Кафедра «Лингвистика»

Т.М. ПРИГОРОВСКАЯ

History of the English Language

OLD ENGLISH

Методические указания для студентов специальности «Перевод и переводоведение»

Кафедра «Лингвистика»

.У.2304-13132

Т.М. ПРИГОРОВСКАЯПригоровская Т.М. уч.2 Histom of English Language OLD ENGLISH 05 Утверждено

редакционно-издательским советом университета

History of the English Language

OLD ENGLISH

Методические указания для студентов специальности «Перевод ипереводоведение»

УДК 42 П 75

Пригоровская Т.М. History of the English Language. Old Eng­lish: методические указания. - M.: МИИТ, 2005. - 50 с.

Методические указания предназначены для студентов высших учеб­ных заведений для лингвистических специальностей, в том числе для специ­альности «Перевод и переводоведение».

Работа содержит краткое изложение основных особенностей древне­английского языка в области фонетического строя, словарного состава и грамматического строя. К этому разделу работы приложен список некоторых лингвистических терминов и даются контрольные задания (вопросы). Вторая часть включает отрывок (образец) древнеанглийского текста и образец ана­лиза таких текстов. Студентам дается задание проанализировать оставшуюся часть текста. К этой части дается краткий словарь.

© Московский государственный университет путей сообщения (МИИТ), 2005

History of the English Language is divided into 3 periods: Old

English (O.E.), Middle English (M.E.) and Modem English. The O.E period

begins about 700 AD (the time to which the earliest writings in English

belong) and lasts till about 1100 (the year 1066 is the year of the Norman

Conquest). The middle English period lasts since 1100 till about the end of the

XV century (in 1485 the Wars of the Red and White Roses came to an end, in

1475 printing was introduced in Britain). The years 1100 and 1500 can not be

taken literally. There are conventional.

The Old English Period

Phonetic Structure

Vowels

In Old English there are monophthongs and diphthongs. All OE

vowels can be short and long.

Short vowels a, x , e, o, u, y, a, ea, eo, ie, io

Long vowels a, x , ё, о, u, у, й ;: ea, eo, ie, io

Consonants

The OE consonants included: labial sounds p, b, m, f, v: dental

sounds t, d, p, 6, n, s, r, 1; velar sounds с, з , h.

Some consonant letters denote different sounds in different positions.

The letteef, v, p, 6, s, z, denote voiced sounds between 2 vowels

(hlaford) and between a vowel and a voiced consonant (Wednesday). At

the end and the beginning of words and between voiceless consonants these

letters denote voiceless consonants: wif, his, pis.

The letter 3 denotes different sounds in different positions,

1. Initially before consonants and before back vowels and after -n-

it denotes [g] sod (good), sinsvan (sing)

2. After back vowels and after 3 and r it denotes the velar voiced

fficative[y] da3 as (day), fol3 ian (follow)

3. Initially before front vowels and after back vowels it denotes

the palatal voiced fricative [ j 1 ]: 3 iefan (give), wtes (way), зеаг

(year)

4. сз denotes double g [ gg' ]: sec3an (say)

The most important phonetic changes in Old English

The OE Breaking

In OE short vowels a and e were diphthongized before certain

consonant clusters ч>еа before “r” + consonant, “1” + consonant, “h” +

consonant and before h in the final position,

*aehta>eahta (eight), aeld>eald (old), e>eo before r + consonant, h +

consonant, before 1c, Ih and h final: herte>hearte (heart), selh>seolh (seal).

The phonemic essence of breaking is that the front vowel is partially

assimilated to the following hard consonant by forming a glide which

combines with the vowel to form a diphthong,

i-mutation

This type of change is caused by an i (or j) of the following syllable.

The essence of this process - regressive assimilation,

a> ,e * sandian>sendan (send)

ae>e * taslian>tellan (tell)

6>e * wopian>wepan (weep)

u>y * fullian>fyllan (fill)

Lengthening of Vowels

In OE vowels were lengthened before Id, nd, mb: cild>c!ld,

climban>cirmban (climb).

If the combination Id, nd, mb, was followed by another consonant,

lengthening does not take place cildru (children).

Palatalization of Consonants

The consonant c before a front vowel was palatalizes and

approached the sound [t/] cild>cKTld.

In a similar way sc became palatalized and approached [|]:scip>ship.

Likewise 3 or сз changed into [d3]

Ьгусз >bridge.

Metathesis

Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two sounds

changing their places: pridda>f)irda (third).

The sound n was lost before the fricatives h, f, s, p. The preceding

vowel became lengthened.

*fin£>fff (five)

* 3ons> 30s (goose)

Stress

Stress in OE mostly falls on the first syllable of a word: ' hlaford, cyning.

Words beginning with a prefix have their stress on the root syllable:

onfeinnan (begin).

Vocabulary

The Old English vocabulary consists mainly of native words and

borrowed (loan) words.

Native words include:

1. Common Indo-European words which were inherited from the Indo-

European parent language. For example:

nouns: faedcr (father), modor (mother), nosu (nose), niht (night);

adjectives: 1опз (long), neowe (new);

verbs: sittan (sit), life an (lie), beon „standan (stand);

pronouns: pu (thou), ic (I);

numerals: twa (two), eohte (eight);

2. Common Germanic words. For example:

nouns: land (land), sx (sea), sand (sand), hus (house), winter

(winter), hand (hand);

verbs: findian (find), sin3an (sing), seon (see), sprecan (speak);

adjectives: grene (green), earm (poor), heah (high), bleo (blue);

3. Specially English words, not found in any other languages. They

are not numerous: clipian (call).

Most often these are compound words.

Wimman (woman) wtf (wife) + man (man);

Hlaford (lord) hlaf (bread) + weard (ward);

ealne we3 (always) eal (all) + we3 (way).

Wordbuilding

Morphological word-building is subdivided into two types:

affixation and composition.

Examples of affixation: Ь'аНз (holy); on-3 innan (begin); cTld-had

(сЫ1сМЦ; freandscipe (friendship);

Examples of composition: goldsmif) (goldsmith); wnd-cQf) (well-

known).

Borrowings

In Old English there were Latin and Celtic borrowings.

Latin borrowings

Latin borrowings may be classified into two layers.

The first layer

The first layer is the oldest layer. The words o f this layer were

borrowed either directly from the Romans when the Anglo-Saxons lived in

Europe (before they settled in Britain) or from Celtic inhabitants of Britain.

These borrowings include names of objects of material culture and names of

products which the Anglo-Saxons bought from Romans:

strict (street) from Latin strata Ivia (paved road)

weal (wall) from Latin vallum

myln (mill) from Latin molinum

win (wine) from Latin vinum

ciese (cheese) from Latin caseus

buttere (butter) from Latin butyrum

disc (dish) from Latin discus

bete (beet) from Latin beta

pere (pear) from Latin pirum

plant (plant) from Latin planta

The Latin noun castra (camp) made part of a number of names of

cities which were camps during the Roman conquest: Chester, Manchester,

Winchester. The Latin portus (port) has been preserved in the names

Portsmouth, Bridport.

The Second Layer

The second layer consists of religious terms. When Christianity was

introduced in England a certain number of Latin words were borrowed from

Latin into English:

biscop (bishop) from Latin episcopus

cleric (churchman) from Latin clericus

apostol (apostle) from Latin appostolus

candel (candle) from Latin candela

scol (school) from Latin scola

mae3ister (master) from Latin magister

Celtic borrowings

Celtic borrowings are few in number. The following examples may

be given:

dun (down) hill, fortress

¥crad'i(cradle) cradle

Some Celtic elements have been preserved in geographical names:

dun, dum (hill) in Dumbarton, Dumfries

coil (forest) in Kilbrook, Killiemore.

G ram m atical Structure

The noun

The noun in OE has the morphological categories of case

(Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative), number (singular, plural), and

gender (masculine, feminine, neuter).

The declension of the Nouns

There are the following types of declension of the noun: nouns with

vocalic stems (o-stems, а-stems, i-stems, u-stems), and nouns with consonant

stems (-n-stems, -r-stems) and root stems declensions.

Vocalic stems

Nouns of -о -stems include masculine nouns and neuter nouns. The

declension of the neuter nouns differs from the masculine nouns in the

Nominative and Accusative plural. In the nominative case, plural neuter

nouns with a short root syllable have the ending -u , nouns with a long

syllable (a long vowel + a consonant,ashort vowel+2 consonants) have a zero

ending.

Case Masculine

Singular Plural

Nom. hlaford hlafordas

Gen. hlafordes hlaforda

Dat. hlaforde hlafordum

Acc. hlaford hlafordas

Case Neuter

Short syllable Long syllable

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nom. Scip scipu land land

Gen. Scipes scipa landes landa

Dat. Scipe scipum lande landum

Acc. Scip scipu land land

-a- stems include nouns of the feminine gender

feder (перо) feather

Case feminine

Singular Plural

Nom. feder federa

Gen. federe federa

Dat. federe federum

Acc. federe federa

-i-stems

These stems include masculine nouns, feminine nouns and neuter

nouns.

wine-friend

Case masculine

Singular Plural

Nom. wine wine

Gen. wines winia

Dat. wine winum

Acc. wine wine

Case feminine

Singular Plural

Nom. died daede

Gen. daede dSESdaDat. dasde daedumAcc. died daide

died - (deed)

-u-stems

This group of nouns includes nouns of masculine gender and of the

feminine gender. The case ending o f these genders was the same.

Case masculine

Singular Plural

Nom. sunu sunu

Gen. suna suna

Dat. suna sunum

Acc. sunu suna

Consonant stems include -n- stems, -r-stems, -s-stems.

-n-stems (weak declination) include nouns of masculine, feminine

and neuter genders.

nama (name)

Case masculine

Singular Plural

Nom. nama naman

Gen. naman namena

Dat. naman namum

Acc. naman naman

-r-stems

r-stems include a few masculine and feminine nouns denoting

relationship: fasdtfr (father), modor (mother), dohtor (daughter), sweostor

(sister).

Case masculine

Singular Plural

Nom. bropor bropor

Gen. bropor bropora

Dat. breper broporum

Acc. bropor bropor

s-stems

These stems include nouns of the neuter gender. In all cases of the

plural these nouns have an r-element

cild (child)

Case neutral

Singular Plural

Nom. cild cildru

Gen. cildes cildra

Dat. cilde cildrum

Acc. cild cildru

Nouns belonging to root-stems never had any stem-forming

suffixes, and the case endingj were added on immediately to the root. There

is mutation in the Dative case singular, the Nominative and accusative cases

plural of these nouns.

mann (man)

Case masculine

Singular Plural

Nom. mann men

Gen. mannes manna

Dat. menn mannum

Acc. mann men

In Old English root stems included such nouns as ffit (foot), top

(tooth), gos (goose), mus (mouse), bok (book), hnutu (nut).

There are several types p f pronoun in Old English: personal,

possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, definite, indefinite, negative and

relative.

Personal PronounsThe pronouns of the first person have the categories of case

(nominative, Genitive, Dative and Accusative) and number (singular, dual,

plural).

Personal pronouns of the third person have the categories of case,

number, (singular and plural) and gender (masculine, feminine and neuter).

Is' personCase Singular Dual Plural

Nom. ic wit (two of us) we

Gen. min uncer user

Dat. mfc unc, uncit us

Acc. me unc, uncit us

person^ n d

Nom. pu 3 it (two of you) 36

Gen. pm incer eower

Dat. pe inc eow

Acc. pe inc eow

3d person

Singular

Case masculine feminine neuter plural

Nom. йё heo hit hie (hT)

Gen. his hire his hiera (hyra)

Dat. him hire him him

Acc. Hine iiie hit hie (Kt)

Thefe are two demonstrative pronouns in OE: se (that) and pes

(this). These pronouns have the categories of case, gender and number.

Declension of the Demonstrative Pronouns.

The Pronoun se

Singular

Case masculine feminine neuter plural

Nom. se seo p st pa

Gen. paes piere paes para, раз

Dat. p ржге paem paem,

pam

Acc. po/v pa paet pa

Instr. py, pon - py, pon pa

The Pronoun f>esSingular

Case masculine feminine neuter plural

Nom. pes peas, pios pis p^s

Gen. pisses pisse pisses pissa

Dat. pissum pisse pissum pissum

Acc. pisne, pysne pds pis pas

Instr. pys,pissi pysie

The Interrogative Pronouns

The Interrogative pronouns in OE are hwa (who) and htvaet (what).

They have four cases but only singular forms.

Nom hwa

Gen. hwffis

Dat. hwaem

Acc. hwone

The Definite Pronouns

The definite pronouns in OE are schwa (every), 3ehwilc (each),

assher (either), aelc (each), swilc (such), se ilea (the same).

The Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns are sum (some) and aeni3 («n^)!

The negative pronoun

The negative pronouns are non and пгётз.

The adjectives in OE have the categories of gender (masculine,

feminine and neuter), number (singular and plural) and case (nominative,

genitive, dative, accusative and partly instrumental.

Every adjective can have two declensions (strong and weak). Weak

declension forms are used when the adjective is preceded by a demonstrative

pronoun. They are associated with the meaning of definiteness.

Strong declension

In strong declension most adjectives are declined as о-stems for the

masculine and neuter gender and а-stems for the feminine gender.

blaec (black)

Singular

Case Masculine Neuter Feminine

Nom. blaec blaec blacu

Gen. blaces blaces blaecre

Dat. blacum blacum blaecre

Acc. blaecne blaec blace

Instr. blace blace -

Plural

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. blace blacu blaca

Gen. blacra blacra blacra

Dat. blacrum blacrum blacrum

Acc. blace blacu blaca

The weak declension of adjectives is similar to the declension of

nouns of the n-stems, except the genitive case of the plural which often takes

the ending-ra.

Case

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. blaca blace blaca blacan

Gen. blacan blacan blaca blascra

Dat. blacam blacan blacan blacum

Acc. blacan blacan blace blacan

Adjectives in OE had three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and

superlative. They were formed by means of suffixes -ra, -ost.

Positive comparative superlative

3 laed 3 laedra glaedost

There is mutation in the adjectives which have an -i- preceding the

-r- of the comparative degree and -ost of the superlative degree.

eald (old) ieldra ieldest

Several adjectives have suppletive forms:

3od (good) betera betst

yfel (bad) wiersa wierest

micel (large) mara maest

lytel (little) laessa lsst

There were the following types of verbs in OE: strong verbs, weak

verbs, preterite-present verbs and suppletive verbs.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs have four forms. The 1st form - the infinitive and the

present forms, the 2nd form - the past form singular. The 3d form - the past

form plural, the 4th form - participle II.

There are 7 classes of strong verbs, the first five classes (class I -

class Y) were characterized by the gradation of i and a sounds which is

clearly seen in class 1, III. Class YI has the gradation of the sounds a-о, class

Yll is characterized by redoublication of forms. In OE we find only remnants

of this redoublication.

Class I II III IY

1 class writan (write) wrat writon writen

2 class ceosan

(choose)

ceas curon coren

3 class sin3an (sing) san3 sun3on випзеп

4 class niman (take) nam.n^lH namon numen

5 class cwe6an (say) cwaed cwaedon cweden

6 class scacan

(shake)

scoc scocon scacen

7 class hatan (name) heht, het hehton, heton haten

There are 3 classes of wefck verbs in OE, these verbs have 3 forms:

infinitive and present forms, the past form, participle II.

Class I verbs always have mutation of their root vowel due to an original -i-

element in their suffix. There are two types of the verbs of this class: verbs

with a long root vowel and verbs with a short root vowel.

Verbs with the long root vowel always drop the -i- .

I 11 III

cepan (keep) cepte cept

Verbs of the 2d class originally had the suffix -oja- in the infinitive and -o- in

the other forms. In OE -o- has been preserved in the past tense and participle

II and has been changed into -a- in some forms of the present tense. The

infinitive suffix -oja- has been reduced to -i-. The infinitive of these verbs

enfrin -ian.

I II HI

macian macode macod

The weak verbs of the third class are not numerous in number. They are

characterized by the redoublication of the voiced consonant in the 1 st form

and a voiced fricative in the 2nd and 3d forms. In some of these verbs we

have mutation.

I II III

habban (have) hasfde haeft

libban (live) lifde lifd

Preterite- present verbs

Preterite-present verbs in OE as well as in other Germanic languages have

the following peculiarity: their present tense corresponds to the past tense of

the strong verbs and their past tense is formed as the past tense of the weak

verbs.

Infinitive Present

singular

Present

plural

Past Participle

II

азап (own) аз азоп ahte азеп

cunnan (can

know)

can cunnon сибе cunnen

durran

(dare)

dear durron dorste -

scullan

(should)

sceal sculon sceolde,

scolde

-

тазап

(may)

таез таезоп meahte -

motan

(must)

mot moton rnTdste

Suppletive verbs forme, their forms from different roots. There are

two suppletive verbs in OE: beon, wesan (be), зап (go).

Grammatical Categories

Verbs in OE have the grammatical categories of

number - singular and plural

person - the first, the second, the third

tense - present and past

mood - indicative and subjunctive

voice - in the system of the participle

The verb has 2 numbers singular and plural and three persons (the

first person, the second person, the third person). In plural number the verb

has the same ending for all the persons: -af> in the Present Tense and -on in

the Past Tense.

The category of tense is presented by 2 tenses present and past. There is no

future tense in OE, the meaning of the future tense in OE was expressed by

the Present Tense. In the category of mood there are two moods - Indicative

and subjunctive. The subjunctive is often used in reported speech:

He sasde pact past land sie swide 1апз norp |юпап... - он сказал, что та земля

находится очень далеко на север оттуда

sie - the subjunctive mood of the verb beon, wesan, 3d person, singular', the

indicative mood of the verb beon, wesan in the 3d person singular - is.

The category of voice is found only in the participle.

Writan- strong cl. 1 (write)

Present Tense

Singular Plural

1. write l.writap

2. writest 2.wrrMp

3. writep 3.wrTtap

Past Tense

Singular Plural

1. wrat 1 .writon

2. w rite '' 2. writon

3. wrat 3. writon

Present tense

Singular Plural

1. cepe 1 .cepap

2. cep(e)st 2. cepap

3. cSp(e)3 3. cepap

Past Tense

Singular Plural

1. cSpte 1. cepton

2. cepest 2. cepton

3. cepte 3. cepton

Syntax

OE is characterized by direct word order:

He sffide his hlafbrde...

Он сказал своему господину...

Hit is eal weste...

Она вся пустынная...

Indirect word order is to be found in sentences beginning with adverbial

modifiers:

On feawum stowum wfcia5 Finnas...

pa for he norpryhte...

Тогда поехал он на север...

Negation was expressed by the negative word ne.

Ne can i niht wrftan.

Он не может ничего написать.

Exercises

1. Define to which layer of Latin borrowings the following words

belong:

Pund (pound), biscop (bishop), plume (plum), pese (peas), preost (priest)

piper (pepper), cuppe (cup), munic (monk).

2. Define the word-building of the following words:

unfriQ (war), steorbord, norpmann, saurian, swetnes, husbonda misfaran.

fisc о-stems masculine (fish)

sceap - о-stems, neuter (sheep)

hunto6 - о-stems, masculine (hunt)

hund - о-stems, masculine (hound)

middle - n-stems, feminine (middle)

f8t - root-stems, masculine (foot)

deor - о-stems, neuter (deer)

bdc - root-stems, feminine (book)

heorte - n-stems, feminine (heart)

scip - о-stems, neuter (ship)

se wind (that wind)

past land (that land)

seo sae (that sea)

***

pSs wind

pis land

peos sa?

5. Give the forms of the following verbs:

smocian (smoke) weak, 2 cl.

smitan (smite) strong 1 cl.

drincan (drink) strong, 3 cl.

dra3an (draw) strong, 6 cl.

lofian (love) weak, 2 cl.

6. Conjugate the following verbs in the Present and Past Tenses

locian (weak, 2 cl.)

сбрап (weak, 1 cl.)

wTcian (weak, 1 cl.)

faran (strong, 6 cl)

smttan (strong, 1 cl.)

be-3 innan (strong, 3 cl.)

breaking - преломление

conjugate - спрягать

conjugation - спряжение

decline - склонять

declension - склонение

dual number - двойственное число

layer - слой

loan words (borrowed words) - заимствованные слова

mutation - палатализация, умлаут

redouble - удвоить

redoublication - удвоение

root - корень

stem - основа

vocalic stem. - гласная основа

vowel interchange - чередование гласных

Analyze the following text in which Ohthere tells his king Alfred

about his first sea voyage

Из рассказа Охтхере о его первом путешествии

(Launderdale’cKaa рукопись)

Ohthere saede his hlaforde /Flfrede суптзе, paet he earla

Nordmonna norpmest bude. He cwasd paet he bude on paem lande

norpweardum wip pa Westsae. He s id e peah paet past land sfe swipe 1апз

norp ponanv ac hit is eal weste, buton on feawum stowum stycce-maelum

wiciad Finnas, on huntode on wintra and on sumera on fiscape be paere sae.

Нё saede paet he aet sumum cirre wolde fandian hu 1опзе past land norpryhte

lasje oppe hwaeder aenij mon benorpan paem westenne bude. pa for he

norpryhte be paem lande; let him ealne we3 | p a t weste land on dast steor-

bord, and pa wid-sae on dast baec-bord, prie dat3ais. pa wass he swa fear norp

swa pa hwaelhuntan firrest farap. ba for he pa 3 iet norpryhte swa feor swa he

meahte on paem oprum prim dasum 3esi3lan.

Example of the analys is:

Oxthere - a noun, proper name, masculine, singular, the nominative case

s£de - a weak verb, 3d class, Past Tense, 3d person, singular заеззап, - sSde

- saed (say)

his - a personal pronoun, masculine, the possessive case, singular

hlaforde - a noun, о-stems, masculine, Dat. case, singular* Nom. case hlaford

(lord)

jElffgde - a noun, proper name, masculine,

суптзе - a noun, о-stems, masculine, Dat. Case, singular (king)

{jaet - a conjunction (that)

he - personal pronoun, 3d person, masculine, Nom. Case, singular (he)

ealra - a pronoun, plural, the poss,case (all)

пофтаппа - a noun, root-stems, Poss.case, plural

norpmest - an adverb

biide - an irregular verb, third person, Past Tense, singular, infinitive - buan,

past - bude, part. II - зеЬип, bud.

He cw®5 paet he bude on paem lande norpweardum wip pa Wests®.

He - personal pronoun, 3d person, singular, masculine, Nom. case (he)

cwae9 - a strong verb, class 5, Past Tense, 3d person singular

cwae3an-cwae6 - cwaedon - cweden (say)

p®t - a conjunction (that)

he - personal pronoun, 3d person, masculine, Nom. Case, singular (he)

bude - an irregular verb, 3d person, Past Tense, singular, buan - bude -

зеЫГп, bdd

on - preposition

p$m - a demonstrative pronoun, neuter, the Dative case, singular (that)

lande - a noun . о-stems with a long root-stem, neuter, singular, the Dat. case

norpweardum - an adjective, the Dat. Case. Singular, neuter (northward)

wip - a preposition

pa - a demonstrative pronoun, feminine, singular, the accusative case

Wests# - a noun, feminine, i-stem, singular, the accusative case

s® (sea), Wests® - the Atlantic ocean

Words which may be found useful for your analysis ofthe text:

Sentence 2

peah - an adverb (though)

sie - a verb (to be), the suppositional mood

swTpe - an adverb (very)

1апз - an adjective. Ьапз, 1епза, lensest (long)

ponan - an adverb (thence)

north - an adverb

ac - conjunction (but)

h it - a personal pronoun

weste - an adjective (пустынный)

buton - conjunction (but)

stycce - maelum - an adverb (here and there)

wfcian - a verb, weak, cl.l (live)

h u n to 6 - a n o u n , о - s te m s , m a sc u lin e (h u n t)

fiscad - a noun, о-stems, masculine(fishing)

be - preposition

pare - demonstrative pronoun

s2E - a noun, feminine, i-stems

sentence 4

cir - i-stems, masculine (time)

fandian - a verb, weak, cl.2 (to find)

hu - an adverb (how)

1опде - an adverb(far)

Нсзап - a verb, strong, cl. 5

hwaeSer - a pronoun, an adverb, a conjunction (whether)

benordan - a preposition (to the north)

westenne - a noun, jo -stems, neuter (пустынная, дикая местность)

pa - an adverb (then)

faran - a verb, strong, cl. 6

steorbord - a noun, о-stems, masculine, (starboard)

swa - an adverb, a conjunction (so)

feor - an adverb, an adjective (far)

fepr - firra - fyrrest (firrest)

hwaelhunta - a noun, n-stems, masculine (охотник за китами)

Bibliography

Алексеева Л.С. Древнеанглийский язык. М., 1964.Аракин В.Д. Очерки по истории английского языка. М., 1955. Бруннер К. История английского языка. Т. I. М., 1955; Т. II.

М., 1956.М атвеева Е.А. История английского языка. М., 2004.Плоткин В.Я. Динамика английской фонологической системы.

Новосибирск, 1967.Смирницкий А.И. Древнеанглийский язык. М., 1955. Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского

языка. Изд-е 3-е. М., 1953.Ярцева В.Н. Историческая морфология английского языка.

М.-Л., 1960.Ярцева В.Н. Исторический синтаксис английского языка. М,-

Л., 1961.Ярцева В.Н. Развитие национального литературного языка.

М., 1969.Iyish В. A. History o f the English Language. Л., 1973.Jespersen O. Growth and structure o f the English Language.

Leipzig, 1938.Rastorgueva T.A. History o f the English Language. M., 1969.Wyld H.C.A. History o f Modern Colloquial English. Oxford, 1953.

Contents:Introduction.................. ..................................................................3Phonetic structure ......................................................................... 3Vocabulary ....................................................................................7Grammatical structure................................................................... 12

The Noun............................................................................12The Pronoun.......................................................................19The Adjective.................................................................... 23The Verb........................................................................... 27

Syntax............................................................................................. 36Exercises........................................... ;............................................37Some words to help you...............................................................41Analyse the following Old English text........................................43Words which may be found useful for your analyses................ 46Bibliography...................................................................................49Contents.......................................................................................... 50

ПРИГОРОВСКАЯ Татьяна Михайловна

H istory o f the English Language OLD EN G LISH

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