OF ROCKS [L17 P. 363-373 /IP-B] DEFORMATION OF ROCKS [L17 P. 363-373 /IP-B]
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Transcript of OF ROCKS [L17 P. 363-373 /IP-B] DEFORMATION OF ROCKS [L17 P. 363-373 /IP-B]
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DEFORMATION OF OF ROCKSROCKS
[L17 P. 363-373 /IP-B][L17 P. 363-373 /IP-B]
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Deformation of Deformation of rocksrocks
• Folds and faults are geologic structures.
• Structural geology - the study of the forces that deform rocks (stress applied) and the effects of this force (strain).
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Phil Dombrowski Fig. 10.1
Small-scale Folds
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Small-scale Faults
Tom Bean Fig. 10.2
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StressStress(force per unit area)(force per unit area)
Types of directed (or differential ) stresses include:
• Compression - shorten
• Extension - elongate
• Shear - distort shape
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Differential stress
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StrengtStrengthh• Ability of an object to resist deformation
(low pressure vs. high pressure)
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StraiStrainnis any change in original shape or
size of an object in response to stress acting on the object
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Types of deformationTypes of deformation
• Elastic
• Ductile (plastic)
• Brittle (rupture)
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Elastic deformationElastic deformation
Temporary change in shape or size that is recovered when the deforming force is removed
Think “rubber band”
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Ductile (plastic) deformationDuctile (plastic) deformation• Permanent change in
shape or size that is not recovered when the stress is removed
• Occurs by the slippage of atoms or small groups of atoms past each other in the deforming material, without loss of cohesion
• Think “deck of cards”
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Brittle deformation Brittle deformation (rupture(rupture))
• Loss of cohesion of a body under the influence of deforming stress
• Sucker breaks!!!
• Usually occurs along sub-planar surfaces that separate zones of coherent material
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Typical stress and
strain curve
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Factors that affect deformationFactors that affect deformation
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Strain rate
• Rock type
The variation of these factors determines if a rock will fault or fold.
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Effects of rock type on deformationEffects of rock type on deformation
Some rocks are stronger than others.
competentcompetent:: rocks that deform only under great stresses
incompetentincompetent:: rocks that deform under moderate to low stresses
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Effects of deformation on rock type Effects of deformation on rock type Experimental Deformation of Marble
M.S. Patterson
Fig. 10.7
Brittle Deformation (Under low pressure) Ductile Deformation
(Under high pressure)
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Orientation of deformed rocks Orientation of deformed rocks
ATTITUDEATTITUDE - way to describe the orientation of geologic structures.
StrikeStrike: (compass) bearing of a line defined by the intersection of the plane in question and the horizontal
DipDip: acute angle between the plane and the horizontal, measured perpendicular to strike.
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Fig. 10.4
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Fig. 10.4
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Dipping Sedimentary Beds
Chris Pellant Fig. 10.3
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P.L. KresanP.L. Kresan
Cockscomb Ridge, S. Utah
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Cockscomb Ridge, S. Utah
Dip
Strike
P.L. Kresan
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Tectonic Forces and Resulting Tectonic Forces and Resulting DeformationDeformation
Fig. 10.6
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BRITTLE DEFORMATION
A. Abrupt movement breaks or cracks strata
B. 2 kinds of breaks:
– 1. JOINTS - NO movement of blocks
– 2. FAULTS - YES movement of blocks
1. Movement along STRIKE
2. Movement along DIP
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Columns Formed by
Joint-controlled
Weathering
Terry Englander Fig. 10.20
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Joint-controlled Landscape, S.E. Utah
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FaultsFaultsFractures in rocks created byearthquakes that have moved
A. Dip-slip faultsnormal
reverse
thrust
B. Strike-slip faults
right lateral or left lateral
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Hanging-wall and footwall
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Dip-slip faultsDip-slip faults
Motion of the fault blocks, parallel to the dip direction.
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Classification of FaultsClassification of Faults
hanging wall
footwall
cross section
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Normal Normal FaultFault
footwall
hanging wall
cross section
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Normal Dip-slip Fault
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Reverse FaultReverse Fault
footwall
hanging wall
cross section
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Reverse Dip-slip Fault
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Drape Fold over Reverse Fault, WY
George Davis
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Thrust FaultThrust Fault
footwall
hanging wall
cross section
Thrust faults are low-angle reverse faults.
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Thrust fault
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Keystone Thrust Fault, S. Nevada
John S..Shelton
Cambrian Limestone
Jurassic Sandstone
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Lewis Thrust,
Sawtooth Range,
Wyoming
Kurt N. Coonstenius
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French Thrust, Wyoming
Cretaceous Shale
MississippianLimestone
Kurt N. Coonstenius
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Strike-slip faultsStrike-slip faults
Motion of the fault blocks is parallel to the strike direction.
To determine the direction of strike, put toes on the fault line & look at the direction the opposite block moved.
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Left-lateral Strike Slip FaultLeft-lateral Strike Slip Fault
map view
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Right-lateral Strike Slip Right-lateral Strike Slip FaultFault
map view
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Gudmundar E. Sigvaldason
Strike-slip Fault
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Rift Valley Formed by ExtensionRift Valley Formed by Extension
Graben
Horst
Horst
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Wildrose Graben, Southern California
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NASA/TSADO/Tom Stack
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1872 Fault Scarp, Southern California
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1988 Armenian Earthquake Fault Scarp
Armando Cisternas
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1992 Landers
Earthquake Fault Scarp
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PLASTIC DEFORMATIONFOLDSFOLDS
anticlineanticline: older rocks on the inside
synclinesyncline: older rocks on the outside
(scale(scale - from mm to tens of km)
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Fold TerminologyFold Terminology
Fig. 10.10
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Symmetrical
Isoclinal
Asymmetrical
Overturned
RecumbentFig. 15.22
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Bill Evarts
Axial plane
AnticlineAnticline
Fig. 10.11
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Breck Kent
Asymmetric Folds
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Phil Dombrowski Fig. 10.1
Overturned Folds
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Overturned Syncline,
Israel
Geological Survey of Israel Fig. 10.13
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Valley and Valley and Ridge Ridge
Province of Province of the the
Appalachian Appalachian MountainsMountains
Fig. 10.19
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Valley and Ridge Province
P. L. Kresan
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J. Shelton, Geology illustratedJ. Shelton, Geology illustrated Fig. 10.15
Plunging Folds in the Plunging Folds in the Valley and RidgeValley and Ridge
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Raplee Anticline, S.E. Utah
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Raplee Anticline on the San Juan River, Utah
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Domes and BasinsDomes and Basins
Fig. 10.16
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John S. Shelton Fig. 10.17
Sinclair Dome, Wyoming
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Anticlines and SynclinesAnticlines and Synclines
Fig. 10.9
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Geologic Geologic Map and Map and
Cross Cross SectionSection
Fig. 10.5
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Outcrops of SynclineOutcrops of Syncline
Fig. 10.18
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All pau