Wednesday October 19, 2016

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PSAT/NMSQT" Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test

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There was a general consensus in the family that I was “going

to come to a bad end.” By then the first woman doctor had

graduated in Chile, and others had entered the university. That

gave Nívea the idea that I could do the same, if only to defy the

family and society in general, but it was obvious that I didn’t have

the least aptitude for studying. Then Severo del Valle appeared

with the camera and set it in my lap. It was a beautiful Kodak,

precious in the details of every screw, elegant, smooth, perfect,

made for the hands of an artist. I still use it, it never fails. No girl

my age had a toy like that. I picked it up with reverence and sat

looking at it without any idea how to use it. “Let’s see if you can

photograph the dark shadows in your nightmares,” Severo del

Valle said as a joke, never suspecting that that would be my

one objective for months, and that in the task of deciphering that

nightmare I would end up in love with the world. My grandmother

took me to the Plaza de Armas, to the studio of Don Juan Ribero,

the best photographer in Santiago, a curt man as dry as stale

bread on the outside, but generous and sentimental inside.

“I’ve brought you my granddaughter to be your apprentice,”

my grandmother said, laying a check on the artist’s desk while I

clutched her skirttail with one hand and my brand­new camera in

the other.

Don Juan Ribero, who was a half head shorter than my

grandmother and half her weight, settled his eyeglasses on his

nose, carefully read the amount written on the check, and then

handed it back to her, looking her up and down with infinite

scorn.

Reading: Question 1

Questions 1­9 are based on the following passage.

This passage is adapted from Isabel Allende, Portrait in Sepia. ©2001 by HarperCollinsPublishers. The setting is Chile during the late nineteenth century.

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“The amount isn’t a problem. You set the price,” my

grandmother wavered.

“It isn’t a question of price, but of talent, señora,” he replied,

guiding Paulina del Valle toward the door.

During that exchange I’d had time to take a quick look

around. Ribero’s work covered the walls: hundreds of portraits of

people of all ages. Ribero was the favorite of the upper class, the

photographer of the social pages, but the people gazing at me

from the walls of his studio were not bigwig conservatives or

beautiful debutantes, but Indians, miners, fishermen,

laundresses, poor children, old men, many women like the ones

my grandmother helped with her loans from the ladies club.

There I saw represented the multifaceted and tormented face of

Chile. Those people in the photographs touched something deep

inside me; I wanted to know the story of every one of them. I felt

a pressure in my chest, like a closed fist, and an uncontainable

desire to cry, but I swallowed my emotion and followed my

grandmother out with my head high. In the carriage she tried to

console me: I shouldn’t worry, she said, we would get someone

else to teach me to operate the camera, photographers were a

dime a dozen; what did that second­rate lowborn think, anyway,

talking in that arrogant tone to her. Paulina del Valle! And she

grumbled on and on, but I wasn’t listening: I had decided that no

one but Juan Ribero would be my teacher. The next day I left the

house before my grandmother was up. I told the coachman to

take me to the studio and planted myself in the street, prepared

to wait forever. Don Juan Ribero showed up about eleven, found

me at his door, and ordered me to go home. I was shy then—I

still am—and very proud; I wasn’t used to asking for anything

because from the time I was born I was coddled like a queen, but

my determination must have been very strong. I didn’t move

from the door. A couple of hours later, the photographer came

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out, threw me a furious glance, and started walking down the

street. When he came back from his lunch, he found me still

there with my camera clutched to my chest. “All right,” he

muttered, defeated, “but I warn you, little girl, that I won’t give

you any special consideration. Here you come to obey without

talking back and to learn quickly, is that clear?” I nodded silently

because my voice was stuck in my throat.

How did Paulina del Valle expect to persuade Don Juan Ribero to take on her granddaughteras an apprentice?

A. By paying him generouslyB. By flattering himC. By appealing to his sympathyD. By supporting his social ambitions

Choice A is the best answer. It is clear Paulina del Valle intends to use her wealth to persuadeDon Juan Ribero to mentor her granddaughter in photography. This can be seen in the secondparagraph, when she begins her interactions with him by “laying a check on the artist’s desk.”That idea is further supported in the fourth paragraph when, after Ribero returns the offeredcheck, Paulina del Valle then implies she will pay more by telling Ribero, “You set the price.”

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the only interactions that occur between Paulina delValle and Don Juan Ribero are described in the second through fifth paragraphs and focus ondel Valle’s attempt to convince Ribero with her checkbook, but at no point does she flatter him(choice B), appeal to his sympathy (choice C), or offer to advance his social ambitions (choiceD).

Question Difficulty: Easy

60 toJ,er. Paulina del Valle! And she grumbled on and on, but I wasn't listening: I had decided that no one but Juan Ribero would be~eachei;., The next day I. left tiielioiise before my grandmother was up. JJ.2.1.d t\li '.?~J!O,,WJ,YS!U1lC .!9 fu~

65 p~nted my~l,(inJhe.sti:eet, pi;epared.to.waitiorare.t. Don Juan Ribero showed up about eleven. fQllllQJile at his door, and .ordereq_n1e to go home. I was shy then-I still am-andyery p;:oud; I wasn't used to .. as1<i.i!g_f2! any!hl!llll!ecauseJwrn the time I .was.b,mL.

70 I wa;; coddled like a gueett, but my: iW"!'.lllffia.tion, _ must have been very strong. I didn't move from the door. A couple of hours later, the phot9grapher came out, threw me a furious gla!lce, and started wal~ down the street. W'hen he came back from his lunch~.

75 he found me still there .with !.Il~Ul.clutched t;;­.mY-~!l~st "All right," he muttered, defeated, '.1,ut I warn '.9!!,..~!tle gi:!,_t!t11tLwon't give you.any.special consi'½,ration. Here ymu:om~ _ ·™king ba~k ag<JJo leam. quicldy,.is that.clear?'.'..l

BO nodded silently because my voice was stuck in my throat.

How did Paulina de! Valle expect to persuade Don Juan Ribero to take on her granddaughter as an apprentice? ~­

By paying him generously

By flattering him

•·. By appealing to his sympathy

1 D) By supporting his social ambitions ......

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The passage describes an important distinction between

•[A) Paulina de! Valle's behavior toward her relatives < and her behavior toward those who are poor.

·@ Paulina de! Valle's benevolence and Severo de! Valle's benevolence.

@ Don Juan Ribero's polite behavior and his rebellious feelings.

f'~J Don Juan Ribero's professional activities and his I._) preferred projects.

-Which choice best supports the idea that Paulina de! Valle feels that she is entitled to special treatment?

'A) Lines 24-25 ("I've ... apprentice") ' Lines ~J>-60 ("we would ... de! Valle")

Lines 60-61 (" And she ... listening")

D) Lines 62-65 ("The next, .. forever")

CONTINUE

\

- .. -, --, .. ..-,.,~~~ .... ,,.,-.,~'I\,• v-,..·.,::,,,,.,,.~U_.,, ""~"-,1•.f!;'l"'I ,,._.,.~.,,...~,.····'-'_, .... ''.\·:i-ci'·

In thefust paragraph, the narrator emphasizes the contrast between

@'the benefits of a life of wealth and privilege and the rewards of determination and hard work.

0 ' her earnest attitude and Severo de! Valle's playful tone.

@ the family's overwhelming preoccupation with materialism and her focus on art and beauty.

@ her attempts to assert her own independence and , the grandmother's authoritarian control over the

family.

-Lines 28-37 ("Don ... door") primarily serve to

~ portray the grandmother's response to a reJechon. ® reveal Don Juan Ribero's personality through

. his behavior.

· (c) 'point out Don Juan Ribero's changeable nature.

~- emphasize the serious nature of a setback for · Don Juan Ribero.

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11 11.s used in line 33, "set" most nearly means

i posi.

apply.

). 1 determine.

-As used in line 38, "exchange" most nearly means

@ trade.

. difference.

conversation.

barter.

CONTINUE

l· .. ··.1·· > :- ' ' -.

.

-Vlhich statement about Don Juan Ribero helps explain why he changes his mind about teaching the girl?

!U:. He is desperate to continue working.

·fiJ He is not as unkind as he appears. ~

He realizes he has much to lose otherwise.

He recognizes the girl's talent.

••-ed copying or muse of any part of this page is illegal. 5

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

-':::) L1nes 19-23 ("My1 ... inside")

Lines 41-48 ("Ribero ..• club")

Lines 72-74 (" A couple ... street")

Lines 78-79 ("Here ... clear")

CONTINUE

Questions 10-18 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

This passage is adapted from Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well. ©2005 by Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills.

Though he was prepared to go quill: a bit deeper when he turned on his_steam-powere4drill in Crawford County, P~~vania, in 1859,

une Colonel Edwin Drake sti;w:~et. The first 5 "deep water" oil wells stood in l.O~J;l'll.ter in

1954. Today, they r~fh through 10.00Jl.fe.e.Lof:ll'ater, 2Q.,000 feet of vertkal mck, and another 30,)00 feet~f ho;:;;;ontal rock. ·

-yet ov~r-the long term, the prke ofoil has.held 10 remarkably steady. T~n-mile oil costs 1::ss tha_n

.69.feet.oiLdid, and about the s~me~§ Q_ru,,mjle_ pi) 4id_ t>v_Q_decades ago. P.roduction costs iIJ_ the hostile waters of the Statfj.oriL9.-ilJield.Qfthe North.S~_i\l'..\'. not very. differ:ent from costs_at.theJristoric

15 Spin_(jletop fields of soq:theast Texas a cenJ,l,lry_ago. There have been price sp_ils_es3nd.sags, but they have ~~_!ie<l to political and_r_egulatQJ)'inst,,.bilities, not dis.cov,;ry_and extraction.costs. This record is all the more remarkable when one considers that the

20 amount of oil extracted has risen year after year. Cumulative proch.iction from U.S. wells aloii.e_has surpassed a hundred billion barrels. The historical trenas clefv all intuition.

It is ~l_lgh to tl:tan.k 1)11J11~J:1.i11genuity for 2s the relatively_.steadJL.p.rice oLa finitt.an_d (j,l'i11dlmg

resource and leave it at.that. But there is a second part to this story: it is energy its_e!f th~i begets more ene~gy. Electrically powered robots pursue new supplies of oil at tbe bottom of the o_cean, Ele,:tricity

30 p~and ,<lepes _the_silicon_d:iat becomes the photovoltaic cell that genrrates more electricity. La;;ers enrich uranium that generates more electri~ity that powers more lasers. Power pursues the energy that produces_the power.

35 - "Energy supply" is de.tennined not by "what's out there" but by how good we are at finding and ~xtracting it. What is scarce is not raw energy but the drive arid the logic that is able to locate, purify, and channel it to our own ends-the creation of still

~ copying o, reuse of any part ofth1s page is illegaL 6

40 more logic p__aran1(lunt among them. For the first two centuries of industrial history, the powered technologies use~ to find and.extract fuels improved fa_s!~r .wan the h.orj~n, of supply receded. Hence our blue-whale1 energy economy. End users consume

45 igg-eas~.Yf£!!'J'_act and in_jense form.s of __ ~.:Jl!'ld~!""• reiirig on supplie!s_to pursue and ~ incr~~distant, dj~~d, and dilute sources of raw:Juel. The.gap.is fQrever widening, as. tbs; history of oil extramon r~ btit that doesn'.t

so stap,UJz-tl\l:.m.Qi:e,ene.gy..weronsmne, the more we c..apJ:l.lE, It's a chain reaction and it spiajs up, ~.9t

_d=. ! t ~, if '.Q..'-!__ wijl~.,11.erp.et.u;JJ~e. The m~a£ttine is running Dlster today tban ~r

before, but it has been running.fi;,,:.51uite some tln?e, 55 I'9ur billion years ago, life on Earth.c.aptur~d~ solar

e11~_rg'.i!,~ll, beS\l_ll§e_1;1:iere..Jl'.fill.nQ lj~. Life ]gen-got a foqtg9ld, and thP Olptnre and co11si1mption of en~ jn the _bjQ§Q_Q\;fJ')!i!S l>e~n !ising e,:i?JC_sJn.ce. The thicker life grew on the surface of the planet, the

60 more ene_.gy the '1!0.spher,:m_a.o~ed.to~c.apfU:re. And it used all t~llt energyJ9,_£r~t~-mi;,_r~Jife.

· Li~ng_gceen.p!@X~ still ~•Ptl!retosl_lily's solar -e_!ler_gy a_bo_ut sil'.lim~lli!S~r thai;i we hu_mfl_llLl\.1!.._ ab_l~t.,u;!Jg._up.y,e~y-'s-;;ol,,r-eriergypreservedin

65 'fossilfuels, but wi:.11 ove_rt_i!,ke Jj,e rest of nature in due.course. P1;rha1w someday we'll gettll. the_11oint where we, too, ca119!'.\..l!l'..e...9JKeJJe_c:gy_du:ectly:fr.om tl_ie ~uj,~Th~e• s plenty of sunlight__t.:'_spare-green plants currenth::gw1Un:_onfy .about 011.e.

10 three-thousandth of the golden cas.;;;a<k.of solar· power thaJ_reaches th,:- Eartlt s sur.face. . · But whether we catch our solar ,:n.ergy.Jive, dig it u.P in fossikz~d(orm, or miqe w:ani!lm instead is realfyust a detail. The ont certainty is_ thatwe will

75 extract more energy from our environme.nt,..not less. Everyihing we think~~_ l<nO):l!J;l;>out "runnin.g Oll! of energy isn't just muddled and wi:_ong;it:s.the exact opposite of the truth.The more_e_ner_gy_we_capture. and put to use, the more readily we will capture

BO still more. -i A reference to the suggestion that a modern American uses

about as much energy as a blue whale does

CONTINUE

..

11 Maximum Distance to Oil

versus Average Price 40 ~

"' ~ g -" ..'= N

"d I -a ,. ; distance to oil-i · "' 30 -"' "' _g I § I

I <.> - ::5 ~

I - ;..., ·s I o:l I 0 20 I .§ - I

"' I u I s ; oil price I e - I "' I -;;:J I ~

I "" § 10 I

~ / 10

-~ ~ ~ / ,,

.~ ~' 5 / ~

, /:I.

"" 0 0 0

.._"b<f' ,~,,, Cj<§,) ~ . ,ci'11,,, ,ci,,,<:) ,!;,",,, 1,#'

Year

Adapted from WTRG Economics; EIA, Annual Energy Review, ©2003 by ExxonMobil; J. Ray McDermott Inc.

Unauthor"IZ~ ropyjng or reuse of any part of this page is llfegiil, 7

In the pas.sage, the authors claim that the amount of energy available for human use is chiefly dependent on the

."2il desire of end users to conserve power wherever . t"' possible. ·

· l;)· ability to discover and draw from more sources F ofsupply.

Qi! success of new uranium enrichment r technologies.

'ffil future collection of solar energy directly from Ji,/ thesun.

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

Lines 32-33 ("Lasers ... more lasers")

· Lines 3.5-37 ("Energy ... it")

Lines 55-56 ("Four ... no life")

Lines ~-68 ("Perhaps ... sun")

"°'----

.According to the passage, the relationship between energy extraction and use by humans is best characterized as

laJ<ed by excessive demand.

self-propagating and propulsive.

driven by political dissension.

existing in competition with natural processes.

CONTINUE

It Which choice provides the best evidence for the. nswer to the previous question?

~-tines 24-26 ("It is ... that")

"5fJ ,: Lines 37-39 ("What ... ends")

~~tf'.nes 51-52 (:It:s_a ... machi~e")

/'~)- )'.,mes 62-65 ( L1vmg ... fuels ) ...

m As used in line 17, "tied to" most nearly means

',~) united with.

11) connected to.

~ boundby.

@ equivalent to.

_____ ,. __

'

I ~-

8

ti -The details in lines 28-33 ("Electrically .•. lasers")

rve mainly to

support a claim.

As used in line 46, "pursue" most nearly means ,». seek.

®: chase.

i~ engage in.

);J:,, proceed with.

CONTINUE

In the passage, the "gap" (line 48) refers to the disparity between the increasing

i distance of energy sources from Earth's surface and the decreasing quality of high-grade power obtainable from them.

·~ concern over the environmental risks of ,Ji extraction and the decreasing attention to the . . actual impact of current extraction methods. i awareness of the history of extraction and the

,.. decreasing concern about likely future ~.. developments.

~ concentration of energy as it is used and the decreasing concentration of supplies of unextracted energy.

• Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this pag.e Is illegal. 9

11 According to the graph, the maximum distance to oil first reached 25,000 feet during which span of years? 'i 1875-1900

.. 1925-1950

1950-1975

, 1975-2000

CONTINUE

Questions 19-28 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

This passage is adapted from Lee Alan Dugatkin, Principles of Animal Behavior. ©2009 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

In systems in which predators hone in o~ngs I]!ade by therr prey, one ·of the simplest things ~n animal can do to avoid such predators is to be gUie.t.

Une With this in mind, L~Rt>roage-Healey and bis , 5 colleagues examined theJO]e of sounc!J;mession

in the antipredator repertoire of the G11lftaadfish Gulf toadfish are a major food staple..ofad:dt

bottlenose dqjp.htns, making up 13 perce~t of the dolphin's diet. Prior work had shown that dolphins

10 orient toward the "hnatwhistle" ~annd pt=elH!eefl by male toadfish during breeding season. That.is,, 3o!phms are raYesclmpping,m 1ru,.......,.js produced bx toadfish toJ2ett~r ocient..to,11,mi tbeii: p•~y. Once a toa.Qfi__sh_is _locajs,d by: e.av.esd.mpping,.tbg_gg_lP-,hip.

15 locks_ onto this prey and tracks it. (iven this, the questio~ . .R.-.<:.m.age,Healey anc! his.colleagues . addressed was whether the toad/ishrespond in kind, listening'foi sounds associated.wi1:h bottlenose fon,gmpehavior, ~d fum.reducing the boatwhistle

20 sn~mds _hey produce. · -

Bgtt)eoose dolphlns 12roduce a variety af diffei:.ent sounds, rapging from mgh..frequency whis.~!:'sed in fiolphin-to-dolphin soc;_ial .:omrouw'°.aJ;ion (not foraging), as well as tw~ SQl1!19S thatare_p_,!..r):icular.\y

25 associated with foraging-" clicks" and lo~cy _ "p<ip..&" The pops are easiest for toadfish to he_ar, since this species hears most accurate!y_i!i_the low:,.freguency range, and so Remage-Healey and !us team focused on these dolphin solll)iJs.

10 The researchers c.tll!!!.red tnadfish during the breedin_g season, and they keJ1! individual males in tanks until the breeding season ended. The males soon b_egan !Q_emi.lb.9.~tle sounds, presumably toattr~ct females. At that point, •naclfisb roa),:i; were

35 expcised:_\§"oiJ.e..of.three-sounds-thP pops associated witlidoiphin foraging, the bigh-hquenq:whistles P£(!duc_e_d during_dol_phin social commnoication, and, as a control, the "~mapping" sounds made by snapping shrimp. All sounds were broadcast using

40 underwater speakers, and the activity oftoadfish was recotdedfor..the.five-minutes be(o.i:e sounds were .;;:;;-tted, the five mim1t_eI_ciurjng which the .. experlmeni:al s.ounds we,re.ru:oadcast,.and--the five min11tes after the sounds wereplayed.

•---ad copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 10

11 45 Remage-Healey found clear evidence o(

antipredator responses when the tqadfisb br'ln\_pop sourids. No differences were found in call rate between males before exposure to the experimental sounds, /See graph.) Males e~osed to popyQun_ds,

50 however, reduced \h.~i!_J:lll.G:ates..hy.50-perce.ot. In addition, males exposed tq the pap sounds. maintained their reduced caUiog.ute.for..tb.e..:. Jfri: roioutes.fo.llawing expasure..to..p.ops-that is, they ~vesdr_Qpped,on their_predators an_~ reduced_ ..

55 th~~)ivity in a way:_thatmade capture by-a d0lphin 1.ess.Jike4i. Males in lb~ other treatments showed_ no changes in boatwhistle call rate when they heard the q:.carded-solillds.

RemageaHeaky_@d his team followed up their 60 behavioral work Q!L9)! rates ana exposure ro -

pred4\Q!L'fith a hormonal..ru!alY§is that examined whether dolphin pops produce a stress response in thetoadfish. After P',;perirornraUJ[ ~Q§ing the male toadfish to .J1QP..§ or S!!_apping shrimp sounds, the. ,

65 researchers 4!:ew~.tlie.males, andthey measured their cortiso11 levels. Maks exposed to poQs not only responded to the £'2£S by reducing their ownboatwhistle call, but.they also showed higli~Jev;ls-of cortisol than maj~§ e,cpQ§ed to tl).e

10 sound o_f snappJ.~c.

1 A hormone produce"d in response to stress

GulfToadfish Responses to Various Sounds ~ 160~-------------

~ 140-+----------------­"' 120+--------------­

..0

5 100 ~ 80

8 60

~ 40

8 2~ before

·.playback period

during playback period

after playback period

~ dolphin whistles and pops D dolphin pops alone

dolphin whistles alone !!ill snapping shrimp pops

CONTINUE

.,.I

I

I I

11 The author mentions that toadfish are "13 percent of the dolphin's diet" (lines 8-9) most likely to

rJ!I:' eliminate an irrelevant factor from ~- consideration.

~ ·suggest that an ambitious project is unlikely · to succeed.

'©) explain a problem by way of analogy.

-~ clarify the reasoning behind a choice. . ~

As used in line I 5, "tracks" most nearly means

-..X marks.

@ follows.

)Q. observes.

)~X" carries.

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 11

11 The passage indicates that the researchers chose dolphin pops to broadcast primarily because

lfkA other dolphin foraging sounds are more difficult \Y. for male toad fish to hear.

~f dolphin pops would be audible over the toadfish ~ boatwhistles.

~ dolphin pops bear a close resemblance to sounds made by snapping shrimp.

~-- toadfish call rates would remain ~elatively >" consistent in response to dolphin pops.

Which choice provides the best evidence for the ~er to the previous question?

~Lines 26-28 ("The pops ... range")

_Lines 51-53 ("males exposed ... pops") i Lines 34-35 ("toadfish ... three sounds")

Lines 56-58 ("Males in ... recorded sounds")

)

CONTINUE

t

Bl The main purpose of the fifth paragraph

i(liIIes 45-58) is to

) summarize findings.

evaluate a claim.

revise an initial hypothesis.

~- explain unanticipated consequences.

s used in line 62, "produce" most nearly means

spread.

compose.

cause.

offer.

:.in--m:led copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 12

ti Bl

The passage most strongly suggests that exposure to dolphin pops causes male toadfish to .. ·.~-

<!\.) -reduce their foraging behavior.

')B) emit only high-frequency sounds. i ~;,,,:

::'Q· shift their direction away from the pop sounds. NJ); \:.7. undergo a hormonal stress response.

Which choice provides the best evidence for the ..answa-to the previous question?

I Lines 45-47 ("Remage-Healey . .. sounds")

Lines 49-50 ("Males ... percent")

i Lines 59-63 ("Remage-Healey ... toadfish")

Lines 66-70 ("Males exposed ... shrimp") »

CONTINUE

11 --

According to the graph, which of the following hadtl:) greatest effect on the call rates ofGulftoadfish?- The length of the playback periodJ.--I .· · Snapping shrimp pop sounds Dolphm pop sounds alone - Dolphin whistle sounds aione

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 13

In the graph, the four bars showing the lowestcall rates primarily support Remage-Healey' s conclusion that

;.ottlenose dolphins mimic boatwhistle sounds/.-'_to improve foraging. male toadfish inhibit their boatwhistle soundsfor self-protection.

dolphin foraging behavior has a direct effect on/\ toadfish reproduction. male toadfish vocalize less after playback than' - they do during playback.

CONTINUE

-· ) ."'

11 ......... ,,,,,

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No man may rightly fail to take a great pride in what has been

accomplished by means of the destruction of our natural

resources so far as it has gone. It is a paradoxical statement,

perhaps, but nevertheless true, because out of this attack on

what nature has given we have won a kind of prosperity and a

kind of civilization and a kind of man that are new in the world.

For example, nothing like the rapidity of the destruction of

American forests has ever been known in forest history, and

nothing like the efficiency and vigor and inventiveness of the

American lumberman has ever been developed by any attack on

any forests elsewhere. Probably the most effective tool that the

human mind and hand have ever made is the American axe. So

the American business man has grasped his opportunities and

used them and developed them and invented about them,

thought them into lines of success, and thus has developed into

a new business man, with a vigor and effectiveness and a

cutting­edge that has never been equaled anywhere else. We

have gained out of the vast destruction of our natural resources

a degree of vigor and power and efficiency of which every man

of us ought to be proud.

Now that is done. We have accomplished these big things.

What is the next step? Shall we go on in the same lines to the

certain destruction of the prosperity which we have created, or

shall we take the obvious lesson of all human history, turn our

backs on the uncivilized point of view, and adopt toward our

natural resources the average prudence and average foresight

and average care that we long ago adopted as a rule of our daily

Reading: Question 37

Questions 29­38 are based on the following passage.

This passage is adapted from Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation. Originally publishedin 1910. Pinchot was a US politician and forest conservationist.

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30

35

40

45

50

55

life?

The conservation movement is calling the attention of the

American people to the fact that they are trustees. The fact

seems to me so plain as to require only a statement of it, to carry

conviction. Can we reasonably fail to recognize the obligation

which rests upon us in this matter? And, if we do fail to recognize

it, can we reasonably expect even a fairly good reputation at the

hands of our descendants?

Business prudence and business common­sense indicate as

strongly as anything can the absolute necessity of a change in

point of view on the part of the people of the United States

regarding their natural resources. The way we have been

handling them is not good business. Purely on the side of dollars

and cents, it is not good business to kill the goose that lays the

golden egg, to burn up half our forests, to waste our coal, and to

remove from under the feet of those who are coming after us the

opportunity for equal happiness with ourselves. The thing we

ought to leave to them is not merely an opportunity for equal

happiness and equal prosperity, but for a vastly increased fund

of both.

Conservation is not merely a question of business, but a

question of a vastly higher duty. In dealing with our natural

resources we have come to a place at last where every

consideration of patriotism, every consideration of love of

country, of gratitude for things that the land and the institutions of

this Nation have given us, call upon us for a return. If we owe

anything to the United States, if this country has been good to

us, if it has given us our prosperity, our education, and our

chance of happiness, then there is a duty resting upon us. That

duty is to see, so far as in us lies, that those who are coming

after us shall have the same opportunity for happiness we have

had ourselves. Apart from any business consideration, apart

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60 from the question of the immediate dollar, this problem of the

future wealth and happiness and prosperity of the people of the

United States has a right to our attention.Based on the passage, the author would most likely agree with which of the followingstatements?

A.Government policies can be more effectively framed and implemented if publicopinion is consulted only sparingly.

B.Future generations have a right to enjoy the same advantages that previousgenerations have enjoyed.

C.Political leaders should prioritize citizens’ happiness over the enduring health of theeconomy.

D.Voluntary actions on the part of businesses achieve conservation more effectivelythan government regulation does.

Choice B is the best answer. In the last paragraph of the passage, the author shifts fromadvocating conservation as an economic necessity to arguing for it as a moral responsibility.This emphasis is especially clear in the last two sentences, where the author argues that sucha responsibility arises from future generations’ right to enjoy the same opportunities forprosperity as the present generation has enjoyed: “That duty is to see, so far as in us lies, thatthose who are coming after us shall have the same opportunity for happiness we have hadourselves. Apart from any business consideration, apart from the question of the immediatedollar, this problem of the future wealth and happiness and prosperity of the people of theUnited States has a right to our attention.”

Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not concern itself with whether public opinionshould be consulted when setting government policies. Choice C is incorrect because ratherthan prioritizing happiness over economic health, the passage argues that economic health isvital to continued happiness. Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not consider thequestion of whether government regulation or business self­regulation would conserveresources more effectively.

Question Difficulty: Medium

11 Tqe author's central claim in the passage is that

ffJj) future generations' success matters more than , the continued prosperity of today's generation.

~ businesses are learning to regulate their ~environmental impact.

~~onservation is necessary to ensure a prosperous future.

~ Amedca had to use natural resources at an \13/ elevated rate to gain its current wealth.

_,,,: ..

-"•'-Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from

~. condemnation of the destruction that has taken • place in the name of progress to discussion of the

· role of business in that destruction.

acknowledgment of the benefits America has enjoyed by depleting natural resources to a call to use those resources more wisely.

~ analysis of the damage done to America's forests ,. ;'. ,.,( to proposal of a practice to reverse that damage.

·,~ '~\. appealing to people's sense of duty to conserve /· ·, resources to examining the dangers of failing to

conserve.

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1;1

The author characterizes environmental "'~rvation primarily as a

~esponsible form of civic engagement.

'1.,J practical means of increasing economic , > productivity.

~ belated attempt to address an ongoing crisis.

~ controversial approach to a sensitive issue.

The questions in lines 27 -42 ("vVhat ... descendants") mainly serve to

f illustrate the author's feelings of uncertainty.

( -suggest the complexity of the choices to be made.

underscore the necessity of the approach the author advocates. ® encourage the reader to weigh different options.

CONTINUE

It Ill

Repetition of the word ·awaage.• m &ms~ emphasizes the author's poon by W ing I , ;. ·.

~the efforts needed to bring al>out desired dA W ~ would not be extraordinary. ·

4, all eras hav:e similar experiences of initially~ ~ controversial reforms. "::,,

~ new strategies would rapidly become standard . practice.

"Ql unpopular policies should be clarified for the .;-<:\ general public.

• One financial justification that the author offers for greater conservation is that businesses will

@ be able to operate more cost-effectively.

come more adept at problem solving.

oid costly environmental regulations . .

. ve continued availability of natural resources. ,,\ ·~y

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16

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

(~ Lines 15-22 ("So the ... else")

· ,fines 47-48 ("The way ... business")

Lines 48-53 ("Purely, , . ourselves")

. Lines 54-56 ("The thing ... both")

As used in line 58, "duty most nearly means .

responsibility •

CONTINUE

Based on the passage, the author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

A Government policies can be more effectively framed and implemented if public opinion is consulted only sparingly.

f•fJ Future generations have a right to enjoy the \.J same advantages that previous generations have

•" enjoyed. ' ' -:-~:,Politkal leaders should prioritize citizens'

,... happiness over the enduring health of the economy.

c.,;

~- Voluntary actions on the part ofbusinesses ;.J • achieve conservation more effectively than

government regulation does.

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1 I ••••

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

. Lines 27-34 ("Shall ... life")

Lines 57-58 ("Conservation ... duty")

Lines 58-63 ("In dealing ... return")

Lines 67-74 ("That ... attention")

CONTINUE

Questions 39-47 are based on the following passages.

Passage 1 is adapted from Edwin Hubble, The Realm of the Nebulae. <1;)1982 by Yale University Press. Originally published in 1936. Passage 2 is adapted from Gary Taubes, "Beyond the Soapsuds Universe." ©1997 by Kalmbach Publishing Co. Throughout Passage 1, Hubble refers to galaxies as 'stellar systems" and our galaxy, the Milky Way, as "the stellar system:

Passage 1 The sun is a_ star among the_ 111anymillions which

fo::_111__tlie.stellar system. The. S!~ll~r_~y_sl:em is_a S\\larm <?f s_tars isolated in space. I.t drifts through the

Line universe as a s)"arm_ofbees drifts through the 5 summer air. From our position somewhere within

the system, we look out through the swa;m· of stars, past the borders, into the universe beyond.

Th_e universe is empty, for the.most part, but here and there, separated by immen~_~ri_t~JYa~.w~.find

10 otherstellauystems, cowr.a.mb..l~with our own. They are so rerµote t1:J_aJ±. except in t~_earest systems; we do not see the individual stars of whichtney are composed. These Kuge steIIar-fystenisappear as dim patches of light. Lcmg ago tneywete"11airied

15 "nebulae" or "clouds" -'llyst~rious bodies whose nature was a favorite subject for speculation.

But now, thanks to great telescopes, we know something_9f thei;: nature, sonieilling of their real ~ize. and brightness, and thei,:_mere appearance

20 indicates the general order of their distances. They are sca_ttered through space as far as telescopes can. penetrate. We see a Jew that appear large and bright These are the nearer nebulae. TJ,enJVe find them smaller and fai11ter, in constantly increash1g

25 11u_mbers, and we know that we are reaching out into space, farther and ever farther, until, with the faintest nebulae that can be detected.with the greatest ~lescope, we arrive at the frontfers oflhe known universe.

30 This last horizon defines the observable region of oU:i,CC.:)J is a vast sphere, perhaps a thousand million lig I-years in diameter. Throughout the sph.ere are scattered a hundred million nebulae-stellar systems-in v.a,ri_ous stages of their evolutionary

35 history. The nebulae are distributed singly, in groups, and occasionally in great dusters, but when large volumes of space are compared, the tendency to cluster averages out. To the very limits of the telescope, the large-scale distribution of nebulae is

40 approximately uniform.

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ti Passage2

Margaret Geller first met th.- stidman in the full ~-While the exact date bas laded fu>m her recollection, she remembqs the time as · ·

midatternoon an9 herxc:arnoo asaldnd_of euphoria. 45 No one had ever seen the stirhnan ~ least, · not re~y. Val~rk.de Iapparentuotirnl it hut say< ~.too inexper1er;ced to understand its implication. John Huchra says he took one look _at ~tickm,m and assumed he had botched]ifs -

so QQ~li!'.)J.IS. It took Geller' s eye to recogrijze t!J.!' stickman AA ~;mthing_real an\! iinporlafil

Geller, Hu~hra, and de Lapparent had mappe4 the n~arby..univi,rse, ta)<ing several lllQ!ltlis. to carefully

. measure the.distance to 1,000 galazje_s,_SQlllC.Jl~.Jlear 55 ~3!)_IniJ1!Q11J_i!;lltcyears away, othi,rs as fa, ~s

>50. million. Qe Lapparent had fed the. distance and .PQID.\i.<;>11s oJ,!hose galaxies into a computer program tl,.a.t printed out a two-dimensional representation of their three-dimensional distribution in the universe.

60 On the prjntout_was thiulice·of.the northern sky, sprinkled with 1,000 distant galaxies, anq smack in the middle, says Geller, was this remarkable stickman figure. The distribution of galaxies looked like a child's drnwing ofasorriewhat bowlegged person. It's

65 a whimsical name for a gral)d figure: the stickman extended 500.million light-years across the universe. Its torso.was q>IDposed:ofhundr.eds.of gala,des, a:·" massive con~gation known to.astronomers as the Coma cluster. Its arms were two more ;beets of

10 galaxies streaming-across the nlghtsky. The stkkman was grand not just in dimension but

in destiny. You might.even say it changed our .. understanding of.the universe. Until the stickman, the universe appeared to be a smooth and

75 homogeneous place. Ast_ronomers believed that galaxies were distributed at random, although they might_o_ccasipnallyfo1m dusters like .C.0111" containing_as_mariy as a thous;,_nd or so galaxies like theN!ukyWay. There Was.e1tefr;;:u,i1e evidencethat

BO th_e.u.niyerse con\ai11ed.at.leastone enormous void, in thsu;o.nstel!ation.Boiites, which seemed to e;,:tend for some 200 million.lighhyears-and other suggestions that galaxies could be found strung out on long fil~s. But in 198§.'."ost astronomers.3cssume~

85 tJ:l.ese str~s.were.pi:o~ductinotoHhe universe . itsel£hut ofthe.methods.use;!.to. surxey it.

CONTINUE

Then Qell_ei:,~wJ:he,stk:kman, ll!.!:!.\ch con§.1:jn,tted cqn.ip<:Jlin_g <,vidence thatgal'lltie,.:w:er,e. ci:mgr:_egating on two-dimensional structures, as though th.ey had

90 condejised oii~Qflhe,:.osmic nothingness on the surfaces ofinvisibl~. bubbles. · ·· ·

-Passage I indicates that Earth's sky is filled with stars ~use the Sun is located

G;;Jwithin a system containing millions of stars.

1)' in the space between stellar systems.

c)' on the edge of a vast system of nebulae.

D5 at the frontiers of the observable universe.

Ill As used in line 39, "distribution" most nearly means

,-·31:,r movement.

.• ~-robability. Q•.spread.

;~)! extension.

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1 I In Passage 2, the author characterizes Geller as someone who

~- questioned her own ability to make accurate 'a-~ observations.

i"P.1 l knew her research had uncovered something of \.J significance.

~1_ had long believed an existing scientific model · was flawed.

~-lacked the experience needed to recognize a pattern in her data.

• • As used in line 65, "grand" most nearly means

)l · luxurious.

• B)- tasteful. ,,,. ~~allant .

~mposing.

Ill Passage 2 most strongly suggests that prior to the discovery of the stickman, most astronomers believed that galaxies

@). were scatte-red haphazardly .throu~ou.t space,

,B) existed mostly along two-dimensional structures. :!'°'.:>.,..:: ".;el were usually found in enormous clusters.

:1:i'J were separated by numerous, vast regions of =' empty space.

CONTINUE

r·

•

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

Lines 52-53 ("Geller .. : universe")

es 60-63 ("On the ... figure")

· es 75-79 (" Astronomers ... Milky Way")

Lines87-91 ("Then ... bubbles")

Which choice best states the relationship between the .:Jxo passages?

~ Passage 2 supports a controversial point of view ...i1t:J stated in Passage 1.

~ Passage 2 suggests practical benefits of a -~breakthrough described in Passage l. ·

· assage 2 describes a discovery that was not anticipated in Passage 1.

'6l) Passage 2 proposes an experiment that could (' confirm a hypothesis offered in Passage l.

STOP

. In which lines does the •llthor of Passage 2 most . directly acknowledge the view of nebula arrangem

ed by the author of Passage 1?

Lines 52-56 ("Geller ... 650 million")

Lines 63-64 ("The distribution ... person")

ines 73-75 ("Until ... place")

Lines 84-86 ("But in ... it")

Based on the passages, it can reasonably be concluded that before 1985, the universe was thought to

. consist of nearby galaxies.

lack large-scale structure.

extend a short distance past the Milky Way.

have a limit beyond which no galaxies existed

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