Officer Richard Neil (retired)
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Crime Prevention
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The Development of American The Development of American Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement
The United States has more police The United States has more police departments than any other nation in departments than any other nation in the world.the world.
Virtually every community has its own Virtually every community has its own police force, creating a great police force, creating a great disparity in the quality disparity in the quality of American police of American police personnel and service. personnel and service.
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American Police HistoryAmerican Police History 1626, the New York City Sheriff's Office 1626, the New York City Sheriff's Office
was foundedwas founded 1631, the Town of Boston started its first 1631, the Town of Boston started its first
"Night Watch“"Night Watch“ 1838, first local modern police 1838, first local modern police
department established in the United department established in the United States was the Boston Police DepartmentStates was the Boston Police Department
Police were not respected by the Police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampantcommunity, as corruption was rampant
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Who were the first Who were the first Police Officers?Police Officers?
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Bass Bass ReevesReeves
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Born enslaved in 1838 in Crawford Born enslaved in 1838 in Crawford County, ArkansasCounty, Arkansas
Fled north into Indian Territory and lived Fled north into Indian Territory and lived with Seminole and Creek Indians.with Seminole and Creek Indians.
Reeves and his family farmed until 1875Reeves and his family farmed until 1875 Recruited by Judge Isaac Parker & U.S. Recruited by Judge Isaac Parker & U.S.
Marshal James Fagan in 1875Marshal James Fagan in 1875 Reeves arrested over 3,000 fugitives Reeves arrested over 3,000 fugitives
& killed at least 14 & killed at least 14 At statehood became a member of the At statehood became a member of the
Muskogee, Oklahoma, police department Muskogee, Oklahoma, police department at the age of 68at the age of 68
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State Police Agencies
Growing populations, as well as the inability of some local sheriffs and constables to control crime, led states to create their own law enforcement agencies.
Texas officially created the Rangers in 1835.
Pennsylvania established the first modern state law enforcement agency in 1905.
By the 1930s, every state had some form of state law enforcement agency.
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The evolution of The evolution of policingpolicing
1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training
First female police officer was Alice Stebbins Wells, who was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910
LAPD also hired the first African-American police officer, Georgia Ann Robinson, in 1916
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Professionalism and Reform• Until the late 19th century, there
were no qualifications required for law enforcement officers.
• Cincinnati was the first city to require (2) qualifications of police officers:
– High moral character
– Foot speed
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The Structure of American Law Enforcement
American law enforcement agencies are extremely diverse in:
Jurisdictions
Responsibilities
Employers (hospitals, colleges, transit authorities may have their own police)
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COMMUNITY POLICING COMMUNITY POLICING DEFINEDDEFINED
A PRACTICAL, EFFECTIVE WAY OF A PRACTICAL, EFFECTIVE WAY OF POLICING THAT HELPS LAW POLICING THAT HELPS LAW ENFORCEMENT AND COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT AND COMMUNITY PARTNERS WORK TOGETHER TO PARTNERS WORK TOGETHER TO IDENTIFY CRIME AND ITS RELATED IDENTIFY CRIME AND ITS RELATED PROBLEMS, THEN DEVELOP WAYS TO PROBLEMS, THEN DEVELOP WAYS TO RESOLVE AND PREVENT RESOLVE AND PREVENT CRIME AND DISORDER CRIME AND DISORDER FROM OCCURRING IN FROM OCCURRING IN THE FUTURE THE FUTURE
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TEN PRINCIPLES TEN PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY OF COMMUNITY
POLICINGPOLICING
1.1. PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY
2.2. CHANGECHANGE
3.3. COMMITMENTCOMMITMENT
4.4. FUTURISTICFUTURISTIC
5.5. PERSONALIZEDPERSONALIZED
6.6. ENFORCEMENTENFORCEMENT
7.7. PROACTIVEPROACTIVE
8.8. SPECIAL NEEDSSPECIAL NEEDS
9.9. TRUSTTRUST
10.10. GRASS ROOTSGRASS ROOTS
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THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY POLICINGOF COMMUNITY POLICING
PARTNERSHIPSPARTNERSHIPS
EMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENT
PROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM SOLVING
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MISSION STATEMENTSMISSION STATEMENTS DESCRIBE THE DESCRIBE THE
PURPOSE OF AN PURPOSE OF AN AGENCYAGENCY
YOU SHOULD KNOW THE MISSION STATEMENT FOR ANY AGENCY YOU INTERVIEW WITH
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The role of the law The role of the law enforcement agency in enforcement agency in Community Policing - Community Policing - ManagementManagement
THE PROCESS OF PLANNING, THE PROCESS OF PLANNING, ORGANIZING, LEADING AND ORGANIZING, LEADING AND CONTROLLING THE WORK OF CONTROLLING THE WORK OF ORGANIZATION MEMBERS TO ORGANIZATION MEMBERS TO REACH STATED ORGANIZATIONAL REACH STATED ORGANIZATIONAL GOALSGOALS
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Leadership:Leadership: The process of directing and
influencing the task-related activities of organization members
Leadership is doing the right things and involves inspiring a shared set of values and vision for the future
Community Policing cannot be mandated from on high; leaders in the agency must lead by example
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Building ConsensusBuilding Consensus Communication is a two way
process Seek ownership from all
stakeholders in the Community Policing process, including…WHO???
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EMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENT
Agencies must empower or give Agencies must empower or give official power and authority to law official power and authority to law enforcement personnel as they enforcement personnel as they implement community policing in the implement community policing in the communitycommunity
Empowerment recognizes that the people who actually do the job are in a position to know how to do the job in the best way
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EMPOWERMENT RESULTS IN:EMPOWERMENT RESULTS IN: MORE PHILOSOPHICAL MORE PHILOSOPHICAL
BUY-INBUY-IN A GREATER SENSE OF A GREATER SENSE OF
OWNERSHIP IN THE OWNERSHIP IN THE PROCESSPROCESS
INCREASED INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY
EFFECTIVENESS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF SERVICES FOR THE SERVICES FOR THE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
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DUTIES OF THE OFFICER IN DUTIES OF THE OFFICER IN COMMUNITY POLICINGCOMMUNITY POLICING
ENFORCE LAWS & FOLLOW THEMENFORCE LAWS & FOLLOW THEM PROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM SOLVING INCREASE POSITIVE COMMUNITY INCREASE POSITIVE COMMUNITY
INVOLVEMENT WITH LAW ENFORCEMENTINVOLVEMENT WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT RECRUIT AND SUPERVISE COMMUNITY RECRUIT AND SUPERVISE COMMUNITY
VOLUNTEERSVOLUNTEERS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LAW COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
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ContinuedContinued REFERRALS TO REFERRALS TO
OTHER AGENCIESOTHER AGENCIES NETWORK WITH NETWORK WITH
OTHER AGENCIES, OTHER AGENCIES, INCLUDING THE INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR
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Full service policing: Full service policing: Adding a new dimension to law Adding a new dimension to law enforcementenforcement
Daily interaction with “customers” Daily interaction with “customers” (citizens)(citizens)
Crime prevention and the enforcement Crime prevention and the enforcement of lawsof laws
The officer must ascertain when each The officer must ascertain when each is appropriate, a broker of law is appropriate, a broker of law enforcement and related services and enforcement and related services and a facilitator between the community a facilitator between the community and service providers and service providers
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Shaping the new policing role
Creative problem solving skills Ability to distinguish between
symptoms of crime and actual crime problems
Interpersonal communication skills including public speaking
Outside activities and interests including volunteer opportunities
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CREATIVE THINKING IS DEFINED CREATIVE THINKING IS DEFINED AS 1AS 1STST STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING
CREATIVITY IS AN ATTITUDECREATIVITY IS AN ATTITUDE CREATIVITY DOES NOT ACCEPT THE CREATIVITY DOES NOT ACCEPT THE
OBVIOUSOBVIOUS CREATIVITY ASKS WHY AND QUESTIONS CREATIVITY ASKS WHY AND QUESTIONS
THE STATUS QUOTHE STATUS QUO CREATIVITY HAS MULTIPLE CREATIVITY HAS MULTIPLE
PERSPECTIVES AND LEARNS BY PERSPECTIVES AND LEARNS BY LISTENING TO THOSE WHO ARE OR MAY LISTENING TO THOSE WHO ARE OR MAY BE DIFFERENTBE DIFFERENT
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ATTRIBUTES OF CREATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF CREATIVE THINKERSTHINKERS
INTELLIGENTINTELLIGENT FLEXIBLEFLEXIBLE INTELLECTUALLY PLAYFULINTELLECTUALLY PLAYFUL POSITIVE NONCONFORMITYPOSITIVE NONCONFORMITY APPROPRIATELY PERSISTENTAPPROPRIATELY PERSISTENT SELF-CONFIDENTSELF-CONFIDENT AWARE OF SELF AND OTHERSAWARE OF SELF AND OTHERS
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THE FOUR STEPS OF THE FOUR STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING ARE:PROBLEM SOLVING ARE:
SCANNINGSCANNING ANALYSISANALYSIS RESPONSERESPONSE ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
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Problem SolvingProblem Solving Incidents are usually a symptom of
a larger problem Traditionally, police have been
conditioned to treat symptoms or handle an incident as an isolated event rather than identify and address problems
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COMMUNITY POLICING COMMUNITY POLICING INITIATIVES THAT INVOLVE LAW INITIATIVES THAT INVOLVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE ENFORCEMENT AND THE COMMUNITY-CRIME PREVENTION COMMUNITY-CRIME PREVENTION
NEIGHBORHOOD WATCHNEIGHBORHOOD WATCH CITIZEN POLICE ACADEMIESCITIZEN POLICE ACADEMIES
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WHAT PREVENTS CREATIVE WHAT PREVENTS CREATIVE THINKINGTHINKING
FALSE PRIDEFALSE PRIDE FAILURE TO FULLY DEFINE A FAILURE TO FULLY DEFINE A
PROBLEMPROBLEM CONTENTMENT WITH THE CONTENTMENT WITH THE
PROBLEM/STATUS QUOPROBLEM/STATUS QUO SINGLE SOLUTION SINGLE SOLUTION
THINKINGTHINKING
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A PROBLEM IS DEFINED AS:A PROBLEM IS DEFINED AS:
TWO OR MORE INCIDENTS SIMILAR TWO OR MORE INCIDENTS SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER THAT CAUSE HARM TO EACH OTHER THAT CAUSE HARM TO THE PUBLIC AND THAT THE TO THE PUBLIC AND THAT THE PUBLIC EXPECTS LAW ENFORCEMENT PUBLIC EXPECTS LAW ENFORCEMENT TO HANDLE TO HANDLE
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SScanningcanning Discovering and identifying the Discovering and identifying the
problemproblem Most important of the four stepsMost important of the four steps Avoid confusing symptoms with the Avoid confusing symptoms with the
real problemreal problem Learn about and verify the problemLearn about and verify the problem Identify the problem in terms of the Identify the problem in terms of the
people involved, their behavior and people involved, their behavior and response to the problemresponse to the problem
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AAnalysisnalysis Understand the actors, actions and
reactions to the problem Determine each aspect of the problem Gather information including: The seriousness of the problem The individuals and groups affected by
the problem The possible causes of the problem Solution objectives
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RResponseesponse The action or solution decided on
to address the identified problem Solutions may eliminate the
problem Reduce the frequency of incidents Reduce harm to the community Improve the community’s
perception of the problem
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Response objectives recognize that the strategy to address the problem must go beyond the incident to address:
Underlying issues Provide a long-term solution Improve the community in some way Ultimately reduce police workload by
reducing or eliminating the problem
RResponseesponse
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AAssessmentssessment Determines whether the selected
response was carried out as planned and effectively addressed the identified problem
Assessment is essential to determine the effectiveness of the response
If the response strategy was ineffective, go through the S.A.R.A. process again
After a third attempt, involve outside individuals to study the problem
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Word Word AssociationAssociation
SCOUT SCOUT LEADERLEADER
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Normal Threat Level
The ProblemTrust does NOT save lives.
Distrust saves police officers every day.
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Normal Threat Level
HypervigilancHypervigilancee
Alert, alive, energetic, Alert, alive, energetic, humorhumor
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Normal Threat LevelNormal Threat Level
HypervigilanceHypervigilance
Tired, detached, isolated, apathyTired, detached, isolated, apathy
Easy to think the problem is your Easy to think the problem is your home lifehome life.
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Everyone gets Screwed!Everyone gets Screwed!• Who controls what kind of cop Who controls what kind of cop
you will be?you will be?• You only control your integrity You only control your integrity
and professionalism.and professionalism.• Department controls Department controls
assignments, schedules, and assignments, schedules, and duties.duties.
• You control your personal life. You control your personal life. Keep it that way!Keep it that way!
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Victim AttitudeVictim Attitude• Leads to integrity issuesLeads to integrity issues• Leads to entitlement Leads to entitlement
problemsproblems• Lose sense of selfLose sense of self• Cops will justify and Cops will justify and
rationalize behavior that rationalize behavior that they normally wouldn’t they normally wouldn’t participate in.participate in.
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Things to DoThings to Do Aerobic Exercise*Aerobic Exercise* Time ManagementTime Management Keep a Personal LifeKeep a Personal Life Remember that your Remember that your career career WILLWILL end end somedaysomeday
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