Official
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Official For other uses, see Official (disambiguation). An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and par- ticipates in the exercise of authority (either his own or that of his superior and/or employer, public or legally private). A government official or functionary is an official who is involved in public administration or govern- ment, through either election, appointment, selection, or employment.A bureaucrat or civil servant is a member of the bureaucracy. An elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election. Officials may also be appointed ex officio (by virtue of another office, of- ten in a specified capacity, such as presiding, advisory, secretary). Some official positions may be inherited.A person who currently holds an office is referred to as an incumbent. The word official as a noun has been recorded since the Middle English period, first seen in 1314. It comes from the Old French official (12th century), from the Latin of- ficialis (“attendant to a magistrate, public official”), the noun use of the original adjective officialis (“of or belong- ing to duty, service, or office”) from officium (“office”). The meaning “person in charge of some public work or duty” was first recorded in 1555. The adjective is first attested in English in 1533, via the Old French oficial. The informal term officialese, the jargon of “officialdom”, was first recorded in 1884. 1 Roman Antiquity An officialis (plural officiales) was the official term (somewhat comparable to a modern civil servant) for any member of the officium (staff) of a high dignitary such as a governor. 2 Ecclesiastical judiciary In Canon law, the word or its Latin original officialis is used absolutely as the legal title of a diocesan bishop’s judicial vicar who shares the bishop’s ordinary judicial power over the diocese and presides over the diocesan ecclesiastical court. The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the title Judicial Vicar, rather than that of Officialis (canon 420). The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches uses only the title Judicial Vicar (canon 191). In German, the related noun Offizialat was also used for an official bureau in a diocese that did much of its admin- istration, comprising the vicariate-general, an adjoined secretariat, a registry office and a chancery. The title of official principal, together with that of vicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that of Diocesan chancellor of a diocese. 3 Other In sports, the term official is used to describe a person enforcing playing rules in the capacity of a linesman, referee and umpire; also specified by the discipline, e.g. American football official, Ice hockey official. The term officer is close to being a synonym (but has more military connotations). A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organization; this again is quite a close synonym for official, as a noun, but with connotations closer to bureaucrat. Any such person acts in their official capacity, in carrying out the duties of their office; they are also said to officiate, for example in a ceremony.A public official is an official of central or local government. 4 Max Weber on bureaucratic offi- cials Max Weber gave as definition of a bureaucratic official : • he is personally free and appointed to his position on the basis of conduct • he exercises the authority delegated to him in ac- cordance with impersonal rules, and his loyalty is enlisted on behalf of the faithful execution of his official duties • his appointment and job placement are dependent upon his technical qualifications • his administrative work is a full-time occupation • his work is rewarded by a regular salary and prospects of advancement in a lifetime career. 1
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Ocial
For other uses, see Ocial (disambiguation).
An ocial is someone who holds an oce (function ormandate, regardless whether it carries an actual workingspace with it) in an organization or government and par-ticipates in the exercise of authority (either his own or thatof his superior and/or employer, public or legally private).A government ocial or functionary is an ocialwho is involved in public administration or govern-ment, through either election, appointment, selection, oremployment. A bureaucrat or civil servant is a memberof the bureaucracy. An elected ocial is a person whois an ocial by virtue of an election. Ocials may alsobe appointed ex ocio (by virtue of another oce, of-ten in a specied capacity, such as presiding, advisory,secretary). Some ocial positions may be inherited. Aperson who currently holds an oce is referred to as anincumbent.The word ocial as a noun has been recorded since theMiddle English period, rst seen in 1314. It comes fromthe Old French ocial (12th century), from the Latin of-cialis (attendant to a magistrate, public ocial), thenoun use of the original adjective ocialis (of or belong-ing to duty, service, or oce) from ocium (oce).The meaning person in charge of some public work orduty was rst recorded in 1555. The adjective is rstattested in English in 1533, via the Old French ocial.The informal term ocialese, the jargon of ocialdom,was rst recorded in 1884.
1 Roman AntiquityAn ocialis (plural ociales) was the ocial term(somewhat comparable to a modern civil servant) for anymember of the ocium (sta) of a high dignitary such asa governor.
2 Ecclesiastical judiciaryIn Canon law, the word or its Latin original ocialis isused absolutely as the legal title of a diocesan bishopsjudicial vicar who shares the bishops ordinary judicialpower over the diocese and presides over the diocesanecclesiastical court.The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the
title Judicial Vicar, rather than that of Ocialis (canon420). The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches usesonly the title Judicial Vicar (canon 191).In German, the related noun Ozialat was also used foran ocial bureau in a diocese that did much of its admin-istration, comprising the vicariate-general, an adjoinedsecretariat, a registry oce and a chancery.The title of ocial principal, together with that ofvicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that ofDiocesan chancellor of a diocese.
3 OtherIn sports, the term ocial is used to describe a personenforcing playing rules in the capacity of a linesman,referee and umpire; also specied by the discipline, e.g.American football ocial, Ice hockey ocial.The term ocer is close to being a synonym (but hasmoremilitary connotations). A functionary is someone whocarries out a particular role within an organization; thisagain is quite a close synonym for ocial, as a noun, butwith connotations closer to bureaucrat. Any such personacts in their ocial capacity, in carrying out the dutiesof their oce; they are also said to ociate, for examplein a ceremony. A public ocial is an ocial of centralor local government.
4 Max Weber on bureaucratic o-cials
Max Weber gave as denition of a bureaucratic ocial :
he is personally free and appointed to his position onthe basis of conduct
he exercises the authority delegated to him in ac-cordance with impersonal rules, and his loyalty isenlisted on behalf of the faithful execution of hisocial duties
his appointment and job placement are dependentupon his technical qualications
his administrative work is a full-time occupation his work is rewarded by a regular salary andprospects of advancement in a lifetime career.
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2 7 SOURCES AND REFERENCES
An ocial must exercise his judgment and his skills, buthis duty is to place these at the service of a higher author-ity; ultimately he is responsible only for the impartial ex-ecution of assigned tasks and must sacrice his personaljudgment if it runs counter to his ocial duties.
5 AdjectiveAs an adjective, ocial often, but not always, meanspertaining to the government, either as state employee orhaving state recognition, or to analogous governance, orto formal (especially legally regulated) proceeding as op-posed to informal business. Some examples:
An ocial holiday is a public holiday, having na-tional (or regional) recognition.
An ocial language is a language recognised by agovernment, for its own use in administration, or fordelivering services to its citizens (for example, onsignposts).
An ocial spokesperson is an individual empoweredto speak for the government, or some part of it suchas a ministry, on a range of issues and on the recordfor the media.
An ocial statement is a issued by an organisationas an expression of its corporate position or opinion;an ocial apology is an apology similarly issued byan organisation (as opposed to an apology by an in-dividual).
Ocial policy is policy publicly acknowledged anddefended by an organisation. In these cases uno-cial is an antonym, and variously may mean infor-mal, unrecognised, personal or unacknowledged.
An ocial strike is a strike organised and recognisedby a labour union, as opposed to an unocial strikeat grassroots level.
An ocial school is a school administered by thegovernment or by a local authority, as opposite to aprivate school or religious school.
An ocial history, for example of an institution orbusiness, or particularly of a war or military unit,is a history written as a commission, with the as-sumption of co-operation with access to records andarchives; but without necessarily full editorial inde-pendence.
An ocial biography is usually on the same lines,written with access to private papers and the supportof the family of the subject.
6 See also Bureaucrat Civil servant Title
7 Sources and references(incomplete)
This article incorporates text from a publication nowin the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed.(1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert AppletonCompany.
This article incorporates text from a publication nowin the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). CambridgeUniversity Press.
Etymology OnLine Pauly-Wissowa
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