October 19 th Attendance Pass back CCA outlines Lecture 8: Gender Stratification Homework: ...
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Transcript of October 19 th Attendance Pass back CCA outlines Lecture 8: Gender Stratification Homework: ...
October 19th
Attendance Pass back CCA outlines Lecture 8: Gender Stratification Homework:
Introduction to Sociology: Chapter 9
Institutional Racism: What Does it Look Like?
Lecture 8
Gender Stratification
Difference & Stratification
In a mixed-class system we can see how both ascribed (race, gender) and achieved (talent, hard work) determine one’s position in the opportunity structure
Therefore, social categories of difference become institutionalized in our social structure and create a society in which race and gender inequality are part of our daily lives
Race and Gender Inequality: It’s Not Personal Institutional “ism’s”: systematic inequalities
pervade all of societies structures Institutions such as the police, education,
employment, mass media etc.
Racism and sexism are part of the fabric of social life Not about the prejudice of a small minority, but
about the policies and ideologies that create a legacy of inequality
Actions/Behavior
Social Structure
Culture & Ideology
Gender/Race Wage Gap:For Every White Man’s $...
Year Black men
Hispanic Men
White Women
Black Women
Hispanic Women
1970 $.69 na $.58 $.48 na
1980 $.70 $.70 $.58 $.55 $.50
1990 $.73 $.66 $. 69 $.62 $.54
2003 $.78 $.63 $. 75 $.65 $.54
What accounts for the decline in Latino Men’s Wages? The labor-market that is open to Latino immigrants
is generally a low-wage market Native Latinos earn more than immigrants, but after the
second generation increasing wages stall Differential price employers pay for Latino workers
Improvements in quantity and quality of education will narrow the wage gap between Latinos and Whites Nationally 21% of Latino students drop out of high school –
2x the rate for all students
Sexual Division of Labor
Almost all societies have a sexual division of labor Gender is one of the primary ways that the work
that is needed to take care of the needs of individuals, families, and society as a whole
As the structure of society changes, gender ideology, gender roles and gender equality also change
Industrialization and the Family With industrialization, we became dependent
on wages ($) earned in paid work to help support family life
This created a distinct separation of work Inside (private) & outside (public) the home Paid work and the unpaid work of family life
The Family-Wage A family-wage economy is an economic
system in which families have one member earning wages to support the family. This wage therefore has to be a family-wage with:
High pay to support dependents Benefits that are extended to all family
members But, also requires high skilled labor (investment
in education) & time investment in return
Gender Ideology, Family, and Work The family-wage economic
brought about changes in the social structure that were supported by, and supported, a specific gender ideology
Separate Spheres Ideology naturalizes the idea that men and women are responsible and ‘naturally’ inclined to separate spheres of social life
Women as CaretakersFamily Life
Men as ProvidersWork & Public Life
His and Her Family
Dichotomization of morality for men and women in family life
1. Men are encouraged to focus on self-interest for the family
2. Women are encouraged to focus on self-sacrifice for the good of the family
Social & Economic Invisibility of Household Labor Mom’s “market value” is about 30K greater
than the average man’s wage…but Labeled “unoccupied” in our national accounting system No retirement, unemployment, health benefits, nor
individual social security
“Second Shift”: in dual-income households women often do most of the unpaid labor Working women have 9 hours more housework
than men in the same household
Your household DOL?
Occupational Segregation “Female” and “Male” professions: In 2003 women
were 96% of secretaries 91% of nurses 95% of child care workers 99% of dental hygienists and 97% of kindergarten and preschool teachers
But also, 30% physicians, 14% architects, 27% lawyers
Why do we see women entering men’s professions, but not the other way around?
Is education the great equalizer? High School Diploma:
men = $32Kwomen = $22K
BA/BS Degree: men = $51K women = $36K
PhD: men = $77Kwomen $56K
Male Pattern of Work
The most rewarded careers in our society (prestige and $) are generally based on the assumption that: Time commitment while young long hours flexibility in your schedule and limited household responsibility
Imagine what is takes to become a: Medical doctor Lawyer
President of HarvardFewer Tenured Women in the Sciences…
“And the relatively few women who are in the highest ranking places are disproportionately either unmarried or without children…[T]here are many professions and many activities, and the most prestigious activities in our society expect of people who are going to rise to leadership positions in their forties near total commitments to their work. They expect a large number of hours in the office, they expect a flexibility of schedules to respond to contingency, they expect a continuity of effort through the life cycle, and they expect-and this is harder to measure-but they expect that the mind is always working on the problems that are in the job, even when the job is not taking place. And it is a fact about our society that that is a level of commitment that a much higher fraction of married men have been historically prepared to make than of married women.”
Does Silicon Valley have a Glass Ceiling? Of CA’s 400 largest companies only 11.6% of
executive officers are women Santa Clara county companies are last in the state for
gender equality
What are the explanations? Career confusion Structural barriers Networks favor men Tech culture
Gender Wage Gap