OF DAVID - Israel Exploration Societyisraelexplorationsociety.huji.ac.il/City of David...
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ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETY IES 2011 It was archaeological research over the past 150 years that identified Jerusalem’s southeastern hill, outside the Old City walls, as the City of David mentioned in the Bible. In retrospect, this is obviously the case, since this is the only hill in the central Judean Mountains near which a year-round spring flows, and upon which remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages are found. The growing realization that this hill is indeed the most ancient part of Jerusalem led many scholars to excavate there. Since the first excavation, by Charles Warren in 1867, and to the present, 14 archaeological expeditions have dug here, and about 12 archaeological probes have been undertaken. In terms of the number of expeditions, that makes the City of David hill the most excavated site in Israel. British, German, French, and Israeli teams have dug here under four different governments (Ottoman, British Mandate, Jordanian and Israeli), producing an impressive quantity of data. Some of these remains are uniquely important, including the Siloam Tunnel, the Warren’s Shaft system, the Siloam Inscription, the Theodotos Inscription and the Pool of Siloam. This book begins with the chronological story of a century and a half of excavation and study of the City of David hill. It then summarizes the history of the hill from prehistoric times to the renewal of Jewish presence at the end of the Ottoman period. This book was made possible thanks to the initiative of the late Mendel Kaplan, founder of the City of David Society, which conducted excavations at the site from 1978 to 1985. At his behest, the volume is dedicated to the memory of Yigal Shiloh, who directed this first Israeli archaeological expedition to the City of David. Archaeologist Ronny Reich has been excavating and studying Jerusalem’s antiquities for over 40 years. From 1969 to 1978, he was a member of the team, directed by Prof. Nahman Avigad, which excavated Jerusalem’s Jewish Quarter. He then joined the Israel Antiquities Authority. In that capacity he excavated in the Mamillah area near Jaffa Gate, where he uncovered tombs from the Iron Age and the Byzantine period. Reich later uncovered Second Temple Jerusalem’s main street, near the Temple Mount and Robinson’s Arch. Since 1995, together with his colleague Eli Shukron, he has been director of the City of David excavations. Reich is a graduate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he also wrote his Ph.D. on Jewish ritual baths in the Second Temple period, considered a seminal work on the subject. Since 1995, he has been a professor of archaeology at the University of Haifa. In 2000, Reich was awarded the Jerusalem Prize for Archaeological Research. RONNY REICH EXCAVATING THE CITY OF DAVID WHERE JERUSALEM’S HISTORY BEGAN EXCAVATING THE CITY OF DAVID
Transcript of OF DAVID - Israel Exploration Societyisraelexplorationsociety.huji.ac.il/City of David...
ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYIES
2011
It was archaeological research over the past 150 years that identified Jerusalem’s southeastern hill, outside the Old City walls, as the City of David mentioned in the Bible. In retrospect, this is obviously the case, since this is the only hill in the central Judean Mountains near which a year-round spring flows, and upon which remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages are found.The growing realization that this hill is indeed the most ancient part of Jerusalem led many scholars to excavate there. Since the first excavation, by Charles Warren in 1867, and to the present, 14 archaeological expeditions have dug here, and about 12 archaeological probes have been undertaken. In terms of the number of expeditions, that makes the City of David hill the most excavated site in Israel. British, German, French, and Israeli teams have dug here under four different governments (Ottoman, British Mandate, Jordanian and Israeli), producing an impressive quantity of data. Some of these remains are uniquely important, including the Siloam Tunnel, the Warren’s Shaft system, the Siloam Inscription, the Theodotos Inscription and the Pool of Siloam. This book begins with the chronological story of a century and a half of excavation and study of the City of David hill. It then summarizes the history of the hill from prehistoric times to the renewal of Jewish presence at the end of the Ottoman period.This book was made possible thanks to the initiative of the late Mendel Kaplan, founder of the City of David Society, which conducted excavations at the site from 1978 to 1985. At his behest, the volume is dedicated to the memory of Yigal Shiloh, who directed this first Israeli archaeological expedition to the City of David.Archaeologist Ronny Reich has been excavating and studying Jerusalem’s antiquities for over 40 years. From 1969 to 1978, he was a member of the team, directed by Prof. Nahman Avigad, which excavated Jerusalem’s Jewish Quarter. He then joined the Israel Antiquities Authority. In that capacity he excavated in the Mamillah area near Jaffa Gate, where he uncovered tombs from the Iron Age and the Byzantine period. Reich later uncovered Second Temple Jerusalem’s main street, near the Temple Mount and Robinson’s Arch. Since 1995, together with his colleague Eli Shukron, he has been director of the City of David excavations.Reich is a graduate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he also wrote his Ph.D. on Jewish ritual baths in the Second Temple period, considered a seminal work on the subject. Since 1995, he has been a professor of archaeology at the University of Haifa. In 2000, Reich was awarded the Jerusalem Prize for Archaeological Research.
RONNY REICH
EXCAVATING THECITY OF DAVIDWHERE JERUSALEM’S HISTORY BEGAN
EX
CAVAT
ING
TH
E C
ITY O
F DAV
ID
Ronny Reich
Excavating the City of David
Where Jerusalem’s History Began
ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiForeword by Mendel Kaplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1The City of David — the archaeologists’ creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The City of David: The History of its Excavation and Study
The Gihon Spring and the pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Under Ottoman rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Charles Warren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Charles Clermont-Ganneau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Conrad Schick and the discovery of the Siloam Inscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Hermann Guthe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Conrad Schick and the discovery of Channel II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39E. Masterman and C.A. Hornstein and Channel I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Frederick Jones Bliss and Archibald Dickie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Montague B. Parker and Father Louis H. Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Raymond Weill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
During the British mandatory period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77The International Excavation Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Robert A.S. Macalister and J. Garrow Duncan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88John Winter Crowfoot and Gerald M. Fitzgerald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
During the period of the divided city (1948–1967) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Kathleen M. Kenyon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
After reunification of Jerusalem in June 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118David Ussishkin and the survey of tombs in Silwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121David Adan-Bayewitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Yigal Shiloh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Some small-scale excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Eilat Mazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270What next?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
A Brief History of the City of David
Early days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279The first city — in the Middle Bronze Age II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284The Late Bronze Age: “My king has caused his name to dwell in the Land of Jerusalem forever” . 288
Biblical traditions: David, Solomon and the United Monarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Some geographical-historical issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Text vs. pottery sherd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304The kingdom of Judah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306The return from Babylonian exile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317The Early Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321The southern City of David in the Herodian period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325The Roman destruction of the city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334The Late Roman period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335The Byzantine period, the Church of Siloam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336The Early Islamic period and the renewal of Jewish settlement in the southern part of the city . . 339The Middle Ages — The Mameluke period and the reopening of the spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341The Ottoman period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Appendices
Chronological Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Index of textual references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Illustration credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
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EXCAVATING THE CITY OF DAVID
Where Jerusalem’s History Began
Ronny Reich
384 pages; 25.2×19 cm., hard cover; 207 illustrations, most in color. ISBN 978-965-221-082-1
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