Ocean EnergyOcean Energy

Alla Weinstein, PresidentAlla Weinstein, President

•Ocean Energy Resources

•Stage of Technology Development

•Socio Economic & Environmental Impacts

•Barriers to Overcome

•Cooperation

•Recommendations

AgendaAgenda

Ocean Energy Resources Ocean Energy Resources

•Wave Energy – 45,000 TWh/year

•Ocean Currents – 400 TWh/year

•Tidal – 1,800 TWh/year

•Ocean Thermal – 33,000 TWh/year

•Osmotic – 20,000 TWh/year

Ocean Energy PotentialOcean Energy Potential

Ocean Energy has the theoretical potential to Ocean Energy has the theoretical potential to satisfy the present global electricity demand satisfy the present global electricity demand

Source: Ocean Energy: Prospects & Potential, Isaacs & Schmitt, with 15% utilization factor & 50% capacity factor

•Ocean Energy state of the art – Has matured significantly over the last 5

years– Entered Early Commercialization

•Large scale test installations are either developed or under development

Stage of Technology Stage of Technology DevelopmentDevelopment

•Wave ~ 1.7 MW•Pico, Azores – 0.4 MW

•Limpet, Islay – 0.5 MW

•Pelamis, Portugal – 0.7 MW

•Tidal ~ 266 MW•Barrage – 240MW La Rance; 20MW CA; 5MW

China

•Current – 1MW, MCT, IE; 0.5MW, Verdant, USA

•OTEC ~ 0.2 MW•Hawaii, USA

Installed CapacityInstalled Capacity

Wave Energy GenerationWave Energy Generation

Annual average wave energy flux per unit width of wave crest (kilowatts/m)

Global Wave Power DistributionGlobal Wave Power Distribution

Wave Energy Conversion Wave Energy Conversion PrinciplesPrinciples

PICO Plant, PortugalPICO Plant, Portugal1999, 400kW1999, 400kW

LIMPET, Wavegen, UKLIMPET, Wavegen, UK2000, 500kW2000, 500kW

Onshore Wave – Grid Connected Onshore Wave – Grid Connected OWCOWC

Offshore Wave - OWCOffshore Wave - OWC

OceanLynx, AustraliaOceanLynx, Australia2005, 450 kW2005, 450 kW

OE Buoy, OE Buoy, IrelandIreland

2006, 20 KW2006, 20 KW

AWS, PortugalAWS, Portugal2005, 2MW2005, 2MW

Offshore Wave - Subsurface Offshore Wave - Subsurface

Wave Roller, FinlandWave Roller, Finland2006, 13 kW2006, 13 kW

Offshore Wave - SurfaceOffshore Wave - Surface

WaveDragon, DenmarkWaveDragon, Denmark2003, 20kW2003, 20kW

Pelamis, UKPelamis, UK2005, 750kW2005, 750kW

Offshore Wave – Point Offshore Wave – Point AbsorbersAbsorbers

Wavebob, IrelandWavebob, Ireland2006, 200kW2006, 200kW

Power Buoy, USAPower Buoy, USA2005, 40kW2005, 40kW

AquaBuOY, USAAquaBuOY, USA2007, ~ 20kW2007, ~ 20kW

Tidal Energy GenerationTidal Energy Generation

Tidal changes in sea level occur as Earth rotates beneath bulges in ocean envelope, which are produced by solar and lunar gravitational forces.

MOON’S ORBIT

North PoleEarth rotates counter-clockwise

Tidal ResourcesTidal Resources

1. Siberia2. Inchon, Korea3. Hangchow, China4. Hall's Point, Australia5. New Zealand6. Anchorage, Alaska7. Panama8. Chile9. Punta Loyola, Argentina10. Brazil

11. Bay of Fundy12. Frobisher Bay, Canada13. Wales, UK14. Antwerp, Belgium15. LeHavre, France16. Guinea17. Gujarat, India18. Burma19. Semzha River, Russia20. Colorado River, Mexico21. Madagascar

Tidal Range – La Rance, FranceTidal Range – La Rance, France

Tidal Current DevicesTidal Current Devices

Gorlov Helical Turbine, 2005, Gorlov Helical Turbine, 2005, USAUSA

Hammerfest Strom, 2006, Hammerfest Strom, 2006, NorwayNorway

Tidal Current DevicesTidal Current Devices

MTC, 2006, UKMTC, 2006, UKVerdant Power, 2006, Verdant Power, 2006,

USAUSA

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

Winds move 60 % of “excess heat” from equator to poles (primarily via extratropical and tropical storms), while ocean currents move 40% (thermohaline “conveyor belt”).

Global redistribution of heat by ocean currents. As global warming accelerates evaporative Global redistribution of heat by ocean currents. As global warming accelerates evaporative transfer of fresh water to poles, conveyor belt slows.transfer of fresh water to poles, conveyor belt slows.

Ocean Current DevicesOcean Current Devices

Open Hydro, 2007, UK (EMEC)Open Hydro, 2007, UK (EMEC)

Ocean Thermal ResourcesOcean Thermal Resources

Ocean Thermal EnergyOcean Thermal Energy

Sun-Sea, USASun-Sea, USAOTEC-Mini, 1998, Hawaii, OTEC-Mini, 1998, Hawaii, USAUSA

Osmotic EnergyOsmotic Energy

Osmotic EnergyOsmotic Energy

StatKarft, Norway StatKarft, Norway (randition)(randition)

•Socio Economic•Coastal job creations ~ 10-20 jobs/MW

•Utilization of existing infrastructure

•Emissions aversion

•Environmental– Three environmental assessments – FONSI– Main areas of concern – solved via design

•Withdrawal of energy

•Spill or leakage from hydraulic-based devices

•Noise for OWC

Socio Economic & Socio Economic & EnvironmentalEnvironmental

•Economic Incentives•Long-term feed-in tariffs have proven to work

•Access and availability of the electrical grid

•A major expansion factor

•Regulatory Framework•Standardization is required

•Availability of Resource Data

•Public Awareness

Non-Technical BarriersNon-Technical Barriers

•Cooperation should be encouraged and promoted

•Private investors are looking for:•Government support to offset initial risks

•Feed-in tariffs

•Long-term power purchase obligations

•Investor incentives

•Funding needs to concentrate on demonstration projects

EU Cooperation & InvestmentsEU Cooperation & Investments

•Large number of device concepts– Future funding programs should

concentrate bridging the “valley of death” and the “death peak”

•Grid availability will be a major hindering factor to growth

ConclusionConclusion

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