October 8, 2007
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Transcript of October 8, 2007
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October 8, 2007
11-721: Grammars and Lexicons
Lori Levin
(Examples from Kroeger)
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Causative sentences (English, periphrastic and lexical)
• English causative – periphrastic– John read the book.– Mary made John read the book.
• English causative – lexical – John died.– Mary killed John.– The boat sank.– The enemy sank the boat.
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Causative sentences (Malayalam, lexical and morphological)
The lexical causative indicates direct causation. The morphological causative indicates indirect causation.
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Outline
• Morphological causatives – Intransitive verbs– Transitive verbs
• Which argument is the object?
– Ditranstive verbs
• Semantic types of causation– Different causative constructions used for different
meanings
• Morphological and periphrastic causatives– One clause or two?– One subject or two?
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Morphological Causative construction,Intransitive verb (Malayalam)
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Causative verbs
Play < agent > subj
Play-caus < causer causee > subj obj
Play-caus-pass < causer causee > obl subj
They are both agentsso we will call them causer and causee.
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Causative construction, transitive verb (Swahili)
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Swahili Causative
Cook < agent patient >
subj obj
Cook-caus < causer causee patient >
subj ???? ????
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Which one is the OBJ?In (7) b, the object agreement marker “m” agrees with “girl, the causee.
The object agreement marker cannot agree with “door” as in (9).
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Which one is the OBJ?
The causee becomes the subject of the passive.
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Swahili Causative
Cook < agent patient >
subj obj
Cook-caus < causer causee patient >
subj obj obj2
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Comparison between causative and “give”
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Swahili Causative
give < agent recipient theme >
subj obj obj2
Cook-caus < causer causee patient >
subj obj obj2
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Turkish Causative
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Which one is the OBJ?
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Turkish Causative
Open < agent theme >
subj obj
Open-caus < causer causee theme >
subj obj2/obl obj
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Comparison to “give”
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Turkish Causative
give < agent recipient theme >
subj obj2/obl obj
Open-caus < causer causee theme >
subj obj2/obl obj
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Malayalam causative, transitive verb
Causee is oblique:
pinch < agent patient > subj obj
pinch-caus < causer causee patient > subj obl obj
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Causative of ditransitive verb?
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Causative of ditransitive verb
Give < agent recipient theme >
subj obl obj
Give-caus < causer causee recip theme >
subj obl dat obj
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Semantic distinctions in causation
Direct and indirect causation
Coercion and permission
Manipulation and direction
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Change in case marking indicates different type of causation.
Dative causee is manipulated. Instrumental causee is given direction to eat.
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Case marking of causee
The dative causee has control. For example, she laughed because a movie director told her to. The accusative causee doesn’t have control. For example, Taroo told a joke and Hanako couldn’t help laughing.
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One clause or two?
• Mary made John hit her.
• *Mary made John hit herself.
S
NP VP
Mary V S
made John hit her.
S
NP VP
Mary V NP VP
made John hit her.
Which tree is compatible with this rule and the two sentences above: A reflexive pronoun must have an antecedent in the same S.
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Turkish reflexive pronouns: also must have an antecedent in the same S
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Morphological causative and reflexive pronoun
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One subject or two?
• Does the causee act like a subject?– You might think so because the noun phrase
with the same semantic role (agent) was the subject of the non-causative verb
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Malayalam: causee is not a subjectIn Malayalam, only a subject can be an antecedent for a reflexive pronoun. The antecedent does not have to be in the same clause.
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Chimwini: causee is a subject
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Japanese: depends on the type of causative