VOL. XXXII, PT. I. SEPTEMBER 1940.

I

THE

JOURNAL Of' THE

THAILAND , RESEARCH SOCIETY

( J .T.R.S)

BANGKOK MCMXL

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THAILANI) RESEARCH SOCIETY.

(FOUNDED 1904} [•\n• tlw lnv••Hti.;;n.tit~ll :t111l Ent~••nrag•~lllt'JJt. of Arts, Ndt~ltee and Lito~rat m•· ill t••dnt.il•tt I•• 'l'lmil:wt!, and uuig·ltiHnu·ing t~onntrius .

PATRONS 1

IllS !.L\,JEST\' Kl>\<l A:'\.\:'\11:\ ~f.\llflHiL<ll<''I'IL\lLANI>. !UN \It\.IESTY Kf:\1: I'H.\.TAllllfPOK.

VICE-PATRONS:

II. R II. 'l'l!E l'lU.:S!l )K:\T < W TilE coo:.:uiL OF HEUENCY. H. H. J I. PIU:.:< 'I~ ll:\)!W ):\<; RA.IA~UBIIAB.

HONORARY PRESIDENTS I

II. H. fl. Till~ PJU::\'Cl•: OF :'\:\!:AltA SVAH<L\. ll. K )fA.H>H-<lE::\ElL\L LlTAJ\<i l'lBlJLAS<l~<lKHA~l.

HONORARY VICE•PRESIDF.NT:

II. E. HEAH-AU:\llltAL LITA:\0 Sl:'\lllUJ SO~<lf(H.A:\fUI!AI.

COUNCIL IN 1940. PRESIDENT:

:\I A.J< >It I•:H.J K ,o...;J<:ll IE:\ VAI ll~N.

VICE•PRES I DENTS 1

II. II. l'lt!NCI•: llllANl NIVA'I'. It LIN< lAT.

PIIH.A Al\.1 Vll>AYAK<lM tl>n. <lEO. R ;\fci•'AHLANln.

HON. SECRETARY:

H. ADJ<;y l\I< >OH.I<:.

HON. ARCHITECT:

E. l!EALI~Y.

HON. EDITOR, JOURNAL:

.T. !<:. J>A VIES.

HON, TREASURER:

.l. T. KIHGNS.

LEADER, TRAVEL SECTION, AND HON, LIBRARIAN:

Dn .• J. 1m CAMPOS.

LEAPER AND HON. SECRETARY N.H. SECTION AND HON. EDITOR, N.H. SUPP:

J>n. A. VIEILOEVJW.

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MEMBERS OF COUNCIL:

PHYA INDRA lHONTHI (lYIH. F. H. GILES). H. H. PRINCE BIDYALANKARANA.

REV. FATHEL{ L. CHOIUN. H. H. PBJNCE VARNVAIDYAKARA.

U. L. GUEHLER H. S. H. PHINCE SAKOL VAH.NAKARA VAHAVARN.

PHY A SARASAS'l'l{A SIIULAKSAN A. DR. R L. PENDLETON.

H. E. DR TOA LABANT.TKROM. H. E. NAI DIHEK JAYANAM.

HONORARY MEMBERS:

H. H. PIUNCE BIDYALANKAitANA,-1'hailancl. E. C. STUAH'l' BAKEH,-Englaml.

PIWFESSOR G. COEDES,-French Incloch:ina. MISS E. S. COLE;-U. S. A.

PROFESSOR W. CHEDNER,-Ge?'mcmy. Sm .J. CROSBY, K. JJ. K, o. 1. E.,-'l'haila:nd.

W. A. GB.AIIAM,-England. COUNT UYLDENSTOLPE,-Sweden.

J. HOMAN :VAN Dlm HEIDE,-Iiollancl. C. BODEN K .. LOSS,-Englancl.

PHOFESSOB. K. KUIWITA,-Japr,[?t. R S. LE lVIA Y,-Englund.

H. PA RMENTIER,-]I'rench Indochina. H. E. BISHOP H. M. J. PERROS,-.1'hailand.

DR MALCOLM Sl\'ll'l'H,-England. PROFESSOH. PAUL TUXEN,-Denma.rlc.

SIB. \VALTEH WILLIAMSON, c. lit G.,-England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS:

C. J. AAGAARD,-Denma?·?c. PROFESSOR A. OABA'l'ON,-France.

W. R S. LADELL,-li?·itish West Ind·ies. J. lVIICHELL,-Englo.mcl.

W. NUNN,-Englancl. P. PE'l'I'l'HUGUENIN,-Frc[nce.

PROFESSOR CONTE F. L, PULLE,-Ita.ly. C. A. S. SE WELL,-England.

DR H. MoCOIU\1IOK SMITH,-U. S. A. H. W ARINGTON SMY'l'H, c. 111. G.,-England.

C. J. 1-IOUSE,-Englc[nd.

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L A late ::;eventeenth century Portuguese map showing northern,

centraJ, and southern Siam and even marking Bangkok. The city of Ayuthia is marked as " Siao."

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EARLY PORTUGUESE ACCOUNTS OF THAILAND

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I lH. ,JoAQl.'DJ ,,,.; CJAMPtts.

'!'It.• lwlqt~ltitlt:su l'•.:ninsnh \riCh iLN grutd. river:-; an(l t:lminH 11f rucr-"' g-t:d llllllltt!.aitts l'tlltlliug l'r .. ut 11urth to HollLit ltnd buun for e•:ntnl'iuH

1111 nll'••t:l.ivt: hHI'l'Ji:t· lldll't:Hn Lht: Lwo gt·t::Lt 11:1.Liuns td' autiq11iLy, fmlin. :Ltttl (',[dun. Tit•: eottlllltlllit:ttLions :ulll eutlllltul'<:iu.l n:latiom; of Uhina

\\'t:ru tlwJ·td'qrt: <::u'l'i,:d r111 \\' iLh I wl i:L and Lhctwo wit.h Europo by tltn

Hilk, ol' hnd, rout.•: wH'Lit 111' Ll1•: II i!llalay:LH fm111 Nyri:t t.o Cl1itwHn 'l'urkt:~;t.Jtn, awl l1y Ll11: spit•.•:, nr· son, l'tlllLo !'roll\ Ll111 Hud Ho:L Lo Lho Nn.L of Chitm wltid1 \\':tH llll!ltl!polir:etl up lo ~liL!tLj'tL l,y LllU Chino:-;n nnd lliij'lllld, !,y tJw Amln;. Bd.wowt Llti!Htl two rmtLtw ln.y tlw gnmL Iwlrn:llirwsn J',:nittHn\n, t:allt:tl Ext.m-( l:tllgdie Iw1i:L Ot' l•'lll'Lill:t' .Iwli:t, iwduding Blli'IIIIL, ~lalaya, 'l'hnilmul 1 antl l111lotdtiu1L, t,o \\'hieh 11<1 M,­

tellUnu Wit'' p:dd whiln I~ILI'H\'1\.tlH of PtllllliiUt'ei1d Lnwdlnl'H, NuHLorbttH,

,Jmv:.; awl ( :J11·isLinll llllltlkH pn.sHt!d along !,Ill\ lllll'lilt, :t111l sltip~t lnflun

wit>h ~•pit:us 1l111l Hilks Htdlt:d in LltB H(lllLlt tt·avPndng tltu Ultiun. St~;L lllt<l

t.l.~t.· HLmiL~; of ~[a,ln.et:a. Vt:ry liLLit~ alHmt this l'mliusttl:t WltN LlwJ·tll'ol'll

kuowu Lo Em'lljlll nrul t:vun to Arn.!Jiu.lt :wrl t.o ()hiHOH!i wriLt:rH lwyon<l

Llw t:unHt lint•H anll )l•li'LH, wllllre Ute prodttetH wm·o ttH:-mru],]c:d for ox:­jJorL. At Llw t.iuto whu11 tilt\ PorLngnuHtl e1Ltt10 trJ Uw Fttl' EtwL, Bvun

Lllll 1Ht1.,Y lluLiouH t:llltlainet l in Ptlllt:II!Y'M Ot!ogmplty rug11rding Extm­GanguLie Imli:t wt:J't: furgottull l!y Em·t,pn, fol' JHhttll ltudmisutl n wttll bnLwenn tlw EttHt anll tlw Wt:st, entting ott' thu northeru r-;ilk l'tmte mul mouopulixing tho Indian Oeea11.

1 lu tlti" al'l.ido t,he Jlanw 'Clmil:uHl i~ usml fol' tlto pro~cut kingdom lmt; tho old lliLme n!' tii:uu OL' Kingdolll of 8i:Llll iH nHell whouevor it i:.; neeeH~aJ')' to H]Hl:Lk ol' it as t!i:>t.iuct, gcugmpliie:dly a.llll hiKtorienlly, from the fomwr Kiug­dom of UhitLngnHLi.

2 Dn. Jo.AQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXll

Towards the end of the fifteenth century the Portuguese wrested the mastery of the Ertstern seas from the hands of the Arabs llind with them began not only the exploration of the Indochinese Peninsuht bnt the geographical, ethnogmphical and cat·tographical studies of this great land wrapped in obscurity. 'l'hese studies and. records of the sixteenth century date back fully a centmy before the arrival of the English, the Dutch and the Danes in 'L'hailand and more than a century before the time of .Phra Narai, about whose reign we have many valuable French descriptions. 'l'he Portuguese records are all the more important considering that scarcely any Thai con tern porary writings were saved from the flames which consumed Ayuthia in 17 6 7, and that the records of the Ming dynasty and Arab writings contain only de::;ul tory references to 'L'hailand.

Before the Portuguese, some European travellers on their journey­ings stumbled on the coast of 'rhaih111d, but they never visited Ayuthia or the interior and we get very little information from them with regard to 'l'lmiland. 'rhe first one was Marco Polo, who refers to a kingdom of Locac which is supposed to have been in Southem Siam and where thel'e was a lob of gold, elephants and brazil-wood. He does not s11y, howeve1·, that he himself vi1:1ited the kingdou1.2 After him, in 11130, another traveller Nicolo Conti visited Tenasserim under which name he refers to Mergui, where he was particularly struck by tho large number of eleph::mts and the great <}Uantities of sappwn wood.a About this time the great Arab tro.vellcr Abdur-Hazzak also

mentions 'L'enasserim and refers to the traders of Shcthr-'i-?uto, which was the Arabic or Persian name for Siam, as frequenting the port of Ommz in the Persian Gulf.4

In 1498 Vasco da Gama discovered the sea-route to India and landed on the coast of Calicnt. 'L'his event in its far reaching in­fluence was to mould the whole commercial and military history of the East from Jeddah to Japan. Vasco da Garna himself did not sail beyond the Indian Seas, but his expedition was described in a

2 Yule & Cordier, The 'l.'mvels of Jlfcwco Polo: 1903 Ed. Vol. II, p. 276. 3 Jndicb in the XVth Oentu1·y: The Trrwels of Nicolo Conti, Haklnyt So­

Society, Ell. 1857, by R. H. Major, p. 9. 4 Ibidem: 1'he Journey of Abcl-er Razzak, A. D. 1442.

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Roleiro or a Routier of the Sea written by Alvaro Velho in which WMI

collected the information not only of the lands he visited but of the countries beyond CuJicut.5 About Siam, which on the information of the Am.bs he called X(~?'nnuz, he was told that the King, who was at this time King Rarna 'l'ibodi II, could muster 20,000 fighting men, 4000 horse and 400 war elephants. As to its products he speaks only of benzoin and aloes which the Arabs tro,nsported to other countries. He further says that the King of Siam was a Christian and the kingdom was of Christians. He also speaks of •renasserim as a Christian kingdom, the king of which could muster a thousand fight­ing men and possessed fivn hundred elephants.6 Obviously the Ambs did not uctually inform Vasco da Omna that the people of Siam were Christians, but that they followed a religion different from Islam, and that they venerated imnges, whereupon Gama took for granted that Siam was a Christian kingdom, for Europeans, though well ac­quainted with Itilarnism, knew very 1 ittle of Buddhism and of Hin­duism at tbat time.

'l'he expedition of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to Malo.cca in 15097

gathered general infmmation about 'l'hailnnd, but renl Portuguese contact was established after the conquest of Malacca in 1511. Evon

5 ltote·i1·o deb Viagern de Vctsco deb Gctnut, :tttl'iLuted to Alvtn·o Volho, a comp:tnion of Gnma. Its tmnslation by E. G. Hnvenstein is published by the l·hkluyt Society: Jf'h,st Vo?;ctge of Vasco da Gwrna, 1497-98, p. 99.

6 Lodovico rli Varthema, n Bolognese tmveller who visited Calicut and Cochim and claims to h:we hnded n,t rre1msserim, that is, :M:ergui, some­where about ] 505, though this pttl't of the tl'ip wns discounted by Garci:t de 01·ttt in 156:J and c:dled an imposture by Henry Yule, spe:tks cnu-iously enough of some Christi:tllH whom he found in Bengal who said tlmt they hrtd come hom :t city c:dled Scwna,?.t nnd had brought for s:tle silken stuffs, aloes wood, benzion and musk. As S:1rnan was nnother llnrne for Sinm, these supposed Christin,ns might hnve been Sinrnese Buddhists. Incideutnlly Vttr­thema gives n, long descl'iption, p:utly correet rmd pm•tly inmgiwttive, of Tctrnctssw·i and describes very peculiar customs of the people. Vide Badger's tmnsbtion of the It·ine1·cwio, Ihk. Soc., ] 8ti3, p. 212 !Lncl pp. 196-210.

7 Diogo Lopes de Bequeira mts sent in 1508 by King l\lnnoel to visit M~tdrtgascar, Ceylon :wcl Mttbcctt rtnd bt·ing dett1iled inform:ttion :111cl mer­clmnclise fl'om these pheos and other pot·ts nnd islands he might ch:tnce to visit. At Mahcca twentv-seven of the men thttt had ln.ndecl were made captives 11nd 1;his r~wt lecf Albuqnel'que to :ttt:wk Malacc11. One of the c11ptives mttnrtged to send a letter to Albuquerque, dated 6th February 1510, in which he said that tho King of M:tlncca was at war with the King ·of Siam, who h:td v:tst tenitm'Y :mel nmny ports. · Viele A?"quivo l'o7·tugues Oriental, 1937 Ed., 1'omo. IV, Vol. I, Pt. 1, pp. 352-361.

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4 Drt. J·oAQUIM DE 0Auros [VOL. XXXII

before the con:quest was completed, Albuquerque sent to Ayuthia, as ambassador to the King of Siam Rama Tibodi II, Duarte Fernandes who knew Malay very well, having learned it during his captivity at Malacca.8 He made the voyage in a Chinese junk and when he sent word th~t he wn,s the ambassador of the King of Portugal, King Rttma Tibodi II Ol'dercd a captain with two hundred lcwclut?'CGS to receive him, ttnd after lauding he was taken in a procession to the pn.lace of the king, hundreds of people rushing to the streets to see the;;e str::tnge white people with big beards, such as had never been seen be­fore in Ayuthia. 'rho King received the ambassador seated on a gilt chair on a raised pl::ttfornr in a large hall hung ronnel with brocades and accompanied by his wives ::tncl daughters who with the court ladies sat round the platform dressed in silks and brocu.des and wearing rich golden jewellery ttnd precious stones. Dmtrte Fenmndes handed over to the King to rich sword the hilt of which was studded ·with jewels, as tt present to the King, with the letter signed by Albuquerque on behall of the King of Portugal. The King treated the envoy with grettt courtesy, inquired all about Portuga,J and ttbout the ctLpture of lYI::tlu.cctt and expressed his gre::tt s:ttisfaction tot the prospect of pnniRh­ing the rebellions King of Malacca, which was supposed to be :1 Vtl.SSI11 stu.te of Siam from the time of Ham Kmnlmong though it had thrown off its allegiance. 'l'he King sent ·with Dmtrte Fernandes 11 Siame;;e ambassador with the presents of tt ruby ring, a sword and crown, aud the Queen-Mother herself sent some bracelets with jewels and three small gold boxes. The Siamese envoy was received with dne honours and trade was opened with 1\blacc:L. 'L'he simple yet cligni!ied recep­tion of this embas~:~y contrasts stmngely with the el1,1.-borate ceremo­nial that cht1mcterized Louis XIV's embassies to Phra Narai in the seventeenth century, and the stifl:' formalities with which the Beitish envoys were received in the nineteenth century.

Albuquerque sent in 1511 anothet· mnbassador, Antonio de Miranda de Azavedo, and with him Manoel Fragoso, who was to stay in Siam especially commissioned to prepu.re for Albuquerque :1. written report on all mattm:s,-merchandise, dresses and customs of the land and of the latitude of their harbours.0 Mu.noel Fragoso stayed in Siam

8 This embassy is described in the Commenta1•ies of AliJW]~le7'1JUe, Gmy Birch, I-hk. Ed. Vol, III, pp. 153-55. I h:wefollowed Oastrtnhed:t, llistoria do DescobTirnento e Conl)~dstcb dn India, 1924. Eclition, Liv. III, ch. LXII.

9 Cornrnenta1·ies of Albuq~teTq~w in l{a,k, Ed. Vol. III, ch. xxxvi. '!'he

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nlH•IJ{, Lll'tl yc•:ll'H !l111l look hi" l't'lJill'L [ll'l'H"nally to (~on, wiH:I't\ he nrrin:.l in the: c•out[lHllV nl' au tLJI\ ba.H!'al!m· .'HHtL IJV thu Kitw (If SitLJtl. • ~, n

'!'!tis n![utt·L \\':tH 1'1t:llL t" l'mtug:d :tnd is pt·olmbly lying in tlw ArPhin·~ ilf tlw '!'nt'l't: dn 'l'tmdJt) in LiHhill with umny uLht:l's not yet pnhliHiwd. AL t.hi:-; tiu11,, hn\\'t,n•t·, I Ju:utc' B:u·hosa, the i'al!Lor ()f ()anlltllllll't! whn liv"t! iu Imlilll•d.\\'1\l!ll 1500 RIHl l51G, was e(lllueLing ut:lft:rild fot· his lH10k 011 !111: E:tstm·ll t:tHlllLdus t11Hl Lhonglt lw JW\'et'

eauw t~• ~lalatl'IL ur t" ~ialll, lw g:t!lu·retl ntneh Yulnab!t, infnrllllltimt nlutllt t!Jt• Fat' E:co.;L awl !Itt• l\f11lny Ardtipol:lgo ft•tmt th'' eupt:Lin.'l nwl t!BV••)'H of Allntqllt\l'ljtW. 111 Iu this !JtHlk, l:onr:lwlt:tlahuut llilG, hu gi,·c,s tLll nte\lt'!Ltt: dr:~it'ripl.i11H uf ,')imn, whieh lw e:dl~:~ tlte kingdom of AIINI'rlllt, as markPtl iJl (.Itt: ~lap of !lingo H.ilH~im (1i.i2H). 'l'lliH prolix of .-In :w•l AH wld!'!t pt1i11L bt n sitnil:trit.y huLm~Pit A·ll:wwmand the wunu ul' As"\lllll, wlwn: aiHtl ~~ 'l'lmi ltmm:lt Hnl.l.lud, pt·ohaltly nriginah.!tl frmn tltt~ Amhie lll'Li<•ln AI. as nppliud to lliUllUH ol' LtJ\I'llH and c:otliiLrit!H. OLiwl' )'llt'Lngttufl•~ wl'iLot'H nl' tlw :;ixLtwttth etHtLttry liku lhrrw1, CaHLttn­

h~:d:t awl Ul)n[.o l!Ht! Sitiu ltnd Cot.'l'WL llH!iH 8il('ln, lntL Llw Italian {):tt'HILI'U Ji'pflot't:ei, ttH Iitle llH 'll"i!l7, lutH IH1Lit Jl.~ionnm1Niou.

lhriHtHtt llltntLion~:~ thai; Llw King ol' Hiallt waH tt poWt!rl'nl king luL\'ing H~:n-pt ll'l·H ull buLh Hitli•H of tlw l'wtinsnla., lot•tl of llllll:h folk, ltoLlt fooLmun !ttHlltorHtHIInll, ttllllllltLIIY 1doplmntfl. lin tltllllLion~:~ 'l'mmsst•t'llll, tlud; is

Mo·t·gui, !lH tL gt'l::tL pod, of Himn wl~t:ru l\fool'iHit HltipH brought c:oppur, quitd~Hilvt:t•, \'tn'lltilion, <:lothH dyod in gmitt, .Hilk, c:olom·ud MtH!ttt vul­vd:-~, Httll't·•,tt, <'t ll'!d, opi 11111 nnd ( )ntuhny dul.ltH. Hh ips l'mtu M nrgni ttlsn )l:tilnll \.11 Bcmgn.l ltlld ~l:dae<~:~. lit\ Llwll ltWIILillllH Lht: }Hll'L of 1\i:tldtdt wiL!t iLH whol!!flttll, Lt'ttdo and nhuwl:ttWI\ of pnppnr, l'ot• whieh MtHIJ'.iHh ~:~hipH cmmu from llill'ul'PllL l'ngionH. llu l't.:l'urH Lo Ll!o Lin ol' HoltLttgm· whidt \\'llH Lttkon Lo Mttlttt\C\IL, Hot.lt Kt:tlilah n.nll. Ho:l:tngm· wm'll Ll'ilmtttry Lo Hi:tlll, lHtL l':thmtg, whtH'n ltlltnh gold WitH fonnd and gat.lttli'LJCl, roHe tLg'ltinst ,Sittllt IL!l(l WILl-I Hnldud to t.lw King of Mal:tetm. 'J'hull }w ltlfi!l{,jous tho (tw~oH, 01' bl10 ClLllllihttlH living' ill tuiTitot'j' fllllJ­jmd; to Si:Llll f:Lr in Lho int.ul'ior toward~:~ Cltilllt.

In l!:ilH, '1>. Akixo 1lu i\fmw:t.tJH wltolmd eonHJ wit.h I!Hpueinl powers to M:tlacett, llispn.tclwd] >unrtu Coelho as nn envoy to 8i:1m wiLh lot(;erH

-·-iu,.;t,ructiOllH of Alln.ttjl\Ol'<tlW to l\fil'u.n<ln. tln Aztwmlo ILH to how 1~, (•omlnet the mnh1tHRY two iuteroRting. SeLl nJ:.m .lMd. Vol. IV, pp. \lO-ll l.

10 't'berfl :u·e two tm.usht,ious of I>nnr(;n B:whosn'H Book pulllisl:etl hy the Htddnyt Sooiot.y, tho first l1y :L1wtl f:ltnnley in 1 HH5, unll the latest in HJ18, 'l'he lJoolo of 1Jucwt£l JhwlJimn, by Longworth Dmnes iu two volumes. Vide Vol. II, pp. 162-G9 fm• <lesm·iptiou of Shun,

6 DR. JOAQUillf DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXII

and presents directly sent by King Manoel of Portugu.l in retnl'll for tho presents of the King of Siam taken by Antonio de 1Vfit·twlllt·11

Duarte Coelho had been twice already in Siam before this embassy, once in the company of Antonio de Miranda and once when to storm sepamted him from Fern!to Peres de Andrade and prevented him hom going to China, whereupon he sailed up the Menn.m. 'l'lw object of this embassy wu.s to confirm the peace pact malle by Antonio do Miranda, and in return for Portuguese supplies of guns and munitions, the King of Si::nn was to give to the Portuguese fn.cilities to settle a.nd trade in Siu.m, special commercial privileges and religiouA liberty, and was also to send Siamese to settle in MahwctL. The poliey of Albuquerque was to establish Sitomcse in Malacca in order to repltwe many Moors and Moorish merchants that had left the place after the conquest.

The implications of this pact arc clear when one considers the political condition of Sin.m and her neighboms at tho beginning of the sixteenth centnry. Siam was the most powerful kingdom in the Indochinese Peninsula at this time, a fact on which all Portuguese writings agree. Burma was divided and there were at le!tRt four kingdoms within its boundaries. In the north ruled the Sltans with their capital at Ava. The Burmese to avoid the Shan domination were settling down in Toungu and laying the foundations of a king­dom which in the middle of the sixteenth century was to unify tho whole o£ Burma. In the south there was the kingdom of Pegu, where there was peace because the Talaings were not aggressive and both Ava and 'l'oungu were too busy with their own affairs to disturb tho delta of ~he Irrawady. Between Ava and Pegn was the kingdom of Promo. This partition of Burma into so many kingdoms left .Burrn10

much weaker than Siam. On the east there was Cambodia, but far too exhausted to be counted among the powerful kingdoms. rl'he only trouble for Siam came from Chiangmai with ,,,hich King Trailok throughout his reign was involved in hostilities. In 1507 a new war had st::trted, and between 1508 and 1510 Siam suffered reverses. In 1513 a Chiangmai general invaded Sukhothai and Kam­phengphet, and in 1515 just three years before the conclusion of the pact between Siam and the Portuguese, Ohiangrnai annexed those two provinces. The pact with the Portuguese brought a considerable advantage to Siam and it_ was effectively used, for the King with a

11 Barros, Decacla III, Bk. II, ch. iv.

P'P, I] EAHIX POR'rUGUEflE ACCOUNTS 01<' ~f'ITATLAND 7

considemblo nnmlwr of. tiro-arms and a PortngneAe tt'aining corps took the offensive against Ohinngmni, and so eompletely defeated the Chiangm11i forces on the banks of the Mew11ng in Lrunpang that for thirty years Chittngmai was quiet. King Rama 'ribodi II. not only had striking success against Chiangmai but also re­organized the army with the help of the Portuguese military advisers, and in 1518 issued a book on miHt~tl'y tactics, which is apparently lost.

At this time when such excellent relations existed between Siam and tho Portuguese, one of the sons of King Rama 'ribocli II. was lighting iu the tLrmy of the old Sultan of l\1alacca, who was called Sultttn of Bintang aud had fortified himself at Muar some twenty-six miles from Malacca and was giving trouble to Portuguese commerce. 'l'he Portuguese therefore stormed the stronghold of Muar, capturing sixty cannon and many guns, and taking some prisoners. Among theRe prisoners wus the Siamese prince, whose name is mentioned neither hy Correa nor Castanhecl11. 'l'he Portuguese having recogniz­erl him, treated him with all the honours due {;o his rank and sent him b11ck to his father who in recognition sent a junk full of food­

Htutfs as 11 preAent to the PortugneHe. 12

When the Pol.'tnguese emnc to Siam fire-arms wm·e not used in wttdare in the wtu·~:~ vvith its noighbomH. Fire-arms are said, how­ever, to Ju:wo been used in the wars between Siam i1l1d Cam boclia as early as 1393. Mr. W. A. B,, Wood in his liisto?'Y of lhc~m. also su.ys

that Ohittngnu1i history mont.ions flre-arms as hnving berm used at tho Hiego of Pnyuo in 14!1.1, nnd tlmt Burmese history recol'(lH that

cannon were used in the siege of Martftban in 1354.1il Yet when the Portuguese came to Siam in 1511 and to Burma in 1516 they saw neither gnu-foundries nor fire-arms nRed. It is quito probable that ~rhailand was acquainted with flro-rtrms before 1511 because they were used in the defence of Malacca !1gainst the Portuguese by the Malays who had got them from the ArahA through India towttrds the

12 Oorreft, Le'/l,dc~s Vol. II, p. 553, and Or1stn.nhedrt, Histo1·ict etc. Bk. IV, p. 460.

13 History of Siam, p. 77. Vide Harvey's note in .Histo1''!J of Bu?'?1W

p. 340, to say thftt the Pctgan Yazawinthit mentions "canons jingals, bombs n.nd muskets" at the bn.ttle of Pyedawthagyun in 1084.

8 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXIl

end of the fifteenth century. But why then did not Tlmillull1 Wit\ t.]lt!lll

in warfare, or cease to use them before tho arl'ivn,l of tho PortugttPHt' 1 'l'he reason iR clear. 'l'bough the Arabs had spread tho use ol' fire-lU'lliS

not only in Malacca but in Java and Manila these guns ttild HllJHll <'tm~ non were never effectively used in 1\:faln.ysia, nntil dter t.ht! midtllu of the sixteenth century. It is not enough to possess arms, fut• the whtJlu art of war consists in using them effectively. In fact, w lwll AI hu­querque attacked lVlalacca, some of the :Mttla.y ct1nnon crent.ud lliOI't!

I) '1'1 . . ht1voc among the Malays than among tile • ortugumw. . t!H JH

evidently the reason why Siam did not care to UC<JUire tho~u fLl'lll!:' from l\blaya until tho Portuguese came n.nd were cngagt!d to trnin the 'l'hai in their use and employed to >vork the nrtillcry. A II that the Ohiangmai and Burmese chronicles record, it would :Lppenr, is the use of catapults or mangonels in and before the fonrLcn~utlt century, just as the Chinese chronicles did under the word })(to. AH to Chinn., the claims of European writers and Jesuit misHionadt!H to the effect tht1t cannon and fire-arms were used eveu ns eltrly as the eighth century have been diRproved. W. F. M11yot'H ltfl;eJ' !Lll

exhatmtive enquiry into Cltine~:~e writings14 came to tho emwhmiou th11t the knowledge of the propulsive effects of gunpowder anrl of the use of guns and cannon was only acquired during the reign of J\Jiug

Emperor Yung Loh, that is, after 1407, but even then tlw Hem·et WitH

jealously guarded by the Chinese Government, and 1ire-armH weru ill­traduced into the army only after Kia Tsing's reign, sonwtirno lmLwuon

1522 and 1526. The misunderstanding in China arose hom the word pew which the Chinese used to mean catapults and cunrwn u lilcn, Sillli­larly it appears tlmt the Burmese and Chiangmai clu:onicles reft\1' really to catapults and 110t to fire-rH'ms or cannon, t.lw modern WCJl'(lH

for fire-arms having been interpolated at later dates. 15

Within a few years after 1518, when Duarte Coelho signed tlto pact with the King of Siam, a large number of traders wet'o osta-

u . . vV. F. llbyers, Jo?trnc~l of Royal Asictt·io Society, North OMna Brunch,

N. S. Vol. VI.

l5 'L'he Tlmi word tiu (p?t'n) denotes any wen.pon but tiu'lw (pu~nfui), tlJe modern wor~l for fire :wms might hrwe denoted at the time the Kot .JJfonthien­ban wns Wl'Jtten (n.bout 1450) any }lame tlt7'0W81'8 such as the :tnanooo. 1 which were also used to throw infla.mmn.ble material. The use of the"',~~:.~

P'l'. !) l~AltLY POR'l'UOUESE AOCOUN'l'S OF THAILAND 9

bli~-Jhed in Ayut.hia besit1eH the rniliLo,ry ntlviRers, tmd commercial agentC! wore est:thli:;lw!l in Ligor ttnd Pu.tani. 'l'mde between Siam und l\11dn.cca W!LH inten:;e :Lnd varionH diRptttches from Siam were sent to the Viceroy nt Goth and to LiHbon. Very few of them have been published, bnt ,ToiLo de Barros, the oflicittl historiogmpher who wrote his Deeurles somewhel'e hetween 1550 unc11560 used them for his des­

eription of Sin.m. 111 Barros Rpmhks of three principal kingdoms of the East: in the t!xtrome west the Emperor of China; in the Indo­chinese Peninsula the King of Siam; in India the King of Vijay~ nagar, then tho most powerful king in Indin. At the time when BttrrnA nwutions the::~e tl11·eo principal kings it must not Le forgotten that the PortugnoHe had viHited nJI the Ol1Rtern countries, u.ml he him­self in the HttlllO clmpi;r.r gives tho geogr11pllical position o£ the king­tloms of Avn, Pegn, Amlmn, Deccan, Bongul, Orissn, .Jangonm or Ohhugwtti, Cmnho<lith, Clwmpa [mel others, siugling out Siam as more powerful th11n nuy one of these. Subject to Simn were H.ey 'f~.tg'fhln.,17 'l'avoy, 1\fergni· nml 'L'enaHHerim, though the chiefs of these places as usual Citllctl them Hoi voR kingH. He describes the Menam which ho sayfl tmverseH Shun from north to Routh and mettlls lhe mother of ~oc~ters (111' e = HlOtlwr, NttiilL"" wu.tor). According to the old legend, he traces its origin to thn TJttke of Ohiamrd situated 30° N., that iR, not in Cltiengmtti .itfwlf: lm t in the plnteans of 'ribet. He, however, correct­ly pluew; itA outlot. itt 13° N. On tho nm'th of Shun 11nd on the east along tho Mekhong, Hltys Bttl'l'os, \YOl'O the Lao8 whose territories were tlividml iuto three kingdoms Chhtngmni, Ohiangrai and Lan­chaug, whieh wore snbjeet to Sian1 though they often rebelled ttgairmt her. In the nHmntains north of Siam and among the .lands of the Lu,o.Y >vm·o the Chuw8, who wm·o Derco men, l'ocle on horseback, u.te hnmtm :llesh nnd with hot irons brandecl figures on their skins. With tho Gneos both the Kiug of Simn as well as the Laos were

JnL"n fc'ti in i;he l'honrJsuwadanB written nH.ee the 16th cenimry do not Jll'OVe :wyiihing, as l>y this time fire-u.rms wet•e wr;ll known, rtnd even in the J{iJt lliontldenban ii; might; h:we been nn interpol:ttiou made n,t fL ln.ter date. 'fhe 'l'hn.i word bm·iam n.nrl the Kinner mi1·iam. fm· cannon n.re Arn.bic in origin ' :tnd came through M:tlayn. 'l'he Arnbs who SfLW c:tnuon first used in Europe by Christians called it jJ{i?·iam from Mari:t m· Mrtry.

16 Barros devotes one cl111pter to the description of Shm, IJecctdct III, Bk. II, ch. v. In the Ir'i1·st Decade, Blc; IX, ch. i, published in 1552, are given the outlines of the Geogm.phy of India, the Indochinese Peninsula and China.

17 Tagldn. or Rey Tn.gal!L, nertr Murtn.lmn m:;t.y be seen in most old maps, not only Portuguese but in those of Linschoten (1596) and Mercator (16 13).

10 Dn. JoAQUIM DE CAMPos

usun.lly fighting. If the Laos obey at all the King of Siam it is due to the fear of Lhe G1.wos against whom they expect his protection.

NO\v who \Vere these Gneos 2 The Ngios, which is the name for the Shans, do noL appear to have eaten human flesh though they even now tattoo themselves very profusely. It would appear from this description that the G1wos of Barros and other Portuguese writers were the Lawas and the Was, who had cannibalistic ten­dencies like the Bataks in Sumatra, and the latter even now delight in surrounding their dwe1lings with rows of human skulls. Barros, Barbosa and Castanheda make it clear, however, that these wild men did not eat human flesh as their usual food, but ate their own rela­tions after death out of regard for them for they thought they could not give them better treLthnent after death than by assimilation in­to their own bodies. But to be so organised as to threaten the Lao kingdom and Lo fight on horseback denotes that they were not ordi­nary savages. Could the Gneos have any connection with the old Annamites who were known aR Gicw-chi? !{eo is still the Laoticn name for the Annamites. Barros declares he got his information from Domingo de Seixas who was twenty-five years in Siam and as a Captain once fought against the G1wos, and he adds that they seem to be the same as the ones inhabiting the provinces of Octugigu of

Marco Polo.l8 Pauthier also identified Owngig·n wit,h one of the states o£ Lao, .and Henry Yule believed that it was a province in that region embracing Kiang Hung but not Chiangmai. On the whole it would appear that the term Gueos w11s in the sixteenth century applied to the Was and Lc~was and not to the old Guw-chi. 'l'here is no diificnlty in believing that the Lawas rode on horse back be­cause they were well organised and, according to the Pali Chronicle CamadeviValnsa, were ruled by a powerful king named Milakkha as early as the seventh centnry. 'fhe Burmese chronicle Kombnungset does indeed speak of Gwe Lc~was and in Hmannan Yw?;awin the Gwes and the Gwe Kc~1·ens are also mentioned.19 'rhe Siamese name Ng·i1u for the Shans indicates that the old mtme of the Was and the Lctwas passed to the Shnns who occupied their lands.

18 'l'his i~> the ernliest 11ttempt to identify the toponyrns of :M:n,rco Polo and conside1·ing th11t Bn,r1•os hn,d neve1· been in the En.st his pretty nccurate conjectme is noteworthy. Vide Yule nnd Cordier's fi{c~1·co Polo Vol. I, pp. 120, 123 and note on p. 128.

19 HaPvey, Hist01·y of B1t1'rluc., p. 354,

•

PT. J) EARLY POltTUGUESE ACCOUNTS OF THAILAND 11

B11l'l'Ofl mentions ll wnr which the King o:I Siam had with these G?.teot?, for which pnrpoRo he ntisecl rm army of 250,000 men and 10,000 eleplumbt These numbers are of course exaggerated, a,nd the King or Sin,rn could not have htken a big army to flght the Lawrts hut, presumably, the Lao of Chiangmai. Barros had never been in the East and worked on reports that were Rent to him iu Portugal, which were substantioJly tnw though not always accurate in detail.

With regard to Siam and its govemment, Barros has some interesting details which throw considerable light on the period. rrhe King was the sovereign lord of nine kingdoms. The Siamese themselves inhabited two of the kingdoms, the other seven kingdoms being inlmbitecl by other people. One of the two Siamese kingdoms, which was to the Routh, was called Jlhutnlay (Mu'ang Thai) \Vhich means lower ldngdom (sic) in which were situated Ayuthia, or H1.bclia as he callB it, and the following cities and pol'tfl: Bmig Phssoy (Po.ngoc;ay), Lugar, Pata,ni, Kolantan, 'l'rengann and Pahang (Pam) in each of which there WlLS n. governor with the title of Oya or Phya. 'l'he second kingdom was on the north :1nd wn.s called Olummua (Chan Nua or northern people) the principal cities of which "Were 8wruculoec or Sawankhaloke aml Soootwy ot· Snkhotlu1i. We sec here clearly distinguished the two 'l'hai kingdoms, Sukhotlmi in the north and Suphan in the south, which were united under Phra Hama 'J'ihodi I. at Ayuthia in 1350. An­other significant point asserted lJy BMros four centuries ago is that Siam is a foreign name ttpplied to these two united Tlmi kingdoms and that it wa"l imposed upon them by stmngerFJ. Galvi1o, who wrote before 1550, also spettk':l of the King of MuontaUs now called Siam.20

With regard to the other seven kingdoms over which the King of Siam wielded suzeminty, Barros is not quite definite but includes among them Chiangmai, Chiangm,i, Lunchang, Cambodia, and some kingdoms in Bnrma, all of which he says were inhabited by people speaking different langua,ges. We know they were independent at that time, but the Portuguese were obviously told in Ayuthia that they were vassal kingdoms. As a matter of fact, as early as 1450, Cbiangmai, Taungu a,nd the Shan States of Kengtung and Hsenwi are claimed

20 'l'mtttdo etc. of Antonio Gttlvao, The Discove?"ies of the World by A, Galvn.no, in Hale. Ed., London 1862, pp. 112-113,

12 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL. XXXII

u.s tributu.ry Stu.tes in the Palace Law or Kat Monthienban of King

'l'railok.21

Banos describes the religious beliefs of the 'l'lmi and, though he does not mention the Buddhist religion, he gives interesting details regarding the temples and the ritual followed in 'l.'lmiland. Some temples >vere built o£ stone and others of brick, in which were kept many images of: men tlmt are now in heaven owing to their good deeds. 'l'here is one enormous irnn,ge made or earth which is about fifty paces long. The gt·eatest metal imn.ge in Siam and regarded as the most ttncicnt was in a 'l'emplc at Snldwthai. It. was eighty p1dmos

or about sixty feet. 22 Every king, when be 11scended the throne, be­gan building 11 new temple and endowed it with l11ncls u.nd income. The temples had high towers the uppet· hn.lf of which were gilded with gold leaf fixed on bitumen and the lower lmH decomted with different colours. On the top or the towers they plac<:>d a sort of umbrellu. and around it very light bells ·which rttng when swayed by the breeze.

'fhe priests, clad in yellow~ robes, going about shoe less n.nd with shaven heads and large fans in their lw.nclK, were held in high respect. In their apartments no women could enter, nor even female cretttures like hens. 'fhere were mn.ny fasts during the yon.r and the feasts were held at the beginning of the new moon or at full moon. The priests not only preached religion but studied the heavens and the movements of

21 \V hen the Portngnese took ]\blRccn, Sbm consiuered it rts n. b·ibntrtry ~>tate, thougl1 it lmd no control ovel' it anrl did not r·eceive rmy ta·ilmte. On the other· hand Ohin:t cousidered Siam as fl. tl'ibnhtl'Y stl\te though it wielded no authority whfttsoevel'. Such fncts have to be trdcen into account when reconstructing kingdoms desm•ibcd by Ohine~e tm,vellel's like Y -t~ing n.ml Cbn.u J"nknn., such as SJ"ivijr.bVl6 and other kingdoms, which chimed so ma.ny t.1·ibnt!wy stn.tes even on stone inscl'iptions, when rmlly most of these cln.irm: were imaginary or 11t 11ny rate continued to be made to feed the vtLnity of kings long n.fter such claims had ce11sed to lmve any men.ning.

22 According to Thiao J.hanr1 Ph?'Cb R1wng of the late King Vn.jirfLvndh, the tr~llest imn.ge found in old Sukhoth:ti is t;he one c:tllecl Phra Attcwos, It st>tnding Bncldhn., on tlw top of Khao Wat Sn.pnn Hin, or· the mountttin of the temple with the stone 1n•idge. 'rhe height of this itn!Lge i~ Hix wcbh or twelve metres antl is proh:thly the one referred to by Bn.rros. The height of sixty feet mentioned by him is either an exrtggemtecl eRtimftte or perhaps included the length of tlw pedest:tl. The highest ilnfl.ge 11t Aynthin. cnsi; on the order·s of King Rn.ma Tibodi in nbont 1500, and erected in \Vat Srisanphet, was forty eight feet high, n.ncl t.he pedestn.l WitS twenty-four feet. This w:ts destroyed by the Burmese in 1767. In case a highe1• imn.ge t;hn.n Phra Attcwos existed fLt Sukhothai, it might lw.ve l)een destroyed wher1 the Blll'mese King Bureng Naung captured Sukhothai in 1563.

PT. 1] 13

Llw Hl,!tt'H mul Lhe plruwLs. The ymtr wai'J <lividod into twelve months and the new yeat· begn,llt\t tho til'st monu of Novetubor.2a They were grettt aHtrulogm·H, !tml acbJ1l in uvot·,ything iutporto .. nt 11ftor consulting theie m·aeleH when tho day was propitious. They lutd no clocks regulated

by t.hn position of tho snn, hut they had wu,tcr clocks. With ::Lstrology tlwy 1nixetl geonmney, pit·onmney and sorcery which W!LH brought to Lhem by tho Hi·nys oE Uormuandul; Jmt he says the l'oligion cmne from Ol' though Chilm, though it l'OtLlly came from Incliu,, rnw priests tm1gM reading tLIHl wdting to the people, for which purpose children

went to tho tmuploH, ttnd though they taught onlinat·y relig·ious prin­ciples awl em·uHtOJdos in tlw lnngtULgo of the country, science wt1s taught in tln ancient languttge which was evidently Pali.

Bal'l'os then giVL!H Homo det1dlH nhout tho land, its products and the htnd syKtem. 'l'he hwd of Simn is rlu.t hut on the north it is bounded by hillH. The wnbll'H of tho l\:lom1m river lllakc the tielcls fertile and Sittm is ehielly ttrt ugrieulturttl eounhy with no imlustl'ies. Silver, preciom; stones tLntl Hntsk enme from the kingdom of Chittngltlai. AU the land belongs to the kiug and the people p11y rent for thp htll(l they occupy or culLivt~k 'l.'ho kiug howevm· giveH the lt1nd (lmiug lifotinw to tho nolJleH ttnd tu the Phytts C()yas) who during Wt1r­

timo h1t<l to l'nt·niHh the king with Ill on, hot'HOH aud eloplmnts, and this Willi done wiLhout oppt'OHHing tho people. Barrcm espocinlly meutions tlu1t lilw King eould rn.isc tm nrmy of a million men alld kocp gttrei!:lons well provitlotl with ll(JCOHHal'ioH. In Bttt'l'os we lmvo 0110 of the earliest

Pw>tngneHu doHcl'iptionH tlmt throw light on tho doingl:l ancl tho habits of: tho pooplu !tH diHtinct from a record of the pomp 11ml ceremonit>l of kingN, Llwit· wn.n1 t~nd intl'igues, which tLlonc were supposed by oriental h i~:~torians to constitute history.

Bn,rt·os and other hiHtorians of the sixteenth century like Castanheda spell the lliLUJu of this countL"y as Siao, and Con·e11 as 8-iwm. Bnt in the 15th and the 1 (ith centuries Siam hacl tho alternative name of Sornc~u, though lesH commonly used. Abdm·-lltLzzi"1k, as early as 1442, refers to Sh<.d~'l'-i-nao on the selL coast of Further India, but it is not certain

23 ~~his is the New Year according to the old civil O!tlendar which reckoned d!ttes accol'cling to the Chulcbsr.dccbmt Em. It is 11 lumtl' O!tlendar, the yea.r beginning with the first of the wttxing moon of the fifth month.

14 Dn. JOAQUIM DE 0A"!Ill'OS [VOL. XXX!l

if he applied it to Sium.24 Nicolo Conti in about 1430 visited Mergui and mentions Cernove, which might refer to Bengttl just as much to

Siam.25 But in tbe sixteenth century 've have definite references to Siam as Sm"nau or Xa1•nauz. 'l'he Boteiro of Gama in 1498, Loclovico di Varthema in 150.5, and Giovanid'Empoli in 1514,havethis term of

Sor1Ut'tL differently spelt but certainly referring to Siam.26 'l'he author of the Malay histot·y Sejar(th Malay'I.L definitely says Siam was

formerly called Shm·-i-nctwi,27 lLnd Valentyn the Dutch historian relates that about 1340 a powerful prince reigned in the kingdom of

Siam, then called Sjahcw1ww or So?·na'l.u. 28

How did this name originate? Undoubtedly it wtts spread by the Arabs, since Loth Vasco da Ganm and Varthema had it on Arab information. Henry Yule in his Hobson-Jobson derived it from the Pet·siau Shc~r·-i-ncw, or New City, as applied to Ayuthia. Really Ayuthia was very old when the name was used; besides it was ap­plied more to the whole countJ:·y of Siam than to the city. rro explain this idm~ of New City fanciful explanations were given by Bradclel, who invoked the distinction macle by De la Loubere between 1'luci Yc~i and Thcti Nui.29 Yule connected it with Lopburi which he says is a Pali form of Novnp'I.L?'i or New City, Shar-i-new being its per­sian version. Colonel Gerini as usual did not agree with anybody, and formulated a most ingenious explanation, deriving it from Santl or Nung Scmu the old city adjoining Ayuthia, and so called from the marsh ronnel it, Scmo being the Siamese form of the name for the

30 sola plant· Amidst this confusion worse confounded, Fernao Mendes Pinto,

who was twice in Siam in the middle of sixteenth century and uses both the names Siam and Sornau, points a way to the proper solution of the problem. He speaks for instance or the Emperor of Sornau

2'1 Inclitt in the XJTtl~ Centu1·y, T!ak. Society Ed. by R. H. ])l:tjor. 25 I bidemj p. l 0. 26 Pi1·st Voyt£ge of Vrtsco dct Gctnut, Hr1-k. Ed. p. 99; Varthema Itine?'Cwioj

I-l:tlc. Ed. p. 21 2, and Giova.nni d'Empoli's lettm· in Arohivo Sto?'ico Italiano, Appendix 80.

27 John Leyden's 'rmns., Jlfday Annals) London 1821, p. ] 21. 28 Owl en Niew Oo.st-lnclicn, Vol. V, p. 319. 29 J 07wrwl of the Inclitm A ?·chipel{tyo, Vol. V, p. 317. 30 As·iatio Quw·terly .Tow·nal, Jan. Hl02.

•

PT. 1] EAHL\' POR'l'UGUE.SE ACCOUN'l'S OF 'l'HAILAND 15

who is the King or Simn. Helms mnny such references such as tho Somau King of Simn 11nd Phnt Chao Salou, Emperor of all Sm'natt, but

never Emperor of SiarnY1 It appears therefore that the Sornw1-v, of which the King o£ Siam styled himself Emperor, is S1.war~w. Land or >.'·hwlt?'1,Uthhfumt, the l1L11d of gold which was a geographical ex­pl'ession em bracing tt gre::tt part of tho Indochinese Peninsuh. 'l'he 'l'lw.i word S'nvan has no close phonetic resemblnnce to So?'­

natv or Xn?''IUL1LZ, but there nrc examples of such strange transcriptions of many other Thai words that it 1s not difficult to see how Stwa?·~u~ was corrupted into Surnau m· Xm·natvz, first by the Arabs, and then

by the Portuguese nucl other Europen,n writers.'l2 We know from the Anntvls of Lwnchctn,r; that the King of Lanehang also called himself Emperor of the Land of Gold, but the founder o£ Ayuthia who was Prince of Snphan ot• Uthong (>dlich means SO'Lv?'ce of go~cl) and hiR :mccessors would mtt.umlly call themselves Emperors of SuvurJ,ut Land, whence the name ScG?'ncGu.

V1Llnn1Jle euutempomry dcRcriptions of life in Ayuthia and of some aspects of Simnese hil:ltory in tho middle of Hixtoentb centmy are found in FeruO:o 1.\:lemles Pinto's Pm·eg?"inaga.m and in his letter written frolll M1Llacca in 1554 to the Society of Jesus in which he

had temporarily entered 11s a brotber.'l3 Pinto visited Siam twice, as he himself mentions in his lettet', and the infonnu.tion dm·i vecl from both these visit.'! is utilized in the Poregri1w9a1n. His style is

111 Such expt·ession as Prechau Bc6leus of i:im'lUHt :Ll'e also found in Sebnstiito Ma.nriqne':,; Itinem1·io H:tk. Soc. Eel. Vol. I., p. lll5, but possibly they may h:we been t;:tken from Pinto himself. M:1mique visited Amlmn in 1628-37, but; not Siam.

32 &wna~• is not really 11 direct corruption of the ~Chai word s~wnn but of its Indi:tn eqniv:tleut su~u~ or so~w, both of which mean gold and are derived from Smu;krit s~~vcw~w. 'rhe Pol'tugne8e like the Arn.bs wet·e more accus­tomed to the sounds of Indi:tn bngua.ges thn.n to the tomtl Tlmi languages. Hence they tmm;cribed Thai names according to their Sanskrit equivalents. Lugm·, t;he 16th and 17t;h century n:tme for Nrtkhon Sl'i 'rhamnuwat is an in­teresting ex:tmple. 'l'he Portuguese got the name from ~rhai Nakhon by giv­ing it n Sttnskrit turll1W{]cw, from Sanskrit, nngcwa. The chrmge of initi:tl n into l is common in Portuguese transcriptions, such as Liampo for the Chinese port of Ningpo. Apart from thi:;, Nakhon Sri Th:tmmn.mt was also known a:; Mu 1:tng Lalclton, from which Lctgcw, Lugo1· could arise,

33 Ohristovam Ayres, li'e1·nao Jl[endes Pi1tto, S~tbsiclios etc. Lisbon Aettdemy publication, 1904, Appendix B.

16 DR .. JOAQUJJI[ DE 0All!l'OR [YoL. XXX II

classic and brilliant, and writing some years nfLor Lhn ovnnts lw re­cords !mel taken place, he gi.\'eS from memory vivid pietnreH or Silllll

as of other countries he visited. M:111y of his dusct·ipLions are lHtsetl on hearstty and hence reflect the popubr errors, feeliugs, beliefs nnd superstitions. His chronology and the transcription of local na11ws

have sometimes undergone frightful distortiOJlH andlwtny lll'l'Ol'H in the

Pererri?u~9cmn are attributo,ble to his fln;t editoe, li'. do Andem1c, nntl to his printers who could scarcely understand tho unfamiliar IutlllUH nml facts. There is colouring, but no wilful miRrepresentation of facts, iu Ute lurid der;criptions of life that can be felt pulsating under the touch of his pen a,gainst the background 11ncl in the very :1tmosphere of thn plttcuH

and countrins in which he movnd and lived. He vvns not, certainly, n scientifin explorer and does not appear to have knpt a dit1ry or any notes, but some years after his peregrinations were over, he trnnsfen·t:cl to his rich Cltnvtts the informo,tion he had received ttncl tlw imprufi­

sions he had absorhncl with the instinctive inRight of an arti::;t iul'uH­ing life into the pictmes he depicts. Even his mi&takeH very often prove his veracity. He relatns for iuRtance tlmt he found P'~ople in

BuddhiRt countries invoking Trinity ttrHl saying, G1xl of truth ,i.s tft;l't!e

in one, 11nd he thinks thttt thorn may be tmces of tho gospd iu tim religion of these people.34 One would immeditttely reject this :-;tory as an invention, but though Pinto's intnrpretation iH wrong the faet he mentions is true for the people were really invoking the 'l.'riple

Gems of Buddhism, the triad: the Buddha, Dharma and Stwgha, or tho Bucldlm, the Law, and thn Clergy.

Owing to the many strange facts which Pinto relates, he had boon long considerncl a liar. But justice htts been larg0ly done to him, uot; only by Portugunse writers like Christovam Ayres who exploded many myths, but also by foreign writers who studied the parts of th& Pe?·cg?·ii1WQLW1 in which they were interested. ----·------------~~-----·---·--~----------· --------- ~------·

. iH r:ricolo Conti :tiso rema~·ke;l c!u~·ing his vi~it to Bnrma that the---~~~lle m their pmyers satd: God ~n .1'1·~mty lceep us 'In kis La'W rmd Sir H. Yule l'enml'lo; tha.t this whieh appeal'S like fiction is renlly an ~vidence of Conti's verncit.y. See EmbcLssy to Am, p. 208 .

. Pinto sttys i;1 th~ · Pereg?·inc~r;c~,m that he noticed this in Lanchang ~Oala­nunlmm) nud m htH letter of l5fl4 he sn.ys thttt he s~tw rt similn.t fact in Pecrn, !r· G. Schnrhammei· .in his Fe1:nao .Mendes P'into u,nd seine Pereg1·inar:~n, Jnmps to the concluswn that Pmto betrn,ys or contt'!tdicts himself when it is quite 1mtmal tl11tt he should make simih.n· observations in two Buddhist, countries 1md might have even done so in a third one such as Siam.

•

P1'. 1) gARLY POW!'UGUEHI!: ACCOUN1'S 01<' 'l'HAILAND 17

With rPgttrd to Shtm, Ml'. W. A. R ·wood examined the desm·iptions of Pinto in It Intpet· pnJ,Ji~hed in the JuMnal of the S·i(Mn Sooiety, Vol. XX . ./,?36', and etuue to the conclusion that he was unreliable.

Mr. W. A. R Wood based his remarks, not on the original work in

Portuguese, but ou Oogmt's misleading and unreliable translation in English, ltncl drC\Y his conclusions, after examining the contemporary

description of an eye witness, in the light of Luang Prasoet's Phongau,­?.vadam written more than a hundred years after the events in ques­

tion had tnken place.a5 In this connection it is interesting to quote what a J esnit ]\tther, P. A. F. Oal'dim, who was in Ayuthia bet·\Yeen 1626 nnd 1629, sn.ys a.bout Pinto's description of Siam in the Pe1·e­f]1'inayn?n: 'L'hrmgh tho book of l'eregrinctswrn of Pinto is conside1·ed to be

npocryph:tl, he is Col'l'ed in tlmt which he writes ttbout the kingdom of Siam. I ~ty he iloes not depart from the t.mth, because a :M:andal'in who taught me t;o l'e:ul :tnd w1•itc Siamese told me wlmt the history ltnclrecords of the coun­

try reconlcclnhout tlw eomiug of the Pm·tuguese to that kingdom and rtbout t.he hcl'oic deeds iu whieh they helped the king to conquer mn.ny kingdoms. He tohlmo eHpecially tho Htory of Oceum Ohinemt; (Pinto: Uaumcfteni?·at) telling mo tlmt it wa~ (;l'tlo nnd whoovet' iH intere:;ted in it can look it up in

!>into's hook. BO

Sorno o£ the facts mentioned by Pinto regarding Siam and emn­mented on nnfail'ly by Mr. W. A. R Wood require elucidation. Mr. Wood to .. kes Pinto to t11Hk on account of the exaggerated number of men eomposing tho ILl'mieH, which he callA a perversion of truth. Tho nmnlJcrs t~ru of:ton oxftggomtod it iH tl'llc, but they J'erJresent only

popular ostimt1t1~s, whieh wl\re imaginary. l\lilitary authorities them­solve~ could not taku a proper count, for ns bhe al'mies marched or Rltiled along the rivorH, humh·edH of village men were recruited on the wny 11nd swelled bite original numbers. This 11CCuHation of oxag­gcmting numbers etm he Cljtmlly levelled agahmt subsequent tmvcllo~·s like Oaesnro ]'edereci and Ralph Fitch and against the PhongBct'l.vculwns themselves. When Bnreng Naung invaded Siam in 1568, Caesare Fedoreci who was in Burma, relates that t.he Burmese army consisted of one million four hundred tlwusand men, The Siamese Phongswwadwn gives one million men. Mendes Pinto is more

35 'l'he Chronology of Luang Prusoet's Phongsc~waclan is in geneml reliable, but it cannot be t1tken a~ n.bsolubely conect. Some of the facts can also be demonstt·1~ted to be wrong.

36 Bc~tc~lhcts da Oompctnh·icb de Jesus, 1894, p. 286.

18 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS [VOL . .XXXII

moderate with his eight hundred thous11nd men. Ru,lplt Fitc·:h gin:fl

three hundred thousand men and five thousand eleplmutH.'17

Wu know that all these arc impossible numbers but thiH i1:1 JI(J reaHon why errors of. judgment, be they of Pinto or Fitch or Federeei, Hhonltl lw called "perversions of truth." Mr. Wood remarks tlu1t wlwn .Pinto says that the cannon of the King of Burma in his war with Sit1llt woru dmgged by huffaloes ancl?'hynoce?'OSes we are almost force1l to ngrce

with Oono·L·eve38 who referred to Pinto as the lllost celebmtml liM. 0

Now Pinto uever used the word rhynoce?'os but the term batlu or abctcho which in the sixteenth century had the indefinite meuuing of a wild animal or 11 domesticated animal that goes wild, though smrw sixteenth century authors like Fr. Gaspar de Cruz used it ddinitely to mean rhinoceros. 'fhe sixteenth century authors like Bttrbosa, Bar­ros nnd Onl'l'en, use the word ganda (from Sn,nsk. ganclct) for rhinoCOl'OH. Bluteau, who wrote his dictionary in 1727, followed by the lexicologisLH Vieim and Lacerda, took ctboila to mean a kind of wild nnim:tl !L]l(l in fa,cb contested the meaning of rhinoceros tts applied to u,barlu .. Hence though some derive the word feom the Malay, l!wlr'ilc, IL

rhinoceros, others derive it from the Arabic abwlat, (t""ibirl, fem. ilJII:rlu,) which means a u?'ownish animal (Belot) or 11 wild ttninml (Lane) ot'

an animal that goes wild and escapes (KaHimirski).B9 It iR only iu the 17th century that the vvord Ltbadct began definitely to he applied to the rhinocet·os and it was thus tlw,t Pinto's ctbacla, waR tntnslated by Figuier in his French translation and from this by Oogttll into English. Pinto clearly used the word ctbctclct to denote the yaks in 'l\trtary which were used as beasts of burden and for which thel.'O

was no term in Portuguese.40 In the description of othee places he uses the word about a dozen times with tl.n indefinite meaning like that of the Arabic cl.bicla when be has to mention a large animul whether it be wild like the rhinoceros Ol' used as a beast of bmden :for which he could not find an exact Portuguese term.

il7 In his llisto1·y of lhmnn, pp. 333-35, Harvey has an excellen~ no~~- ~;~ these exnggemted estiumtes.

Bl:l Congrove' 8 Love fa?· Love : '' J1fencles Pinto ·is b1tt c~ type of thee thou licw of the first ·TIW.[Jn·itucle." '

B9 Dalgntlo, Glossnrio Luso-Asic~tico s. v. Abacht. In Hobson-Jobson the menning and the origin of the word is not HOwell discussed ns in Glosscwio.

40 Yirle :t note on tho Yaks of Tart:wy in Ynle & Cordier, jJfct?·co Polo, Vol. I. p. '277.

•

•

P'l'. 1) EAHI,\' l'Ult'l'UUUI~Sg ACOOUN'l'S OF 1'HAJLAND 19

'l'lw L:1ku of Ohiwm.ai is not an invention of Pinto for it existed h1 ' luguml mul in popular bnliuf centuries before Pinto. The Portuguese

who visited Bnrum ttnd Sinm before Pinto were also told of this lugembry Lttke of Ohiomwi, and Jol:to de Bttrros in 151:2, that is, when Pinto was Htill roaming in the East and some years before he began writing .his Pe?'e[J'I'ina~!(liln, places the Lake of Oh:ia/rnai not in Ohiang­l!lai but 30 degrocH north, that iH, in the plateaus of Tibet, where within two degrees five grerLt rivers, the Bralunaputm, the Irrawady, the Salween, the Mekhong tLm1 the YtLngtze-kiang take their odgin. BtWl'UH derives Hix rivers hom the hoke, three of which join to form

tho l\1 (.lllUill 11nd the other three discharge in the Bay of Bengal.41

Pinto was td~:~o told in Chinn and 'J'at'tary that the rivers in Burma, Siam, Chitm nml Indochim~ wm·o derived hom this lake in the north called

by differont lltLmcs in different places.42 He does not say that he visitud and sttw tho htkc of: Singipamur in or ncar C!liangmai but that

tho K.ing of Sittrn after hiA Ohiangmai campaign marched north-east for six dttyH and renchud the lt1lm of Singipamur called Oh-iama:i by

rwople.'w 'l'his ifl apptmmtly a misunderstanding on the pu.rt of Pinto who might luwe becu told of n. sumlllagoon by the side of which the

king Htayed for twenty six: u11ys u,ml took it to he the lake of Okiamr.~i of which lw had hmml so much. Pinto does say that he saw a lake, with the names of: Fttnstir or Singipamur or Ounebete, but that was

in Tttrtctt•y ILltd not in Ohittngmai.44

41 Decada, I, Bk. IX, eh. i., ftmln.Iso Dec(tcln III, Bk. II, eh. v. 'l'he th1•ee riVfll'fl mnpt;yiHg in Uw Bn.y of Bengal are, of course, tho Brnhmnpntm, the IrmwrL<ltly and the Bnlweeu. 'l'lw Mmmm Uhao Phy1~ is formed 'by jnnct.ion of tho tlu·eo riverH, i;lw J\Jeping, the lVIew:tng 11tHl t.ho M:eyom but they neither ot·.iginat;e in 11 l:tko uot· nt'O their 8otu·ees so high ns those of the :Me­khong and tlH3 ll'raww.ldy.

42 V. I'erey?"inuj:cb?n, Uhn.ptcrf:l 88 ltml 128. MoEi; of these rivers can be i1lentified, for I)iuto gives t;he kingdoms they tt•twerse and the hn.ys where they diHemhogne. 'J'he river empt;ying in the B11y of N:tnking is the Ynngtze­kinng; the river tmversing Uochiuchirm, the old name of Tanking and Annam is tho Ued Jtiver; the river emptying at. Uosmin is the Imwaddy; a.not;her emptying in the Bay of Mm·t\Lbn.n is tho S11l ween ; Miother in the kingdom of Beng•d, which he thinks is the G1wges, is l'eally the Brahmttputm. He men­tions also one l'iver crossing Sittm nnd entering the Bay of Chantabun. All these rivers h1we ditJ'm·ent names according as Pinto gets his information in China, 'rarim·y or in the very countries where these rivers exist.

43 Mendes Pinto, Pe1·egTinar;cw~, Chapter 82. 44 Pinto only records what he henrs 11bout this l11ke and the rivers issui11g

from it, bnt makes no nttempt at solving the problem of this lake or discus-

20 DR. JoAQUil\I DE CAMPOS (vor,, XXXII

The Empire of Oalaminharn of which Pinto gives a glowing tl<\Herip­tion is not an invention. Oalaminhan (l.Ylon [{ala,, from 1'nr.l(l, and mtwng: lord of the co'lmt1·y) refers certainly to the King Gf Lan Chang who was Photisarat at the time and who received two embttsRies from

· A l •~'L 1 41) KingTabonShweti of Burma, as recorded m tho nna s oJ AtnC IU•ilff·

The religious practices which Mr. Wood considers extraordinary were tho relics of Brahmanism and Buddhist Mahayanism with an admix­ture of animism which King Photisarat, tt fervent Hinayanist, trie1l to stamp out. In this account the journey of Pinto to Luang Pm,baug ttnd back was really dono partly by water and partly by lnnd hut there is a confusion in Pinto's description as there is with his voyage from 'J'ar­tary to 'rankin, these trips appearing to have been clone ull hy Wttter. The same can be said of other t.ravellers like the Chinese tnwellorH in Dn Halde who describe their journey from China to BnrnHL ttll tbo

way by water.46 Many similar incongruencies can be rcttd in lVI"ttreo Polo, and have been pointed out by Hemy Yule, without tttxing him as tt lial'. A complete unbit1ssed critical Htudy of Pinto'H Pe1·eg1•i,­naqmn still remains to be made, but meanwhile he cmmot be diHmisso(l tts umeliable, in the manner that Marco Polo was even in the nine­teenth century, just from a superficial study, and worse still from tho

study of tt bad translation. 47

sing the confiicting reports he WltS getting. 'l'he lake that, he !'Cally sn.w was not the Kukn-uor in 'l'nrbttry but presuma-bly the 'l'nlifu, Cftlled Erh-lmi hy tile Chinese, in Yummn, on hi~> way hom Ta1·tt11'Y to ~t'onking where he r<mchetl after crossing the western provinces of Chinn and passing Ynmmu.. When he H:t.ys the King of Siam went to the Di:ke of Singip<urnu· o1• Chianmi ho :,;hows tlmt he htLd no iden lLS to the distn.nces and the geography of Tnl't:u-y or Ytmn1m in relation to Chiangmai.

'15 A. Pnvie's tmnslation in Jllission Pcbvie, Indo-Chine, II, Etudes cli'l!erses, Pttris 1899, ll·istoire du Pn;vs de Lcmchang, Hom Kao V; Fr. Sclnll'lmmrner in­vents 11 curious exp!rtnation as to how Pinto got the name of this kingdom of Calaminlmm from the phce where according to f1 fn.mons docnment; St.. 'J:homas suffered m:tl't.yrdom. The f>wt is, howeve1·, thn,t Pinto i~:; quite p1•eciHe about thi~:; Kingdom ttnd that not, only does he mention thnt the title of Calcm~in­lubm means lord of the w01·lcl (retLlly eount1·y), but th,tt he CfLI!ed himself the lu1·d of the rn'iylbt of tl!e eleplwnts of the wor·ld which COl'l'esponds to the title, Lor·d of the White J!Jlepltc~nt.

·iO Du Halde in English Trans. Description of tlw Ernpir·e of Ghinct, Lomlou, 1738.

4 7 T' f tl t J·J' t' I ' . · wo o . 1e recen pu J wa 1ons s wwmg cons1clel'11ble study and research nre A.J.H. Clmrignon's A propos des Voyages aventtbreux de Fer·ncmcl .1vfende;:, ~'into,. nut! ~~·. s;hmhamrne~s Fe1·;tu? Jifendez .Pint~ ttnd seine Pm·ey1·ina.r;arn tn Asut J1J(I()V1', \ ol. III, 19"'"7, Lerpzrg. Chal'lgnon s book is chiefiy based

•

P'l'. I] IU HL\' POH'I'lHlUI\Sg ACCOUN'l'S OJ< 'l'IIAIJ,AND 21

With regard to Sinm, Pinto gives graphic accounts ot King Phraclmi':-; expedition ngainst Ohittngumi, the death of the King lJy poison, Uw cm·ow1t.ion of his son who was also mmdered, the i'u.ithlos:moRs of the queen ttllll her intl'igne with Klnm Ohinnarat

( lfqu/1.1/nclwni:ral) whmn she caused to be crowned king, the con­Hpimcy of the Governor of PhitHanulok and the umrder of the usurper with tho queen at a bttnqnct, the accession of Pluu. 'l'hien to the throne, Lhtl invasion of Siam by 'l'abmi Shweti King of Burma and n detailed ttcctmnt of the siege of Ayuthia. Apart from the Pereg?'inw;am there n .. re some oApocin.l details with regard to Simn in a letter of

Pinto which deBervtm to he known.'18 He is the :first writer to cA.U Aynthia tlw Venioe of the liJasl on account of the great number of t~mmlH tluLt survecl tts ronclR. It wttB the greatest city he hacl seen in tlH.lBll partH. He. was tnlcl there were 200,000 boats, big and small on tlw l'ivot'H in and n.ronnd Aynthitt. For etwh fair five hundred to tL t.l10mmnd of t.l1eRe boats gEtthored or aAsemb1ecl. 'rhen he gives a \'ivid doBcription of the ](ing when he left the palace twice a year tLuliflHt great; pomp and eorernony, n.ceornpnnied by his comtiers nnd eleplmnts. 'l'ho King t;!l]nmtnd evr.ry religion tmd there were seven mosrttWs of tho Moors or J'IInhtys, whose houses munbored thirty thou­HttJHl. '.l'lwre Wltl:l nn ee1ipHo of the moon when Pinto was in Siam and the people, believing tlmt n snake devours the moon, bogan Hhoutiug on

ou Chiuo:-~n HOtll'C!OH nnd lw Hl>tllliOK ]>into's trn.vols iu lndoehiim, Ohintt and 'l'art1Ll'Y1 oxplttiniug the hir;torionl hnsiR of tho faetr; t>ml idmttifying the places HWltt,iomHl in tho Perl![ll'in(ti:arn, sometimes wit;h frtntastic result:;. ITo st11nds ou1; in bold <lc~fonef:l of Pinto lmi; is often lo1l astl•tty by the Chinese authorities, whidt 110 <loos uot ehoek, ta.killg into rwootmt; other eontempm•~t.J.'Y som·ceK :md wri1;ings. Uowover, wit;h all his doOeioncies lw throws lighi; on mtmy lH'ohlems of sixtoeuth contnt•y Chinn n.nd shows in mn.ny mtsos how J?into hns horm wrongotl by hifl twi~ieR. On i;ho other lmnrl, Fr. G. Schnrhn.m­mm•'8 n.rtielo rnve1ds doop stndy of the contompomi'Y som·ces nnd vast oruclition, hnt lw Kbart;s wii;l.t a bins ngninst Pinto while Ohn.rignon does the ~:~n.me in fiLV0\11' of Pin1;o. J!'r. Schnrlmmlnor fl,Ceepi;s nothing of Pinto fl,S poRitively true unlesr; confirmed by contemporn.ry sources. Uufortunutely m:tny of theso contemporary som·cer;, including the w1·itings of miHsionn.ries in the Far East, m·e uot fpee from errors of judgment n.nd chronology, and if l!'r, Schurhrtmmer's method of Cl'iticism were adopted, many of them could 1tlso l>e argued t;o be romttnces on a. reln.tive scn,le. Apnrt from this, Fr. Schnrhn.mmer's study is n. vn.lnn.ble one in that it shown how much of the Pereg1'incL9a1n cn.n be eonfirmed from the vn.st number of n.uthorities :tnd contemporary sources he has consulted, and how much thrtt appears shadowy remnins to be explained in the light of a more extensive study.

48 OhristoviLm Ayres, ut snpra: Appendix, document B, pp. 63-fi4.

22 DR. JoAQUIM DE CAMPos (VOL, XXXII

laud and water while others were aiming and shooting their guns to the sky. The King had a white elephant whicl~ died in l55l, wlw.ru­upon he spent five hundred cat ties of silver for Jts deitth ccrc.momeR. It was for its possession, he says, that the King or Burmtt Intel mvaded Siam in 1549. These wars with Burma were now to overwhchn Siam for half a century and not only in Pinto but in the Decades of Oonto, in the 13th Decade of Bocarro, in the AB'ia Portug1wsn of Fttrin, e Souza

and in missionary writings we have descriptions of this period:10

TiU the middle of the sixteenth century, Siam was not only power­ful but very prosperous. 'l'mde was brisk and there were about three hundred Portuguese in Ayuthia who in their junks transported the produce of Siam such as rice, tin, ivory, benzoin, indigo, sticklnc and timber such as dye-woods and sappan wood to Ligor and Pataui and thence to 1\falacca. These products were also taken ovcrhtnd to Tenasserim and to 1\1ergui and distributed over the coast of Madms and Bengal where the Portuguese had settlements. During those times of prosperity canals were dug, agriculture improved, milib11'y service re-organized, and Siam was feared and envied by all her neighbours. Fighting with Ohiangmai and Cambodia was resmncrl now and then, and the hostilities in which King Phrachai was engaged with Ohiangmai from 1545 and 1546 were to a certain extent serious. But these so-called wars were not on the whole exhausting. B11ttles were fought, it is true, one or the other side got the best of them and then the armies retired, each king thinking that he had punisholl the other enough. There were no long drawn out sieges, or the overthrow o£ kingdoms and subjection to new rulers, But £or tlw contending armies, the rest of Siam was completely unaffected by these battles and, in £act, in southern Siam the people were 0 £t011

unaware that any fighting was going on in the north, though mu.ny ex11ggeratcd stories were told afterwards, ·which were recOl'ded by the Portuguese at the time, especially with regard to the thousu.nds o£ men engaged and killed and the hundreds of elephants supposed to have taken part in the wars.

All thi~ was changed in the latter half ?f the sixteenth century when ser1ous trouble came £rom Burma, winch had been unified under

49 Diogo de Canto : Decadn VI, Bk. VII, ch. ix. Boearro; Decadct XIII, ch. 28 & 29 . .l!'aritt e Souza: .Asia etc., torn. III, pt. ii, ch. v.

•

P'L'. r] EAHLY l'Olt'l'UGUESE ACCOUN~rs OF UIAILAND 23

the eommll.nd of 'l'alJen Shweti KitlD' of 'l'otnwu who later established b b ' .

himr:mlf in Pegu, aud cast his f;lyos on Simn and on lands further east, \Vldle Bm•ma was growing stronger, Siam was unfortunately ex­periencing troubles of succession following the de11th by poison of King Phrachai. In 1549 when King Ohakraphat was crowned after the murder of the usurper, the Burmese King with a huge 11nny, horses and elephants advt1l1Cf;ld through 1\:t:artu.ban and Kanbmi and laid

siege to Ayntldtt.50 'l'he Burmese met with strong resistance and in the en(l the Bnrmese King retired, though unmolested, because he was lucky to capture the Siamese crown prince and two other royal personages who were made over to the Siamese King. During this Fdege, guns mounted on forts round Ayuthia were worked by sixty Portuguese under the command of Diogo Pereira. Thoro were also Portuguese artillery men in the army of the Burmese King. After this siege tho King of Siam replaced the mud walls round Ayuthio, by brick walls and bulwarks mounted with guns. 1'he remains of some of these works can still be seen. But with all these de­fences Aynthin, coulu not ~:~tand the great siege of the Bnrmose King Bm·eng Naung in 1568, After conquering Ohiangmai, Bureng Naung invested Kamphengphet, Sukhothai and Phitsnnulok, and n,t last reduced Ayuthia ttncl made Siam and Ohiangmui subject to Bunnu.

'l'he empire of Bnreng Na,ung extended not only over the whole o£ Burma but included the Shan States, Siam, Ohiangn111i and Ln,nchang or Ln.os. Each of the twenty gates of his new city of Pegu WtLs named after a vn.ssal st11te such as 'l'avoy, 'l'enasserim, 1\'Iartahan, Ayutbi£1, Limdn or L:::mchang, 1\'Iolmyin ttnd Hsenwi. The Portuguese writings oE this period n,nd those of tmvellers like Oaesare Federeci, Balbi and Ralph Fitch spe11k of the magnificence of Pegu and of the glories of the Burmese King.51 He was not only the most powerful King but was greater than the great 'l'Ul'k and rivalled the Emperor of China himself. For a tooth of Buddha he was ready, to offer the Portuguese viceroy three to four hundred thousand cr'l~zados or about

50 Pinto mentions the remarkable fnct t,hn.t on this ocmsion some roads were cut into the forest, the direction being followed with a compa.ss, which is the :first record of scientific ron.d construction in the Peninsula. See his Letter, ut supt·a.

51 Oaesare ·Federeci and Balbi, in H{tlcluytus Postlturnus or Purohns, Ms. Pil­grirns, 1907; and for Ralph Fitch, see Horton Ryley's Edition, 1899.

24 DR. JOAQUIM DE CAMPOS (VOL. XXXII

£200,000 and provisions for Malacca when necessary.52 But these glories did not last long. After his clet1th in 1581, his son Nanda Bayin could not hold together the empire, which crumbled to pieces in a few years.

In 1584, Prince Naresuen who was in Burma and knew the disor­der that was reigning after the death o£ Bm·eng Nanng, threw off his allegiance to Emma, and though the Burmese King attacked Ayuthia, the invasion was resisted by Naresuen who displayed great courage and military tactics. 'l'here are various Portuguese descriptions of King Naresuen who, as a peince, was called t.he Black Prince be­cause he was distinctly darker than his b1·others. His single combat with the Crown Prince of Burma id well described in the Con­qtdsta de Pegu written in 1617 and in Bocarro's 13th Decade written before 1640.53 Bocarro's version is that the Burmese Prince wounded the Black Prince in the combat, a.nd the latter then called out two Portuguese who were with him to shoot at the .Burmese Prince. In the Conquista de Pegt~ it is said that the .Burmese Prince was pierced with a clttrt. King N aresuen's war with Cambodia and his capture of Lowek are also described in Spanish and Portuguese writ­ings. There were some Spaniards and Portuguese at the Court of Lowek at this time and Naresuen brought them all as prisoners to Ayuthia. Among them was Diogo V elloso who later had a romantic career, having married a Cambodian princess and, with the princely rank of Olw<Lja, become the Governor and Lord of the province of Baplmom.54 .Before he died King N aresuen left Siam with frontiers as wide as they were before the Burmese conquest, but both Burma and Siam were exhausted and desolation reigned everywhere. There were not cultivators enough to till the lands, and if there were no great famines, it was only on account of the fertility of the Peguau

52 Couto necc~da VII, Bk. IX, ch. xvii. The emiss~tries of the king came to Gon. to redeem the tooth but n.ll offers were refused. Emerson Tennent in l1is History of Ceylon sn.ys Pegn offered eight lakhs of rupees and shiploads of rice. 'l'here n.re many versions. See Gerson da Onnhn., The Tooth Relic of Buddha.

53 Bocarro, Decada XIII, cbn.pter xxix. Gonquistc~ de Pegu by Manoel d'Abren Monsinho is published with some editions of the Pe?·eg?·inct)JMn of Mendes Pinto.

54 The Protectorrtte of 0,1mbodia bas erected his bust on a high pedestal at N eak Luong at a prominent place on the banks of the Mekhong just with­in sight of the Baphnom hill where he lmd his palace.

•

•

P'l', l) BAitf,Y POIL'rUGUBSE AOCOUN'rS OF THAII,AND 25

c.lelttL mH] of the Menmn vn.lleyA. It '''as thus that the sixteenth century cl~lHt!d on Bm·mcl. aml Siam.

'l'lw en.t%~st CttrLographico.l studies of Thailand and of the Indo­chinmm Poni usn ln. form nn interesting stu ely. Before the discovery o£ the !W!l.-l'lllltu to Indilt, Europe's conception of Further IncHa did not go very muc:h lJnyond that of the ancient geography and the Ohryse 0/u•rsmwsr!, of Ptolemy. rl'he Arab and Persian ships had indeed

sn.ilml in tlw Chinese Seas n.nd even planted colonies in China as ettrly 1\H the eighth century, but though they were mwigators they werG not cttrtogmpherR. Besides, only the sea routes and the ports oE <m11 were known to them, so that they had only sea charts with ln.nd-umrks of the mtornls they YiHited. Albuquerque found a similar

:Jtw!UHlRll clutrt in lL ship Ctl.pturod by the Portuguese.55 rrhe Arabs hn.llno know letlgn of tho interior, and EdriHj's Map of 1320 shows

complete ignomnce of tho PcninHula and of tho Far East. The ChilwHn were of course ovcry'Nhm·e established in 'rhailand bub they

were rnorehttHLs 11 nd wore not concerned with maps. rl'he Chinese s~dlot'H wero ttldo oontcnt with tho rough charts showiug the headlands

on l;}w littonJJH, whieh WitH all tlutt Wl\S UOCCHSM'Y for them, On.rtogmphy or 'l'lmihuld Ltnd the Peninsula began with the

PortugtwHu. Iu hiH Le B·iamL Jlnoien li'ournoreau publishes 11arts of the ettl·ly Pm'liuguuHo mt:t.lll:l rofordng to Sittm which are preserved in

tlw Bil1liot!te(pw Nidion<£le. 50 Be:;ides these, there ttre however va­lurthle Rixtueuth ecmtnry Portuguese maps in Portugal, Spain and Mu11ich, and in the Briti~:~h Mmmom. Fot' u. study of Portuguese en.rtogrttphy of tlw Hixtoonth und the seventeenth century Armando

OodcHI1o'H clnHsic work must he consultecl,rn rrhe early maps and eho .. rts of the Portuguoso were not for pubHcation but were kept strictiy secret, so that rival natious could not learn the secret of the new countries. rl'lw f-Irst maps in Fourncreau are just the ones made by Portuguese such as Poro Reine! and Diogo Ribeiro, who worked for the Court of Spain, and though by 1529 the Portuguese had pone-

55 Lett;er of Albuquerque of Apl'il 1st, 1512, in Oar•tc~s de Alb~<querq~te, Eel. Lisbon Academy.

56 Annales cbt jJ'fusee G~timet, Vol. XXVII. 57 OartograpMct e ccwt6gmphos pm·t~~.g~teses dos seculos XV e XVI, two

volumes, Lisbon, 1935.

26 Dn. JoAQUTl\I DE CAMPOK f.VOL. XXXII

trated into the interior of Bmma l1Ud rrlmilnllCl, had HeOlll'P(1 M:dtty­sia, had visited Canton and knew the geneml outli11e of tlw coast of China, Ribeiro's map does not give any details 11Lont the Penimmla. This map marks the kingdom of Sittm in large letters but WB lmvu few place-names and no rivers marked between the Ynugt1.ekinug and the Ganges or the Brahmaputra. Neither is the Gnlf of Sian1 well shown nor the cmtst of China properly dmwn. However, these e:trly maps of the PortuO"uese like the oneR of the two Heinels, fathet· twtl Hou,

"' ' in the Bibliotheque Nationale 11nd of Lopo Homem and his son Diogo Homem in the British Museum are magnificently illuminated with gold and vivid colours, with ships in the sea and animalH aml trccH painted in colours, and rivers the waters o:f which actually Hecm to be flowing. Some of these maps of the sixteenth century can l1e :-1een in London, Mad.rid and Munich. This art o:f map-rnakil1g found its greatest expression in the maps of Ferntto V IMI Dourado.

By the middle of the sixteenth century the PortugneHo ll111p!'l uml Linschoten's map, based on Portuguese exploration, Hhow an improve­ment in geogruphical detail and mark the impOl'tant couHtal towuH

and ports o:f the time. The principal rivers of the lncloehineHc Peninsula are shown, but their extent into the interior WHH

not marked from a.ctual observation or explomtion up to tlteil' sources. Hence the Menam according to the old legend is prolong­ed up to the Lake of Ohiamai, north of Ava, while the Mekhong is very much shortened and appears to rise where reu,lly tbe Monam rises. On the whole it is the coastal towns and riverine portH,

where the Portuguese traded, that are carefully warkecl. 'l'lte configmation of the Indochinese Peninsula assumes a corrcet shape, but the interior, where there were no trading establishments, is still le:ft blank, but for some important places. 'l'his abseuce of detail with regn,t·d to the interior also charactet'ises the Dutch and French maps of the seventeenth centmy, hut much improvement. m11y he noticed in the eighteenth century maps, though D'Anville and Dt:Ll­rymple perpetuated many old mistakes. 'l'he sixteenth century Portuguese maps must be taken as marking only the beginnings o£ the cartography of rrhailaml and the Indochinese Peninsula, which became fully understood only in the nineteenth century as a result o:f the famous explomtions o£ men like Macleod, Hichardson and McCarthy in Burma and Thailand and those of De Lagree, Garnier, Pavie and Harmand in Indochina.

~ a:·:n t ' ' ;o.l!'l' ~,'

Diogo Ribeiro's Map of Extra-Gangetic India 1529

showing : Rp,gno cle .A nsiam.

•

P'l'. 1) g,\JtLY l'ORTUCwg::;g ACCOUN'l'R OF 'L'HAILAND 27

'!.'his lt.l't,ide iii eonfinet1 only to sixteenth century Portuguese ac­conntH of 'L'lmilnml, bnt even tlwse !Lrc by no means exhausted. 'l'here are still nmny repm-ts mul documents and also missionary accounts, mostly nupnlllished, not only of the sixtuenth but also of the seven­teenth and eighteenth centuries, lying in the libraries of Portuga.l, uotttbly in the 'l'orrc tlo 'l'ombo, the Nationo1 Libmt·y of Lisbon, the LilJrary of Ajud11 a.ncl that of Evora, and their study and examina­tion will providu 11 rich mine of information for research scholars of 'l'haihtnll.

•

Ban Lup, Lawa woman spinning cotton.

Ban Lup, Lawa wom:1n and child.

Ban Lup, Ct1rrier.

Ban Lup, Lawa women pounding paddy.

Photos by Re-v. J. S. Holladay.

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29

THE LAWA OF UMPHAI AND MIDDLE ME PING.

C():\IPILIW .llY nL\JOlt Eum: SEJDENFADEN

F!Wlll ~IA'l'E!UM, SUl'l'I~nm BY

lh~v. ,T. S. Tlou,A n,\ Y AND Mn. '1'. W. BEVAN.

In 1'he Lnwd- h~ Nm·theJ·n Siam written by l.Ht·. E. W. Hutchinson fnulampliflml l,y Mttjot· K Seidenftulen, which was published in JSS, Vol. XX .. YV/1, Jll. If, J[Jtl(i, it is mentioned (P· 154) that, lying to Llw uot·th Wt!Ht of Bo Lnnng, is n LtLwii, strongholcl ctLll.ed Umphai whet•u Llw popultthion eonRiHtH of: pure LfhWii who are primitive, arc pottm·H antl wen.vo thoir own clothing. ~Cwo very gooJ photographs l'tlpl'I.JHcntiug Urnpl1ai Lawii, women and taken lJy Dr. Hugh Mc­Um:miek Hlllif>h, the frn·mcn· advil'wr to the Department o£ Fisheries, were tdso pnlJiisho!l iu that paper. ~l'lmt wu.s in 1032. 'l'he Umphai Ln.wi1 luwe now lmen viRitu<l (in Mtty 1988) by the Itev. J. S. Holladt•y of tho Auwl'ietnt Pt·nKhytnria,n l.Hission, Chiangmai, and from somo nnh!H kiwlly mtppliod by him tho following is extracted.

In ,Jt~nuru·y 10:18 throe Lawii, men came to Dr. Cort of t.lw Mc­Cot'tnick H!mpitt~l, Chiu.ngmtd, and i~~:Jlwd for medicine, saying that thoro WILH much HickuesH in and around their villages (Umphai and Ban Loop). '!'hey al~:~o wanted some one to come and ba1Jtize sever11l o£ their member~:~ who had decided to become Christians. H.ev. Hollada.y was MlXionH to go himself to their villages but was not able to do so before :May that Harne year. He went on foot from W u.ng Lung (not far from M.liaug Hot on the Ping river) to Bo Luang, a distance of 31 kilometres, aucl from there in a north-westerly direction another '70 kilometres had to be covered to Ban Loop. It proved a difficult march because of the early rains and the slippery state of the moun­tain t.racks. The following is taken .literally from Rev.. Holladay's

notes:-

I'

I I

[yor,, XXXII

A little farthm· on we came to JJem·t B1·ealc 11-ill, which ~Ol'lllii Lo hnvu perpetna.l min, heavy forest exclnrling snulight, null :L very ~lippl~'}' day pall!. This is the hillside upon which the iron rnineH were loe:ttell. \\' e had IH•at·,\

nll kinds of stories :tbout these iron mines1 and the mei;lwds of mining. l )Ill\

nf the most fantttstic wns that the iron w:ts mined iu a eavo or Lnnuel, and that no man dared enter it. 'rhe spirits would n.llow no one bnt \\'OlltPll 1o

go in, nml t.hey could we:u· no clothing at all.2 Our gnirle w:ts. ouo ,~f ~l1n chief iron workers and he told us th:tt they dug the imu out or the lnlhiulo just wherevet• they lutppened upon it. He found a piece of the oro, aml ar;:-;m·­ed us m; we exnmined it that there is nothing mysterious :tbout it oxeept tlio spirit ceremony which, with but little v:tri:ttion, is c:trried onl; b~lforu all

majot• undertakings. Timber workers have very Rimih1· eet·emonieH. 1'lmt :~ftet·noon we decided to stop erLl'ly ttnd dry our cloUting :twl h1~<l~-:.

We !mel passed through Oomp:~i, and had titrin in their spit·it-honso whiln t,\l(J rain pomed. 'N e camped in the spirit-house nt Chang l\bw, t.he pol;t;nry villnge. The only furniture in these houses were huge chums m1tl n Hrepbwn. 'l'he drums were made of hollow logs, possibly eighi; feel; long n.ud twent.y

inches in rlinmeter. The llrum he:tds were evicleu tly green lmffalo ld<lo:-~

~tretched over the end,; and ln.ced from end to end with thongs of green hide. They wet·e always directly ovet· the firepl:tee, pl'Obahly to keep tJHJm <lrie1l out .. We were told that if we be:tt one we woulu lmve to p:ty a fine of 'J.'ica.IH fl.OO, for the spirits would be :tngt·y if we w:tkenecl them r~nd did not food t;hetn. They are only used in case of ceremonies n.ncl sicknesK.

We found the front portions of sevet·al hufi'rtlo skulls placed up over hert<l in both temples, but no one could tell us why, though we asked sevem.l tiulOK

·in both villages. There was quite a hit of c:trving in both spirit-honRes bnt; with no discovemble signific:Lllce. One iclert repeated seveml tirneH waH ~~ mn.n stltnding on a crocodile's nose, though for no appnrent ret~SOll. '.rhm·e were many geomet.riml designs whose significm1ee, if they lmd ttuy, wa::; lw.;l, in antiquity. At both pbces there were two em·vecl boards about; 12 feel; long planted ou end in the de:wecl spl1Ce before the temple. 'l'hese we1·o Htrongly suggestive of totem poles. I ftsked if they alw:ty had them, all!l

they said yes, but could tell me nothing of their significance or the method of mnking or planting them. 'rhere W1LS ttlso n post pln.nteclnear the entmuco

to the spirit-hous(l __ i~--~~11-~i~l~~~~s. __ ~}_o"\;'(l~~s and other offerings wm·e

, 1, identical with the mines mentioned in Mr. Hutchinson's ;ap~:., p. l!i4.-

1~. 8.

. 2

, 'J.'his smne ki~td of supet:st~tion. is found among the Kha or Moi Mnong w I< rench Indochm:L where 1t JS srucl tlmt only nn.kecl women of thttt tribe are ttllowed by .the spirits to ~inc the copper from which the Mnong smiths hn.m­mor out qmte fine figures m the slmpe of elephants ttncl other animn,ls (see Henri Maitre in his monumental work Les Jungles ivfoi).- E. S. .

1''1'. 1] '!'Ill~ LAWA 01" Ul\tl'HAl AND MlDDLli: IIIE PING 31

pla.ced npou it.. .H looked like It phallic symbol 3~ feet high with only the top eml c:nrvetl, nud thttt ouly slightly a.utlroughly. H et•e !tgain I eouid find uo expl:tn1d;ion. I won<let·cJd if it were reticence, but flattered myself that it, was re:dly ignot'ltllee, or I should lmve had some clue.

~l'he rest of the trip was uneventful except that ou the morning of the l;hircl day we stmek onr only leeches and they served to lmt·t·y the em•t·iers along nut.il we were able to Jlmke what we lmd expected to be one and :t lmlf clity's umreh iu one rla.y. 'l'he entire wn.y front Bn,w Lun.ng to Bn.n L'oop w:ts through very motmtainons country. We smv ve1·y few riee fields in t.be V<Llley~, thongh t;he steep hilbides m·otmd the L'wa villages which we passed were nll covered wit.h rice field~; which have evidently been used for :t century or more-perlmps for many ceJrl;nries.

'l'hese fielrls n.t·e vm·y interest.ing, fat· one ben.rs of other tribes using one h ilh;iclc for three ye:ws, nnd. moving 011 from rnined fields to ruin 11 ew ones. Unt the oldest .L'wn. cannot t•ememher anything n.bont when his village was first setMcd. He has heard no story of his tribe ever lmving lived elsewhere. ~J'Iiey seem to lmve vet·y little t1·nc1ition indeed. The fields m·e cultivated for oue yenr only. All brush :md yonng tl'ees are en!; down nncl burned. Rice is planted n.u<l en! tiv:tte<l by lmnd with a ::;hort, pecnlim·ly sh:1ped, cultivating kuifo. 'L'hc)y lwep thr1ir fieldR ItS dean as a gnrden until the rice is quite high. Afiim· hnt'V(lHh, the field is nllowed to grow t1p to gmss :uul weeds twd bt'ush rmd trees. 'l'ho stumps uevm· die in oue yer1r, 1md soon send ont lus1;y srnontR. The f](~l<l iH then left for seven ye:trs before it is plnnted again. If iij c1m be left for ten ye:1rs so mueh i;he bette1·, but this can seldom be <lone. ~Phis nw:wH that each village must luwe enough fields for seven yet1l'H without l'€lllln.uting.

There ltl'e regular rice fields in !'.he v:dleys which these people phtnt, hut they are not exten~ive and are used n.K insurn.nce rtg:tinst the complete f1Lilnre of the hill rice. 'l'he people do not like the rice grown M1e1·e Ml well as they like the hill riee. I must say thn.t I ndmire their tftste, for none other is as good tLS i;he rice gl'Own on the very steep hillsides.

In cultivating t,heir fieldl::l they seldom if eve1• wnJk up :tncl down the hill­side, hut usLmlly lmck nntl forth in al::leencling 01• descending zig-zag paths. 'l'his nmy pttrti:tlly n.ccount fo1· the fact tlmt though these hillsides have been cnltivntecl fOl' scores of ye:trs, they nt•e still not htdly eroded. In fn.ct ma.ny of the fields show not the le1.tst signs of e1·osion. It is n lovely sight to see the young dee ct•ops across the hillsides .so steep tlmt it seems as though they must slip into the gorge ff.tr f111' below except fOl' the network of p:1ths which bind them in place. The low hills are nevm' chosen, only the highest ancl seemingly the steepest. I wonder if in ~tncient times this might not have proved the best. protection against mamuding btmds, pel'lHtps also the farthest from mosquitoes, and so the healthiest phwe to Jive in.

32 MAJoR EmK SEIDENFADEN (VOL. XXXII

Some of the finest jttckfrnit trees I lmve ever seen were growing on the tops of these high mountain ffl.stnesses. The pomttlo seems to thl'ive, though judging hom the sourness of the oranges brought me, I should sn.y their sugm· content Wtts p1·obnbly as close to nil ns possible. Otherwise I saw very little of rtny fruit Ol' vegetable. Their food is very poor, and this no doubt nccounts for most of thei1· sicknesH. Theit• rice is n.pt to run short, and they plrtnt little besides peppers and corn in their gm·den spots. 'l'hey seJdom kill rt pig al'iide from their ceremoni;d feasts, ttncl for ment depend upon the mountain cmb, frog:,; n.ncl toads. Many of them eat dogs, hut this is not nuiversrtl, for I believe it is tme tba,t no one at Btm L'oop eats dogs.

In the mn.tter of pleftsm·es, they all smoke pipes ttml are ns free in lending their pipes as we a1·e in lending om pencil:>. The bnbies cut their teeth on big b1'0the1·'s pipe, when big brothel' is lmnlly lru·ge enongh to cal'l'Y both baby lLUCl pipe. Almost all of them ch·ink a. home-made liquor, n.nd this is one of the big items in their fe;tst::; and ceremonies. l'he Government doer; not try to stop them, hnt collects one brd1t per yen.r hom e11ch houo;e for the privilege of making all they can mm. This mny be one ren,son why they n.l'e ltpt 1;o l'Ull out of rice. About the only play among the childl'en was Wltlking on stilts. Of com·se I wao; the1·e when they were all bu~y with the rice cmps, and so I p1·obably did not see all of their ple:tsUl'es nnd pastimes. However I feel sure th;tt they have very little iu the W>LY of amusements nsicle from those mentioned.

Their clothing is quite di!fel·ent from that of most of the othe1· hill tribes. 'l'he women we;w n lm·ge loose Rhit·t which looks like an inverted sack with holes for the m•ms and neck. 'l'hey cttn sit down on the floo1· n.nd pull the Hhil't down over their feet, pull their a.rms inside and really be quite snng and warm in ~:~pite of a cold wind. Pulling the shirt clown ove1• their knees aJso seems to he a nmtter of modesty, for the skirts ru·e quite short. As a protection against gnat;s which rtl'e quite vomcious, they wrap lt piece of cloth a.rouncl ench Rrm above the elbow, nnd m·ound ench leg below the knee. Theile 1ne tied with n. string. l'hey love strings of silver m· glnss ben.ds, rtud nre often quite landed down with them. The beads of Hilver are the old Sin.mese timl sbnpe-tlutt is the bead-shaped t.ical. Heavy silver bracelets ru·e also worn quite genemlly, these ornaments probn.bly rep1'ese11ting their savings bmll\s,

The men wear n. loose bag-like pair of trousel'H which look ILS if they ha.d kicked the cm·ue1·s out of a srtck n.ncl walked off in it. The tailoring is l!Ot of It ve1·y l1igh m·cler, though the weaving which they do is very dura.ble, and rather pleasing in design,-design being chiefly confined to the women's skirts. 'rhe men also wear a coat with real sleeves in it, which is one of the few evidences of an effort at t1tiloring, but may be IL purchrLsed ILrticle at thnt. One of the most noticetLble things clmracterizing this people is thrtt.

PT. I] 'J'Im LAWA 01!' U.MPHAl AND MIDDLE ftfE PING 33

they n.l wnyii put, on thnir olrleHt :mel most l'ttgged elothing when they go to marke(;, 1 wondemcl whethet· they did Ro because they felt th:vt tra.velling wai:i hn.rtl on elothing, ot' becm1se !;hey got better ba1·gnins when they did not look too prosperoui:i; or itl it proteetion against robbers?

Quite oft.en they wear It hencl cloth-not n turban-which I belived to be nminly proted.ion for the he • .td when e:.Lrrying with n. bend b:tnd. 'l'hey enny everything with 1L heaL! band, hut when going long distances, the men 1tt least hn.ve clevel'ly slmped pieces of wood which p1·oteut theil· ~lwnldm·s fmm the uut­t.ing of the rope~> whieh they use rts shoulder ~tmps to help clist1·ibute the weight of the load. 'l'hi:; piece of wood i:; sllftped to fit the body, 1111d has n hole for the rope burned thl'ough the length of it. By pushing on this piece with the lmncli:i, it is pocsiblo to trdw the entire weight off' the heu.cl1Lncl shoulder:;, and so rest without stopping. 'l'he lmtcl is carried well up on the shonlclel'S, 1 t i:; most lmudy when going through brush, and rt good lmtd on.n be carded without much trouble. 'l'he lmnd c:Ln he free when the going gets ;;teep. I erwried one for seveml kilometreH, nncl found it ve1·y uomfot·t­rLble,-prefemble to the carrying pole.

'l'he fnneml customs, with oue exceptiou, are not pecnlinr. In the villnge where we HtftyeL1 (BtuJ L'oop), tUHl I presume in rdl other vilbges as well, no oue wonl<l have 1UJything to do with burying the corpse. 'l'hey alwtLJS get :someone fmm outside (;o eome 1wd do the work, prefembly from nnother tribe, Ol' pel'lmps nocessarily Ho. 'l'here ru·e tt few Oln·istians in Bn.n L'oop who do nut hesitnte to lun·y theil· own dead, ot' in case of ueecl help their neighbours, for !;hey have no fe:Ll' of the evil spirits. Bmying is the method of diHposition. ·

'l.'he l1wgnage is u. puzzling thing. It seems tlmt every vilhLge has a slightly dill'el·eut; di1Liect, uut.il villa.ges two clayH joumey npart attn lmrclly untlercband one mwthm·. I pre:-mme tlmt every village thinks it spen.ks the purest cli1dect;. Our gnicle from HtLW Lmwg could hardly unclersbncl the

people of J:hm L'oop. 'l'hey ofteu conversed in Lao. Most of the men know Ltw !1/:l well ns Km·en, b!wugh the women and children are 11ot so proficient. I wu,s urmble to t1tke down n sntisf:wtoq vomhulary, hut noted rrmny mugh bre:tthingH like the Greek aspirnte, rmd Hevm·n,l other indistinct :tncl umtsmtl sounds whiuh I could imi!;:tte, but not commit to p11per.

'l'here are mnny vilhges in tiHtt district, but they al'e quite liCtLttered owing to the fnct thnt not every hill seems to he high enough, n.nd water is not obtaimtble near tile summits of others. At Bm1 L'oop there were two springs within ten minutes wnlk from the village. 'l'hese springs lmd about the s:.tme flow the year around, and were snicl neve1· to f1til. Each had a, stream about the size of >t brge finger. 'I.'he method of carrying water to the house rmd storing it there wa.s by use of bamboo joints with strings ttttached by which they could be hung on the wnll or pl1wecl in a mck. It is a common sight

to see tt woman with seven or eight such joints, which are two feet long and

34 lVIAJon. En.m: SEIDENJ?ADEN [VOL. XXXll

siK inches in cliametet·, hung hom her hen.cl nncl spre:td fanwise clown her lmck, fU> she climbs the steep hill to het• home.

'£here n.t·e two metal tablets said to be of gold, :tnd to be buried in 01' near t.he village of Oom}Jn.i, and to contain the following story :-

The loveliest m~Liden of all the e:trth, whose name was S'Mang Roh-eh,

was rnnch sought :tfter ancl admit·ed. 'Che loveliest ff>ature of this wonderful be:1uty WlLS her ha.ir, which hung to the ground. When it wac; combed,

there was such music m; had never been hent•(l. It entrm1eed :tll cre:d;ion until, rts the comb w:ts dnnvn through it, the birds sang for sheet· joy,

chickens c:tulded and m·owed, dogs howled, babies cetLsed their crying to

listen in wonder, and the very trees w:wed their bmnches in gentle ecstasy. It so happened that :unong all of het· n.drnirers the only one who mught

her fu.ncy and c:tptlll'etl het• he:u·t was a youth from the spirit world. This wtts awkwtud, fot• no one bnt the girl herself could ::;ee him. After much

diseussion :oncl nHtny tern~, it was deeided n.t last to celebmte the wedding in most el>~.bomte style. '£he relatives of the ln·ide and groom were all invited, and they were many, but the l'ehtives of the b1·ide could not see nm· convet·se

with those of the groom. The fe:tst was set however, and the requireclmun­ber of pla.tes hertped with rice n.ncl the moHt delicious of fruit:; aml me:LtR.

'rhe gueHts fell to with :t will, r111d the pbttes of the spirit guests hall to be

refillell :ts often as those of their more t:tngible fellows. Aftet· the feast, the bride clis:tppem·ed and was not r.:een again for some

time. At last however, she dicl come hack bl'inging her young child with her for n vieit. She :tlso bl'Ought n. cheHt of gold a::'l a git'l; to her pareutH,

who were more delighted to see their lovely dn.ugbtm· all!l her child tlw.n to

see the gold. However they mn their lmncl::; through the gold a.ucl ttdmirecl it too, fol' it w:\S not only pieces of gold but golden Ol'n:tments as well,--more

gold th:tn they lmd seen in all their lives. '£heir joy was :;hort lived however, for their chtughter rmnounced thn.t ·she and her child must return to hm·

husband in the spit·it lnucl. Eveu the thought of all the gold could not comfort them in the letLst.

Aftel' S'M:wg Roh-eh and her child hnd dis:tppettred, her parents were s:td and lonely. Thinking to take plettsme in the only thing left to remind them

of their d:wghtm·, they went into the house ilond opened the bertutiful ehestH in which the gold h:tcl been brought to them, but the gold, even n.s their he:trts, hn.cl been tm·necl into wood and dust and dry letwes. There wns nothing left but :t Sttd memory.

It is s:tid tlmt S'M<tng Roh-eh n.ud he1· husbn.nd Kho-em Gl:twm Stti had n. l11rge gnrden tLt Doi Cam, nem· :&1aa Ohaem, and tlmt whenever n we:tl'Y pm;ser-by wi>lhed for any of the delicious ftuits which grew in the gnrden it invariably seemed to pick itself and come without visible agency to the hand

P'l'. I] 'l'HE LAWA <Jl.' U!IIPHAI AND MIDDLE ME PING 35

of the t~raveller. l\:I~Lngoes, pineapple, sugar crme and 1tny number· of other refreshing fl·uits thm; cheered the hertrt of the W<tyfn.rer according to Lis wish.

H is also ;;:tiel tlmt. t,h':J descenchtnts of this woman never e:tt dog flesh, and thnt is the r·ertson thnt the hen.clm:m of e:wh village and his f:tmily rnn.y be the only people in tl1at village who do not eat clogs. The hen.drmw is invn-

. riably n (]esccn!li\nt of S'~hng Roh-eh nnd IG10-era Glttwm Sai, and mny not eat such thing,:. It is rtlso s:tid that no one in the village of L'oop indulges in this particular delica.cy, though I could not find out whether this was bec:1use of kinship with the lovely bdy of the singing hair or not.

So far R.ev, Holladay. Since then the Umphai Lawa have been visited twice and for a longer period by His Serene Highness Prince Sanit P. H.angsit, a young and promising anthropologist from the University of ZUl'ich. Prince 8anit has made a very thorough study of most of the Lawa living there and on the Bo Luang plateau during the latter part of 1938 and the beginning of this year. Besides taking a large numbers of excellent photogmphs and cinema records the Prince has collected a good number of etlmographioa in the form of jewelry, ormunents and household 11rticlcs. 'l'he material colleated will be used by the Prince for his doctor's thesis. n will then be poRRible to obtain a scholnrly 11nd well documentatecl description of this very in­teresting and sympathetic people which once in olden days constituted the bulk or the population of Northern Siam.

In the a,bove mentioned paper by Mr. E. W. Hutchinson and the writer there is mentioned on p. 182 the so-called capital of the Lawa, lVIih1ng Soi (according to Colonel Gerini)1 or wbicb remains should still exist not far from Keng Soi in the Me Ping. According to l\lr. '!.'. W. Bevan of the Bornbl1Y Burmah 'l'mding Corporation, Ltd., who fre­quently does the trip from Haheng to Ohiengmai in order to inspect his firm's teak logs, there are, at Keng Soi, ruins of an old temple, behind which are three prachecUs. From the photos, kindly sent me by Mr. Bevan, it is clearly seen that these monuments are in the ordinary North 'l'hai~Burmese style and therefore cannot be of great age, and they certainly cannot be associn.tecl with the Lawa. How­ever, north of Keng Soi and behind it are trtLoes of what look like bunds. A careful exa,mination of these bunds might perhaps prove that this is the site of the much talked of Miiang Soi. 'rhe place­names in this region such as Um Lu and Um Pa show their associa­tion with the Lawa (um meaning wnter in the Lawa language). 'rhis part of tho country is also full of iron ore. Mr. Bevan in 1936

36 .MAJOR ER1K SEIDENFADEN

was given an old iron hammer found on Doi Ngi.i.m, and there are evidently many iron mines round ttbout, which wet·e worked formerly by the Lawii, who are noted as iron miners and blacksmiths. An old Lawi1 iron mine ifl situa.tecl at Huci Hom Sen at the Ping river above Kaw. In the photograph illustrating that mine the two persons there are pointing at old crowbar marks where the ore was de­tached. The Kttmnan of Kaw FJaid that the Lawi.i. used to take the ore upstream to be smelted at Um Pa, where the ground was found to be littered with slagheaps. Mr. Bevan also found behind Ban Gaw Ohok a. piece of pottery which is omamentecl with a head­less person sitt.iug down with a dog seated beside him. It would be very interesting to have this piece of pottery closely examined by ttn export.

Mr. Bevan further mentions that up in the hill country behind U m Pi.i. is rolling laud whet·e the B. B. T. 0. used to rest their ele­phants and that the headman told him that there is tbe remttins of an old temple a.nd a round shallow depression in the ground which possibly was a kind of meeting place.

Finally Mr. Bevan was told that about one day's march (from Keng Soi) towards the Burmah border there is said to be the ruins of a city called 1\iiiang Phya Uclom. Would this be the fabled capital of the Lawa? or some other old La.wa town ? In the temple in B11n Na there is said to be some information about Keng Soi,. but :whether in writing or only as an oral tradition (kept by the monks) :Mr. Bevan does not say.

Bangkok, 20th June 1939.

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NOTES AND QUERIES

[ h:L\"t~ lwt'll m;kt!d l" wl"ih.• a 1111b• hy \\"11.\' ,,f (.•}arifyiug f lw pt;!-lj(.ion

in n:~~anl to t't'l'tain ltiglt land!' lyi11g f,, flit< :\. K IJf ChiPlll-{tlltd. N•lltt!' ~·lldl 'llHhlllli'IIL i·~ l,•:t:•tlllill:.; iiW!'I'HHillgly lli:I'I'HHill',\' IlK ('llllt•t:LIIl'H

of PVt't',\'f,ldttg frn!lt bird:• fo J!lnnl.s Hl'n vi:-dting t.lt1: lll'••tt und HoliH.\

eoufnsi•m HH to l!llllli'H ttwl lnt•nlili'''l lm•• :dl·•·ady :u·i~11·11.

'l'bnm hill:; n1·•· id•mtifinh!H ft·••llt lit•: pnl.diNIII:d llllt)'H ol' Lltt• diH(I'iel; \' ii\ ; ...... .

.!w; . .11'1'1/ul'!hy, (Hitllnfv,/) tt;tpl'tl.l', 18/I;J :~.--

Cldt:ll:..(liHLi :--H"11gh lu·nring horn

:\orf h hill, llllllllll!l'd, I 1-H:lrnt:l.r~:>i.

dn. , :Wl:!

Pni l'tt l)lt:t.w, I K 1 H "

.d filwi,·, f!Jfl!l

f:t!llfl'tl ltiJl, llllliiLIIItlcl, :!:!:!() !II.

(I~)~ j lu

.. t7i,l

W. M. OiltiWi'r, }1!t.!f8it•td .fi•altUI'.'I o.•ilh ,•ltllttU 'IIIII]!. (8iam, J.V'IIIUI'I.' lltUf Jm/n,o;lry, ff);!t/) :-···

Umt!l'n hill, Dui Ptt r lyo, :.!Ol:! Ill.

8n1'Vf!!J Dt~Jd. IIIII JIII, 1 ft,'.'lJI!JO, I!J.J l-~lti:'J7 :--.. -Om:ful fnr t.lw pnt·tnJsu ol' thiH noLt~, lml. umking no 1.duilll to

ddi.utHLto hills:-8nruey De1J/. ·11!11p1~, I f;'JUO,UOO, .1.9H'J- I !J38 :­

North hill, Hmuuued, 184,:-J 111.

Otmtl'l.l "Kno ru .. OhtLW, 2012 Ill.

South .. Doi Sn.kot, nn 6 m. It will bo soon that. the po1:1itiou amlappruximatc It eights of the three

hills agree well, o.ncl diHorop!LlWY only occurH iu tho mtmcs thus:-

38 NOTES AND QUERIES (VOL. XXXII

McCarthy's map shows the South hill as Pa Chaw and subsequent cartographers give thif3 name to the highest and centre hill. One m11y presume, therefore, 11 printer's error in the 1893 map and that the centre hill was intended for Doi Pa Chaw (~'iltl[.l1~'1l). It is this centre hill, the fourth highest in Siam, that forms on that account, an n,ttraction to collectors. It is cn,lled locally, Doi Langka (~'1Hlllu~fll), the name Pa Chaw being quite unknown. It is somewhat difficult of approach from Chiengmai, and though clearly to be seen from the plain, when once among the surrounding hills, there are only a few high points where its summit is visible, and the steep and circuitous route necessary, make a scale of distance of little service.

Mr. McCarthy mentions this difficulty of locating summits of Siam hills1 and in this connection it should be noted that the Lao Mieng growers of Ban Me ~rttwn regard the Kin Luang as the top of: Doi Langlm. This is understandable from their view point, and due no doubt to the prominence of that spur, and the way the ridge falls away behind it to the left, making the real summit appear almost like a separate hill. 'rhe Jt!Iieng growers further away at Doi Hua M:ot and elsewhere having the true top of Langlm as their skyline, make no such mistake. At least one collector, unprovided with an aneroid, appears to have fallen into this error.

It is usually mther a moot point when collecting on a big hill, as to where one should cornmence using the name of the central massif, in addition to its outlying features; so a misplaced centre is, to say the least, unfortunate.

Doi Langka is unattractive in that ascent is more or less restricted to knife-like ridges punctuated by Chick Dois and is without water, the whole well deserving the name Pa Chaw, if only the local people had thought o£ it first.

In common with other little known hills of Siam the Langka area will no doubt be found to contain a small quota of as yet unrecorded species of flora. Rhododendron ?n·icrophyton, a small but beautiful and many flowered shrub, is found there, as well as on the Me Tawn -Me Sawi watershed. It is interesting to note here that H. H. Prince Dhani reports it as having been found by H. S. H. Prince Prasobsri on Phu Krading, Loey Province at about the same elevation. For­esters will be interested to know that Buclclamdia pop1~lnea occurs

1 Surveying and ExploTing in Sicbm, pp. 131-2.

Rhododendron microphoton on Phu Krading, Loey. Photos by H. S. H. Prince Prasobsri.

PT. I] N!l'l'ES A:\'ll Q1JEHIES 89

lti.~h up on IAngkfL, Llwug!t l'nr that l'\'lt~ott Llte cmpply iH lilwly to l.m Jifn l{t~d JLJH} iflll(~I~W<HilJJu.

My Mt!u ~nide. :-;nid that HiiWc! they had cmtw to tho ,]j;,triet, Lhey lnul killed tln•eu Sii. (hill rhi11o), all fl~ltlltlt•.fl, tmtl two of tltem HllHLil,

aiHl lw pointecl ont ( H OeLf~l8) plaees whcl'e tlwy had Hhot kat ~~'11(1 on tlw gmq;; lnnd nt t,lw Htllnmit nud Haid tlmt theHo tmiuml:; could run fttHt on u Hlopo HO Hhc:t!I', that mw wunl1l luwe Lntrely expoctctl them tc> bu ablo tu HlttlHl.

'l'he •;·ouJI.• fi'OJII Ukieng111.11 i :- DttyH

To Dui S:Lket (i>lilUiltlf1i'l) ( Wnt Nawng Bua), enr 2~hrH/ ttw.lnp the l\Iu Dank llc\ug; (mllilflfllllil~) to Ran Pong l\um 1 (lftH1tJJ\ill). . j Up tho .Me Lrd N11i (mlmtnf~HJ) to Pang Chnu1 Pi (~lJtJ); 11 shol't rltLy, but to gn further in tlw I'ttius enLnilH tuntH fnr 2 I'ILI'l'iet'H,

Chc!J' iuto tlw Jl[u Wong (mh~) tl.llll over into the Me Tawil)

(mil'lcm). J 3 Up Llw Mo '!'awn ILJHl o\·nt· ltigh waf,(H'Hiwll into tho .Mn Ha.wi)

4 (mJ cY1ltJ), Lam pn.ng DiHLI'id. J A lung dtty tD top nwl lnwk, nud in tho I'ILillH Lon lung. 5 ViHitm·H :-;honld not 0111itl to H(JO th(! 'l'owadn.H tdi Llw tivor Wat tLt

Ban l'ong Knill (1f1ul11J~lJ) madu hy Nttn JVTau of L:wtpnn, a <!ml'tH­llliLII Hldllud in work of Lito kiud. LttAfi lmt llot lonHL, tho old Men ln<1y nt tho Mo Rnwi villago, ropntu([ 105, tLll<1 her l'<dativo, who reHH\trJlmdng It fonnnr viKif;, <\XLende<l to mo It kindly woleouw, will

tdwttyH hr) n plo:tHant r<woll<:t!Lion.:J 'l'/u.• Nm•lh hill, nnwtmntl on any of thu lll!tpA, Doi lfna Jlfot

lilClUif'lHlJ\ll.

It is easily found. Follow the tmck to Chicngrai t.ill jn.st. North

of the Doi Nang Keo pttHH (lil'flUH1~llfl1), turn West. tLt Ptwg Kia

(th~t~l'l~) and thence lmlf tt clay to Bi1n Hui 'L'on Nnn (Jew;;'wl~l.l), the hcacl-qunrtors of the Mieng growers round, itf'J base. 'rhe hill is

encircled on the North by tho Me Olwcli (mlril~), a trihntELry of the

2 She wits :dive n few months ago, when 1 sent her n. photogrn.ph which, as her people c:tlmot write, waR acknowledged by a smnll skein of Cannabis fibre which is woven in this country only by the Meo puak. (30.4.1 940).

40 NO'fES AND QUERIES

M/3 Lao wlcm. Easy of ascent on the East it baH the Hlmrp ridges characte1:istic of 1angki1, notably one running ~~pproximately N. and S.

well described as the Kin or San Kom D11p (fl'"Jr1lJI'lllJ). On its upper ridges a beautiful little blue Gentian is plentiful in April n.ncl May and near itA summit an Alli~~·m, not yet identified. On the 13 Dec· 1933 there were many old tracks o£ lwt'inr; on its summit.

The South h'ill, 1: 9200,000 maps, Doi Salcet (lilfltH!::I~I'l).

" Visitors must enquire for Doi 111n Ol' Mawn Lu.n (!1lJCJ1H11hl). From information I received from the Survey Dept. they are well aware o£ the latter name, and tdthough I have no t1nthority to s11y RO, the clumge is probably due to another Doi 11111 in the Ch.iengmai district

just South of Doi Clu1Wrn Hot (lilBUIDBlJ11~). 'I'he locally known Doi Suket is a small hill near the Amphm's comt of: that name. It is well shown on the 1 : 64.000 maps.

It would take about five dn.ys £rom Ohiengmai to ascend Doi Lttn, it being dependent on t.hc time of the year how far one ciLn take motor transport up the Me Awn valley. I have not been higher than the M'ieng villages on its slopes. The track up crosses the divide between

' "" Ban Kun Me Awn (llJJilCJhl) aud Ban Kun Me Chesn.wn (!19J"Jrtni)

and one should allow three days from the latter villnge. 'l.'hese hill-tops are seldom visited and it nw.y be necessu,ry to cut

through much dense growth in places; thus I found the ascent of Langka easy going in 1938 but very diffiunlt in the rains of 1938, and this chang~ was presumrtbly due to fire in 1937/8 as it was a surprise to the Meo guide.

Finally the Survey Dept. maps will he found very accuru te as re­gn.rds the position and elevation of the three hills; all that one might suggest is that when 11 change of name is considered necessn.ry, the local name should be added in brackets as is customary when chang-ing the name of a street:

Lat. and Long.

{ 19° 00' 05" 99° 24' 31"

Doi Pa Chaw (Langka)

Doi Saket {

18° 51' 46" (Mawn Lan) 99° 23' 01"

2024 metres

1832 metres

With acknowledgements to the Survey Department.

H. B. G. GAHRET'r.

Ohiengmai.

Old Meo womtLn, rupute1lly 105 yet1rs of age, at the .Me Sawi village.

Photo fry H. B. G. Garrett.

Old Lawa, hon Mine at Huei Hmnsen on the Ping river. (see pt1ge 40).

Photo by Jllr. 1'. W. Bevan.

41

II

'l'r-m LION SKIN ON THE THRONE.

In Mt~n, July 1939, there iR ttn artiele (No. 91) by Maurice Canney on the Shn of Reb·i?·th, in which the author surveys the uses of animal skins in Africa, more t>specially from an ethnological point of view. He goes on towards tlw end to describe the signiflcance of skins in India, citing the young Brahman's antelope skin and its use as a covering for the Reat of l1 worshipper at his devotions. He suggests that the skin signifi!ls rebirth becauRe o£ its employment in the rite of initiation into l1 new mnk or status such as thitt for a king or god. He mentions also thitt the coronation rituitl as pre­scribed by the SGdapc~thn Bri:ihmrt~~ct orditins an investment of the king with a garment known i1S the inner caul of sovereignty etc. He mentions also that the antelope skin used in ancient India when a Brahrnctn was ?'r.Lisecl to the runlc of a, god confirms the idea o£ the skin of rebirth.

Major Seidenfaden has kindly drawn my attention to this and sug­gests my examining the problem with regard to its possible connection with our local customs. It htLs of com·se been thought that the Brah­man ceremonies of the Thai coronation had considerable connection

I

with those prescribed in the Satapathn Bri"ihmc~~~a. I should be more inclined, however, to modify the statement by saying that ours were more likely to have been derived from an earlier source which in its

turn might have even influenced the Satapatha. My reason for so

saying is that many essential points of the rituals of the Satapatha find no place in ours, which seem more simple. Professor M. K. Arya, formerly of the National Library of Thailn,nd, was once entrusted by I·Hs late Majesty King Hama VI to make a critical examination of the mantras in use by the 'rhai Court Brahmins. These had been handed

42 NOTES AND QUERIES

down in a curious corruption of an Indian langu11ge long suspected to have been some form of Sanskrit, although obviously not the classical phase of the l11nguage. De. Arya W!1S of opinion that it was a kind of 'l'11ntric Sanskrit and was able to trace some of the mantms to the TaUti,?•iya B?'L'ih?na~~a and Taittiriya .A ?'a?}yalm, others to the Upan'ishncls, 'l'hey were then translated 1y the professor and .were later published in English in my handbook to the Coronation of His Majesty King Prajadhipok, 1926. I have been informed, however, by Professor P. S. Sastri, a member of the 'l'hailand Research Society, that these ma,ntras are in old 'l'amil.

While seriously doubting the 11clmissibility of any ethnological connection between the African belief in the idea of a skin of rebirLh and that of India, I am ready to admit that the coincidence is re­markable. Regarding this nation, however, I fail to see any connec­tion between tho significance of the lion skin on the 'I'hrone with even the Indian beliefs mentioned above, and very much less so with those of Africa. 'l'he implication of rebirth does not seem to exist in our use of the lion's skin, the Nang Rnjasi,h, as a spread for the 'l'hrone of Thailand. I should rather be inclined to ascribe this custom of ours to the influence of Buddhist iconography. It might be added, more­over, that the idea of the "Lion's Skin" as a. spread for the throne in this country has become so conventional that one often sees the "skin" represented by a gilt slab with tho figure or the rajasih painted :on it.

D. Bangkok, 20th February, 1940.

43

III

'l'HE CHATRI.

Under the title of The JavcLnese WaycLng and 'its Prototype, a sum­mary of the above-named communication by Dr. H. Meinhard to the Royal Anthropological Institute ttppcars in Man Vol. xxxix, No. 94. 'rho survey of Dt·. Meinhanl's materiuJ concerning the Indian shadow­play, or olu"iyi"iniitalw, and its continued existence down to the present day is, of course, interesting and informative, bnt what is of special interest to us on this side of the Indian Ocean is the statement that itinerary showmen in the Kanarese-speaking southern Deccan, immi­grating from the Maratha country, who perform shadow-plays from subjects tn,ken out of the two gt·eat Epics of Sam;krit and are most commonly known as Killekyii.ta or by slightly different names accord­ing to localities, st·yle the?nselves Ohat?'i h1 consequence of their claim of descent from a Kshatriya who is believed to have followed the Pa~1qava brothers of the JJfnhc'iblu'irata into exile.

Now, in this conntry, there is a primitive kind of classical dramatic dance called the Lcdcon 0/uUri, which is thought to have been the prototype of the Lalcon ?Yt?n, or wha.t is now generally known as 'rhai cla.ssical dancing. The performers of the Lalcon Ohatri aro, o£ course, 'rhai, and claim no such descent. They are, moreover, mostly female, with the exception of the clown. The subjects of their perfor­mances are not inspired by the 111aluibharalct or the Rwmctyann but are taken from local folklore, known as the Pa?l.nL'i.sct Jct..talca or the Collection of F'ifty Bi?'th-stm·ie8. 'l'hese tales seem to have been indi­genous, although they are clothed in Indian nomenclature and the stories, which are written in Pali, bear Indian place-names. It is of course possible that the authors might not have been at aU aware that the place-names in their stories were outside their own country.

44 NOTES AND QUERIES

The respect for the person and teaching of the Lord Bnddlw, Wtts so deep-rooted in those days tha,t no devout Buddhist in Bnnna or 'J'hni­land or Laos ever seemed to realise the possibility of the Enlighten-ed One having been born of a race foreign to his own. ·

Another form of this primitive type of dramatic dt1ncing exists, according to scholars, in the 'l.'hai p11rts of the southern peninsula, more especially Nakon Sri Dharmaraj. This is known as the Nora. The name is that of the heroine, Jl{ anohan'i from the Sucllwma J('itnlca, also of the F'ifty Birth-sto?"ies. The heroine, a beantifnl daughter of the King of the mythical race of K·inncwa :f:ell prey to a hunter's noose. The hunter, a native or northern Pancala, presented his etttch to the heir to the throne of his country. The Prince was charmed by her beauty and wedded her. During his absence on a military expedition, the King, his father, decided to offer up his daughter-in-law for sacrifice in order to atone for a dire illness which had befallen him. 'l'he lady fled to her father's abode on Mount Kailasn,. When the mili­t11ry expedition came to n,n end, the Peince returned, only to find his wife gone. He became desolate and went in search of her. After a long and arduous journey he found his wife, u,ncl ttll ends happily.

It will be seen therefore, that although the name of 0/u'itrL exists in this countt·y, its nature i:-J quite different. It is a form of dramu,tic dancing and its repertoire is altogether different;, It is not known what connection there might have been between our LuJcon Oht'itri and its Indian namesake. It is, tempting to suggeRt that the dances came from south India with the Pallava colonists, but more details will have to be known before any real conclusion mtn be arrivnd at ac­curately.

It may be also noted that besides being 11pplied to the type of a dance, the word Ohatri is also used in 'J'hai to signify tt wan·ior, • .C t TT 7 ' l ':!I !!\ "' <\ • • m rae· a .LJ..B ~atnya, sue 1 as, lul-.!l'll'il~ll~'lll\?1~, mcanmg of wet?'~' WI" stoclc.

D. Bangkok, 20th February, 1940.

REVIEWS OF BOOKS.

llr~:n AIHLLV BEI::-<ATZII\ llltltn· Milarlll·il. \'oiL l•~liDIY BEHXA'I'F.IK:

llir Uti.~!·,. dn• 0'{1".'' Hlud/,•J'. l•'qrseltnngHI.·eisl~ in 1 liut.ui'iiH1ien

I B:l:-~. Vt•rlng F. Bnwlmmnn, :'lftwlldllm. pp. 2·1·0. 2!~ x J (j utm· 1

'l'ltii-i hmlltiflll lH"•k is prinb·d itt /Jwlu11i ~·htlitf/111 (H(}lltn.Il) Lypt~ wit.II llJ.!. ilht>\t mlious and Lwn skt:!.t~.h 11mps. 'l'Jt,: du:-;igu 011 Lhn e(}ver hy Mi;<s Edit.lt Sahlingt•r \1'<~11 :t prit.t: in :ut nrl.isLi<\ eolllpt:LiLion nL

\'iunna. 'l'lw Lit.lo, T/11· SJ'i'·it.~ uf tlu· rl'llutP /,1:111'1'8 is t.lt11 wttut: hy whit:h :ut a.IHJtiHI- t\Xtitwt. t':u·u of l'm'PHI. d.\\'tdlm•:-; i:-; known t.o itH Tlmi ll•:ighhmrs, wlw t•:tll Lhtlltl l'hi 'l'tillftlii.u·n!J !'or LIH: l't::tHtlll LltaL tlwy livt\ in t ht: l'ur•·sL lltttl•:r L•HilJHil'ILI'Y !t::tf-~dwltut'H wltidt Uwy abnmlnn f"t Ht't:k ln:w l'llllll'ltlg' .. gl'lllliHls wlwn Lht: lt:tL\'OH l'ttdP. AlLitonglt unly 111w I bird 11f tho lHHik t:lliWt:l'lt>i t.!l,:JJJ,··-lt!Littcdy Lht\ st•c:mul ol'

th11 l'ulll' s•·di•ms iutfl whidt il, iH dil'idt:d,-t.hn titln iH jnHt.i!iPtll,y Llu:

ttllum;(, :-<t:nsntinllal iltlJHII'I·ILIH\t: 111' I lr. Ht'l'tmL~.ik'H di~H:tlVot·y, Hitu:n Itt~ is t.h<: first, E111'ol11:rtll L•J jll!lltJf..t'ttl.t: (,o t.l11: ltnttll\ 111' tl11: Ynllow-lunl' Folk. lu Cl1•: yt::tl' l!ll!l, t.ltn ltd;o ~It•, U. II, HL. ,JtJ!III YltLuH,Hllolli<:ol' iu Llw flll't.:HI, Ht:t•vit:t: ol' Llw Botnhny Bul'lrtlth 'l'r:tdiug Contpany Ltd. tohl t.lw l'ednwm· Jt,,w, dtn·ing t.Jw lll't:viuns ye:u·, Nii,tt Ulmi, l.ttmdmnn (Jr BfLn 1\lt: l'uk (lltH't.lH:ttsL ot' l'ong-l in Cli!Lllg'Wit<l Niin, n llltLI\ WtJ hoLh kunw wdl, lmd ttt'L'ILitgntl fol' J\lt•. Yatt:H to eotwt.:tll hintHulf bo:-;idu l!lw Lmek along whieh Yullow-luaf .Folk wtn·o expoctecl Lo p1LHH on liltoit· way to IJWUt Niin ()Jmi ILIHl lHtt·Lm· foruHt pt·m1nee fol' Billlple 'l'lmi lnxmiPH with hitu. l\ll•. Y1ttt:H lm<l uxpn:HHetl a dm;ire to HIHJ tlwHt' noLoriouHly Hhy m·ouLut'eH of tlw l'oreHL, but tho lletHoHt iutrodnetion to thelll which could bu at'l'allged by Ni1u Oluti without .scaring them wn~:~ to HLlLtion .1\f t'. Yates in 1L p(JHitiou where, t.mob~:~orved hy them, ho could l:!<H~ tlwm rm~:~~; by. He Hltid their ptLI:lsing rel:l()}nbled tlutt of:

1 Figmes in bmelwtH in thiH nrt.icle refm· to pages iu this 1Jook, which cuntldm; IH> Imlex.

46 Huao Anou· BmtNA'l'ZIK (VOL. XXXII

some wild herd, crashing through the undergrowth regardless of thorns, and so rapid that all he could gtcther of them waH that they were pmcticnJly unclad, with unkempt hair.

Twelve years later, Mr. '1'. Wergeui, a Swedish officer in the forest service of the East Asiatic Company at Prae, actually met some un­couth hillsmen who, so he learnt, were Ye!Jow-leaf Folk come clown from the deep forest to do barter with squatters near his carnp. 'l'hey were not so shy, however, as Mr. Yates' savages, and Mr. \Vergeni

was able to meet them openly; but the reviewer gttthered from his

account-subsequently published in this Journal 2-that owing to frequent intercourse with Klmmn squatters they had lost some of the wildness as8ociated with those seen by Mr. Y a,tes. It now appears that those discovered by the author in 1936 in the Nam Wa hills south-east of Nan are also less acquainted with the outside world than were Mr. Wergeni's Yellow-leaf Folic

The author is well equipped for ethnological field work, since in addit.ion to his chair of Ethnology at Gratz he possesses two valuable assets for the field-worker :-llrstly, the company o£ a lady, his wife, herself an expert in psychology testR, whose help must be invaluable in apprmwhing the women-folk; secondly, his own medical know ledge, which was instrumental in overcoming the repugnance of his Yellow­leaf Folk for the company of a European. In addition, both partners are inured to the hardships of travel in tropical forests by previous experiences in Africa and Melanesia. 'l'o the pluck, perseverance and patience expended upon obtaining the facts and pictmes presented in this book the reviewer desires to offer his tribute of respect. In one particular the author is at a disadvantage owing to the neces~:~ity of recourse to English-a language foreign to both parties-as tlHJ medium between himself and the interpreter through whom he com­municates with third parties. For this reason allowance must be mnde for a certain minimum of error and misunderstanding inevitable under the circumstances.

Of the four sections into which the book is divided the firAt, com­prising one-third of the whole, contains accounts of a visit to the Moken (otherwise Selung) of the lVJergui islands, followed by a visit to the negrito Semang on the rmtinland between 'rrang and Patalung. With the latter, excellent relations were established through the ------ -

2 JSS .XX, 1. pp. 41-8.

P'l'. I) ltEVIEWS Qit' BOOKS 47

authol"s success m relieving a Semang headman of ringworm, and interesting pictures (ill11 26,27) were obtained o£ their dances. As however tho Semang hu ve been fully described by Blagden and Skeat, Schebesta, and I vor Evans,3 this section, as is na,tural, is ma,in1y con­cerned with the lVIok:cn, a,lthouglt friendly relations were not so easily esta,blished with them, doubtless a,s a result of their age-long distrust of Bm·manR and 1\blays who exploH them and throngh whom the approndt had to be made. In fact, the longer the author, strtyecl with them the less accessible he found them(33). He succeeded, how­ever, in collecting twenty-six of their fables, which compensaJJe to some extent for lack of full anthropologicnJ data such as is given in the second section of the book devoted to the Yellow-lea£ Folk, which occupies the second third-piLl'~ of the whole. Between sections 1. and 2. is n chaptet· on Siam containing pictures of Siamese dancers. The remaining third-part of the work (sections 3. and 4. with appendix) begins with an account of the author's residence in the Meao village in the Nam Wii, hills where contact was first established with the Yellow-let1f Folk. Datt1 collected about the Me110 is reserved for another Yolume. 'l'hen follows a brief account of 11 trip. amoug tho non-'l'hai tribes between Kengtung and the northem frontieL' of Si11m. 'l'lte fourth section deals even !llore briefly with the Moi and Cham tribes in southem Annum whom tho author visited on his way back to Europe in the Hpring of 1987. 'l'he shorL vocabulary of Ymnb1·i in the appendix is a forerunner of a fuller one.

EthnologiHts will appreciate this book for its contribution to the task of unravelling the tangle of races in Fmther India within tho framework set up by the skeletoJ discoveries made by the late DL'. van Stein Cttllenfels in the south-west and by French excavators in

the north-east, whose findings, as summarised by Winstedt,4 now constitute a permanent basis for the construction of a demography of Indochina from pre-historic down to historical times. 'l'his basis, briefly stated, is that after tho last glacial period there are indications that N egmids inhabited Indochina, followed later on by N egritos, and later again by two separate waves of Indonesians. 'l'he first

3 0. 0. Blagden & 'vV. W. Skeat., 1'/w Pagan Rcwes of Jl{cblc~ycb, 1906. P. SchebesttL., Die U1·zwergen von Jl{(~l(bya. 1929. I. H. N. Evans., 1'he Neg1·itos of .ivlalaya. 1937.

4 R. 0. Winstedt, Jri,bl(~yc~ in JRAS, lVIttln.yan section, XIII, 1.

I

I

48 Huao Anor.t1 BmtNA'l'ZIK (YUL. XXXll

wave of Indonesians is assumed, ou the evitleuce of grouvml 1\lungo­lian axes found with the skeletons, to httve lmd Monguliau nJ!initieH such as marked the Proto-l'dalnyc; of whom there n,t·e llHLllY tJ:aem; in later neolithic sites. 'l'he Hecond Indonesian wave, elated later L!ULn 2000 B. C., comprised the users of the denterl, high-shouldered axe, which is found all the Wl1Y frorn Lhc Philippines n.cross to Bnrma, Assam, Orissa and Chota N11gpur. Lntcr ou, tts nppearR from other sources, there came wttve upon wave of colonists from India, but they never completely absorbed the different Indonesians they encountered. Of the latter, the fi.rst wave comprised a brachycephalous type with strong J\fongolitLn traits. (Holies of it ttre recognised in the Cham, J akun, Hade and other successorR of the Pt·oto-.1\b!ays.) In the second Indonesian wave the Mongolian elemeuts n.re less nmrkecl,­meRocephalous skulls with slightly wnvy hair, etc. (H.clics of it are recognised in the so-called Man-Khmer races of whom t!Je two-title races were tbose most affected by the later culture i mportod by Indian colonists within historic times. Khamu, "Wa, Lawa etc. at·e recognised as purel', less Indianised relics of the wave.) The sub­sequent incursions of Annamite, Malay, 'l'hai and Bm•nmn belong to a later age, >vhile those of the 'l'ibeto-.Burman hill-tribes, Meao and Yao may be of even more receiJt date: that of the Kn.ren is still in dispute. 'l'he extent to which the two Indonesinn elements have intermingled culturally may be inferred from a recent article by 1\!Iis:s

Oolani5 describing omaments, toilet articles, krises, paddi-pounders, fire-kindlers, tubular bellov,rs, ritual baskets, musical instruments in common use in different parts of Further India, Borneo, Java and adja,cent islands.

Dr. .Bernatzik's Yellow-lea£ Folk, who call themselves Yumb?·i (116) are a fair-skinned race, but more primitive in t.ype than the Semang: they are classified by him us undeveloped 1\iongoloids who have not advanced beyond the stage of bcmnboo-c1.dt1.tre (178): their mesocephalous heads together with other anthropological features point to their connection with the second wave of Indonesian emigra­tion. Furthermore, certain traits appear to connect their language with Lawa and Khamu. As to their habits, bodily adornment js unknown, except for wooden ear-pegs, probal)ly copied from Khamn neighbours ( 148). 1'he older children were found more intelligent than the

5 lVIadeleine Oolani, EssCt'i cl'Etlmologie Gompa?'ee, BEJi'EO XXXVI, 1.

,,,

PT. 1] REVIEWS OF~HOOKS 49

adults (162-3) whose improvised drawings resemble those of two to three yeu.r old Europeans (17 4-5): in contrast with the latter, Yumbri children show no iuquisit.iveness nor creative mge (163). 'l'hey have no personal names, calling each other by relationship terms (117). They have no notion of weights or measures (154): no means of counting either on fingers, tally-stones, sticks or string-knots (175-6). 'l'hey know no colours other than l·ight and cla?·lc (179). Their meagre rags are worn in imitn.tion of their neighbours, of whom the Meao remember them as once going naked (147). Handicrafts are restricted to plaiting canes and bamboo strips (made with a bamboo knife) into baskets or mats to be bartered for luxuries (152). Their natural diet consists of roots, leaves, bttmboo-sprouts, frogs, crabs and squirrels caught by hn.nd; but birds n.nd eggs are rarely eaten (148).

Many pttges are devoted to their ,daily life and outlook It wn.s found that their first reaction to things heard 11>ncl seen was always to shrink from supposed impending danger rather thttn to draw conclu­sions (168). It may be infened from this, coupled with their slinking, ·weak-kneed gait, that they are oppressed, even more than tho !Vloken, by fears of tho Unseen Powers. They believe that bad men after death are irnmortalif:!ed as tigers : they n.lso believe in mortal fairy

spirits, both good and bad (170-1). Here we :find close analogy with other Indonesians. Wilkinson,6

writing of the Malay Peninsula, observes that even professing Moham­medo,ns, owing to their ingrained belief in the universality of the Life­power, find themselves surrounded by potential, invisible foes: for which reason they are careful to offer propitiation for u.ny injury they may commit, and make offerings to the spirit of a dead man to divert

its vengeance. The Moken, whoso features reveal the influence of Veddids from In­

dia upon an Indonesian stock (Ill11 12, 13, 14, 20), are also oppressed by a superstitious fear of the spirits of nature (33-4); also, their funeral rites, despite their higher level of culture, are analogous to those of the Yumbri. They neither cremate nor even bury the corpse in the ground. The Yumbri lay it where it died upon a bed of twigs, wliich they co\Ter with leaves, placing beside it the few personal possessions of the dead person. They then abandon the corpse (159). The Moken take the corpse to a d_~serted islan~~lCY expose it upon·~ bambo~

6 R. J. Wilkinson, 1lfalay Beliefs, 1906; pp. 17. seq.

50 Huoo Am>LI'' BmmATI.IK [VOL. XXXII

platform, or, in tho eaHo of t~ bon.t-ownor, tho Htom of his boo,t being severed from the bowH, the eorpAo iH then lrtirl in one segment of the boat and covered with tho other ::;ogmeut, puLH and plates being htid beside it. L11tor, 'the boneH are eolleeted niHl lnu·ied in the ground near-by (39). 'l'hese cnst01us at·u to be eoiupnrecl with the burin,! customs prevalent on t.ho Moi hinterbnil uf ::;outlwrn Annum (228). 'l'here, specittl cemeteries exist, iu '" hich, though buried in the ground, the corpse is accompanicll t;y some of the dearl persL•n's earthly posses­

sions, which have been spoilt for earthly UHe, in onlor to !lluke them of use to its spirit nfter dottth. Ott'uringH ttre plact~rl ou tho grave, and ritual

posts, with carved li kenosses of the dead, arc erected hcsicle it .(229). The Moken also erect rit1ml po;;ts, lobony, uut over their dea.d, but

in tho phwes where they make otl'et·ing::; to the good a,nd evil spirits of nature, potent in matters uf l:lickJJeSR, shipwreck and death (32). 'L'he pm;ts are designed tts <l wulling-plncu;; for good spirits, and their

clecomtion recalls that of the lVIoi Lmitd towerH twd of similar Htrnc­

tmos in Mehncsia. As the nntlwr fmggestH, they nmrk the passage from Further India eastwt1rd of pn~hiHtorie mn igmnts who canied

their culture with them into the islnmls of tlw Pacific (227). The firr:;t of tho twenty-six Mokon fal>loH neeounts fur their origin in

much tho same way nH the ftLble l'llpurkcl l>y tbvina concel'!ling the

origin of the Hiao-ao (l>ai-iw) iu the i11lnud of 1::Iaim1n.7 In both legends a king's (bughtcr, who \\'ttH lmni:-:lwrl 1Jy her fabher in Chin!1

for mal'l'ying a dog, gave birth ton son. Iu the Moken fable she sttiled

alone to one of the Mergui islnml:-:, 11ntl the isRue of her union with the clog was bom there; in the 1-liau-ti.o legend she took tile clog with her to Hainan, whew it was killed by tho ROn she bore to it. In both

legends she sent her son to the oppoRite siclo of the island and then disguised herself-the Hiao-iw say sho tattooed her fnce; the 1\'Ioken that she changed herself into n girl-iu both caRes, vvith the object of avoiding recognition by her sm1 atHl of being wooed and lllarried by him. In one case the Hiao-ao and in the othm· the Moken, were the

' is~uc of this incestuous union.

Many of the twenty-five remaining lVIoken legends sliow sig1~ 8 ~f extraneous infiuences not yet accounted for, as for instance No. 2_3' 111

·-·-·--·-~----- .----7 .F. M:. S~vina, llistoiTe des 1lfiao, 2~~1 eel. HliiO, p. 107. . tl '·

Major Seidenfaden points out thnt thm·e is n, close ptmtllel ~0 11~ legend in ~eveml Dttnish :B\tiry Tttles, vide Kln.us Berntseu-.Fvllce Event!}! p. 101, and others.

PT. I) HE\'IEWS OF DOOl{S 51

which one of seven sisters is rewn,rded for being the only one of them not too proud to accept a poor suitor; or Nos. 9, 10, 18, 21, 23 and 25, which have a completely happy ending; or the five instanceH of retribu­tion for wrong doing : No. 7, the murderous minded woman changed into an ape; No. 10, the jealous sisters struck den.d; No. 16, the lecherous ski})per pL'icked to death by o, ray Jish; No. 20, the girl killed by the tiger to whom she offered herself; No. 21, the giant'R daughter slain by the mn.n whose wife she h11d killed. More in hnnnony with the Inclonesinn's fear of tho Powers of nature tue Nos. 8, 11, 13, 15,19 and 20, describing suffering caused by the direct or indirect action of cruel spirits or fniries. Ginntfl and fairies and magic are present in a. large number of the tales. In Nos. 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 20, 22 nnd24, the subject is tho union of tt human being (in 26 of a fn.iry) with an ::tnirrml, fish, bird or cmb (the latter in 22, thereupon turned into 11 girl).

~l'hcre m·e three cases of the metamorphosis of humn.n beings into ttnimals; No. 6, a woman into turtle because she disregarded a presenti­ment of coming trouble; No. 7, of a woman into an ape for inciting to trouble; No. 19, of seven sons into two-he!tded snakes after their meeting vvith a spirit. 'L'here are two c11ses of the reverse mctmnor­phosis: No. 10, a frog into a youth; No. 22, a crab into a, mn.iden. Both co,ses form a happy solution of an otherwise sad adventure.

In No. 15, the magical properties of a ring, n.ncl in No. 17, of bones wrapped in a white cloth, bring good luck.

No. 12, that of the starving orplmn who found sustenance by fol­lowing the tlictateH of a dream, it-J the only fo,Lle in which dren.ms are concerned. 'l'ho dream is widely held to register the action o£ the dre!Lmer's spirit when it len.ves the body tempomrily during sleep.

No. 14, is the only fo,ble concerned solely with animn.ls, who talk to en.ch other, n.s in other cases they talk to human beings. This fn.ble, telling how a cunning little musk-elect' outwitted a big, strong tiger, is in the Aesop mode.

'l'he author visited tho Shan SttLtefl .and the northern border of Siam in the hope of finding data for fixing the place occupied by Meao and Yumbri in the demography of Indochina (199). Actually, his oqjcct was better served by his iinal trip to the Moi in southern Annn.m. He obtained, however, some interesting photos in the north of the vn.rious 'l'ibcto-Burmans and other.3 whom he found there: also he hon.rd a report conceming an unsuccessful Lahu-Yum bri union (213)-a bre11ch of the strict enclogn.my of the Yumbri. He

52 Huao Anor,F BErtNA'riiiK (VOL. XXXII

also assisted at the Lahu's New Year festival which centres round n. decorated conifer and reminded him o£ the Nordic Christmas tree (217). It would be desirable to have fuller details of the Lahu,

Akha, and Musso for comparison. Credner wrote: 8

In the hills of fl. vV. Yiinmm rtre scr<tte1·od settlements of the Lrthn, whose most southerly offshoots extend to the hills of um·thern Sin.m, where they n.re known as Musso. They are not to be confused with the Nashi, whom Ytiu· mtnese and Chinese likewise cnll Musso.

'fhe latter live in north-east Yi.iunan near Li-kiang, and lm,ve been studied by un American, Dr. J. F. Rock. ~'heir connection, as well as that of the Lissu of the Sa,l win-Ivlekhong gorges north of 'l'ali-fu, with their kinsmen in northern Siam still remains to be determined.

White Karen, Kachin, vVn., all receive very cursory mention lJy the author, who agrees that a. detailed study of the whole Karen problem is to be desired.

'l'he author was hampered in his observa.tions in the Kengtung district by the fact that primitive lJeliofs had in some cases been sup­planted by those imported by Christian missionaries. While acknow­ledging the value of their medical and educational work, he deplores its results in the moral sphere on t.he grounds firstly, that it is insepamble from the introduction of a Europeanised culture, in­congrnous in tho wilds of eastern Asitt; secondly, that in destroying the ancient tribal beliefs it undermines the basis of social organisa­tion, weakening the authority of the headmen, and sowing the seeds of proletarianism in places where cln.ss distinctions at·e still negligible, and where therefore Christianity loses much of its original appen,l to the uncler-llvg; thirdly, that where a con version is only smface-deep, as is asset·tecl to be the genern,lrule, Christianity otfers no substitute for the age-long communion between man and the Unseen which the old beliefs supplied (210-11).

'l'hese criticisms deserve the ca,t·eful consideration of the Churches concerned, since they are levelled at the form in which the Christian message is presented rather than at its substance, which is actually the Benevolent Purpose which controls the powers of natme,-in Dante's words:

L'amor ahe muove il sol e le alt1·e stelle.

It can hardly be doubted that a revelation of this message to the Yellow-leaf Folk in a form ttdapted to their comprehension, would

8 JSS XXVII, 2. Kult~t1·geogmpkische Beobcwht~mgen. p. 138.

p•r. 1] HEVIEWS OF .BOOKS 53

raii:le them above their present level of dull ignorance and fear, and that, too, without any inevitable prejudice to tho good morali:l they now possess, provided always that it is imparted in an appropriate manner. Subject to this proviso, the relatively happy people of a more advanced culture would surely be happier still for a comprehen­sion of the Beneficent Purpose in nature which banishes superstitious fea,r. This lutppiness no ethnologist could grudge them, even at the co!'lt of increased labour in his own researches.

'l'he following corrections are suggested. 'l'able o£ contents, 104. (for 9204) Abbildungen. p. 14, line 24. for En.glcm(l read Hu?"ma. (In 1764 Burma annexed

the province of Mergui and held it until 1826 when England annexed lower Burma, including Mergui. Long before then the overland route from Siam to the west vier Mergui had fallen into disuse. In view of the improvements since effected in shipping etc., tlw.t route is never likely to be revived).

p. 38, line 23. for B1ulclhi8ten read H'i11.d'u, since caste is associated with the latter rather tlum the former.

p. 93, sixth line from the end. for Val: read Vol :

PI). 105 et seq., Nam Smn should be Nan So?n ('HHllJfl'lJ). p. 141. Chon Pet should be Khan Pa, (fllJJl), meaning men o£ the

forest. The addition of an index would be of assistance to students.

I

I I

55

Kenneth E. WeliH: Thni B'nrlrlhism, Its Rites nncl Act?:v,it,ies. Bangkok, 1939. 284 pages, including three sections of appendix,

a. general index and eight illustrations.

Although a great deal has been written in English, French and Gel'man about tho national religion of 'l'hailand from almost every angle, descriptive, historic11l, exegetic and so on, it has been left to an American mem her of a Christian Mission to give 11 description that portmys not ~mly the rites and ceremonies but 11lso presents the Thai's tradition and view of his religion ·with every sympathy and understand­ing. In presenting this comprehensive work, tho author has thoroughly studied hiB cl11t11, Ci1refully selected from among extensive Thai sources, hitherto almost unknown to the foreigner, as well as from foreign literature. The indigenous non-Cbristian in any country i~ usually disinclined to lLttribnte to the Christian missionary any sympathy or bro11drnincl eel ness in det1ling with or rather writing about his religion. In this case, however,-and, if I rn11y he permitted to add a record of my own experience, in several others especially among Mr. Wells' nati<mals-no such 11ccusations would he justified. Whether this be due to a broader genom! outlook, and, as Americ11ns would sn,y, a more democnttic spirit, or to the improved relationship between religions of the World arising out of tho spread of: doctrines anta­gonistic to Heligion as a whole, it is hard to stty definitely. 'l'he phenomenon is nevertheless there, and Mr. Wells' boolc is an evidence o£ it.

In his introduction the author sketches the growth of an Indian religious movement founded by Gotama, the S11kyan Prince, twenty­five centuries ago, its spread to neighbouring countries and its entry into this part of: the World, as well as its acceptance afterwm·ds hy the 'rhai who moved into it and received it as an heritage from their predecessorB of other races. He goes on to draw comparisons between

56 KENNE'fH E. WELLS [VOL. XXXII

the pr11ctice of Hinayanism 111nong the different nations in our VJCI­

nitv and our own. 'l'he author is of course concerned primarily with Th~i Buddhism 11s it exists, and yet one cannot help feeling that he might have added a. survey of the influence exerted upon the Thai by preceding faiths: Animism, Hinduism and Mah11yanism. AH these have left their nmrks upon the chamcter of the modern Thai Hinayanist in several aspects, to mention but a few: in archeology, in expressions of language, in civil rites and ceremonies and even in his preference for certain chants from the supposedly Hinayanist Canon which clearly point to Mahayanist origins or influence at some remote period.

In setting forth the general characteristics of 'l'hai Buddhism-in my opinion the most interesting pt1rt of the work-the author des­cribes bow it is supported by every rank and section of the Thai nation. A Thai child, he srtys, moves in a Buddhist milieu from birth and goes on thus through his later life. Thai Buddhism is sustained by three forces. The first is its efficient organisation-the handi­work one might well add of the Supreme Patriarch Prince Vajiraiia­na Varoros, who was responsible for the Law for the Aclnvinis-tration of the Holy Brothm'hood of 1902. 'rhe second asset is the adapta­bility of the hipitaka, and the third is the emphasis laid on giving, which lattm· resulted in the present maintenance of the Clergy which carry on the organisation and t1lso in the rich endowment of the Church. In this connection I should be inclined to question the author's opinion (page 25, note 1) that the early Kings as absolute monarchs would not have allowed a wealthy chmch to arise in their domain, for Chmch ·wealth has never been known. in the days of the Absolute Monarchy to have been a latent force for competition with temporal power. The parallel of the Papacy and the Empire can never be applied here, for the Buddhist Church in Thailand has never aspired to the status of an extra-territorial imperi1~?n. Its position might rather be likened to that of a bank in which a Buddhist from the highest in the land to the humble peasant may deposit his earning in the form of bnn, or merit, to lay by for later days, which in this case refer to nothing less than the life after.

The author has naturally taken considerable interest in the educa­tional aspects of the modern Buddhist Church. Problems of education among the momtstic fraternities seem up to now to have had a period of smooth sailing, although when compiuocl with academic syllabuses elsewhere the 'rhai syllabus of tho study of the Holy Scripture would

PT. I) REVIEWS OF BOOKS 57

seem to leave room for considern.Lle enlargement. 't'lw theory pre­valent among the Holy Brotherhood in this country, however, is apparently that evet·y study must be bused upon the Canon and its subsidiary bmnches. A broader consideration, for instance, of the history of the times of the Lord Buddha, unless handed down within the Canon and its branches would seem to the learned monks res­ponsible for the study of the Scriptures pretty nef1rly beside the point. '!'his last observation is nevertheless not Mr. Wells' and is hardly a topic for discussion here.

A notable featme of this work is its treatment of the subject of Church activities. His sketch of 'l'hai Buddhist literature might have been more inclusive by taking in the voluminonR translations from the Pali undertaken at the instigation and under the patronage of King Rama I. (the J'inalc("ilnmalini etc.) and of King Rama III. (e. g. the Jl1nngalcdthadipani and the Q1wst'ions of J['ing JJI-iUnda etc.). r.rhese in fact formed parts of the movement of restoration of the national culture after the wholesn,le destruction of Ayudhya in 1767.

A student of mmlern 'l'hai Buddhism with a gift for discerning the administrativl' side of things, as the author undoubtedly is, might have given us his views lLS to the probable or possible future development of the religion in this country, especially when a great deal more interest; is being taken in the subject now. 'l'he seeming rift in the lute between the reform sect of Dharmayuttika and the reformed section of the conservn.tivc seet of Mnhanilmya h11s been much dis­cussed by local newspapers, n.nd no 'l'lw.i Buddhist who has nt heart the welfare of tho natimml Church can help feeling anxious. The position, too, of the monk in a community that will be more and more inclined to base its outlook on life upon Westem stanclarclfl would seem to be a subject of interest. Church reforms to suit a rapidly changing public mentality came along quickly enough in the clays of Prince V njiraiiana Varoros and one wonders whether such adaptability would be so readily forthcoming in the future. 'l'he monk has been so far dependent upon public charity and in return the public expect something of him. He was thought to have automatically granted them opportunities for making merit by making his morning rounds to collect alms, he was thought to have given them the chance to make merit by accepting their invitations to take his meals at their presentations, he was expected to keep up a high standard of pure-living, to be the means of educating the public in morality and

58 KENNETH E. WELLS (VOL. XXXII

their children in general educa.tion. Although the h1st of these duties has been more or less divorced from the monk's respmmibility, 1nost of them seem to be still expected of him and dnly carried out. With the further spread o£ a more material education along stricter economic lines based upon Western ~:~t11nclardR, will 11 public, s11y, a generation hence be equally willing to give more th11n what it imn.gines it will be t11king from the Brotherhood? Not a little oppor­tunity lies ahead in the way of public utilities which might be taken up with dignity by the monks antl by way of an example the activi­ties of the Japanese priesthood in similar directions coul(l be cited. The whole problem would seem to await a cttpable and brondminded leadership.

Before publication the author kindly allowed me to look through the ·whole work and give my opinion. He has been good enough to listen to whatever meagre ad vice I hall for him. I am, therefore, taking this opportunity to acknovvledge my share in whatever inac­cm·acy tlutt yet remains in the book 'l'here would seem to be no bet­ter way than to correct them by means of this 11ttempt at a review.

In his tru.nsbtions of the chants ancl texts, the P11li invocn.tive l!hantc is everywhere retttinecl in its orig·inal form. For the average reader, this would be better understood if translatecl as 'VC'llC1'c~ble s·i?'B.

In observing, on page 6, that the monarch supported in every way possible the religion of Buddhism in this iand, the authOL' mentions, by way of confirming the above statement, the fn.ct tlmt the fil.·st two ICings of the Olmkri clyrmsty bore the names of Phm Buddha Yod Ft~ n.nd Phm Buddha Loes La respectively. Now this is so mew hat misleading. Upon their respective accessions to the Throne the Kings took up identical styles of Phm Borornamjadhiraj Ra??wdhipu.ti. No one seemed to lmve felt any necessity in those clays to distinguish them by name. '!'here seemed to lawe exiRted in fact no desire to say King Henry or King George tmcl evel'yone seemed to have been content to say simply His !Jfc(jcsly the King. When the son succeeded the father, one talked of the ICing ttnd the lc~ie [{'ing. Later on one ta.l ked o£ the firsh reign, the middle reign and the present reign. It wn,s not till 1842 or 1843, however, tlw.t the monarch now known as Ra.ma III or Phm Nitng Klao h11d two effigies of the Buddha cast 11nd, dedicating them to his two predecessors, gave to the two effig'ies the names o£ Phm Buddha Yod Fa and Phm Buddha Loes La. 'l'he two past sovereigns were then known as His Mttjesty o£ the efHgy

PT. r] REVIEWS OF BOOKS 59

calle<l Phm Buddha Y od Fa an<l His Majesty of the efligy called Phra Buddha Loes La. In time they became known simply by those two names of the efligies in colloCJUit~l talk, and, later on still, in more formal usage. 'l'hus arose the mistaken ideo,s about their names.

The process called bincl~~lcappa, p. 131, by which a monk 11111rks his clothes is merely a case of utility transformed by its long usnge into symbolism. 'rhere is nothing mystic about it.

The enumeration of the Buddhist hierarchy, p. 149, is still inac­curate with reganl to the fourth gr11de, in which the :1uthor includes ~• sub-grade called c (h) an ncjwwongs. In fact there is no such sub­grade, 11lthough 11t one time (the reign of King Rama VI.) an abbot of royal birth (rajawongs) took precedence of other abbots within his incliviclua.l sub-grade.

The mention of a mystic syllable OM (p. 159) as being (i.e. con­sisting o£) "aw,oo,em." is not consonant with hiAtorical facts. The syllable in question (a+ u+ m=om) was in use as long ago as the period of the Upanishrtds (over five centuries B. 0.). It became later a con­traction of the epithets of the members of the Hindu 'l'rinity, from which perhaps it was adopted by MalmyaniRm. Its existence in Hina­yanism here might be probably due to the former inHuence of the la,tter creed or even direct h·om Hinduism itRel£ before .Hinayanism reached thiR country.

'rlwro 11rc still a few minor inaccuracies which would not perhaps interest the geneml rertder.

Speaking from the point of view of the average Thai, Mr. Wells' CtLreful and sympathetic presentlttion of the condition of his religion cannot but be u.ppreciated. It is indeed creditable of him to have been able to collect his cbtu. from so vast a fieltl. For the historian, too, the book is valuable. King Chulalongkorn clescribecl, in his Rayed Gerernoniies ihro~tghm&t the twelve m.onlh8 of the JJCcLr, the Court Ceremonies up to his days, which Quaritch Wales (in SiameBe Slnte Oerenwnies) has studied critically. Kenneth Wells has now brought us up to the present day, when, as he h11s pointed out, considemble changes have yet been brought about. For the foreigner who is 11 general re11der withont 11 knowledge of Thai, mnch new material has become accessible through thisbook.

'

Bangkok, 11th June, 1940.

D.

61

Heduccd facsimile of an Address presented by the Council to H. E. Phya

Indm l\Iontri on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Owing to ill health the address was presented on September 6th 1939,-some little

time after the actual anniversary.

l) 1s· E.~xcGllc J'·l cy7

)J~o. lndra ffionf:rt Sri Cl1<>.ntra. l{umara. J

( Francis h. qiles, 69) t

<.i•::u.<.KJ Ca·oss of the Ord.er ofll-2CWhi_te E~pllalii; q.-.:."n.d Cr·os~ 6fth.e 0 ,.Je,· oflh.e Crown. ofS ta.rn...,

Special Sl::c~,~ ofl:1ie CJJ.l)j>tc,· cftl ,_c Chuh Cb.o1 lJ. 1\.la..o, l! w. J~,b::x.uar l·:wrL 0 )'"(lc.l~ i.u. D i.o..m.o n.ds 7 ·

C_tc . etc.

62

)'OUR EXCEllENC)I, · On the occo..sion.1your Joth.birtltd~ we tJ1.e under­s~~ned. rnembers ~fthe Gmndl ancl tb Fonnder rn.em.bcrs

1ihe1) lAm .SOC I G1)' be3 you To c:t.ccept our most IJ.e~t:-­felt ().ncl sincere con:rcxtuhi:tion.s1 will}_ c~ur best wisl1es

[?r rna~. ~-:>ore llafpJ ~ruL o.ctLve ye.:v-5 toj~U-~w. . As one '2f i:he founder lDernbet·s ~four i)octe!>' yoal>ave

I mel the orJ)Orfun\~ {~f f~Uo~Lt~Cf the l~f an.d. the develoJ>rne.nt ~ tbis lnsti:luliun_, whose bnour <>.n_cl wel-

"f~re lie so much on. the hea.YTh <j'J.l ?fus. Ouri.u3 the os ycnt~' existence ~fthe ,SJACl) ,SOCl erry you h-a..ve been. o.. vety t'-d::ive ~ devofeJ m.embcr servb.13 us

for Tn<M>.y ye:i\.r~ as a Vice pn~s~denf: and:thcn. b .. itcr!Y ns a P•-esi.den± Jrom. 19~0 -to 1958 • Lhu·in3 this f.>CI·iod your sase CJ0Jar0:'e~tns leadcr.sll.i.p has cmzferrd nk'-Y:J ben~ts oo_lhe pocte!Y' und we., who have enj~yd lk- pri.vi..G-3e· cj servi.r~ l.tn.d.e~you, are

Froucl ?f bei.nj associof-~d wt:tb. sudl- a..d.~tir:_~ubhcd onJ oufs-Tandi~ pcrson.allty o.s _you o.re7 _,Sir.

· O)any ~f u.s k""vc been_ i1LSpired by _your ;rrl:l).usia.snl.& su.St.Jnci. inte.rest ill. t.L.e va1·l.ous sides of tbe rese.o.rch

work wl1.ich f3Jls wtthin the s~ope ~f o~1r ,Society •~ .. ml thereby you ~l.c'-Ve st~~3estd:to us n .. e.w suljecfs t;:fstuc!Y and neww~s and meansi:o carrytheruou:t.

' :

. --//r:-~

~#7'/fllt~ :1~. U#: ./)~~'

'~ ~~·~ 4-vk.rC

f'tU!.-......:~.

)Y,t:d:/) ;:st;bJ(}JJVJ .r:,:G

}VWWl(

63

PUBLICATION,OF INTEREST IN OTHER JOURNALS.

bfdian A1·t am(l Lettm·8. Vol. xiii, 2.

65

Stutterheim, W. F.: pp. 90-101, 11 plates.

Recent Archeological Work m Java,

Bnlletin cle l' Ecole Fmn9nise cl'Extremc-Orient.

'l'ome xxxviii, fnsc. J. 19:!8.

Stern, P.: Hariha.ralaya ct Indrapura, pp. 17 5-199.

Jot~'l'nal of the American Oriental Society.

Vol. 59, no. 4, Dec. 1939.

Bailey, H. W. : 'J'he Rttma Story in Khotanese, pp. 460--466.

Jo·urnal of the Bt.wma Besea?·ch Society.

Vol. xxix, 3, Dec. 1939.

Luce, G. H. and Pe Maung 't'in: Bnrma down to the Fall of Pagan, part I, pp. 264-282 (to be continued).

J o1tr1wl of the .li'eclemted Jy[ ala11 Stc~tes 111nseum.

Vol. xv, 4. Sept. 1930.

Callenfelfl, P. V. van St. : An interesting Buddhistic bronze statue from Bidor, Pemk, pp. 175-179, 1 plate.

The Ph·ilip1J'ine Jmwnal of Sc·ience, Vol. 7l, 1. ,hn. 19 110.

Yenko, F. M. and Luz Baens: ltice as substitute cere11l m the manufacture of Soy S11uce, pp. 1-4.

The Thwi Science Bullet·in. No. 4, 1939.

Sup Vatna : A preliminary report on the presence of an OeRtrogenic Substance and a Poisonous Substance in the storage root of Butea snperba ltoxb., pp. R-10. with pl.

Cero, M. M. : A preliminary survey of the lands and soils in rela­tion to the cultivation and production of Virginia tobacco in Clmngvad Chiangrai, 'rhailand, pp. 11-36 (11 pl.).

66 PUBLIOA'l'IONS 0.1!" IN'l'ERES'l' IN O'l'HEH JOUltNALS

JmLrnal of the 1vfcdayctn Branch, Boycil Asicttic Society.

Vol. xvii, pt. ii Jan 1940.

Moens, Ir. L. J.: Srivijaya, Yava en KattLlm. tr. by R. J. de Touche from the 'l'ijdsch1·ijt voor Inclisclw Taal-, Lcwul- en Volken­lcunde, Deel LXXVII pp. 1-108, 4 map.

67

ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

193H.

I. BooKs AND :MoNoGitAPHs.

Presentet:Z by the a,~~thor 'tt?lless othe?·wi.<:e stc~ted :-Alexeiev (Basile): Lo, Littemt~we Oh/1:noise. Six conferences

au College dn Frttnce et au Musee Guimet. (Annales du lVl usee Guimot, Bibliothe!lUO du Vulgarisation, 'l'ome, 52). Panl Geutlmer, Pa,ris, 1937; 16°. pp. 232. (Exchange, from the Musee Ouimet).

Anng 'l'!Jein (U): Intercm~rse botween 8ir~?n & Btwmc~ (reprint from. JBHS XXVIII, 2, 1938).

" -i ~ < ( •I "' J " "' ~ -'1 ~ ' ('i "' J l'l 'fl ':llllJ11Jl C\ ~Hl tli'VI 1J'Jl,\ 'tl hi ~1 ~ f() : 1J hi V1 !1l'Hl~ UJ 'tlHll Vll fl1 ~~ ~'l'llJVI

" J !J) W)~'ii!Jm, m:,~LV\W "1. vur. lslcto:oJG>). Isla 'VIhll.

Coolidge (Harold): 'l'he Div·ing Asiatic AJJes. (Reprinted from the Hn?"Vanl Alumni Bulletin, May 1938). 8°. pp. 12.

Credner (Willwhn): Hinte?·i,ndien (Hanclbuck cler Geographis­chen W issenschaft VI.), Potsdam.

DrLnscr (B. H.): 'l'he Lomnthacerw of F1·ench Indo China c~?Hl

Siam. (Extrait dn Bulletin du Jardin Bottwique de Buiten­zorg, Sel'ie III Vol. XVI. Sept. 193S). 8°. pp. 63.

(From the Cm;tttor of the Herbarium of Botanic Gardens, · Buitenzorg).

Das ('l'amk Chandra): Sonw notes on lhe ecmw?n·ic ancl c~gricul­tuml life of ct little known tribe on the ec~siern frontier of Inclicc (Reprinted from Anlh1•opos, Bctn(l XXXII, 193'7). sa. pp. 440-449.

Hongton (Walter E.): 1'he Formation of 'l'homc~s Fuller's Holy cmcl Profrme States. (Harvard Studies in English, Volume XIX). Hnrvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1938, S0

• pp. 259. (From Harvard University).

68 ACCESSIONS 'l'O 'l'HJ.<: LillitA IW 1\Hl8 (vor,, X.XXll

J A 1 Q# ~ IV "" f! '!Jll'l1. !IMflHl: un:unl!l~11JJltJ1'li'liflH111 G) ~Clfl'fl1l'li GlGlbb 1'1:U1'l\llllJ

1 .I ~ ·1 .I "' .I .F. J '1U1111ri1Jill'll oo 1'11~ 1m1 G). (un~:U1i!HiY'i.lu'J~fleJ1JJ9flU1~1\lli'l'lffi'1-,

'[ 1 ) - "' ,{ ~ "'.. ) " fl~l-!:lJll'l I'Hl!r.l:UGl. (lHWJJl'leJMJ'iWI!l,fld,Jii'll'l"l l'J,fl'. k:cr•IG) ttctb11hll.

Lingat, (Robert): Vinwy(6 et D<roit Laiq~w. Etudes sur les

conflits do la loi religeuse et de h loi laique duns l'Indochine

Hinayaniste. (Extmit dn Bulletin de !'Ecole Fran9aise cl' Extreme-Orient, '1'. XXXVII, Fasc. 2, 1937) 8°. pp. 415-477.

le Mny (Reginald): Histo1'!J of B1.uldhist A 1·t ·in Hicom. (Cnm­

bridge University Press).

MacNair (Harley Frtrnswm·th): 11he Bec"tl Oonjlict between Okina wncl .Tapc~n. An armlysis o£ opposing ideologies. (Chicttgo,

1938). 8°. (From the Univon;ity of Chicago Press).

w~~tllllJlllTill~ (t:l'l\ll':i ffi'll'i!iY~tl~) : ffmhm:u "lleJ~ ~\,!'Vlfl ft:U'I'J (h\lw:uw' ' '

1rrnruwwn~J.fl.!lfl'i, n~J!i'lW "1 w. rr. lo.rt<'~G)). a& mf1. bG) 1.tl. -!"""'(II J ~ r! .:::\ \1,. f1 9) ' '

W'i~tlli1'l'Jflli1'\!l1 A'HliHl!l! ('in11'ftHJJ f!,"ll!'Jl(lfl): l!'li:U!:U l'lfl t"Ji'l 11lli'll'll

·'i "" ~ rl r! -1 !J QJ "'i "Jl'lifl H IJJ eJJlJ~1 fll'lH ft lJI~'ilW7~ hll'il Elili:Ul!lJ'l9f I'U tlt-1 (~1JJ !l'll'Yi'IH t1"1J

~"' '[ 'l ~ rf_., .q "' 11t-IJfteJ i'ltl (1'HWlJWlfl'.fl()JWW1H~lhllm 'W.fl'. lelC:O:Gim). rtG)b mn

S·iam. F1•om Pencmg lo Angkm' ·uitt Bangkok. (The Maclrolle

Guides). Lil:nmie Hachette, Paris. 8°. pp. 50.

Suvatti (Chote): A Oheclc-list of Aq~udic Fct1.~?W in Siam. (Ex-

1:l1uling Fishes), The Bnreau of Fisheries, Bangkok.

Baugkok, B. E.. 2480). 8°. pp. 116. (From the Bureau o£

Fisheries, Ba,ngkok).

Swami Sacbnanda: S·u.vcwnadvipc~ (Sumatra), CnJcutta Oriental Press, 1938. 16°.

'1\tw Sein Ko: B~~r·mese Sketches (British Burma Press, Rangoon).

8°. 2 Vols. Vol. I, 1913, pp. III + 365.; Vol. II, 1920, pp.

VI + 447. (lj'rom Mr. Ong Thye Ghee).

Zimrnornmn (Carl C.): The Stat1L1'e and Weight of the Siamese.

(Estmtto dttl Vol. II, N. 3-6.-Giugno 1937-XV, Genus

Or-gn.no dRl Cornitato Itttliano par lo studio dei problemi della

popnlazione). 8°. pp. 31.

I f

\ ' ~

P1'. 1) AOOESSTONS TO 'l'HE LIBRAHY l 938 G9

Zimmerman (Cad C.): Smne Phaser:: of .Lmul Ui,irizatl:on in Siam. (Heprintecl from 'J'he Geographical Heview, Vol. XXVII, No. 3. .July 1937). 8°. pp. 378-393.

II. PERIODICALS. P1·esentetl :-

Annab of the\ Blmnclnrlmr Orientn,l Research lnRtitute Vol. XIX, pt. 1. 1938.

Bulletin o£ the South Seas A.ssociu,tion, September 1938. Bulletin doH A m•is cles Lcws, No. 2, .J nne 1938. Bulletin of the MnRr:nm of Far Eastern AntiquitieR, (Reprinted)

Kos. 61-69; NoR. 165-171 (1929). Memoirs of the Hesearch Department of the 'foyo Bunko (The

Oriental Library) 1'okyo, No. 9, (1937). National ReRelH'Ch Council of the Philippine Islands,

BulL Nos. 13, 14, 15 (1937). National HeHeu,rch Council of .J ap11n,

Report, Vol. II, No. 6 (1D3G to 1937). New Indian A.ntiqnary, Vol. l, No. 1 & 2 (1938). Sino-'l'ibetica NoR. 1-3 ( 1938). Hoyl1l Survey Depttl"tment, Bangkok, Report for 19:-Hi-19:36. Science Bulletin, B1Lugkok, No. 2 (1938). Siamese Red Cross Society, Annual lteport fo1· B. K 2479.

IV ~ ""\ ./ 1 \1\H ffell'OJ'l"ICl'l-.18~ Cl~ffillfll'lill'lfft'll:IJ.

I "\ I ( ) !CllJ .,{Jt. \'!ell! ct. fl~ HlJJ G>b 1'181~ Gl1 .l!ro<to:io-l!roct.o;t., •

llflfl~ fllHI'11il1!l!ft'll. 1

tcl:w GlGO tlQ)1Jiu mo ~~ t'tlJJ G)~ 'DQ.Il-Jwl'U b (~rt.-;dc-l!i!ltirrJ~).

~l'lifl'il'ill~!'hltlfll (from H. R. H. the Prince of .Jainad). B. E. 2459, 2460, 2464, 2466 24,7 4 complete; four other years not complete.

Institnt Ocet111ographique de l'Inclochine, Note 34, (1.938). l\fuseo NacioMl de Costa Rica, Flora do Costa Rica,

Botanica, Pu,rt 1, Nos. 1, 2 (1938); Geograficu,, Vol. 1, No, 2

(1938). Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis,

Vol. 10, Nos. 7-8 (1937); Vol. 11, Nos. 1-2 (1938). Translations of the Nltturnl History Society of Formosa,

Nos. 16'7-171 (1937); No. 172 (1938). Tromso Museums, Arshefter, Vols. 52-5 (1937-8).

70 ACCESSIONS TO ~l'IIE LIBRARY 1938 (VOL. XXXII

Exchctnged :-A. General Section.

Acta OrientnJia, VoL XVI, pt. 2, 3 & 4. (1937 -38). Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology, I .. eiden 1936. Anthropos, Tome XXXII, Fuse 5-6. (1937). Atti della Ren,le Accademia Nationale dei Lincei, Vol. IV, Fasc

9. 1937. Baessler-Archiv. Bn,nd XX, Heft 3-4. (1937); Bl. XXI, 1, 2, 3 (1938). Bibliotheca Academiac Lugcluno-Bataviae, Oatalogus, Deel

XXXVIII-XLI (1937); XLII-XLIII, (1938). Bijdragen t.ot de taal-, land- en vol kenkunde van N eclerlandsch

Indie, Deel 96, (1938); Dec! 97, pts. 1-3, (1938). Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indochinoises, 'l'ome XII, No. 2.

(1937); Tome XII, Nos. 3-4. (1938). Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London, Vol. IX, pts.

2, 3. (1938). Bulletin de l'Ecole Fran<;aise d'Extreme-Orient, 'fome XXX VI,

Fasc 2 (1936). Bulletin of the OoloninJ Institute of Amsterdam, Vols. I, Nos.

2, 3, 4 (1938). Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Vols. XXXV, no. 212, (1937) to XXXVI, nos. 2l3-7 (1938). Oomptes Rendus des Seances du Conseil de Recherches Scienti-

11ques de l'Indochine, Annee 1937. India Office Library, London, Heport for the years HJ35-1938. Indiim Arts and Letters, Vols. XI, No.2 (1937), XII, No.1 (1938)· Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,

Decade Index of the Journal1920-1929. Journal 4th. quarter, 1937; 1-4 quarters 1938.

Journal of the Burma Research Society, VoiR. XVII, parts 1, 2. (1937); XVIII, 1 (1938).

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Malaya,), Vols. XV, 3 (1937), XVI, 1 (1938) .

• Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon), No. 90 (1937). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Bombay), Vol. XIV (1938) . .T ournal of t.he Hoyal Asi~:ttic Society (Bengal), Lettm·s,-Vol. II,

3, (1936); Vol. III, 1, (1937). Year Book, Vol. II, (1936), JY[emoi?·s, Vol. IX, 9 (1938).

PT. I] ACCESSIONS '1'0 'l'HE LTBHAIW 1938 71

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (North Chimt), Vol. LXVIII, (1937).

Journu,l of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 57, no. 4, (1937); Vol. 58, nos. 1, 2, 3, (1938); Supplement no. 2.

Journal Asiatique, 'l'ome CCXXIX, (3 numbers, 1937). Koninklijke Vereeniging, Koloniaal Instituut Jaarverslag (1937). Koninldijk Koloniaal Instituut to Amsterdam,

Mededeeling No. XLVI. Afd Volkenkuncle nos. 11, 12. Mitteilunger der Auslrmd-Hochschule an der Universitat Berlin,

Erste Abteilung, (1937). Man, Volume XXXVIII, Nos. 1-226 (1938). Ostasiatische Zcitschrift, Jahr-13, H. 3, 4, 5, 6, (1987-8); .hhr.

14, H. 1 (1938). B.endiconti della R. Accademia N:tzionale dci Lincei,

Vols. XII, Fasc 11-12, (1936); XIII, F. 1-12 (1937). 'rhe Geographical Journal,

Vols. XCI, Nos. 1-6, (1938); XCII, Nos. 1-5 (1938). Verlmndelinger van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de taal,-land- en

volkenkunde van N ederlandsch-Inclie, Heft I. (1938 ). Zeitschrift cler Dcutschen Morgenlandischcn GeFJel!schaft,

Band 91, Heft 3, (1937); 92, Heft 1 (1938).

B. Nat'Lwctl Histm·y Section.

Atti della Societa Italiana eli Scienze Natmali e del JVIuFJeo Civico eli Storia Naturale eli Milano. Vols. LXXVI, Fase 4, 1937; LXXVII, F. 1-3 (1988).

Annuurio del Museo Zoologico della R. Universit11 di Napoli, Vols. VII, No. 1, (1936); Nos. 2-4 (1937).

Arkivfur Zoologic, Band 29, Heft 4 (1937); Bel. 30, H. 1-2, (1938). Arkiv fur Botanik, Band 29, Heft 1 (1937). Bulletin Raffles JVI useum, No. 14 (1938); Series B. VoL I. Nos. 2, 3

(1937). Bulletin Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Vol. VI, 4, 5 (1938). Bulletin Madras Gov. Museum, Nat. I·Iist. Section, Vol. IV, 2 (1938). Bulletin American Museum of Natur!l.l History,

Vols. LXXIII, 8, (1937); LXXIV, 1-4 (1937-8). Bashford Dean Memorial Volume; Archaic Fishes, (!'he American

Museum of Natural History) Article VI (1937).

72 ACCESSIONS TO THE LJBRAUY 1938 [VOL. XXXII

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LXVI, 3, 4; LXXIX, 9; LXXX, 13, 14; LXXXII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Vol. XIV-XVI (1937-8).

Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturellc, 1'ome VIII, 6 (1936); IX, 1-6 (1937); X, 1-2 (J 938).

Field Museum of Nt1tural History, Zoologica,l Series Vols. XX, 27-31 (1937-8); XXII, 3 (1938).

Le Gerfaut. Fasc. 4 (1937); Fuse. 1-2, et specinl (1938). Journal of Marino R.osearc!t (Bingham Oceanographic Labora.tory),

Vol. I, No. 1 (1937). Joumal of the Bombay Natural History Society,

Vols. XXXIX, No.4 (1937); XL, 1, 2 (1938). Jonnutl of Federated Malay Stfttes J\fuseum (Natural History),

Vol. XVIII, pt. 2 (1987). Joumal of Agricultural R.esearch, Washington,

Vol. 55, No. 6 (1937). Memoire della Societa Italiana eli Sciem~e Natumli e del museo

eivico di Stol'ia Natmale eli Milano, Vol. X, Fasc 11 (1937). Mecledeelingen van hot Instituut voor Plantem~iekten, No. 90

(1938). Musee R.oyal d'Bistoire Naturelle de Belgique,

a) Bulletin, 'romes XII (1936), XIII (1937), XIV (1938). b) Memoire, Nos. 79-84 (1936-8). c) Mernoire 2nd serie, Nos. 8-12 (1937). d) Memoire hors serie, Vols. II, 18, 19 (1937-8); V, 4

(1937). Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History,

Vol. VIII, pp. 295-310 (1988). Proceedings of the Acttdemy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

Vol. XC, pp. 27-:30 (1938), pp. 109-111 (1938). Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club,

Vol. XVII, pp. 1-7 (1938), pp. 45-47 (1938). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington,

Vol. LI, pp. 25-26 (1938). Hecords of the Indian Museum,

Vols. XXXIX, 3, 4 (1937). Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. XX, No. 3 (1988).

.,

P'l'. I] ACCESSIONS '1'0 1'HE LTBH.ARY 1938 73

Spolia Zey lonica, Vol. XXI, pt. 1 (19:i8). Sitznngsberichte clcr Ges. N aturforschender Frennde zu Bodin

(1937). Science Museum Library, London, Weekly Bibliography of Pure

and Applied Science, Nos. 860-365 (1937), 366-406 (1988) .

'!'he S11rawrtk Museum n,ncl Libmry, Report for 1937. 'J'he Hong kong N uturalist, Vol. VIII, Nos. 3-4 (193S). Tile Philippine Jomnal of Science,

Vols. 6!3, No. 4 (1937); 64•, Nos. 1-4 (1937); 6.5, Nos. 1-4, (1938); 66, Nos. 1-3 (193S).

The Smit.hsonin.u Institution, Annual Heport 1937. 'l'reubia, Deel XVI, Af. 3 (Hl38). The United States National Mnseulll,

Bulletin, No. 166 (19:37), No. 170 (193S). Proceedings, Vols. 84 (1937), 85 (1937-8). Heport, for 1937.

Verhnncllungen dcr Nutnrforsehendcn Gesellschaft in Basel, Band XLVIII, 1936-1937.

1939.

PT•escn tccl by the auiho1' nnless otherwise statcr.l :-Admm; (Adeline): Ohilde Hu8sam. Published by tho American

Ac11demy of Arts ttnd Letters, Now York, 1 93S; S0• pp. 136.

(From tho American Aco.domy of Arts and Letters, New York). Andersen (Dines), Smith (Holmer): .A 01·itical Pal'i DictiO?wry

begnn by V. 'J'retwknor; Vol. I. part 9. Lovin & M unks­

gaarcl, Copenhagen; 8°. pp. 379-4·26. (From tho B.oyal Danish Academy).

Boyce (Benjamin): J'mn Brown of Pacefciou,q JJfcnwry. (Har­vard Studies in English Vol. XXI.). H11rvard University Press, Cambridge Mass. (1939); so. pp. 214.

(From Harvard University). Co.rpenter (C. R): A s~wvey of W·ild Life Oonclitions 'in Atjeh,

No?·th Surnatra, with special reference to Orang-Utang. A report prepared in co-operation with H. J. Coolidge, Jr., former Secret~ry of tho American Committee for Intema­tional Wild Life Protection, Februo.ry 1938. Reprinted from

74 AOOESSTONS TO 1'HE LlllRAltY 1939 [VOL. xxxn

Oomnvtmioai'ion No. 1!& of the Nethm·lnnds Oommiitlee for Inte?·rrwtional Nctt1t?·e P?·oteclion, Amste?Ylam (1.938).

(From the Asia,tic Primate Expedition). Carpenter (C. R.): Behcwiott?' amd Social Relations of F1·ee

Ranging P1·imales. Reprinted from the Scientific Monthly (April1939); pages 319-325. ·

(From the Asiatic Primat-.e Expedition). GriHwolcl (John A.): Up Mount K·i,nnbu1n. Reprinted from the

Scientilic Monthly, May a,nd June 1939; pages 401-414 and 504-518. (F1·om the Asia.tie Primate Expedition).

Hara,tla, (Sochito) : Ohine1:w D?Y!ss ancl Pe1•sonal 0?'1W1Jwnts 'in the Han and S·im Dynasties. (The 'l'oyo Bn~ko Honso, Series A, Vol. XXIII.) From the Toyo Bunko, Tokyo (1938). (In Japanese).

... ~ <I 1T 1 . I . . ) i!., ,/-1 ;i 9 " 'ill:iflfH'IUlii! ("-a ya~u nscnptwns : IHNVNffi11'11Hl'lJftl'l~fl''J.lfl1Uw1UA\ll

o "' t o ,I e;li '1 ~ ~ i'll'\J1Hlll11JUJi'lli VI~ fi lll\J l'l!u1-lf11fll Vll'J!l{lfilflleJ ~ fl t)hl'illJ 11'1111~7:;; til{~

..,. d 1 "' J'i 'l " ... ~l.Jl'l 1~Wl.Jl'l tfffl11! "1, fl~~!111AJ "1 ~o;,:,c;:b;;~ Jlll!ll V!l'l .,alm mn eJ fll;J1

'i ... " ( "' 9 " m.J1-l ;;~<n rnn ~1:J:l'llfl'qfll'lflmJ~1'\1H11). J .I '1J ..{ flJ ""'\ d ~

1-llU !. llCHflHl: lJ'ii;l.J'Jl'lfl.Qlll.lll'J~'li'liflHlVI ., ~{lftml'll ubb i"IJJ~1!1l.J'il1J1J

mm\l171 m ~m t~l.l ~ &:'o"' 1111'1 tftl.J m abrn mf1 (U'i::'lll.Jl11r~ . "' ,I "' .I .h .! 'l I I 1 "\ J fl'eJu!tfleJln'lilU'it'J~fl'liHI'i fl~lnlll'l VlU 1\'ll.J ~>;,:, W'l~ l"fll.J m H~lJ~

CJ ~~

eJmm..l\ll, fl~-::!VIlAJ "1 lAJ.rr. ~~c;:;;~.,.;;~~o;,:,).

Lowdermilk (W. C.), Wickes (Dea,n B.): Histm·y of Soil U8e ·in

· the Wu T'ai Shan Area.. A Monogmph issued under the Auspices of the North China Bmnch of the Royal Asia,tic Society, 1938, pp. 31.

North (Eric M.) Editor: 'l'he Boolc of n 'l'honsancl 'l'ongue8; being some account of the transln.tion i1ncl publication of a,ll or pu,rt of the Holy Scriptures into more than a thousand languages t1nd dialects with over 1100 examples from the text. Harper and Brothers, Now York, 1938, 4.0. pp. 386.

(From Rev. R. 0. Fmnklin). Ogurn. (Shimpei): A Shut'Y of ihe H'umble wnrl Honor1:fic Forn18

in the Ko?·ean Lcmg1W.(JC. ('l'he 'I'oyo Bunko Ronso, Series A, Volume XXVI.)

(From the 'royo Bunko, Tokyo, 1938; in Japa,nese).

P'l'. I] ACCESSIONS '1'0 'l'I-m LIBHARY 1939 75

Sandgl'Ouml (J. H.): A Redescription of TetmpetnlonemaDigitcdu. (Chandler, 1929) comb. nov. a filariid parasite of Gibbon Apes, with an ennmemtion of its congeners. Reprinted

from the Bulletin of Museum of Compamtive Zoology, Dec. 1938; pp. 49-59.

(From tho Asiatic Primate Expedition). Schultr. (Adolph Hans): 'l'he B.elnt·ive Length of the Reg•ions of

the Bpin((,l Oolunm ·in Old World Primates. Reprintecl from the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, J nly-Septemher 1938 ; pp. 22.

(From the Asiatic Primate Expedition). Schultz (Adolph Hrtns): 1'he Relative Weight of the Te8les ·in

Prinude8. Hepl'inted from the Anatomical Record, Vol. 72, No. 3; pp. 387-394.

(From the Asin,tic Primate Expedition). Sclmltr. (A. H.): Genital Swelling of the Femcde Omng-Utc~-n.

Heprinted from Jonrnal of Mammalogy, August 1938, pp. 363-366.

(From the Asiatic Primate Expedition) . ., 0/ .I ,;, 1 l "' d'£. <\

W~:;tllfftjHI'Ifllnl1~'il~ (C\':Ulhi1Jl-HI11~h!J: u1:i:'J I'J)JfliiJ 'IHHil:U HW:UW1llJfY1

0 "' m,mljw '1, w.fl', k!l<t<>k!l. @b <>l'I'IJl.

Suvn.tti, (Chote): JY[olluscs of gianL Bureau of Fisheries, Bang­kok, 1938; 8°. pp. 91 (Chun Cheong Press, Bangkok, 1938).

'l'elford (.J. H.): Handbook of the Lahu (llfuhso) La.ngtMtge and ]i}nglish-Luht& Diol1:ona•r·y (Snperintenc.lent, Government

Printing n.nd Stationery, Rangoon, 1938). 8°. pp. 100. (From the Publisher).

'J'hompson (Virginia): lhenoh lndo-Ohina. 'l'he Macmillan Co.,

New York, 1937. 8°. pp. 516. (From Mr. W. A. Zimmerman).

Wilson (Elkin Calhoun): Englrmd's El·iza, (Harvard Studies in English Vol. XXI). Ihrvarcl University Press, Cambridge,

Mass. 1939. 8°. pp. 479. (From Harvard University).

Yosicla (Sumio): On the Qinaux% (Kenku-S·y·n). Published in 1593. By the Amn.kusfl, collegia of the Jesuit Mission in

~fapn.n (The 'royo Bunko H.onso, Series A, Volume XXIV). (F'rom the 'l'oyo Bunko, 'l'okyo, 1938; in Japanese).

76 ACCESSIONS 1'0 THE LIBRAltY 1939 [VOL. XXXII

II. PERIOD!OAJ-S,

Presented:-BulletinoftheSouthSeasAssociation, Vol. II, No.1 (January 1939). China at vVar, Vol. II, No. 4 (April 1939). The China Journal, Vol. XXVIII, No.4 (April 1938); Vol. XXX

No. 3 (March 1939). Contemporary Japan, Vol. VIII, No. l (March 1939); No.2 (April

1939). Institut Oceanographitruc do l'lndoehinc, Note 35 (Aout 1939). Literatunr-Overzicht vom· do tan.l-, land- en volkonkunde en Ge­

schicdenis van Nederlandsch-Indie voor het jaar 1937, Deel II.

Madras Fisheries Department, Bulletin No. 2 7 (1838). Admi­nistration Report for the year 1936-1937.

National Resettrch Council o£ the Philippines Bulletin, Nos. 16-22, (September-December 1 938).

:National Resen,rch Council of Japan Heport, Vol. II, No. 7 (April 1937-March 1838).

New Asia, An Organ of Oriental Culture and Thought, Vol. I. No. 3 (July-September 1939).

Royal Survey Department, R111gkok, for 1936-1937. 'J\·ansactions of the Natural l:Ustory Society o£ Formosa, Nos.

173-183 (1938); Nos. 184,-189 (1939). 'r'ien Hsia Monthly, Vol. VIII, pnrt 1 (Janwuy 1938). 'J'okyo Gazette, Nos. 19, 20, 21 (Ja,nuary-February .. March 1939). Watson Museum, Rajkot; Repol'b for 1938-1939. l J ~~-~ ' ..J J ' 'illJliWl'ltl u'VI <nGl !ft)J 6, .,~£,) (i<nct~G)) lJVI .,~£,) HUJ l<n, Gl1 (\£,J<t~\£,J)

11.1 "" "'\ r! 1 ' ' 111HffflWlJWffiHN fl~ft'lllfll'liWH'ItlllJ lft:JJ Glb ~Hlhl &:-G)\£,J (\£,Jct~G)-i.o><t~\£,J)

l~JJ 0ol i>ltJhi G-i.o> (\£,Jc£~i.o>) ' ~ 11.1 t! AJ -i QJ J. .!:J ~ IV .,{

'VIfl~I'VItl'Jfll.J~m 1J1'1 ., ulJlJ'Vl Gllo, (~.o><t~.,) 1J1'1 ~.o> 1'l1Jtl1'1 k' (~.o><t.;\£,J)

lltnHfll1fl'l'lil111Jff'11 rcl:w .,<t tJ"hl~lJ ""', ., k< (~.o>ct~_m) '

I~)J m&ctl-llifu .,-~ (!rn<to:ii.o>)

ml~dtlw:JJl'!'wn"J'il ln:JJ 5 ~lfl'U G) (i.o><to:i!rn) d '-'.l " .J. kl-l " .( (

fflHilffhl lJYI \£,JGll ',!lJlJ'Vl .,o,.,"' 1Ji1 (;,)()( ~1J1J'VJ ., \£,J<to:i\£,J)

" "1 " d J "".! ' " 111HLHl1~)JWfl11!1'Jlll lJVI ., !ft)J .,, i.o>, Gl1 IJJlllU'W-Tihl'llfllJ l!!!ci<:I\£,J .... "l "' J "l l

\1hl~!l'1lWlJWntllff'fl lfthl .,al \llfl'U 5, GJo, GlGI Lin:; 611!!!! (l.,<to:ilml) •

l

P'l'. 1] ACCESSIONS '1'0 'l'HE LJ.lHtAlW l!J89 77

Exchanger.l :-

.Acta Orieutalia, Vol. XVII part::; 2, 8, 4 (1938-1939). Annual Bibliography of Inditm Archmology for the yen,r 1937,

Vol. XII (Kem Institute). Atti della Ren,le Accademia Nationale tloi Linci, Vol. IV, Fo,sc.

10 (1938). Bue::;ler-Archi v, Bn,ncl XX I, Heft. 4· ( 1938); Bnnd XXII, Heft. ] ,

2, 3 (1939). Bibliotheca Acaclemiae Luglluno-Battwiae, Cttti1lugus, Deel XLIV,

XLV (1938); XLVI, XLVII (1939). Bijdragen tot de taal-, lund- en volkenkunde va,n Necledandsch

Indio, Deel 97, Heft 4 (1938); Deel 98, Heft 1, 2, 8 (1939). Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indochinoises, Tome XIII,

No. 1, 2, (1938). Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London, Vol. IX, No.

4; Vol. X, No. 1 (193H). Bulletin de l'Ecole Frans:aise cl'Extreme-Orient, Hanoi, .Tome

XXXII Fasc. 2 (UJ82); ~'orue XXXVII Fase. 1, 2 (1937). Bulletin of the Colonittl ImJtitnte o.f Amsterdam, Vol. II, No::;. 1-4

(19a8-1939). Bulletin of the Museum o.f Fine Artf:!, Boston, Vol. XXXVI, No.

218 (1938); Vol. XXXVII, Nos. 219-223 (1939). Comptes llendus des Sen,nccs du Conseil de Hecherches Scienti­

fiques de l'Indochine, Annee 1938-1939. The Geographical Journal, Vol. XCII, No. 6 (1938);

Vol. XCIII, Nos. 1-6; Vol. XCIV, Nos. 1-4 (1939). India Office Library, Report for 1938-1939. Indian Art and Letters; Vol. 12, No. 2. (1938). Journal of the Hoyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and

Ireland, London, 1st to 3rd Quarters (1939). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Malaya), Vol. XVI, parts

2, 3 (1938-1939). Journal of the Hoyal Asiatic Society (Bengal), Letters-Vol. III,

No. 2 (1937). Journal o£ the Hoyal Asiatic Society (Bengal), Science-Vol. III

(1937) and Vol. IV, part I (1938). Journal of the Burma Heseal'Ch Society, Vol. XXVIII, parts 2, 3

(1938); Vol. XXIX, parts 1, 2 (1939).

78 ACCESSIONS '1'0 '!'HE LIBHARY 193D [voL. xxxn

Jomnal of the American Orientnl Society, Vol. 58, No. 4•, 1938; Vol. 59, Nos. 1-3, (I939).

Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, Vol. XV, part 3 (1939).

'l'he Journal of tho Indian Anthropological Institute, Vol. I. Nos. 1, 2 (I938).

Journal Asiatique,·•rome CCXXIX, Oct.-Dec. (1937); '.rome CCXXX, Nos. I, 2 (1938).

Kouinklijke Vereeniging Kolonittal Instituut Jaarverslag, 1938. Koninklijke Kolouiaal Instituut te Amsterda,m, Mededeeling

No. XLVIII; Afcl. Volkenkuncle No. I8. 1\bn. Vol. XXXIX, Nos. 1-I83 (1939). Ostasia,tische Zeitschrift, J11hr 14, Heft 2-3, 4-5 (1939). Rendiconti della R. Acct1dernia Nazionale dei Linci, Vol. XIV,

Fasc. 1-12, (1938). Verhanclelingen van hot Koninkliik Instituut voor de taal-, !and­

en volkenkunde en Nederlandsch-Indie, Deelll (1939). Zeitschrift der Dentschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Band

92, Heft 2, 3, 4 (1938); Band 90, Heft 1 (1939).

B. .Natnml History Section.

Atti della Societa Italiana eli Scienze NaturnJi e dellVIuseo Civico eli Storia Natmale eli Milano, Vol. LXXVII, Fasc. 4 (1938); LXXVIII, Fasc. 1, 2, (1939).

Arkiv flit' Botanik, Band 29, Heft 2 (1939). Arkiv fur Zoologic, Band 30, Heft 3, 4 (1938-1939); Band 31,

Heft 1 (1939). Bollettino del Lu.boratorio eli Zoologia Generale e Agraria,

Vol. XXX, (1938). Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection,

Vol. VI, Art. 6 (January 1939). Bulletin of the Amer.icttn Museum of Nat ural History,

Vol. LXXIV, Art. G, 7 (1938); Vol. LXXV; Vol. LXXVI, Art. I, 2 (1939).

Billletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LXXXIII; LXXXIV (I939); Vol. LXXXV, No. 1-7 (1938-1939); Vol. LXXVI, No. 1 (1939).

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1939.

'l'HE CouNCIL.

The Oouncll £or 1939 was composed as follows: Major Erik Seidenfa,den P·1·esiclent

H. H. Prin.ce Dhani Nivat 1 R. Lingat

y,:ce-P?•esicle?~ts Phra A1j Vicla.yakom J

(Dr. Geo. B. McFarland) Phyn, Indra Montri (Mr. F. H. Giles) B.. Adey Moore Hon. 8ecretat·y H. H. Prince Biclyalau karana J. Bumay B.ev. Father L. Chorin E. Healey Hon. Architect H. H. Prince Vn,rnvaidyakara Phya Srishtikar Banchong Hon. Libn-~ria?~ U. L. Guehlct· H. S. H. Prince Sakol Varnakan1 Vara varn Phya Sarasastra Sirilaksana J. E. Davies J. '1'. Edkins

Hon. Ed·itor·, Jotwnal II on. 1'1·easurer

81

Dr. R L. Pendleton Dr. J. de Campos Dr. A. Viehoever

Leade?', Travel Section Leader ancl Horh. Secretctry

N. II. Sect,ion @~cl IIon. Ecl'itor, N. H. Supp.

'l'he annual general meeting was held on February 22ncl when the President, Major El'ik Seidenraden, who was re-elected, referred to the fact that the collection of tribal dresses had been handed to the National Museum and was on vi.ew there. 'l'he number of lectures

82 ANNVAL Itl.CPOH'l' [voL. xxx.ll

in 1938 had been fewer than in 1937; and tl1e Natuml Hi:-;tory Sec· tion had had tt quiet year. He also acknow lodged the kinduess of H. S. H. (now H. H.) Prince Varuvaidyakant Vamvarn in helping the Society by tnt1~slating the rules into the Thai lauguage. A tribute was also paid to the iuvaluable ttssistance rendered to the Society by Phya Indra lVIontri, a former pi'esidcnt :111d a member for thirty-live years.

1\Ir. C. J. Honse, former Honorary 'l'reasurer of the Society, was unanimously elected a Corresponding member, in recognition of his services to the Society.

On the 31st December, 1939, the membership was as follows:-

Honorary 18

Corresponding 11

Life 4

Ordinary 147

Associate · l<'ree 16 4

lllaking a totoJ of 200, as COlll}Jarcd with 1.86 in 1938; 171 in 1937; 176 in 1936 ; ttnd 171 in 1985.' 'l'he rise is due to the election, dming the year, of one correspon~ling rnmn be1·· and fifteen ordinary lllcmbers against the resignation of two "aSsocittte members.

PUBLJOATIONS.

Volume XXXI, Part I, of the.Journal was issued in l\Jarch 1989, and Part II in December 1939, the fon~wr .including an article on "Enrly tnvle relati0us between Denrnal'k and Siam," hy H. H . .Prince Db ani Nivat and Major Erik Seidenfnclen ; and the latte1', an itrticle on "A French Ganison at Bangkok in 1687-1688" by Mr. E. W. Hutchin­son. 'l'he Journal was edited by Professor J. E. Davies.

The Natuml History Supplement, Volume XII, No. I, was issued in December 1939, under the Editorship of Dr. Arno Viehoever, who succeMecl .Mr. U. L. Gnehler (resigned) as Loader of the Natural History Section and Editor of the Supplement. This volume com­prises 170 pages and deals mainly with the many lectures delivered before the Society and also includes articles on "Early Botanists in 'l'hailand" by Dr. A. F. G. Kerr, and 'l'hai Earthworms by Professor G. E. Gates. 'l'he ~olume is divided into :four sections: Exploring and explorers of plnnt life; Development of soil nnd lttnd resomces; Records of aninml lifo; Progress jn human and animal wel£11\'C,

The question of printing a number of articles in the Thai language, on the suggestion made in Pmmng to Professor J. E. Davies by H. R. H. Prince Damrong,. was considered by the Council, which

P'P. IJ ANNUAL ltEPOH'l? 83

adopted it in pl'inciple, aud expressed the hope that the Editorial Committee would he able to pnhlil:lh a pttrt of the J onrmtl in the form desire1l.

MEETINGS.

Ten lecture meetingK were held during the year, and also the Annual Geneml Meeting.

'J'hc lecture meetings were as follows: .Tanuu?'Y lith :-Hev. K. L. Reichelt, Ph. D., of Trto Fong Shan,

Hongkong, on "Buddhist and Christian viewpoints on some of the Ftmdm11ental l~eligious Ideas."

Jum'tt(wy 16lh :-Hev. Father Henri Bemard, s. J., on "Les Essais de Mmlemisation occidentale du Siam avant Constance Phttulkon."

J?eb?'1Ut?'1J ihYl :--Dr. R L. Pendleton, on "Inter-relations of Agri­culture and Forestry in Simn."

Febr'tMr,ry :34th :-Professor Dr. Baron Egon von EiekHtedt, on "Some racial problems in Further India."

May .11lh :-Dr. M. Oberdoffor, on "Leprosy in Siam." .ht?W JUlh :-Dr. Amo Viehoever, F. o., Ph. D., Phar D., on" Natura,]

Treasures aml their Utili?.ation." J'uly !38th :-Dr. J. de CampoK, on "'l'lmiland in the 16th Century

11nd the en.rly studies of its Cartography." Aug'tt8t 18th :-Mr. Ambrose Pratt, on" 'l'he V11lue of Wild Life." N ovem/;e?' 17th :-Dr. Svasti Daengswang, on "~['he life-story of the

Tna Chid, common parasitic round-worm. December· 15th :-Dr. H. L. Pendleton, on" Soils of Thailand-the

Foundtttion of Our Wealth."

EXCUHSlONS.

At the meeting of the Council on January 4th, the details of pro­posed excursions to Ayudhya, Sukothai, Sawunlmlok, Prabat and Angkor were considered, and deferred owing to the absence of the leader of the Travel Section. But on May 7th, an excursion was made to the excavations at Nakon Pathom and this was thoroughly enj0yed by all who took part in it. Dr. J. de Campos, the leader of the Travel Section, was in charge of the party.

PRESERVA'l'ION OF WILD LIFE.

'l'he President, who was ttuthorized by the Council to approach H. E. Phya Phahon in order to solicit his assistance for p~·omulgation

84 ANNUAT, HEPOR'l' [voL. :XXXII

of a. law for preservation of the life of the rare a,nimals of this country, repm,ted on July 5th that he had had an intel'view with His Excellency who had promised to give his a,id to this end. His Excellency showed keen interest in, and sympathy with tho work of the Society.

Crum's FLOHAE.

The sta.tement of cost, and income, of Cmib's }t'lonw Siamensis Bnn?IW?'atio showed a loss of Tcs. 2,487.23, a,s at December 31st, 1938, and a sub-committee consisting of Pbya Indra Montri, Dr. Geo. B. McFttrland, and Mr. J. Burnay, was appointed to review the whole position of the Society's attitude in regard to this work, and to make suggestions and proposals for a larger circulation. The report of the sub-committee was subse<JllCntly circulated to members and adopted. It was decided that Dr. Kerr should receive free copies in future of every part edited or prepared by hiu1.

It \Vtts reported by tb e Hon. Librarian that several of the recom­menchttions made by the President after studying the report had been attended to. Other points noted were :

(a) That the Society had copyright in its publications.

(b) 'l'hat Dr. Kerr would arrange for a, mm·e uniform size of each part of Craib.

(c) Stock books had been established.

A letter was also sent to Dr. Kerr to the effect that the Council was prepared to continue the publication of Florae Siamens'is Bm.b­mendio in parts of not more than one hundred pages each.

'l'he sub-committee were thanked for their ·work.

GIF1' oF JouRNALs.

The Council decided to present continuing volnmes of the Society's

jomnals to the Chulalongkorn University.

Soom~ry's DELEGA'l'Es.

At the invitation of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, sent

through H. E. Mr. Edwin L. Neville, the American Minister, Dr. R. L. Pendleton, wu,s elected to represent the Society at that Congress,

and did so very efficiently.

P'l'. I] ANNUAL HEPOR'L' 85

An invitation to attend the Congress of Genetics in Edinburgh in August was directed to be sent to Dr. A. F. G. Kerr in. the hope that he ·would be able to aUend. He was, however, unable to do oo and the inability of the Society to send a delegate was intimated to the Congress Secretary.

PHYA INDRA's BmTHDAY.

An address was presented to I:l. E. Phya Indra Montri in com­memoration of his seventieth birthday and in recognition of all he had done for the Society.

'rhc address waH drawn up by the President,, signed by all the members of the Council, and engrossed by Mr. Edward Healey, the Honorary Architect., who was thanked for his beautiful work.

LmRAHY AccoMMODA'l'ION.

In the course of the year a sectional cupboard, as an extension to the library accommodation, was purchased at a cost of Tcs. 32.

CHANGE OF NAME.

At the meeting of the Council on September 6th it waB unanin1ous­ly agreed to change the name or the Siam Society to the Tl1t1ilund Research Society. 'l'his was confirmed at It general meeting held on Novemher 17th, 1939. It was also agreed that the Thai name of

the Society 8hould be ffJJlfllJ~IJ1'1n'!.h:m1rr'l-vw (Samakom Khan Vicha Prathet Thai).

'I'HE FAUWON PAPKRS.

'L'he President was asked to reply to Mr. E. W. Hutchinson's ap­plication regarding the publication of the Faulcon Papers that in view of all the circumstances the Society did not see their way to undertake publication but very gladly gave him permission to re­produce anything which had been published in the Society's Joumal on this subject.

RESIGNA'l'IONS.

During the year Mr. W. Zimmerman resigned from the Council; and Mr. U. 1. Guehler, from the position of Leader and Honorary Secretary of the Nat ural History Section and Editor of the Supplement. Both wore thanked for the services they had rendered to the Society.

86 ANNUAL.REPOlt'l' (YOI •. XXXII

H: H. PRINCE V ARNVAIDY AKARA.

A letter of congro,tulation on belutH of the Society was sent to H. H. Prince Vamvaidyalmra member of the Council, on his promotion m Royo,lrank

MmmEHSHIP S uB-COMMI'l"L'EE.

With a view to enlarging the membership of the Society the fol­lowing sub-Committee was formed: H. H. Prince Varnvaidyakara, Dr. Geo. B. McFarland, Professor J. E. Davies and Dr. Arno Viehoever,

'l'nE SooiE'n's BUILDING.

The question of letting the Society's home for meetings of outside bodies was considered and, as the Council felt that this might rerider the Society lin,ble to taxation at the hands of the revenue authorities, it was thought that before reaching a decision the authorities should be cmi.sulted.

DR. BERNA'rzm's Boorc.

'L'he Council decided that the translation of Dr. Bernatzik's book relating to the Pi 'Tong Ltiang, from German, should not be under­tnken An exhn,ustive and sympathetic review of the book had been written hy Mr. E. W. Hutchinson, which was due to appear in an early nU1i1ber of the Joumal.

AccoUNTS.

Mr. J. T. Edkins has acted as Honorary 'J'reasuret· and as· such done vttluahle \\'Ork throughout the year. He has also checked the {Society's stocks of Journals-over thirty volumes-and the stocks of Natural History Supplements, Craibs Florae and other publica­tions of the Society.

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year 1939.

Receipts.

·To balance brought forward from 1938

Subscriptions. Ordinary Members

do. do. do.

Associate Members

1937

1938 1939

1940

Life Members

Subscriptions in Suspense

Sales of Publications. .T ournal of the Society ·· Natural History Supplement

:Uon Dictionary

Ie Yay's "Coinage of Siam'' Sales in Suspense

Sunury ales. Bank Intm·est Donations

Baht

..

:.15.00

100.00

:2/750.00

150.00

5.00

50.00

13.3-3 -

379.6:! 159.00

19.80

11.70 173.92

Baht Stgs.

8".39.22

3,003.33

744.04

13.9-2

1.50

Baht 4,692.01

Harne·s ·mainte?Hlnce.

Wages of Caretaker Insurance

Light and l':ms

Water Sundries

Sinking Fund for l{cpairs

Expenditure.

Library d: Stocks of Publications. Wages of Clerk Book-binding

Insurance Book l'urcbase Fund

Sec·retarial &- E<lito1·ial Postage-Hun. Treasurer

-General & Han. Secretary

IDre P. 0. Box ... Printing Journal

Natural History Supp.

Authors' Separates General (& Stationery)

Wrapping & A .. .ddressing

Swm1ry ales. Emergency Expen~cs (a/c White Ant Extermination) E...x.change Adjustment

By Balance at Dank forward to 1940

Baht 396.00

86.67

77.20

17.~25

64.67

100.00 --

360.00

60.50

60.09

100.00 --

24.14

308.65

20.00

1123.00

857.5Q

127.50 145A5

17.04

Tcs.

Baht Stgs.

'i41.'i9

589.59

2,623.28

100.00 1.57

635.78 ---4,692.01

---

'tl -;; ,__.

'--'

:.> z z c:::: > r-< ;:;:! l:'j

;:g ~

·ro --'1

To Balance brought forward from 1938 , Interest to 21/12/39

ro Sinking Fund for Repairs , Book Purchase Fund

"To Cost of Printi11g Vol. II, Part 5.

Statement of Reserve Fund.

4,621.741 By Deficit for 1939 of Craib's }']orae a/c 195.17 , Balance forward to HJ40 ...

4,816.91

Baht

Baht

Statement of Reserve .. A" afc. Baht

Baht

100.00 \ By Balance at Bank forward to 1940 100.00

200.00

Statement of Craib's Florae a;c. Baht 455.00 By Sales ... . ..

, Balance transfered to Reserve Fund a/c

Baht 4-55.00

Examined and found to agree with the books and ~ouchers, Subscriptions outstanding.

J. H. W. :ll.ARSH.UL, Hon . ..d.lttditor.

1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

... Baht 50 75

150 275 475

Baht 1,025

Baht .. Baht

Baht

Baht

Baht

Baht

Number of Members as at 31st. December 1939.

Bangkok, lOth January 1940.

Honorary Corresponding Life Ordinary Associate Free

J. T. EDKLlifS,

18 11

4 147 16

4

200

Hon. Treasu,rer

:> ..

co co

149.90 4,667.01 ---4,816.91

200.00

---200.00

= 305.10 t> 149.90 z

--- z 455.00 q

= > :::-<

!:0 a '"d 0 ~ >-3

89

FULL LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE THAILAND RESEARCH SOCIETY.

Patrons

Vice-P11trons

Honorary Presidents

Hon. Vice-President

ON JULY 31ST 1940.

His Majesty King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand.

His Majesty King Prajadhipok, Virginia Water, Surrey, England.

H. R. H. Prince Aditya Dibabha, The

President of the Council of Regency.

H. H.. H. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, 206 Cinnamon Hall, Kelawci Hoad,

Penang.

H. R. H. the Prince of Nagara Svarga, Nylanclweg 130, Bandoeng, Java.

H. E. Major-Genet'al Luang ,Pibulasongkram.

H. E. Rear-Admiral Luang Sindhu Songkramchai.

HoNOilARY MEMBERS.

H.H. Prince Bidyalankarana. Pramuan Road. E. C. Stuart Baker 6 Harold Road, Norwood, London,

G. Ooedes

Miss E. S. Cole

W. Credner

England.

Ecole Fran<;n.ise d'Extremc-Orient, Hanoi, French Indochina.

2217 Jule Street, St; Joseph, Mo., U.S.A.

Kugelmuellerstrasse 22, Munich, 38, Germany.

H. E. Sir J. Crosby, K.B.E., c. I.E. The British Legation.

90

W. A. Graham

Count Gyldenstolpe

J. Homan van Jer Heide

C. Boden Kloss

K. Kuroita

R S .. le May H. Parmentier

H. E. Bishop R. M. J. Perros

Mn,lcolm Smith ... ·

Paul Tux en

Sir Walter Williamson, 0. 1\L G.

MEMBERSHIP [vor~. XXXII

Plnsh Manor, Piddletrenthide, near Dorchester, Englund.

Hoyal Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

Bemmel, Holland.

2 Holbein House, Sloane Square, London, S. W. England.

The Oriental Libro,ry, 'l'okyo, Japan.

7 Potstead B.oad, Oxford, England. Fnompenh, French Indochina.

Assi1niption CttthedrnJ.

Lane End, Pnt~1ey, London, England.

'l'he University, Copenhagen, Denmark.

cfo Lloyd'A Bo,nk, 6 Pall Mall, London, S. W. 1, EnglaiJd.

CnHRESPONDING MEMBERS.

C. J. Aagaard

A. Cabaton

C .• J. House,

W. It. S. Ladell

J. Michell

W. Nunn P. J;>etithuguenin .. . Conte F. I.. Pulle .. .

C. A. S. Sewe1l .. .

H. McCormick' Smith

H. Warington Smyth, O.l.Vf.G.

"F'rederikshof," Hadsund, Jutlapd, Denmark.

cjo Ecole Nationale deR Langues Orientales, Paris, France.

31 Wood Hoad North, Old 'rrafford, Mancbei:Jter.

cjo West Indies Sugar Co., Ltd., Frome, Gmngehill P. 0., Jamaica, B. W. I.

2 Oa,lchill .Hoad, Beckenham, Kent, England.

Gil !grass, Gosforth, Oumberland,England. 7 4 Rue St. Lazare, PariR, France. R. Uni versita., ;Bologmt, Italy. Birchington, Kent, Engln.nd.

1209 M. St. N. W., Washington, D. C., U.S.A.

Cahmansac, Falmouth, England.

I ;

.I

(

I

P'r, I) lVIEMBEHSHlP 91

LIFE MEMBEHS ....

K W. Hutchinson E. R. James

A. F. G. Kerr Phya Pradibaddha Bhubal

Chiengmai. Harvnrd University, Cambridge,

Mass., u. s. A.

Street Housej. Hayes, Kent, England. K.long Toi.

OIWINAltY MEMBERS.

Agriculture and FiAheries, Department of

Aunman Rajadhon, Pltya Anusasna, Phylt ... Anuvn.b VawarakHh, Phya Art.s & Sciences, Faculty of Ayumved Vichakshana,

H. E. Phya Bain, W. Bangkok Christian College Banque cle l'Inclochine Bastholm, S.

Becker, .J. N.

Bibliotbeque B.oyale du Cambodge

Bjorling, 0. Boribal Buribhand, Lmtng Bovo, Mons. G. Brandli, H. Brionva.l, Jean Bruun, J; Brown, J. H. Buchanan, A. R .. Burnay, J. California, University of ... Cambiaso, :S. Cambridge University

Library

Director-General, 'rho, Maha Chai Road. 'l'he Fine Arts Department. Petchaboon l'ttlace. 'L'imher Hevenue Station, Pttknampoh. Chulalongkorn University.

'!'hatched House, Klong 'l'oei. Chiengmai. Prn.mm1n Road. Oriental Avenue. Christiani & Nielsen.(Tlu.l.i), Ltd.

The Close, 36 Silverdale Road, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Pnompenh. cfo ]~(Lst Asiatic Co., Ucl. Division of Arclu:eology. Italian Consul-General, Italian Legation. Paste restante, Lugano, Switzerland.

French Legation. Menam Motor Boat Co., Ltd. Thai IndustTieR (1932), Ltd.

'rhe Borneo Co., Ltd., Chiengmai. cfo P. Clerc Esq., Singapore. Berkeley, Cal., U. S. A. Dept. of Public & Municipal Works.

Cambridge, England ..

I

92

Campos, J. J. de Central Library ... Chakra,bongs,

Mom Elizabeth Chakrapn,ni, Luang ChnJoem Pumnananda Chapman, J. Holbrook Charan Rogvicharn, Phra Charyakul, Lua,ng Chorin, Rev. Father I..~.

Chuang Ka,setra Silapakara, Phra

Chula Ohn,krabong~>, H. H. H. Prince

Collins, M. H. E., Mrs. R Coppe, L. Coultas, W. W. Crolla, H. E. Mons. Guido. Dancer, vV. Darnphan Pitak, Phya ... Davies, J. E. Devawongs, H. H .. Prince Dhani Njvat, H. H. Prince Diskul, H. S. H.

Prince Ajavadis Doll, W. A. l\1. Dupont, Pi~rre East-Asiatic Economic

Research Bureau Edkins, J. Ellis, A. G.

Enrlahl, 0. V. F. M. S. JHuseurns Fine Arts Department, 'l'he J?isher, J. M. FitzGerald, G. de la P. B. Forest Department, The ... Forno, E.

MElVIBERSHIP

Portuguese Consul. Chulalongkom U niverAity.

'l'ba 'rien Pahtce. 858 Sri Vieng Road. Pasteur Instisute. The American Legation. Rerl Cross Society.

[VOL. XXXII

'l'hai Electric Corpol'ation, Ltd. Assumption College.

Department of Agricultme & Fisheries.

'I'ha 'l.'ien :Palace. Poh Y orne Hoad. Allai Road, 60, oft' Suriwongse Hoacl. British Lega,tion, Bnngkok. Itn,lia,n Legation. Ohnlnlongkorn Uni\·ersity. Forest Department. Suriwongse Road. Bejmpnri Road. Bejrapmi Ron,d.

'l'hai Electric Corporation, Ltd. Ministl·y of Finance. 26 Bel. Oa8seau, Hanoi. 'l'oyo Building, Uchi-Saiwai-cho,

Kojimachiku, 'rokyo, Japan. Hongkong & Shanghai Ba.nk. Elm Ave. & 4th St., Broadmoor

Colorado Springs, Col. 'l'hai Electric Corp. Ltd. Kuala Lumpur, F. M. S. Bangkok. British Legation. The Hongkong & Shanghai Bank. Bangkok. Corso Gabbetti 9, 'l'orino (107), Itn,ly.

r'l'. 1]

Fmnkliu, Ht~\·. ( l. Ft·unelt Lt•gnLion, 'l'hto Fuh l'!10p, \\'. liltinlllPI', K. (L

U1trre!.t, 11. H. G., ~1. c., Uet•, C. I l. Oetlt'gtoH· Pit•ol., W. Uermnn Club, Tbc•. Uut'Htlll, II. Uotsehlieh, K Oreun, I), S.

Ul'llt, Uotumdr. \V. L.

Chwhlm·, U. ( iuyon, 1\. U. Httnlllu·t., ,J. K. llltl'Ltllltltu, L. < l., LL.-Uol. llttl'LIIlll<llll, i\lt'H, L. <L 1 l.onluy, K IItJt'tneL, P. Hjn.rtverl, .1. A. H(Jit, ,J. H.

Imlm i\J.outl'i, Plty:t ,J,tiynllttt, II. H. H. Pl'im:o

ViwaL ,JaiyoH SotnpitLi, H. K Phytt • Jr1prtnoso Legtttion Tho ~Tayttll{ltnn, 11. B. Uit·oek • JolmntLrk, Phy11 ... Krtnn HttHlllUHHon, A. Kttrpeles, 1\lllo. 8.

Kayser, Sv. Klein, Dr. Hans Kneccller, W. H. Knox, E. I. Knndt~on, .J. Labanukrom, H. E. Dr. 'roa

A llHJt'iettn BiLle Soeiuty. Baugkok. \ViiHl~:H)l' & Co. Thai Vathnna. Pnnich Co., Ltd., Asdang

Roo. d. Chinngmai.

Vdmuttd Cottn.ge, Fleet, HautH, England. cfo Fruneh Emuas:-;y, Puking, Chir111. Httthom Hond.

Gurson's Furniture Store. 'l'lw Bn.ngkok DiHpens}Hy. Di \'iHion of Stat.iHticH. AH:-;olmk ken Birkernd via Copenhagen,

Denmark. B. Griu1m & Co. 'l.'nu Nguan Smty Ltttw. B. Chi11tm & Co. 'l'ho BritiHh Leg11tion. Tho Bl'itiHh Legation. 'J'IuLi Vatlmna l'ttnich, H1tjaclmnri H.oad. Jt'rell(;h DispunHtLry. Thai Eluetrie Corpon1tion, Ltd. l\leklong H.ailwuy Co., Ltd.

l~t~j!tpmrulJ Um1rl.

l\J.inistry oi Finnnee. Ch!1rtered Accountant, B. M. C. Building. ltttjapnnob B.oad . Ministry or Foreign Ml:'ait·R. .Depu.rtntcnt of Agrienltnre . ChriHtiani & Nielsen ('l'bai) Ltd. Bibliotheque Royale du Cambodge,

Pnompenh.

Ohristi~tni & Nielsen ('l'hai), Ltd. Clmlalongkorn University. Chiengmai. McFarland 'l'ypewriter Co., Ltd. The Thai Electric Corp., Ltd. Dept. of Science.

94

Laming, Mrs. R C. , ... L!twson, K. A. Le Count., W. K. I"echner, H. E. Mons. C. W. Leipilig University Library Lepessier, H. E. Mons. P. tetts, L. E. C. Lingat, R. Losch, 0. Malaknl, 1\1. L. Pin Manava, Raja Sevi,

H. E. Phya Ma11fredi, E. McFarland, G. B .... Mai~jikul, Ariaut ... Medicine, The Ft1culty of .. . Mitrakarrn Ra,ksa, Phra .. . Moore, R. Adey Mundie, W. H. Nielsen, Axel Neilson Hays Library Neville, H.E. tho Hon. E. L. Oakley, '1'. C. Pananuchorn, Phy11 Pendleton, H.. L. Perkins, E. A.

Pichon, Colonel L. Piere Hoon.

Pistono; F. Planterose, Rewy de Plion, R. Prem Purachatn1,

H. H. Prince Princeton University

Library Public Healt.h, Dept. of Rt1;jadhann Nicles, Phra.

1\.ania VI ·Road. ·Pan Hoad: The 'l'hai Commercial .Bank. 'l'he Netherlands Legation. BeethovenstrasRc G, Leipzig, Germany. French Legation. Henry Waugh & Co., Ltd. Appeal Court. · Getman Legation. Chulalongkorn University.

· Satlwrn Road. Cole A venue,. Bang Kapi. Holyrood, Satlwrn Road. Department 0£. Agricult.ure. Chulalongkorn University. cjo Min. of Foreign Afiairs. 'l'he Bangkok Times Pt•ess; Ltd. 'l'he Ba.ngk:ok 'J'imes Press, Ltd. 'L'he East Asiatic Co., Ltd. Snriyavongs ·Rmtd. Department of State, Washington.· Windmill Road. Forest Department. Department of Agriculture. Thai Consul, P. 0. Box 760,

l\hnila, Philippine Islands. French Legation. ·Bangrak Health Centre, Dept. of

City Engineer's Office. Legislative Council. French Legation.

Public Health.

Chulalongkorn. University.

Princeton, N. J., U. S. A. Bangkok 2678 Rama I Road.

1''1'. I j 95

Httki::Ht. Nnvns, Lmmg Lu,mg H.aksu. & Co. Httngoun U 11 i n~t·siCy Lil1t'tti'.Y RangiJon, Bm·uuL.

Hu.ng::~iL, H. S. H. p;:ineu Sauit P.

Reclwrehes AgrmHHnicpws de l'Imloehinu, Institute des

Reeve•, W. ll. Hicluml, ,) .

Hiem Virnjjttphak, Pltt·a ... Hivutt-Oarntte, D. C. M. Hossitur, K W. SalytLveclyn, Col. Phm Sttt'ttHnstnt, Phya ... Saruj, Phra Schaller, H .. Scluuiclt, W. Dr. Schultr., II. F. Schl'eilwr, F.

SchweiHgnth, P. · Seieucu, Dupnrttnunt of Scimtti1ie Seetion, 'l'lw

Scientific Reetion, 'J'he Segaert, 11. E. lYlous. H .... Rohef:ltml, Steen, ... Seidenftt<lnn, Major R Siegenthaler, W. SimpHou, K. B. Siribttecl, Luang Smmknl, H. S. H.

Prince Hajatla ... Spanow, .J. W. G.

Sri Dlu1l:rnaclhibes, H. E. . Chao Phya

Srishtik[Lrn Banchong, Pbya

S teenstra-'1' o u HSttin t, A. J.D.

Streatfeild, W. C.

M:\ Nemni.thloqnui, Zurich, Switr.orla11d.

.. Hmwi, French Indoch~nu.

Customs Department.

'l'lmi Electric Col'pomtion, Ltd. Ministry of Foreign Atl:b.irs. Chulttlongkom Uni verf:lity. Bm·Httt Civil Service, Myitkyhm, Bmrn11. Ph ytt 'l'lwi :Mi littuy Hospitn,l.

ott' Hu.nm IV Hoad. Depurtment of Fine Al'ts.

Hamlmrg-'l'hai Cumpany. Windsor & Co. [ntemn,tional Engineering Co., Inc. Uer.wra.l Post Of!ice, Poste H.eKtnnte,

Bangkok. Cl'edit F'oneier do l'Inclochine, Saigon. Director-General, The "B1tyer" DiHtributors, Ment;r.el & Co.,

Pratu Samyot. H,ecl Ct·oss Society of 'L'hailand. 'l'he Belgian Legation. KualtL Lumpur, F. M. S. 148 Phya ~l'hai Hoad. Diethelm & Co., Ltd. 'Phe Bomeo Co., Ltd., Singapore. Department of Public Health.

Ministry of Public Inf.ltmctiou. Sathorn Road.

Silom B.oad. · Milita,ry Medicu,l College, Lopburi.

'l'he Netherlands Legation.· .. 'l'he Bombay Burmah 'l'radiug·.Corp., Ltd.

!) (j

Stt'0lllllto, 0. L. . .. Stmort, F'. H. Swtm~o~ou, ,] ttllWH ...

'l'ailwkn CUluuwt·cial

Windmill Hllad. B1·itiHh Luga!liuu. Bttnglwk Duck Co., Ltrl.

[VoL, XXXII

College Taihokn, Taiwan. 'l'havil, Luang Gott:;ehe Road. 'l.'hode, ,J. B. Grimm & Co. 'l'homtLH, lL E. lh'. W. 'l'he Uerm:1n Legatiou. 'l'hougytd, Dr. Clmkm. 'l'houg Dept. of Agriculture & FiHiturius. Vat·n vaidyakarn.,

H. H. Prince Vest, Aage Vi chit V u.cln.lmrn,

H. E. Luung ,,, Viehoever, A. Vomvarn, H. S. H.

Prince S11kol ... Watt11n11 Wittaytt Acttdcmy Wa.tts, G. Wester, ,Jum., J. D. Wells, ltev. Kmmeth E.

Whittington, R ... Winit Wanadom, PhytL Witherf:l, F. W. Y. M, C. A., Bn.ngkok Zielcr, Idor Zimmermn.n, W. A.

lVfinistry of li'oreign Atl'airt~.

Christialli & Niol.':!Llll ('l'lw.i), Lt<l.

Dcp:trLuwut of Fine Arts. Dept. of Science.

Ad visor, lHinistry oE Uw Interiol'. Bttug Kapi. 'Che Borneo Co., Lt<J. In terwttiontLI EHgilworing Co., Ine. Anwricm1 PrcHbyteriltll MisHiou,

'J'he Britit~h I~eg11tiou. Forest Department. Uhulttlongkorn University, Voraclmkt· l~oad, Easb Asiatic Co., Ltd.

Chiengmni.

Y. JH. C. A., Vorachakr Hoad.

l!'HEE l\I EMlJEW:l.

Bober, Hev. Father E.

Deignan, H. C.

Hilaire, Rev. Brother Irwin, Rev. R.

c/o Major E. Seidenfaden, 148 PhytL 'l'hai Road.

Division of Birds, U.S. Nationu.l Museum, Washington D. C., U, S. A.

Assumption College. 454 W. Seventh Street, Claremont,

Cal., U.S. A. AssociA 'l'E MEMBEHS.

Balankura, Chamkad Bodhibhakti, Prabandha ...

Sirisat School, Siphya l~oad. 3266 Lang 'ralat Noi.

··-

PT. I]

BoonkllfLm, OhnfLn Bnnnag, Kliow

Clumcharoen, Boon Song , Chandravongs, Ua,

. Jayabongse, ChttJlll'fLR Kusuma na Ayuclhyn,, Ttmk

Kiartibutr, PmHitldhi

Kunjor, Mom Luang-ying Bunltm

Ladbli, hndnmh rvfangu.lapruk, Kin, Hni

H.atu.wasr1hla, Kttll

l~ochana Pmr1m1ncla, Pne Sakuntnsut, BongH Sivasl'iyanrLmltL, Vicl Svastikul, M.R, Snmt111r1jati Svetasreni,

Miss Smuruny ... '.l'uyanond11, Siri

l\T EM!lEHSHl P

452 Klong Bang Phd, Dhonhnri. Department o[ Science.

] 8lB Phya Phipat Kosa Lu,ne.

Hettdmaster, Satri l~ajinutis, Udorn Dh::tni .

.Municipal Works. Uclorn Bidyanukul School, Udom Dhani. 1830 Lang Krom Chao 'l'a.

Prepu.ratory School, Chulalongkorn University.

'l'illeke & Gibbins. 367 Si1~hya Hoad.

Bureau of DesigrJR, Public Works

Division, Krungdeb l\1unicipt11ity.

Depa.rtment of Science. 1271 Ban Moh Hoad. Clmlalongkorn University. 493 Petclmbmi Roacl.

110 A:;oka Hcmd, Bt~ng Kapi. Dept. of Science.

1\rJmmmsini• oN JuLY :n, 1940.

( )nlinary

Life CorreRponcling Honm·at·y

Associt1te Free

181 4

11 17 19

4

286 =

--··---·-------------- --.. ---·--··-All :trlcl;·~~~eHn.l'~i~1-B:~r~gl~ok unless otherwise ~tttted.

[Published for the 'rlmilt1nd R.esearch Society by J. K Dtwies, Editor, and printed by W. H. Mundie, at th:- Bangkok Times printing office 593 HoncrkonO' Bt1nk Lane Bl1nQ'kok, m Septmnber, 1940.]

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