY

HIGHER EFFICIENCY

Compressor Ranges: TRANSCRITICAL MODELS

6.2.b6.2.b CD range CD range COCO22 Transcritical Compressors Transcritical Compressors


CD1900H vs 4HTC-20K

20

60

100

140

180

220

2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0

Pressure ratio

Dis

ch

arg

e -

Oil

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

disch T 4HTC-20K

oil T 4HTC-20K

disch T CD1900H

oil T CD1900H

HP / LP thermal insulation

Lower discharge temperature

Better lubrication

Higher reliability

6.2.b CD range CO6.2.b CD range CO22 Transcritical Compressors Transcritical Compressors



To date, high first cost, but comparable with cascade systems with transfer fluid

Higher pressure involved: max 90 bar for ambient temperature up to 35°C

Correct training needed to installers for service purposes, but scenario continuously

improving

need to handle trans-critical operation

Use of CO2 only, low cost of refrigerant

High efficiency, especially for moderate climates (Central – Northern Europe)

Lower number of components when compared to a cascade systems

No need of special arrangements for prolonged standstill (on system with CD’s)

Very smaller pipings, smooth installation

Long term alternative to any legislation





Pipe Sizing (ideal internal diameter for 50 kW @-8°C / 50m length)

2017CO2 LPR (TC/SC)(low liquid enthalpy solution)

2322CO2 DX (TC/SC)

6060Indirect system(propylene glycol)

5025R404A DX

[mm][mm]

Suction linediameter

Liquid line diameter

Plant solution

2017CO2 LPR (TC/SC)(low liquid enthalpy solution)

2322CO2 DX (TC/SC)

6060Indirect system(propylene glycol)

5025R404A DX

[mm][mm]

Suction linediameter

Liquid line diameter

Plant solution

9.9. COCO22 Compressors Compressors


6.3 DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEMS:

no need for a second cooling circuit based on traditional refrigerants

perfectly suitable for both very low (-35°C evaporation) and medium low (-10°C evaporation) temperature systems, respectively using double and single stage compressors

Use of CO2 ONLY

Gas cooler

Evaporator

Gas cooler

Evaporator

MT

GAS COOLER/ CONDENSATORE

6 1

4 5

CO2

EVAPORATORE

2

3

BT

8 1

4 5

7 CO2

EVAPORATORE

INTERREFRIGERATORE

6

2

3

GAS COOLER/ CONDENSATORE

interstage cooler

evaporator

gas cooler

condenser

gas cooler

condenser

evaporator

Medium Temperature Application

Low Temperature Application



Dorin is the only producer in the world of 2stage trancriticalDorin is the only producer in the world of 2stage trancritical co2 compressors from 3 to 35Hpco2 compressors from 3 to 35Hp

LT refrigerating systems with the use of one CO2 compressor ONLY

optimal solution for LT condensing unit for small and medium size stores

CD2S 4-cylinder compressor



DORIN range CD2S two-stage transcritical CO2 Compressors

3 models @ 2 + 1 cylinders from 3 to 4 HP

6 models @ 2 + 2 cylinders from 12 to 35 HP

Interstage cooling required , generally a secundary section of main gas cooler

Flash gas extraction in 2 + 2 cylinders models to increase cooling capacity

Cooling capacity from 1 to 14 kW @ -35°C/90bar

Design pressure Pss = 100 bar, PS = 150 bar

CD_2S (R744_CO2)

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10Temperatura evaporazione / Evaporation temperature Temperature d'èvaporation / Verdampfungstemperatur

[°C]

Pre

ssio

ne d

i m

an

data

/ D

isch

arg

e p

ressu

re

Pre

ssio

n d

e r

efo

ule

men

t /

Ho

ch

dru

ck

[bar] CRITICAL

PRESSURE



To date, high first cost

Higher pressure involved: max 90 bar for ambient temperature up to 35°C

Correct training needed to installers for service purposes, but scenario continuously

improving

need to handle trans-critical operation

Use of CO2 only, low cost of refrigerant

High efficiency, especially for moderate climates (Central – Northern Europe)

No need of special arrangements for prolonged standstill (on system with CD’s)

Very smaller pipings, smooth installation

Long term alternative to any legislation

7. CO2 REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS7. CO2 REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS


CO2 Supermarkets in USA font: SCHECCO


CO2 Supermarkets in CANADA font: SCHECCO


CO2 Supermarkets in JAPAN font: SCHECCO


CO2 Supermarkets in EUROPE font: SCHECCO


CO2 Supermarkets in EUROPE


CO2 Supermarkets in EUROPE font: SCHECCO


CO2 Manufacturing Companies in Europe font: SCHECCO

8. HIGH EFFICIENCY CO2 SYSTEMS8. HIGH EFFICIENCY CO2 SYSTEMS

F-gas REGULATIONHCFC definitely banned in many countries

Severe restrictions to use HFC’s in next future

Taxation of HFC refrigerants

Incentives toward the use of natural refrigerants

Limitation of direct emissions to ambient of high GWP substances

ENERGY SAVINGSystem energy efficiency is the other key factor

IT MAKES NO SENSE TO USE LOW GWP REFRIGERANT IF WE CREATE MORE CO2 EMISSIONS TO DRIVE THE REFRIGERATING SYSTEM


CO2 system efficiency versus HFc’s font: ENEX


• Parallel compression - CO2 System with Auxiliary Compressor

Picture of a booster unit with auxiliary compressor

Font: Enex

GC

RC

HTE

LTE

ENTALPHY

PR

ES

SU

RE


mBY

mHT

mLT

mHT+mLTmTN

FGLHX

PARALLEL COMPRESSION

m//

(mBY - m//)



Parallel Compression

Flash Gas re-compressed from a higher level pressure

EJECTOR:

Overfeeded Evaporators

Latent Heat used in optimised way

Control of the suction super-heating not

necessary

Evaporator Overfeeding with Ejector

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How works the Ejector Font: Enex


Evaporator Overfeeding with Ejector Font: Enex


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Font: Enex

Case study: Supermarket refrigeration system in Bari (Italy)


Font: Enex


Font: Enex

Case study: Supermarket refrigeration system in Bari (Italy)

9. REFERENCES9. REFERENCES

KIND COURTESY

of

TESCO


PROFROID / GREEN & COOL – FRANCE / SWEDEN


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ENEX - ITALY


SMARTREF – CANADA

RETAIL REFRIGERATION (HOT GAS DEFROST)

ICE-SKATE ARENA


COSTAN - ITALY


ADVANSOR by HILL PHOENIX - DENMARK


LENNOX / HEATCRAFT – FRANCE RETAIL REFRIGERATION


COZUM, TEKSO, EPTA – TURKEY


FUTE REFRIGERATION – TESCO CHINA


Massimo Casini


Massimo Casini

Set point [°C] 60 70 80 60 70

Gas cooler water inlet temperature [°C] 14.7 14.5 14.5 20.3 20.1

Water delivery temperature [°C] 60.2 69.8 80.0 59.6 69.3

Gas cooler water mass flow rate [kgh-1] 416.9 313.7 264.6 457.0 356.1

Gas cooler pressure [bar] 96.7 98.2 109.8 91.0 104.1

Gas cooler outlet temperature [°C] 22.4 33.5 34.5 34.5 33.0

Evaporator water inlet temperature [°C] 15.1 15.4 15.5 22.2 21.4

Evaporation temperature [°C] 1.8 3.9 4.2 8.3 8.7

Gas cooler power [kW] 20.6 18.6 18.9 19.5 21.5

COP [-] 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.9 3.7

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS : HEAT PUMP PERFORMANCE (B)


Massimo Casini

CONCLUSIONS

•The concept of CO2 Heat Pumps with Stratification water tank is the best one since that it permit to have continuosly hot water at controlled temperature. •This presentation shows an example of CO2 Heat pump that is produced already in large scale and that it is reaching very positive results in term of reliability and running costs.•The presented data confirm that the performances of CO2 heat Pumps are very high-levels ones and they permit significant energy saving and more environmental friendly solution.


Massimo Casini


Massimo Casini

HEAT PUMPS

HI-TECH - CHINA


Massimo Casini


Massimo Casini

HEAT PUMPS

QUANTUM - CHINA


Massimo Casini


Massimo Casini

HEAT PUMPS DONGQI- CHINA


Massimo Casini


Massimo Casini

HEAT PUMPS ITOMIC – JAPAN ECO-CUTE Project


Massimo Casini


Massimo Casini

10. CONCLUSIONS10. CONCLUSIONS

“Who has time hasn’t to risk to loose time”: so, please start to take in consideration CO2 as refrigerant for “real” long term solution and not as an “Experimental refrigerant” only.

Finally we can confirm that:

- CO2 is definitely one of the MAIN SOLUTIONS for Commercial

Refrigeration

- DORIN thanks to its pioneer experience is able to offer to the market

the widest range of Compressors for Transcritical and Cascade systems

- DORIN is ready and proud to support the worldwide market to start with one of the most globally environmental friendly alternative.

Thanks and Good…. CO2 to

Everybody!

Officine Mario Dorin S.p.A. NEW SOLUTIONS FOR NEW CHALLENGES IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION: CO2.

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Transcript of Officine Mario Dorin S.p.A. NEW SOLUTIONS FOR NEW CHALLENGES IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION: CO2.