Ocean Energy STTNAS
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Transcript of Ocean Energy STTNAS
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Hugh Outhred, STTNAS Seminar, 30 July 2011
Ocean Energy 1
Ocean Energy
Hugh Outhred
STTNAS Seminar
30 July 2011Email: [email protected]
http://www.ceem.unsw.edu.au/content/RenewableEnergyinIndonesia.cfm?ss=1
Outline
Ocean energy resources
Overview & comparison with other renewables
Ocean energy resource categories:
Main types & their global distributions
Ocean energy conversion technologies: For the main types of ocean energy
Estimated technical potential by global region
Conclusions
Ocean Energy 2
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Ocean Energy 2
General reference material on renewableenergy including ocean energy
Key reference for this presentation:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group
3, Mitigation of Climate Change,Special Report on Renewable
Energy Sources and Climate Mitigation, June 2011 (IPCCSRREN, 2011). Available for download from:
http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/
Another valuable recent publication:
REN21, Renewables 2011 Global Status Report,July 2011.
Available for download from www.ren21.net
Ocean Energy 3
Ocean energy definition & features(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean energy derives from the potential, kinetic, thermal & chemical
energy of seawater, which can be transformed to provide electricity,thermal energy, or potable water.
A wide range of technologiesare possible, such as barrages fortidal range, submarine turbines for tidal and ocean currents, heat
exchangers for ocean thermal energy conversion, & a variety of
devices to harness the energy of waves & salinity gradients.
Ocean technologies, with the exception of tidal barrages, are at thedemonstration & pilot project phases & many require additional R&D.
Someof the technologies have variable energy output profiles withdiffering levels of predictability(e.g., wave, tidal range & current),
while others may be capable of near-constant or even controllableoperation (e.g., ocean thermal & salinity gradient).
Ocean Energy 4
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Ocean Energy 3
Note: solar & wind energy arenon-storable energy fluxes
Founding an International Renewable Energy Agency,IRENA, 2009
5Ocean Energy
(physical upper bound)
Current global primary energy use(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 6
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Ocean Energy 4
RE annual
production
1972-2008(IPCCC SRREN,
2011)
Ocean Energy 7
Renewable energy sources:
potential vs current energy use(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 8
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Ocean Energy 5
Levelised costs: RE & non-RE options(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 9
CO2 coefficients for RE & non-RE options(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 10
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Ocean Energy 6
Ocean energy resource categories(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 11
Wave energy: Derived from the transfer of the kinetic energy of the wind to
the upper surface of the ocean. Theoretical resource = 32,000 TWh/yr;
technical potential much less & depends on technology development.
Tidal range (tidal rise & fall): Derived from gravitational forces of the Earth-Moon-Sun system. Theoretical potential 1-3 TW, located in relatively shallow
waters; technical potential much less.
Tidal currents: Derived from tidal filling & emptying of coastal regions.
Estimates of 48 TWh/yr for Europe and 30 TWh/yr for China. Potential sites in
Korea, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand & South America.
Ocean currents: Derived from wind & thermohaline ocean circulation. FloridaCurrent (USA) has 25 GW technical potential. Others in South Africa, East
Asia & East Australia.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): Derived from temperature
difference between surface & deep water (below 1,000 m). Large resource
(perhaps 44,000 TWh/yr) but energy density low.
Salinity gradient (osmotic power): Derived from salinity difference between
fresh & ocean water at river mouths. Theoretical potential ~ 1,650 TWh/yr
Global wave energy
resources(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 12
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13Ocean Energy
Ocean Energy 14
Tidal range energy resources(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)
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15 Ocean Energy
Tidal range
in Australia(www.bom.gov.au)
& potential
tidal site
near
Derby, WA
(HydroTas, 2001)
Major ocean currents(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)
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17Ocean Energy
Ocean Energy 18
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Ocean thermal energy resources: Indonesia
Ocean Energy 19
20Ocean Energy
Wave energy technology challenges
Must survive tsunamis, storms,marine corrosion & marine biota
Energy conversion & transfer to
land must be cost-effective ininvestment cost & operating life
Operation & maintenance mustbe cost effective (www.greenhouse.gov.au)
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Ocean Energy 11
Oscillating water column device(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 21
Oscillating body & over-topping devices(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 22
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23Ocean Energy
Oceanlinx oscillating watercolumn: Mk1 Prototype(www.oceanlinx.com)
Carnegie Wave Energy CETO system(www.carnegiewave.com)
Ocean Energy 24
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Carnegie Wave Energy CETO system(www.carnegiewave.com)
Ocean Energy 25
Carnegie
Wave Energy
CETO
system(www.carnegiewave.co
m)
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27Ocean Energy
Proven ocean technology: tidal energy
Low-head hydro with two-directional flow:
La Rance Tidal Power Station, 240 MW, 1966
Tidal range varies with solar-lunar alignment
Sea water more corrosive than fresh water
Low head implies lower energy density than
high-head hydro
(www.greenhouse.gov.au)
Ocean Energy 28
Severn Estuary UK: Tidal Reef Proposal, 2011(www.severntidal.com)
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Ocean current conversion devices(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Clean CurrentTurbineCanada, 2006
Ocean Energy 29
SeaGen, 1.2MW from
2x16m turbines, UK(www.marineturbines.com)
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Closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)(www.nrel.gov)
Ocean Energy 31
Closed cycle OTEC Lockheed Martin(www.lockheedmartin.com)
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Salinity gradient: reversed electro dialysis(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 33
Cathode exchange membrane Anode exchange membrane
Salinity gradient: pressure-retarded osmosis(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 34
Fresh water & sea water will mix unlesspressure difference exceeds osmotic pressure
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Ocean energy types & cost estimates(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 35
Estimated regional RE technical
potential compared to 2007
primary energy demand(IPCC SRREN, 2011)
Ocean Energy 36
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Conclusions
Ocean Energy 37
Wave energy:
Large resource, technically challenging
Tidal range energy:
Proven but limited & site-specific resource
Tidal current energy:
Limited & site-specific; prototypes being tested
Ocean current energy:
Medium resource, site-specific, technically challenging
Ocean thermal energy:
Large tropical resource, technically challenging
Salinity gradient energy:
Small resource, site specific, technically challenging
Hugh Outhred Bsc, BE (Hons 1), PhD
Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]
Hugh Outhred is a Professorial Visiting Fellow at the University ofNew South Wales, an Adjunct Professor at Murdoch University, GuruBesar Luar Biasaat STTNAS Jogjakarta, Indonesia and a Director ofIpen Pty Ltd, which provides advisory and educational services onenergy, society and the environment.
Hugh retired in 2007 after a 35-year career at UNSW, most recentlyas Presiding Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Marketsand Head, Electrical Energy Research Group, School of ElectricalEngineering and Telecommunications.
During his career, Hugh has been a Fulbright Senior Fellow at theUniversity of California Berkeley, a Lead Author for the IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources & Climate Change Mitigation,a Board Member of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre forRenewable Energy, an Associate Director of UNSWs Centre forPhotovoltaic Devices and Systems, a Member of CSIROs EnergyFlagship Advisory Committee, a Member of the National ElectricityTribunal and a Member of the New South Wales Licence ComplianceAdvisory Board.
Ocean Energy 38