Odontogenic cysts and tumors (ppt)
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Transcript of Odontogenic cysts and tumors (ppt)
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Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors
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Introduction
• A cyst is an epithelium lined sac containing fluid or semifluid material
• The epithelial cells first proliferate and later undergo degeneration and liquefaction
• Grow by expansion, causing displacement of adjacent teeth
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Odontogenic cysts• Originate from residues of the tooth-forming organ• Derived from 3 origins:
- epithelial rests of Serres: odontogenic keratocyst, developmental lateral periodontal and gingival cysts
- reduced enamel epithelium : dentigerous, eruption and paradental cyst
- rests of Malassez : radicular cysts
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Radicular Cysts
•Subdivided into : ApicalLateral Residual
•Causes: Develops from a preexisting periapical granuloma, Related to the apex of a nonvital tooth
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Clinical features
• High incidence in anterior maxillary teeth
• Usually symptomless
• When enlarged cause expansion of the alveolar arch and may discharge through a sinus
• The rate of expansion 5mm/year in diameter
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Histopathology
• Lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Chronically inflamed fibrous tissue capsule
• Newly formed cysts have irregular epithelial lining with variable thickness. Becomes regular and even in thickness
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• The connective tissue capsule becomes more fibrous, less vascular, and with less inflammatory cells
• Metaplasia of epithelial lining may give rise to mucous cells, and rarely ciliated respiratory epithelium
• In some cases the lining contains hyaline eosinophilic bodies, Rushton bodies
• Common cholesterol crystals deposits, which form clefts.
• Cholesterol crystals result from hemorrhage and breakdown of RBCs
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Radiographic features
• Round radiolucency at the root apex
• Well defined, surrounded by radiopaque margin
• 40 % of apical radiolucencies are cystic
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Contents
• Hypertonic fluid containing:-breakdown products of epithelial, inflammatory, connective tissue elements-serum proteins (5-11 g/dl), Igs higher than serum-water and electrolytes-cholesterol crystals
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Residual cyst
• It is a radicular cyst that is retained after the extraction of the related tooth
• May continue growth causing significant bone resorption
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Dentigerous cyst
• Encloses part or all of the crown of an unerupted tooth
• Develops from proliferation of the reduced enamel epithelium
• Eruption cyst arises in an extra-alveolar location
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Radiographic examination
• Well-defined, unilocular, radiolucent, related to the crown
• Associated with impacted or delayed eruption (most commonly lower 8, upper 3)
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Clinical features
• Twice as common in males• Twice as common in mandible• Usually asymptomatic • Large cysts tend to expand the outer plate
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Histopathology
• Lining is a thin, regular, 2-5 cells thick, non-keratinized, stratified squamous or cuboidal
• Fibrous CT capsule free from inflammatory cell infiltration
• Occasional cholesterol clefts
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Odontogenic keratocyst
• uncommon • 2nd to 3rd decades, or fifth decade• More common in males• Asymptomatic
• Multiple cysts are associated with naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome)
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Radiographic features
•3rd molar and ramus of mandible area favored
•Well-defined radiolucency
•Can displace and resorb teeth
•Uni or multi locular
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Histopathology
• wall is thin, regular, 5-10 cells thick stratified squamous epithelium
• Characteristic folded wall• Basal cell layer is well defined, contains
columnar or cuboidal cells • Sudden transition between stratum spinosum
and surface cells
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Histopathology
• Thin fibrous capsule free from inflammatory cells
• High recurrence due to rupture
• Cyst contains keratinous debris, white cheesy material, protein level 4 g/dl
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Gorlin Syndrome
• Gorlin syndrome: autosomal dominant, uncommon
• Manifestations:Skin: multiple naevoid basal cell carcinomasOral: multiple odontogenic keratocystsSkeletal: rib, vertebral anomalies. Polyductyly, cleft lip/palateCNS: calcified falx cerebri brain tumors
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Gingival cyst
• Common in neonates
• Also knows as Bohn’s nodules or Epstein pearls
• Disappear by 3 months of age
• Arise from remnants of dental lamina, form keratinizing cysts
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Developmental lateral periodontal cyst
• Uncommon
• Canine and premolar region of the mandible
• Derived from either reduced enamel epithelium or rests of dental lamina
• Occasionally multi locular
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• Radiographically: well-defined radiolucency
• Large cysts can displace teeth and cause expansion
• Histologically: Lined by non-keratinized squamous or cuboidal epithelium
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Paradental cyst
• Arises alongside an unerupted third molar involved with pericoronitis
• Radiographically: well-defined radiolucency related to the neck of the tooth
• Inflammatory origin stimulating proliferation of reduced enamel epithelium
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Glandular odontogenic cyst
• Rare• occur in the anterior part of the mandible• Slow growing, painless• Histology: lined by varying thickness of
epithelium• Potentially aggressive, locally invasive with
tendency to recur
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Odontogenic Tumors
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Odontomes• Definition: non-neoplastic developmental
anomaly or malformation that includes enamel and dentine
• Types:1. Invaginated2. Evaginated3. Enamel pearl (enameloma)4. Double tooth5. Complex odontome6. Compound odontome
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Invaginated odontome
• Invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papilla early in odontogenesis
• Permanent maxillary lateral incisor
• Three main types:1: confined to the crown2: extends into the root3: extends through the root apex
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Histopathology
• Enamel and dentin lining the cavity are often defective and poorly mineralized
• The cavity is occupied with food debris and bacteria
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Evaginated odontome
• Uncommon• Extra cusp like tubercles• Easily fractured, exposing the pulp
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Complex odontome
• Disorderly arranged dental tissues
• Limited growth potential
• 2nd and 3rd decades, in the molar region of the mandible
• Painless, slow-growing
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Radiographic examination
• well-defined radiolucent lesion, proceeds to radiopaque
• When mature it is surrounded by a translucent zone
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Histopathology
• Developing lesions contain varying amounts of soft tissue and show features of stages of odontogenesis
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Compound odontome
• Consists of numerous small denticles• 1st and 2nd decades of life and in anterior maxilla• Less growth potential than the complex type
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Radiographic examination
• Mixed radiopaque/radiolucent bodies
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Ameloblastoma
• Rare• Benign, locally invasive• Derived from odontogenic epithelium• More common in africans • Two variants: unicystic peripheral• 80% occur in mandible
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Radiographic examination
• Multiloculated radiolucency, resorption of roots around it
• May become associated with unerupted 3rd molars
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Histopathology
• 2 patterns:• Follicular: epithelium arranged into discrete
follicles resembling tooth germ• Plexiform type: epithelium is arranged in
tangled network and irregular masses
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• The ameloblast-like cells express amelogenin, however, enamel and dentine are not formed
• Behavior: locally invasive, infiltrate cancellous bone without bone destruction initially
• High recurrence rate
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Unicystic ameloblastoma
• Occur at younger age than other variants• Mainly in mandibular third molar region
• Histologically: ameloblastomatous lining with reversed polarity nuclei
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• Radiographically: unilocular radilucency, usually associated with an unerupted tooth
• distinguishable from dentigerous cyst on by histopathological examination
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Squamous odontogenic tumor
• Rare• Radiographically: well-circumscribed
radiolucency • Sclerotic border associated with roots of teeth• Histologically: irregularly shaped islands of
well-differentiated squamous epithelium in a stroma of mature fibrous tissue
• Derived from epithelial cells of Malassez.
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Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour
• Rare• Benign• Wide age range• Mandible > maxilla• Mostly seen in molar and premolar region• 50% associated with an unerupted tooth• Some extraosseous case have been reported
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Radiographic features
• Irregular radiolucent area• May or may not be clearly demarcated• Contains radiopaque bodies due to
calcification• Less aggressive than ameloblastoma
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Histopathology
• Sheets and strands of polyhedral epithelial cells
• Abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm• Prominent intercellular bridges• Nuclear pleomorphism
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Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour
• Presents usually in 2nd or 3rd decades• Majority in the anterior maxilla • Slowly growing swelling
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Radiographic features
• Well defined radiolucency• Faint radiopacities due to calcifications• May simulate a dentigerous cyst _often
associated with an unerupted tooth
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Histopathology
• Well encapsulated lesion• Maybe partly or wholly cystic• Central spaces contain eosinophilic material• Small foci of calcification
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Ameloblastic fibroma
• Rare• Benign• Neoplasm of epithelial and mesenchymal
elements• Well circumscribed
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Histopathology
• Proliferating strands of odontogenic epithelium in highly cellular fibroblastic tissue with peripheral layer of columnar cells
• Appearance similar to ameloblastoma
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Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour
• Grossly cystic• Mostly intraosseous• Radiographically: well-defined, uni or multi
locular, radiolucent, with radiopaque areas
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Histopathology
• Basal layer of ameloblast-like cells, masses of swollen keratinized epithelial cells (ghost cells)
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Odontogenic fibroma
• Derived from mesenchymal dental tissues
• 2 types:• Central type: uncommon, well demarcated,
cementum-like and dentine-like foci• Peripheral type: fibrous epulis, fibrous tissue
with cementum or dentinoid material
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Odontogenic myxoma
• Locally invasive• More common than odontogenic fibroma• Radiographically:
Multilocular (soap-bubble appearance)Well definedRoots show resorption
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Histopathology
• Non-encapsulated Infiltrative growth patternStellate cells with anastomosing processes
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Cementoblastoma
• Mostly patients under 25 years of age• Usually molar and premolar area of mandible• Attached to the root of the tooth - vital• Slowly enlarging, sometimes causing pain
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• Radiographically: well demarcatedmottled, radiopaque radiolucent margin, root resorption
• Histologically: cementum-like tissue, surrounded by sheets of uncalcified matrix