OCTOBER ALMANAC 2013 c) Susan Curnow Breedlove, 2013

This is the Leaf-Shedding Moon or Binski Gisiss in the language of the Ojibway, the Indigenous People of Minnesota

Octobre(French & Spanish), 十月shí yuè (Chinese), Jyu ga tsu(Japanese), Kaum Hli (Hmong)

Hispanic/Latino Month - Sept 15-Oct 15 Global Diversity Awareness Month

Gay & Lesbian History Month National Book Month

National Domestic Violence Awareness Polish and German American Heritage Month

Flower of the Month: Cosmos or Calendula

Birthstone: Opal or Tourmaline standing for hope

Quotes for the Month of October:

“Do your little bit of good where you are; it’s those little

bits of good put together that overwhelm the world.”

Wisdom of Bishop Desmond Tutu, South African archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize

Winner, born October 7, 1931. Tutu was a 2008 visitor to North Minneapolis speaking in the Cub Store parking lot regarding peace.

Tuesday, October 1 The 49th Nobel Conference, titled "The Universe at It’s Limits," will be held October 1 & 2 at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, MN. The United Nations has designated this as WORLD HABITAT DAY. INDEPENDENCE DAYS are celebrated by NIGERIA (from Britain, 1960), CYPRUS (from Britain, 1960, and TUVALU (from Britain in 1978). Today is CHINA’S PEOPLE’S

REPUBLIC DAY & NATIONAL DAY (simplified Chinese: 国庆节; traditional Chinese: 國慶節; pinyin:

guóqìng jié), commemorating the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 are observed. OKTOBERFEST, a German celebration of harvest, is held many places throughout the United States and Europe.

Yosemite National Park, with its immense Sequoia trees, was established in 1890 in California. The University of Chicago opens with enrollment of 594 and faculty of 103.

Vladimir Horowitz, one of the world’s greatest pianists was born on this day in 1904 in Russia. The Ford Model T car was introduced in 1908 selling for $850 with the price dropping to $260 in 1924. Actor Walter Matthau (The Odd Couple, Grumpy Old Men), born, 1920. (d. 2000)

Former U. S. President and Nobel Prize recipient, Jimmy Carter, born on this day, 1924. Blues guitarist, pianist, singer Albert Collins, born 1932. Trademark was bare-finger plucking and D-minor open-chord tuning. (d. 1993) Actress Julie Andrews (Oscar for Mary Poppins, My Fair Lady, Sound of Music), born, England, 1935. Inventor, physicist, educator and space scientist George Robert Carruthers, born,

1939. In 1986, one of Carruthers' inventions captured an ultraviolet image Halley's Comet. In 1991 he invented a camera that was used in the Space Shuttle Mission. He has lived most of his life on the South Side of Chicago.

Hall of Fame baseball player (Minnesota Twins 1967-1978) Rod Carew, born, Panama, 1945. The first African American radio station was founded in Atlanta, Georgia, on this day in 1947. Rod Carew, baseball Hall of Famer, a Minnesota Twin, was born in1945. Actor Esai Morales (“American Family,” “NYPD Blue”), born, 1962. Mark McGuire, former baseball player, born 1963.

World famous soccer player George Weah, born, Liberia, 1966.

Disney World opened in 1971. “Kung Fu” premiered on television in 1972.

The first lesbian and gay march on Washington held, 1979. The first CD player debuted in 1982, costing $625 (more than $1,000 in current dollars).

1996-Lt. General Joe Ballard becomes the first African American to head the Army Corps of engineers. Watch for dark-eyed juncos (snowbirds) under your feeder. Wednesday, October 2 Today is NATIONAL CUSTODIAL WORKER’S DAY: be sure to extend a “thank you” to Henry High engineers for their exemplary service.

1608 – A Dutch lens maker demonstrates the first telescope. In 1800, Nat Turner, African American leader of slave revolt in Virginia, born. On this day in 1869, Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, Indian political leader, mentor of

Martin Luther King, non-violence hero, born. Stage and screen actor (Shaft, The Great White Hope, Othello, Roots), Moses Gunn,

born, 1929. (d. 1993) He was 1981 winner of NAACP Image Award for performance as Booker T. Washington in Ragtime.

Lawyer best known for his leadership role in the defense and criminal acquittal of O. J. Simpson, Johnnie Cochran, born, 1937. (d. 2005) He was known for his skill in the courtroom and his prominence as an early advocate for victims of alleged police abuse.

Famed U.S. portrait photographer whose style is marked by a close collaboration between the photographer and the subject, Annie Leibovitz, born in 1949. St. Paulite Charles Schulz’s “Peanuts” comic strip celebrates its beginning in 1950. George (Spanky) McFarland of “Our Gang” comedy film born in 1928. (d.1993) The Republic of Guinea, under Ahmed Sekou Toure, gains independence from France in 1958. On this day in 1967, Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as the first African American

associate justice to the U.S. Supreme Court. (d. 1993) The Redwood National Park and the North Cascades National Park were established

in 1968. (Watch Ken Burns’ 6-episode series on National Parks on PBS this month and see display on floor #1 of PHHS.)

The comic strip Jumpstart premiers in 1989. by cartoonist Robb Armstrong. It portrays the trials and tribulations of young African American couple Joe and Marcy Cobb as they try to balance the demands of work and raising their young children,

Little brown bats migrate to caves to hibernate. Hummingbird moths are seen during daylight taking nectar from flowers. Thursday, October 3

John Ross, first and only elected chief of the Cherokee Nation, fought forced removal and led his nation on the “Trail of Tears” to Oklahoma, was born in 1790.

British parasitologist and surgeon sometimes called the father of tropical medicine, Patrick Manson, born, 1844. His research led to understanding of mosquitoes as transmitters of malaria.

Physician and sanitary engineer William Gorgas, born, 1854. He eradicated yellow fever from Havana and the Panama Canal, allowing the completion of the canal.

1872-Emily Post, authority on etiquette and author of the best-selling guide Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home, born.

Brilliant African American mathematician Dudley Woodard, born, 1881. He devoted his entire professional life to the promotion of excellence in mathematics through the advancement of his students, teaching, and research. He used the phrase "Black is beautiful" in the 1930s.

1899 – The motor-driven vacuum cleaner is patented. Author and veterinarian James Herriot, wrote All Creatures Great and Small, born at Glasgow, Scotland in 1916. Harvey Kurtzman, cartoonist and founder of Mad magazine was born in 1902. (d. 1993)

Chubby Checker (Ernest Evans)musician, singer,(“The Twist”), born 1941. The Beulah Show, the first sitcom to star an African American, debuts on TV in 1950.

This was an American situation-comedy series that ran on radio on CBS from 1945 to 1954, and in television on ABC from 1950 to 1953.

Dave Winfield, former baseball player in National League, born in St. Paul in 1951. The ABC show "Mickey Mouse Club" premiered in 1955. Singer, composer, actress (The Aviator, No Doubt), Gwen Stefani, born in 1969.

Neve Campbell, actress (Scream) born in Canada, 1973. This is the anniversary commemorating Jackie Robinson named baseball’s first African American major league manager in 1974. East and West Germany were united on this day in 1990 and Rio de Janeiro’s first Black

congresswoman, Benedita da Silva, sweeps the first round of the city’s mayoral race. Possible first frost in Northern Minnesota.

Muskrats continue building their winter lodges in Theodore Wirth marshes. Frost is possible in Northern Minnesota.

Friday, October 4 The United Nations observe WORLD SPACE WEEK with the theme this year, "Exploring Mars, Discovering Earth.” Today is INDEPENDENCE DAY for the Kingdom of LESOTHO (from Britain). Roman Catholics remember the religious leader ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI.

Artist devoted to the outdoors, rugged characters and landscapes of the Old West, and writer Frederic Remington, born in 1861. Author of children's books including The Bobbsey Twins, The Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew

and Tom Swift, Edward Stratemeyer, born in 1862. The town of Nicodemus, Kansas, the only remaining western town established by

African Americans during the Reconstruction Period following the American Civil War was established on this day in 1877.

European American comedian, Buster Keaton, was born in 1895. George Sanchez, educator, writer, dean of Mexican American scholars and leader against segregation, born in 1906. Alvin Toffler, author (Future Shock) born in 1928. Author of Vampire Chronicles. Anne Rice, born, 1941.

Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), H. Rap Brown, is born in 1943. Patti LaBelle, singer, born in 1944.

Clifton Davis, singer, actor (“That’s My Mama,” “Amen”),composer, born, Chicago, 1945. Actor (Belizaie the Cajun, The Mambo Kings, Fatal Instinct), Armand Assante, born New York, 1949.

The first successful man-made earth satellite Sputnik was launched by the USSR in 1957. “The Alvin Show,” TV premiere with The Chipmunks, premiered in 1961.

Alicia Silverstone, actress (“Born on the 4th of July,” Clueless, Batman & Robin) born in 1976. Rachel Leigh Cook, actress (She's All That, “The Babysitter’s Club), born in Minneapolis, 1979.

Saturday, October 5 . OKTOBERFEST, a German celebration of harvest, continues in many places throughout the United States and Europe and in New Ulm, MN. Today is WORLD TEACHER'S DAY, an international day to honor teachers. . A unique Hindu religious festival of dance, NAVRATRI, is celebrated October 5

th until the 13

th.

Tecumseh, Shawnee chief and orator who envisioned the unity of the Indigenous nations dies in 1813. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians surrendered on this day in 1877 making his famous speech “From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.” The “father of the Space Age.” Robert Goddard, ridiculed for his dreams of rocket travel, born in 1882. Moe of the Three Stooges, born in 1902.

Yvonne Braithwaite Burke, worker for equality, congresswoman from Watts district of California, born in 1932.

Actor Bernie Mac ("The Bernie Mac Show," The Original Kings of Comedy), born in Chicago in 1958. 1959-Architect Maya Lin, designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial while a senior at Yale University, born.

Racecar driver, son of Mario Andretti Michael Andretti, born in 1962. Former hockey player, Mario Lemieux, born in 1965. Controlled Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant accident near Monroe, Michigan, 1966, requiring nearly a decade of repairs.

Basketball player, Grant Hill, was born in 1972. David Kunst of the United States completes the first round-the-world journey on foot. Kate Winslett, actress (Titanic) born in 1975. Actor Jesse Eisenberg (The Squid and the Whale, Social Network, born, 1983.

Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants broke Mark McGuire's 1998 home run record when he hit his 71st home run of the season of 2001. This is the peak of the fall colors in Minnesota. Warm days increase the sugar in the leaves, cold nights prevent the sugar from passing down the tree resulting in the brightest colors of leaves. The decrease in daylight hours causes the deciduous tree leaves to turn.

Monarch butterflies continue to stop in gardens to nectar on New England asters. Sunday, October 6 GERMANY celebrates a harvest thanksgiving or potato harvest festival, ERNTEDANKFEST ( or ERNTEDANTAG). NATIONAL GERMAN-AMERICAN DAY honors the heritage and contributions German Americans to the U.S. This is NATIONAL FIRE PREVENTION WEEK in the U.S.

George Westinghouse, inventor and engineer, first employer to give his employees paid vacations, born in 1846.

Jenny Lind, for whom a Minneapolis school is named after, known as the “Swedish Nightingale,” born in 1887. Thomas Edison showed the first motion picture in 1889. Physician Florence Seibert, developer of test for tuberculosis, born in1897. Norwegian anthropologist and explorer who embarked on an epic ride on a raft (The "Kon-Tiki"), Thor Heyerdahl, born in 1914. Fannie Lou Hamer, Afican American leader, sharecropper and voting rights activist, born, 1917.

The “Jazz Singer” was the first picture with sound in 1927 featuring Jewish American Al Jolson in “blackface.” Such a portrayal of an African American has received much criticism.

In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court declared California’s ban on interracial marriages unconstitutional. Lonnie G. Johnson, best known as the inventor of the Super Soaker water gun, the top

selling toy in the United States in 1991 and 1992, born, 1949. This African American entrepreneur is president and founder of Johnson Research and Development Co., Inc., a technology development company, and its spin off companies,

Rebecca Lobo, former player in the professional Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and an American television basketball analyst, born in1973.

The top-rated mystery "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation" TV premiered in 2000. Tony Dungy, former professional football player, one of the most respected and popular

NFL football coaches, alumni and former coach at the University of Minnesota, born, 1955.

Monday, October 7 Today is the first day of WORLD RAINFOREST WEEK. The U.S.Supreme Court 2012-2013 Second Term begins (first Monday of October). Today is IVY DAY in Ireland, the anniversary of the death of Irish nationalist leader Charles Parnell.

Sargent Johnson, sculptor of Cherokee and African American heritage, born, 1887. Religious leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad, born, 1897.

Lazer Sidelsky was born on this date. He was a white Jewish South African lawyer and activist who was a mentor to former South African President Nelson Mandela. Georgia Tech defeats Cumberland University 222-0 in football, the biggest football win ever recorded. Minnesotan Dr. Josie R. Johnson, social activist, born, 1930. Imamu Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones), poet and dramatist of the 60’s, born in 1934.

South African archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Desmond Tutu, born in 1931. Thomas Keneally, novelist (Schindler’s List), born in Australia in 1935.

Yo-Yo Ma, Chinese American cellist, born, 1955. Television personality and producer (“American Idol”), Simon Cowell, born, 1959.

Toni Braxton, singer, “Unbreak My Heart” born in 1967. President Gerald Ford signs legislation opening the US service academies to women in 1975.

The longest-running production in Broadway history, Cats, opened in 1982. It closed September 10, 2000 after 7,485 performances and 10 million theatergoers.. The rose becomes the national floral emblem of the United States in 1986. Toni Morrison, African American poet and author, received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993.

Tuesday, October 8 HONDURAS observes FRANCISCO MORAZAN HOLIDAY in honor of a national hero. This time of the month is AMERICAN INDIAN TIME OF THANKSGIVING (Leni Leppi nation of the East coast).

The Great Chicago Fire devastated Chicago in 1871. Legend has it that Mrs. O’Leary’s cow upset a barn lantern setting hay on fire. At the same time a forest fire near Peshitog, Wisconsin, burned 4 million acres and killed 1,638 people.

The Harlem YMCA was founded in New York in 1901. 1906 – The first hair perm is applied in 1906. Faith Ringgold, African American artist and author of children’s books (Tar Beach, My

Dream of Martin Luther King) was born in 1930. Rev. Jesse Jackson, clergyman and civil rights leader, was born on this day in 1941. Chevy Chase, comedian, actor (“Saturday Night Live,”) and R. L. Stine, author (Goosebumps) and other books for young people, born in 1943. Sigourney Weaver, star of the Alien films as gutsy Lt. Ripley, born, 1949.

Matt Damon, (Good Will Hunting) actor, born, 1970. Football player Rashaan Salaam, born 1974. Bob Marley collapses during a concert in Pittsburgh on this day 1980; he will not perform again. Singer-songwriter and music producer, known for lending his vocals and co-writing the hooks for

the songs "Nothin' on You" and "Billionaire", Peter Gene Hernandez, better known by his stage name Bruno Mars

, born , 1985.

Farmers are busy combining soybeans and corn in the Upper Midwest. Wednesday, October 9 This is LEIF ERICKSON DAY, honoring the landing in North America by that Norseman in the year 1000. Today is NATIONAL BRING YOUR TEDDY BEAR TO WORK AND SCHOOL DAY in the U.S. (2

nd Wed. of October). This is INDEPENDENCE DAY of Uganda, (from Great

Britain in 1962). Leif Ericson, Scandinavian Viking explorer, landed on North America in the year 1000.

Mathematician, astronomer, and co-planner of the streets of Washington D.C., Benjamin Banneker, dies, 1806.

St. Augustine’s Catholic Church of New Orleans, Louisiana, dedicated in 1842 as a church of the free black citizens of New Orleans, welcoming both free and enslaved. (It continues as a beacon today.)

The first African-American military pilot and the only black pilot in World War I, Eugene Bullard, born, 1855. Aimee Semple McPherson, a colorful, controversial Pentecostal minister and leader of

the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, born, 1890. John Lennon, English composer, musician and member of the “The Beatles” born, 1940.

Scott Bakula, author (“Quantum Leap,” “Murphy Brown”) born in 1955. Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker, Michael Singletary, born in 1958. In 1990, the U. S. government began first of nine redress reparation payments made to Japanese Americans put in concentration camps during World War II.

Have you noticed the Canadian Geese practicing flight patterns with their families and colleagues? They are also grazing the lawns, gathering strength for the long migration coming up. Thursday, October 10 Cuba commemorates the beginning of struggle against Spain in 1868 when Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, “Father of the Homeland,” gave freedom to his slaves. and EMERGENCY NURSES DAY. This is DOUBLE 10

TH DAY in China and Taiwan, the anniversary of the outbreak of

revolution against the Manchu dynasty in 1911. Cuba commemorates the beginning of the struggle against Spain (1868) with INDEPENDENCE WARS DAY.

Composer Guiseppi Verdi, of “Aida” opera fame born in Italy in 1813. African American journalist and abolitionist Mary Shadd Cary, born, 1823. The tuxedo was created in New York by Griswold Lorillard in 1886.

Lin Yu-t’ang, Chinese writer who interpreted Chinese culture to non-Chinese Americans, born in 1893.

1900-“The First Lady of American Theater,” Helen Hayes, born. She will be one of only two performers to win an Oscar, a Tony, an Emmy, and a Grammy. Frederick Douglass Patterson, founder of the United Negro College Fund, born, 1901.

George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess premieres at Alvin Theater, New York City, 1926. Ivory Joe Hunter, African American R&B singer, songwriter and pianist, best known for his hit recording, "Since I Met You, Baby" (1956), born, 1914. Ben Veeren, actor, singer, dancer (Tony for Pippin: Roots, All That Jazz, Roots

"Webster"), born in 1946. Tennis player, 9-time Wimbledon singles champ, Martina Navratilova, born in Czechoslovakia in 1956. Country singer Tanya Tucker (“Delta Dawn”), born, 1958.

Brett Favre, Green Bay Packer’s football player, born, 1969. Actor Mario Lopez ("Saved by the Bell"), born1973. Racecar driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr., born in 1974. Skateboarder Bob Burnquist, born Rio de Janero, Brazil in 1976.

The city of Duluth, Minnesota erected a memorial in 2003 to the three African American circus workers who were attacked and lynched by a mob on June 15, 1920. Rumors had circulated among the mob that six African Americans had raped a teenage girl. A physician's examination subsequently found no evidence of rape or assault.

Woodchucks (groundhogs) are beginning to hibernate. Believe it or not, these large members of the squirrel family sometimes build their underground apartments in the city. Check them out on Plymouth Avenue near the Mississippi River. Friday, October 11 Today is NATIONAL COMING OUT DAY in the USA, an international day of visibility for the lesbian and gay community since 1988. This is GENERAL PULASKI MEMORIAL DAY celebrated by many Polish Americans (he was a Polish American hero of the Revolutionary War).

1792-Antoine Blanc founds the first black Catholic order of nuns. Robert Nathaniel Dett , composer in the U.S. and Canada, born, 1882. He is considered

one of the most successful black composers, known for his use of folk songs and spirituals for choral and piano compositions in the romantic style.

Eleanor Roosevelt, human rights activist and wife of former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt known as the “1st Lady of the World,” was born in 1884. She is quoted as saying, “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

Jazz musician Art Blakely, recorded many albums with his group, The Jazz Messengers, born in 1919.

The first African American to be allowed to achieve the Army rank of four-star general,

Roscoe Robinson, Jr., born in 1928. Maria Bueno, winner of three Wimbledon titles and four US Championships, born, 1939 in Sao Paolo.

Physician and cofounder of the International Bone Marrow Registry, Robert Gale, born, 1945. Actor Luke Perry (Buffy the Vampire Slayer,"Beverly Hills 90210"), born, 1966.

Orlando Hernandez, "El Duque," baseball player, born in Cuba in 1969. Kirk Cameron, actor (“Growing Pains”) was born on this day in 1970. “Saturday Night Live” premieres on television, 1975. Frogs begin to burrow in the mud. Saturday, October 12 Pilgrimages, especially on Saturdays during October, to the Church of Our Lady of Penha begin in RIO DE JANEIORO, BRAZIL. El PILAR (Zaragoza, Spain), festivities continue. Brazil observes HOLY MARY’S DAY or Lady of Aparecida. Fuji celebrates independence from Britain in 1970. Guinea observes INDEPENDENCE DAY from France in 1958.

U.S. socialite, political hostess, and U.S. ambassador to Luxembourg, Perle Mesta, born, 1889. She was active in the National Woman's Party, an early supporter of an Equal Rights Amendment and the inspiration for Irving Berlin's musical Call Me Madam.

Jay Saunders Redding, African-American professor of English, author, and literary critic, born, 1906. The New York Times once called him "probably the most eminent Negro writer of nonfiction in the country."

U.S. Navy hero Doris "Dorie" Miller, noted for his bravery during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, born, 1919. He was the first African American to be awarded the Navy Cross, also receiving the Medal of Honor and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.

Founder of Weight Watchers, Jean Nidetch, born, 1923. Charles Gordone, first black playwright to win the Pulitzer Prize for drama, for his play No Place to Be Somebody, born in 1925.

Comedian, actor, civil rights activist, Dick Gregory, born in 1932. Luciano Pavarotti, opera singer, one of the "Three Tenors." born in 1935. (d. 2007) White House correspondent and broadcaster Chris Wallace (“Dateline”), born, 1947.

Robert McNair, physicist and astronaut in space born on this day in 1950 and died in 1986 on the Challenger space shuttle explosion. Track runner, first woman winner of 5 medals in the same day in the Olympics (2000 Olympics in Australia), Marion Jones, born in 1975. World Population Six Billion: Anniversary, October 12, 1999. The United Nations and Secretary-General Kofi Annan won the Nobel Peace Prize,

on the Nobel Committee's 100th-year anniversary, for their efforts "to achieve peace and security in the world. Annan, a classmate and International Club member with this Almanac's author, graduated from Macalester College in St. Paul in 1961.

Sunday, October 13 Brazil celebrates CIRIO DE NAZARE, the greatest festival of northern Brazil (through the 2

nd Sunday of October). This is UN INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR NATURAL DISASTER

REDUCTION. United States observes NATIONAL FOOD BANK WEEK. Samoa and American Samoa observe WHITE SUNDAY wherein children dress in white. China & Hong Kong observe

CHUNG YEUNG (Double Nine) Festival, which includes climbing to high places. (重陽節) Both chrysanthemum and zhuyu are considered to have cleansing qualities and are used to air out houses and cure illnesses.

This is the birth anniversary of Molly Pitcher, heroine of the American Revolution who provided water and other supplies to those on the front lines, born in 1754. The authorizations of the Continental Navy happened on this day in 1775.

The cornerstone of the White House was laid on this day in 1792, with three stories & more than 100 rooms, the oldest building in Washington, D.C. Jo Anderson, who as an enslaved African American helped invent the grain harvester reaper, born in 1831.

1901-Edith S. Sampson, the first black woman elected judge to a municipal court (1962, Chicago) is born.

Arna Bontemps, noted Black poet, author, anthologist, and librarian, born, 1902. Grammy Award-winning double-bassist Raymond Matthews Brown, born, 1926. He

was a leader in defining the modern jazz rhythm section -- in addition to being a first-rate soloist. (d. 2002 while taking a nap after a game of golf)

Comedian, actor, Nipsey Russell, born in 1924. First woman prime minister in 700 years of English parliamentary history, Margaret Thatcher, born in 1925. Garland Anderson’s Appearances, the first full-length Broadway play by an African American, opens at the Frolic Theater in 1925. Jesse Leroy Brown, first African American naval aviator, born in 1926. Paul Simon, singer, songwriter (Graceland, often appears on Saturday Night Live), born in 1941. Vocalist Leona Mitchell, Metropolitan Opera Company’s reigning spinto soprano for more than a decade, born, 1949.

Jerry Rice, San Francisco 49ers football player, born, 1962. The USS Jesse L. Brown was launched in 1972 as the first ship to honor a black naval officer. Ashanti, singer, actress (The Muppets' Wizard of Oz), born, 1980. Woodland sparrows are migrating. Monday, October 14 Today is Canada’s THANKSGIVING DAY. Japan observes HEALTH-SPORTS DAY (2

nd Monday of October). The second Monday of October annually marks Columbus Day in

many parts the United States but not all states or region follow this observance. Instead, they celebrate other events on the day. For example, South Dakota's official holiday on this date is Native Americans' Day (also known as Native American Day), while people in Berkeley, California, celebrate Indigenous People's Day. Today is Mexico's DIA DE LA RAZA. In 1492, Tainos people discovered Columbus on their San Salvador shores. This is a fiesta time to celebrate common interests and cultural heritage of the Spanish and Indigenous people and the Hispanic nations, celebrated throughout Latin America and by many Hispanics in the United States. Japan celebrates NADA KENKA MATSURI or Roughhouse Festival today and tomorrow with Palanzuin bearers jostling one another to demonstrate skill and balance in handling burdens. Jamaica celebrates NATIONAL HEROES DAY (3rd Monday of October).

Psychologist, social anthropologist, author, and educator, William A. Davis, born, 1902. Davis devoted his life to trying to make a difference among the equal treatment children of different races. Writer of travel books,

Eugene Fodor, born in 1905. Books continue to be updated for U.S. cities and states. Stop at your neighborhood library and borrow them for your next trip; they are so interesting and helpful!

In 1947, Chuck Yeager, pilot became the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, on this day in 1964. Drag racer Shirley Muldowney is presented an award by the U.S. House of

Representatives for outstanding achievement following the 1st of her 3 National Hot Rod

Ass; Winston Top Fuel championships, 1977. Singer and actor Usher ("Moesha") observes his birthday, born in 1978. Wood ducks are migrating south. We were so fortunate to have a pair of these colorful birds residing on the pond at the north end of Crystal Lake Cemetery on 42nd last summer. Tuesday, October 15 Teresa Urrea, faith healer and Indian peasant leader in the Mexican revolutionary movement, was born in 1873. Crow Reservation opened for settlement anniversary when U.S. Government induced

the Crow to give up a portion of their Montana land at 50 cents per acre in 1892. 1906 – This is the birth of Victoria Spivey who established herself as a classic blues

singer, pianist, and composer in the 1920s. A notable issue of Spivey Records was Spivey's Blues Cavalcade which featured "Bunka" White and Bob Dylan of Minnesota among other performers.

John Kenneth "Ken" Galbraith, Canadian-American economist, prolific author (American Capitalism, The Affluent Society, and The New Industrial State, professor, and politician, born 1908. (d. 2006)

1917-Marion O’Brien, inventor of the prototype of the disposable diaper (1949) and holder of more than a dozen patents for household gadgets, is born. (d. 1998)

Director (Big, A League of Their Own) and actress ("Laverne & Shirley"), Penny Marshall, born, 1943. The popular sitcom "I Love Lucy" starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, premiered on TV in 1951. Tito Jackson, singer, musician (Jackson 5), born in 1953. The Peace Corps was proposed by presidential candidate John F. Kennedy at the University of Michigan, at 2 AM on October 14, 1960. Wyomia Tyus becomes the first person to win the gold medal in the 100-meter race in two consecutive Olympic games in 1968. Tamaracks turn a brilliant gold in boggy areas. The name Tamarack is the Algonquian Native American name for the species.

Wednesday, October 16 Today is U.S. NATIONAL BOSS DAY The United Nations observes WORLD FOOD DAY.

Yale University founded in 1901. Noah Webster, dictionary founder and author, born, 1758. Oscar Wilde, Irish poet and playwright who once said, “There is only one thing in the

world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about,” was born on this day in 1854.

Abolitionist John Brown led a band of about 20 men to seize the US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, W.V.,1859. The first department store, still operating at Salt Lake City, was founded on this day in 1868. Eugene Gladstone O'Neill, an American playwright, and Nobel laureate in Literature,

born, 1888. His plays are among the first to introduce into American drama the techniques of realism.

The first birth control clinic was opened in Brooklyn in 1916 by Margaret Sanger, Fania Mindell, and Ethel Burne. Actress Angela Lansbury ("Murder She Wrote," National Velvet; Tony for Sweeney Todd), born 1925. Gunter Grass, German poet, novelist, playwright, sculptor, Nobel Prize winner for

Literature (1999), and printmaker, who, with his extraordinary first novel die BLECHTROMMEL (1959, The Tin Drum) became the literary spokesman for the German generation that grew up in Nazi era, born 1927.

Benjamin O. Davis Sr. became the U.S. Army's first African American brigadier general in 1940. Cofounder of the Grateful Dead, Bob Weir, born in 1947. Former basketball player Manute Bol, born, Sudan, 1962.

Baseball player Juan Gonzalez was born in Puerto Rico in 1969. Kellie Martin, actress (ER), born 1975. Bishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. 1992 - Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Rigoberta Menchu, Guatemalan Human Rights Activist. This is the 1995 anniversary of the Million Man March, for "A Day of Atonement," in Washington DC. Buck scrapes begin to appear as the rut begins on the white tail deer.

Thursday, October 17 Today is BLACK POETRY DAY to recognize the contribution of African American life and culture and to honor Jupiter Hammon. Today is DAY OF NATIONAL CONCERN ABOUT YOUNG PEOPLE AND GUN VIOLENCE in the U.S. This is United Nations INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY.

Jupiter Hammon, America’s first published black poet’s birth date of 1711 is honored. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, revolutionist and emperor of Haiti is assassinated in 1806.

Major League Baseball player and manager, regarded by many as the best catcher of his era and the best player of the 19th century, Buck Ewing, born, 1859. Arthur Asher Miller, American playwright and essayist, born in Harlem,1915. Miller

traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692, returning to write The Crucible, an allegorical play in which he likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem. (d. 2005).

1916—Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, in New York City. She will soon be arrested, convicted, and jailed for “maintaining a public nuisance.

”Vernon Bellecourt — whose Objibwe name WaBun-Inini means Man of Dawn — a member of Minnesota's White Earth band, born 1931. He fought against the use of Indian nicknames for sports teams as a longtime leader of the American Indian Movement. (d. October 13, 2007)

Motorcycle stunt performer Robert Craig "Evel" Knievel, born in 1938. Lois Lane in Superman movies, actress Margot Kidder, born in 1948. Physician and scientist, one of the first African American women astronauts, and host of “Susan B. Anthony Slept Here,” Mae Jemison, born in 1956. Golfer Ernie Els, born Johannesburg, South Africa in 1969. Musician, rapper (The Slim ShadyLP, The Marshall Mathers LP), Eminem, born Marshall Bruce Mathers III, 1972. Black Poetry Day is established in 1985.

The San Francisco earthquake of 1989 left thousands homeless. The blue herons and egrets are migrating from Minnesota. Friday, October 18 ALASKA DAY celebrates the day in 1867 when it was transferred from the Soviet Union to the U.S. Azerbaijan commemorates INDEPENDENCE DAY (from Soviet Union in 1991. Canada’s PERSON’S DAY set aside to commemorate the date on which the British Privy Council on October 18, 1929, declared that women were persons under the law a suit by “The Famous Five.”

The first newspaper comic strip, The Yellow Kid Magazine, appeared 1896. James Brooks, muralist in the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration

during the Depression, born in 1906. 1926 - Chuck Berry, African American rock'n’ roll legend (“Johnny B. Goode,” "Roll Over

Beethoven"), born. George C. Scott, actor (Oscar for Patton [which he refused] born in 1927. 1929-Following an appeal by five Canadian women, the British Privy Council determines that women are “persons” under the law.

Shel Silverstein, cartoonist and children's author (A Light In the Atic, The Giving Tree), songwriter ("A Boy Named Sue" for Johnny Cash), born, 1930. (d. 1999)

Author How Stella Got Her Groove Back, Waiting to Exhale), Terry McMillan, born,1951. Martina Navratilova, former tennis player, born in Czechoslovakia, in 1956. Wynton Marsalis, jazz musician, born New Orleans, Louisiana, 1961. The Soviet Union transfers Alaska to the United States for $7.5 million in 1959. Water Pollution Control Act anniversary, with Congress overriding President Nixon’s veto, passing in 1972.

Esperanza Spalding an American multi-instrumentalist best known as a jazz bassist and singer, born 1984. In 2011, she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist making her the first

jazz artist to win the award. Actor and singer Zachary David Alexander "Zac" Efron (High School Musical, Hairspray), born, 1987. "Roseanne," a comedy TV show that showed a blue-collar family trying to make ends

meet, premiered in 1988. In the Caribbean, the bobolink arrives from Minnesota and neighboring states and is known as "The October Bird" as it stops on its way to Argentina. Saturday, October 19 Today and tomorrow are the BIRTH OF THE BAB Baha’i, observance of 1819 birth of prophet Siyyid Ali Muhammad.

The birth of Guru Nanak of the Sikh religion is celebrated. (about 1469 AD) Annie Peck, world-renowned mountain climber, born in 1850. At the age of 60 she will be the first person to reach the summit of Peru’s Mount Huascaran.

1878-Dr. Frederick Victor Nanka Bruce, the first physician on the Gold Coast, born in Ghana.

LaWanda Page, actress (“Sanford and Son”), born in 1920. (d. 2002) Johnnetta Cole, the first African American woman to head Spelman College, born, 1936. 1943-Paul Robeson portrayed Othello for the 296th time at New York City's Shubert Theatre.

After intense pressure was placed on the voluntary organization, the WAVES accepted its first 72 black women, 2 of whom became officers, 1944. Patricia Ireland, feminist, social activist, born, 1945.

Boxer Evander Holyfield, born, 1962. The Dow-Jones Industrial Average plunged 508 points in 1987, the largest drop in history until September 29, 2008, when it dropped 777.68 points. An earthquake in Northern China, in 1989, left 10,000 people homeless. Blackbirds congregate before migrating south. Enjoy the full moon, The Hunter's Moon. After the fields have been reaped, the leaves begin to fall

and the deer are fat and ready for eating. Hunters can ride easily over the fields' stubble, and the fox and other animals are more easily spotted.

Sunday, October 20 Kenya celebrates KENYATTA DAY.

John Dewey, American psychologist, philosopher and educational reformer for the establishment of public schools, was born in 1859.

Best known for his role as Dracula, Hungarian Bela Lugosi, born in 1882. U.S.-born jazz improviser whose wordless rhythms ushered in what became known as scat singing. Adelaide Hall, born, 1901.

Mickey Mantle, Baseball Hall of Famer, born in 1931. 1937-Byllye Avery, founder of the National Black Women’s Health Project (1981), born.

Jomo Kenyatta and five other Kenyan Mau Mau leaders refuse to plead not guilty & are sentenced to 7 years hard labor for their alleged part in the Mau Mau rebellion. The final installment of J.R.R. Tolkein's The Lord of the Rings was published on this

date by George Allen and Unwin, London, England, 1955. The Saturday Night Massacre Anniversary of 1973 was the date when President Nixon

discharged key people of the Watergate scandal and demands for his impeachment became widespread.

The world’s worst soccer disaster occurred at Moscow when 340 sports fans were crushed in a staircase and killed during a game between Soviet and Dutch players in 1982. A report 7 years later blamed police.

On this date in 2006, the heritage of the Tuskegee Airmen became a component of the classroom curriculum of the United States Air Force Officers Training School. Turtles, toads and snakes go into hibernation. Monday, October 21 Today is SOMALIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC DAY, anniversary of the revolution. Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite and who established the Nobel Prize, Alfred Nobel, born in 1833. 1872 - John H. Conyers becomes first African American admitted to U.S. Naval Academy. Journalist and tireless advocate for preservation of the environment, Jay N. “Ding”

Darling, born. In 1879 the incandescent lamp, invented by African American scientist Lewis Latimer, was demonstrated by Thomas Edison. John “Dizzy” Gillespie, trumpet player, composer, bandleader and one of founding fathers of modern jazz, born in 1917. In the early 1940s Gillespie and alto saxophonist Charlie Parker created be-bop. 1918-Margaret Owen sets a speed record, typing 170 words in one minute.

Grammy Award-winning singer, energetic in performance with flamboyant costumes, dubbed the "Queen of Salsa,” Celia Cruz. born in Cuba in 1924. Recipient of U.S. National Medal of Arts in 1994. Died in 2003.

Carrie Fisher, actress (Star Wars), born in 1956. Actor Ken Watanabe (The Last Samurai), born in Japan, 1959. This is the anniversary of the day in which an estimated 50,000 people against the Vietnam War stormed the Pentagon in 1967.

Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wins the Nobel prize in 1971. Redhead ducks migrate south. Tuesday, October 22 Today is FALL DAY in the Northern Hemisphere. André-Jacques Gamerien of France makes the world's first parachute jump in 1797.

Hungarian pianist and composer (Hungarian Rhapsodies), Franz Liszt, born, 1811. Abigail Scott Duniway, a women's rights advocate, newspaper editor and writer, whose efforts were instrumental in gaining voting rights for women, born, 1834.

The original Metropolitan Opera House opened in New York in 1883. Born in 1903, George Beadle, demonstrator of how the genes control the basic chemistry of the living cell and Curly Howard, the slapstick comedian with brothers Stooges Moe and Shemp, known for his trademark "n'yuk-n'yuks" Timothy Leary, psychologist and professor at Harvard, an icon of the countercultural movement in the 1960s, born 1920 (d.1996) Robert Rauschenberg, artist born in 1925. Bobby Seale, cofounder of the Black Panther Party, was born in 1936. Anette Funicello, singer, actress (“Mickey Mouse Club”), born in 1942. The Cuban Missile Crisis between the U.S. and the Soviet Union occurred, 1962. Baseball player Ichiro Suzuki, born in Japan in 1973. Chipmunks hibernate. Add fallen leaves to your garden. Wednesday, October 23 Hungary celebrates the ANNIVERSARY OF 1956 REVOLUTION from Russia. Scorpio, the Scorpion period of the astronomical astrological zodiac begins today. THAILAND observes CHULALONGKORN DAY, in memory of that king who abolished slavery in Thailand.

The French chef who devised the means of “canning” and sealing food, Nicolas Appert, born in 1752.

The First Continental Congress of U.S. prohibits black enlistment in the Army in 1775. In 1871, an anti-Chinese riot in Los Angeles resulted in the lynching of Chinese people.

Wiley Jones, a leading wealthy businessman, barber and a saloon owner, formerly enslaved, became one of the first African Americans in the nation to receive a franchise to operate a mule-drawn streetcar system, which he established in Pine Bluff, Arkansas on this day in 1886.

U.S. swimming champion Gertrude Ederle, born 1906. (d. 2003) 1915-More than 30,000 women march up 5

th Avenue in the largest women’s suffrage parade.

Television entertainer, former Tonight Show host, Johnny Carson, born in 1925. (d. January 23, 2005)

Juan (“Chi-Chi”) Rodriquez, golfer, born in Puerto Rico in 1934. Former soccer player Pelé, born in Brazil in 1940.

Eleanor Louise "Ellie" Greenwich, an American pop music singer, songwriter, and

record producer, born, 1940. (d.2009) Some of the songs she wrote or co-wrote included were "Da Doo Ron Ron", "Leader of the Pack", Do Wah Diddy Diddy She discovered Neil Diamond and sang backing vocals on several of Diamond's hit songs.

U.S. Senator Melquiades Martinez, born Puerto Rico, 1946. Ang Lee, director (Oscar for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Brokeback

Mountain,also, movies Sense and Sensibility, The Ice Storm), born in 1954. Alfred “Weird Al” Yankovic, singer and satirist, born in 1959.

The iPod was revealed by the Apple Company on this day in 2001. Today is the traditional day for the swallows to leave Capistrano, CA for the winter.

Apple growers are picking Haralson, Fireside, Regent and Honeygold apples. Thursday, October 24 It is Today is PAVARANA DAY or Kathina, beginning the Buddhist robe/alms offering month in Florida.India observes DASARA (VIJAYA DASAMI), Hindu holiday victory of good over evil. October 24

Today is UNITED NATIONS DAY, the Anniversary of its founding in 1945. Zambia celebrates INDEPENDENCE DAY, from European colonialism of Britain, in 1964. Belva Lockwood, lawyer and advocate for women’s rights, first woman admitted to practice before the US Supreme Court, born in 1830. A 63-year-old former dance teacher, Edson Taylor, down on her luck and hoping for

fortune and fame, accomplished the first barrel jump over Niagara Falls in 1901. U.S. stock investors began panic selling in this the Stock Market Panic 1929.

Rolling Stones musician, Bill Wyman, born in London, England in 1936. NAACP president Kweisi Mfume, born in 1948.

R & B singer (duet with Brandy "The Boy Is Mine"), Monica, born Monica Arnold in Atlanta, GA, in 1980. Senator Arlen Specter began an investigation of the CIA's role in distribution of drugs to the black community in 1996. Each fall, the Mississippi River valley becomes a migration corridor for many species of waterfowl, raptors and shorebirds moving from their northern summer homes to warmer southern wintering grounds. Check out the Mississippi River in North Minneapolis.

Friday, October 25 This is INTERNATIONAL MAGIC WEEK. RETROCESSION DAY commemorates the restoration of Taiwan to Chinese rule in 1943, after half a year of Japanese occupation. Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist, painter, sculptor, and engraver, called by many the

greatest artist of the 20th century, born, 1881. He is said to have commented once: "I am only a public entertainer who has understood his time." (d. 1973)

Grand Ole Opry star Minnie Pearl, born in 1912 (d. 1996). 1930-Historian Hanna Holborn Gray, the first woman to be president of a major U.S.

university (University of Chicago, 1978) and recipient of the Medal of Freedom, born. "Happy Days" actress Marion Ross was born in 1936 in Albert Lea, Minnesota.

Singer Helen Reddy (“I Am Woman”), born, 1942. Sadako Sasaki, Hiroshima survivor whose story is told in the book A Thousand Cranes,

died in 1955. Pedro Martinez, baseball player, born Dominican Republic in 1971.

Midori, violinist, born in Japan in 1971. The first female FBI agents Susan Lynn Roley and Joanne Pierce, graduated in 1972.

U.S. recording artist, dancer, actress, and fashion model, Ciara Princess Harris, born, 1985.

Southern California was swept by firestorms in 1993, burning homes of Malibu to the Mexican border. Woodcock migrate through the area.

Bittersweet vines display bright orange fruit.

Saturday, October 26 Today is FRANKENSTEIN FRIDAY designed to honor creators Mary Shelly and Boris Karloff. Eid al fitr end of Ramadan India observes Diwali or DEEPAVALI), a festival of lights, a Hindu holiday victory of good over evil. Today is AUSTRIA NATIONAL DAY and MULE DAY, the anniversary of the first importation of Spanish jacks to the U.S., a gift from the King of Spain. The first major man-made waterway, the Erie Canal, was opened in 1825, providing a water route from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Philanthropist and art patron, Abby Rockerfeller, co-founder of NY museum of Modern Art (1929), born.

1899-Meta Vaux Warrick, African American sculptor, arrives in Paris to meet artist Henry Ossawa Tanner.

1911 - Mahalia Jackson, African American, "Queen of the gospel song," born. Host of the Wheel of Fortune, Pat Sajak, born in 1946.

Author Anne Tyler (The Accidental Tourist), born, Minneapolis, MN, 1941. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, former U.S. former First Lady, and U.S. senator, born, 1947.

Born in 1962, Dylan McDermott, actor (“The Practice”) and actor Cary Elwes (The Princess Bride, Glory, Bram Stoker's Dracula) in England.

Australian country music singer ("Somebody Like You", Grammy Award win for "You'll Think of Me"), songwriter and guitarist Keith Urban, born, 1969.

Buck white tail deer begin to rub and scrape their horns. Lake surface temperatures are reaching the 50 degree F mark bringing nutrients from the bottom to the surface, storing oxygen for living things that spend the winter under the ice. Sunday, October 27 MAKE A DIFFERENCE DAY, a national (U.S.) day of community service, is sponsored by the USA Weekend magazine. The MULTISPORT NISSAN XTERRA WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP is held in Maui, Hawaii. St. Vincent & The Grenadines commemorate INDEPENDENCE from colonist Great Britain in 1979. President Theodore Roosevelt was born in 1858. 1901 – In Paris, a getaway car is used for the first time, when thieves rob a shop and drive away.

The first subway in New York opened in 1904. Welsh poet and playwright, Dylan Thomas was born in 1914. Roy Lichtenstein, pop artist who used comic strips in his paintings, born in 1923 (d.1997). Actress ("Ossie and Ruby," Do the Right Thing, Zora is My Name), Ruby Dee, born, 1924. Maxine Hong Kingston, Chinese American autobiographer, born in 1940. The Walt Disney Show premiered on television in 1954. Hurricane Mitch hit Honduras on this day in 1998 killing 7,000 people in that country alone. White-throated sparrows depart. The last snowy tree crickets are heard calling. Monday, October 28 This is MOTHER-IN-LAW DAY in the U.S. Greece observes "OCHI DAY," a national day commemorating Greek resistance to Mussolini, Ochi meaning "no.". This is CZECH REPUBLIC INDEPENDENCE DAY marking the creation of Czechoslovakia which no longer exists. Those Christians who are Catholic, observe ST. JUDE'S DAY, the saint of hopeless causes, supposedly the brother of Jesus, and popular with students who need help with exams.

Harvard University was founded in 1636. Nicknamed the “American Joan of Arc,” influential orator and author of the Civil War era, advocate of abolition and woman suffrage, Anna Dickinson, born in 1842. This is the anniversary of the Donner Party Famine a journey towards California begun on this day in 1846, which resulted in death and cannibalism.

Philip Jaisohn (anglicized name Seo Jae Pil), a noted champion for Korea's

independence, and the first Korean to become a naturalized citizen of the United States, born 1864.

1873-Patrick Healy begin as president of Georgetown, the oldest Catholic university in the U.S. - first African American to be president of a predominately European American university.

The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on this day in 1886. Jonas Salk, developer of polio vaccine, was born in 1914. Minnesotan Helen Eugenie Anderson became the first woman to serve in the post as U.S. ambassador (to Denmark) in 1949. (d. 1993) Telma Hopkins, singer, actress (“Family Matters”). born in 1948. Bill Gates, cofounder of Microsoft, born in 1955. Actress Jami Gertz, ("ER," Twister), born 1965. Julie Roberts, actress (Steel Magnolias, Oscar for Erin Brockovich), born in 1967. 1970 - Kyoichi Sawada, Japanese American, Pulitzer prize-winning UPI photographer, dies. This is the beak of the fall migration of canvasback ducks. Red oaks and white oaks display dark reds and rich browns. Tuesday, October 29

The Dinwiddie Quartet from Virginal became the first African American group to be recorded, on this day in 1902.

The Stock Market Crash of 1929, resulting in the Great Depression, began on this day and lasted for 10 years, with one out of four US workers unemployed in 1932. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the current President of Liberia, born in1938.

Melba Moore, singer (“You Stepped Into My Life”), born in 1945. Actor Richard Dreyfuss, (Amerian Graffiti, Jaws), born in 1947. Alonzo G. Moron of the Virgin Islands, promoter of civil rights, becomes the first African American president of Hampton Institute, VA in 1949.

Randy Jackson of the once Jackson 5, born in 1961. NOW (National Organization of Women) was formed in 1966.

Internet was created in 1969 with connections between Stanford and UCLA. Winona Ryder, actress (“Beetle Juice” “Little Women”) born in Winona, MN in 1971. John Glenn became oldest human in space (77 years) on the shuttle Discovery, 1998. Black bears begin to den. Chrysanthemums keep blooming. Wednesday, October 30 In 1829, David Walker, a free-born black, is the first to oppose slavery through the press. Slave rebellion leader Nat Turner is captured in 1831.

1857-Gertrude Atherton, who will pioneer the biographical novel form with The Conqueror (1902), is born. Emily Post, whose book became the bible of manners and social behavior, born in 1872.

Ezra Pound, American poet, was born in 1885. Charles Atlas, ex-97-lb weakling who became a world known body builder and started a popular mail-order bodybuilding course, born in Italy, 1893. Manuel Cereijo, Latino educator, engineer, born in 1938.

American author, best known for his 1972 novel Bless Me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya, born. Anaya is considered one of the founders of the canon of contemporary Chicano literature. According to the New York Times, he is the most widely read author in Hispanic communities.

Simulated news bulletins based on Orson Welles’ “War of the Worlds,” describing a Martian invasion were broadcast on radio were believed to be for real, causing near panic in 1938.

Henry Winkler, actor (“Happy Days”) and children's author, born in 1945. 1954 - Defense Department announces that all units of the Armed Forces are not

integrated. (Integration of U.S. Armed Forces began after World War II under the leadership of President Truman. This happened under pressure of NAACP leaders

including longtime North Minneapolis resident and activist Nellie Stone Johnson, who died at age 96 in 2002, and for whom a new school on 26th and Bryant Avenue North is named.)

Former soccer player Diego Armando Maradona, born in Argentina, in 1960. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale found the Black Panther Party of Self-Defense in Oakland, CA., 1966. Thursday, October 31 Today is NATIONAL UNICEF DAY and Halloween or ALL HALLOW’S EVE, an ancient Druid autumn festival combined with Christian customs. It is also called TRICK OR TREAT or BEGGAR’S NIGHT. Today is NATIONAL MAGIC DAY, in commemoration of Harry Houdini, who died on this day in 1926. REFORMATION DAY is observed by Christians. SAMHAIN marks the death of the Sun-God in the Wiccan year. Founder of the Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., Juliet Gordon Low, born, 1860.

1896-Actor and blues and jazz vocalist Ethel Waters, born. Best known for his roles in “Bonanza” and “Little House on the Prairie,” actor Michael

Landon, born in 1936 (d.1991). Earl Lloyd became the first African American to ever play in an NBA game when he took the floor for the Washington Capitols in 1950. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial was completed on this day in 1941, after 14 years of work. Television personalities Jane Pauley (1950) and journalist Dan Rather (1931) celebrate birthdays. Larry Mullen, musician (drummer with U2; Grammy for The Joshua Tree), born in Dublin, Ireland, 1961. Rob Schneider, actor (“Saturday Night Live”), born 1963. Rapper and actor (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), Vanilla Ice, born in 1967. The talk show that diagnoses auto problems on National Public Radio, “Car Talk” premieres in 1987. Boston ivy is seen on the outer walls of Henry High School’s courtyard with leaves of brilliant shades of red.