of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond...

30
Handling of Nanodiamond Including Purification, Properties of Dispersed SingleNano Diamond Particles Osawa Class No. 2 Thurs, May 28, 2:153:05 pm (32 plates)

Transcript of of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond...

Page 1: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Handling of Nanodiamond Including Purification, Properties of Dispersed 

Single‐Nano Diamond Particles

Osawa Class No. 2

Thurs, May 28, 2:15‐3:05 pm

(32 plates)

Page 2: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

GEOMETRICAL AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE

SCC‐DFTB CalculationsCore‐Shell StructureSurface ChargePolarization Mechanism Unusually Strong Hydration

2

Page 3: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

3

Aqueous colloid Hard gel (water ca 20%)

Page 4: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

4

{111}

Diamond

Graphitic (Holey bucky‐onion)

Truncated octahedron

SCC‐DFTB

Self‐Consistent Charges Density Functional Theory on Tight Binding Approximation

Input (all diamond)

Output(core‐shell)

{100}

Barnard‐Sternberg 2007

Page 5: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

5

Barnard‐Sternberg 2007

1. Strong Mulliken charges on all the facets

2. {111} (‐),  {100} (+), hence multi‐pole

Page 6: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

6

Carbon                       Fullerene                     diamondElectronagativity +++                       ‐‐‐Acquired charge             ‐ +  

Page 7: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Reminds us of the high stability of 1‐adamantyl cationThere are almost infinite number of 1,3,5‐triaxial hyper‐conjugative stabilization 

7

Why {100} facets acquire large positive charge?

Page 8: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

sp2 Graphehe shell

sp2+x Intermediate core

sp3 Diamond core

Space >0.335 nm

Spherical seamless model

Truncated octahedral holey bucky model

a

b

8

Page 9: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Consequences of polarized diamond 

1. Abnormally strong hydration2. Unprecedented agglutination3. Ligand exchange equilibrium

Page 10: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

10

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

-40

-20

0Q

(mV)

T (oC)

1

2

1. Aqueous gel of nanodiamond2. Aqueous gel of C60

Korobov 2007

DSC analysis of hydration shell (2007): thickness 0.6 nm, mass of water equal to 24% of the weight of an SNBD particle.

1. Abnormally strong hydration

Page 11: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

11

Three models for non‐freezing aqueous phase

a b

Nanocarbon particle

non‐freezing aqueous phase

Model A Model B Model C

micropore

nanopore

non‐freezing aqueous phase

Page 12: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

SNBD ϕ4.8 nm

Surface‐adsorped water layer  1.0 nm thick

MH2O/MSNBD=0.47

Melting/freezing layer0.4 nm thick 

Inner inert layer0.6 nm thickMIIL/MSNBD=0.22‐0.24

12

Hydration shell on the surface of 5‐nm buckydiamond by seamless model

Page 13: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

1. Water molecules are strongly absorbed onto the surface electrostatic field. 

2. Orientations of water molecules differ depending on the sign of field. 

3. Intercluster interactions are attractive.4. Facet‐controlled clusters of water stabilize the 

hydration shell.

+ -

HHO H

HO

Page 14: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

14

TNT+RDX

Soot removal

Beads‐

milling

Evaporation of bulk water

Partial evaporation of nano‐phase water

Powder (Interfacial  coherent and incoherent interfacial mixed aggregates)

Colloid

Soft gelHard gel

Redispersionby addiiton of water

Page 15: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Stable aqueous colloid of SND

Conc.wt%

Appearance

<約8% Transparent and light solution

8~(20) Soft gel

(20~(50) Hard gel

(50)~68 Narrow stripes or whisker crystal‐like solid

(): estimated

Page 16: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

2. Unprecedented agglutination

It took more than 40 years to destroy agglutination

Page 17: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

18

• Early soot‐like model of agglutinates I

Spherical graphitic shell

Truncated octaheral core 

Page 18: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

19

Model of SND: truncated octahedron

[100] square facets &[111] triangle or hexagonal facets are much different!

Barnard, 2007

Inter‐particle interactions probably governed by facet‐facet interactions, but not by DLVO theory alone

Page 19: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Electrostatic fields on the facets of truncated octahedral model

Facet ColorElectrostatic field

No. of equivalent facets

(100) ++ 6

(111)a ‐‐ 4

(111)b + 4

Page 20: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Front:Woodcraft model of truncated octahedronBack: Interfacial bonding of type {111}a/{111}b

+ electrostatic field

‐ electrostatic field intermediate electrostatic field

Page 21: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

23

A strong support for Barnard’s proposal:Formation of diamond whiskers from SND

Page 22: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Agglutinates: Size=70-200nm, coherent interfacial  assembly  of  primary particles, impossible  to  completely disperse by  any  conventional  methods but beads milling

Williams, 200724

Page 23: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

25

World market of detonation nanodiamond(tons, estd)

Mixed aggregatesPrimary particles

Country 2006 2007 2008Russia 0.8 2.0

8.0Ukraine 1.0 1.2

Byelorussia 0.05 0.06

China 1.0 1.2

Japan ‐ 0.1 0.3

Total 2.8 4.7 8.3

Page 24: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

3. Ligand exchange equilibrium

Page 25: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Health risk

Page 26: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

28

Examination of cytotoxicity

• Yu et al.(2005)、Top‐down pulverized artificial diamond  particles (100nm) exhibit weak toxicity to kidney cells.

• Nanocarbon samples tested5nm diamond particles (ND ), ND‐COOH, ND‐COONa 2‐10nNano‐sized carbon blacks (CB), faintly toxic, 20-30nm  CdO, highly toxic, a few hundred nm

• CellsNeuroblastoma (neuronal phenotype)Macrophages (rat alvelar)Keratinocytes, PC‐12

• BioassayMTT*colorimetric method, to study damage on mitochondria membranesROS, to evaluate oxidation stress DCFH2+→DCF(fluorescent) **

CellTiter‐Glo luminescent activity assay kit

*3‐[4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide **2’,7’‐Dichlorohydrofluoresein

Page 27: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

29

A

Neuroblastoma・nanocarbon particles (1) 

balance ND‐raw 100μg/ml            ND‐COOH 100μg/ml 

10μmCarbon black, 100μg/ml  CdO 2.5μg/ml 

Page 28: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

30

Balance       ND‐raw 100μg/ml  CB100μg/ml  CdO 2.5μg/ml 

Oregon Green Tublin

Rhodamine 123

The whole cell body and mitochondria are made fluorescent. Upon addition of nanocarbon particles, they are taken into cells and induce structural changes, but mitochondria membranes are not damaged. CdO destroys mitochondria.

Neuroblastoma ・nanocarbon particles (2)

Page 29: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

31

After contact of 25μl/ml raw ND with neuroblastoma for 24h, ND particles penetrates 

into cell through cell wall and aggregate.

500nm100nm

Page 30: of Nanodiamond Including of Single Nano Diamond Particlessummerinstitute.mech.northwestern.edu/_links/_courses/Multiscale... · Handling of Nanodiamond Including ... Self‐Consistent

Neuroblastoma cells grow even on a collagen substrate pasted with ND‐COOH layer

3210μm 10μm

No ND‐COOH With ND‐COOH