Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses Toward Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management.
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Transcript of Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses Toward Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management.
Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses
Ocean and Coastal Challenges: Societal Responses
Toward
Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management
Outline...Outline...• We live in an ocean and coastal world• Ocean and coastal challenges• Management Solutions
– Coastal zone– Ocean areas– Integrated coastal management
• Summary
We live ocean and coastal world…
What would you say are the most What would you say are the most important ocean and coastal important ocean and coastal management challenges we face as management challenges we face as we begin the 21st century? we begin the 21st century?
Critical Coastal IssuesCritical Coastal Issues
• Sprawl and its impacts• Nonpoint pollution• Species and habitat
protection/ restoration• Recovering fisheries• Public access• Mitigating natural and
technological hazards• Adapting to climate
change
• Developing non-renewable resources
• Balancing private property rights with public interest
• Revitalizing cities, while protecting character
• Social equity• Homeland security• Interactions among these
and other issues?
* Coping with increasing numbers of people disproportionately settling in coastal areas
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: 1998 Revision.
World population: past estimates and high, medium, and low fertility variants, 1950-2050 (billions)
Metro area will grow 2.5X between 1994 and 2030Metro area will grow 2.5X between 1994 and 2030
Sprawl in Charleston, South CarolinaSprawl in Charleston, South Carolina
* Controlling pollution runoff from the land
* Protecting and restoring marine and coastal habitats and biodiversity
California sea lion
Rockfish on Heceta Banks off Oregon
Salmon River estuary salt marsh restoration
* Recovering depleted stocks of marine fishes
Pacific ocean perch
Are “no-take” fishery areas necessary?
Status of assessed groundfish stocks (PFMC)
2002
* Providing the access to beaches and coastal waters that the public demands
Neskowin, Oregon
* Reducing our vulnerability to natural and human-caused hazards
New Carissa oil spill
“The Capes” landslide
U.S. hurricane damage and deaths in the twentieth century (Pielke 1997 as adapted from Hebert et al. 1993).
Property Property damage damage up… why?up… why?
Deaths Deaths down…down…why?why?
* Adapting to climate variability and long-term global change
Beach replenishment
Protect the coast? Gradual retreat? Abandon?
** Developing nonrenewable ocean resources while protecting renewable resources
** Balancing private property rights with public interests and rights
* Revitalizing the urban coast and promoting access and water-dependent shoreline uses
* Respecting and protecting community character, uniqueness, and culture as we grow
* Promoting social and intragenerational equity and justice in managing coastal lands and resources
* Homeland security and coasts - data, ports of entry, terrorist acts, etc.
Managing coastal and ocean areas, uses, and resources, complicated by…
• Complexity of the ocean & coastal ecosystems and resources
• Differences in ownership and control of coastal and ocean areas
• Sector-by-sector management approach using single-purpose regimes
• Built-in jurisdictional conflicts among and within sectors and governmental levels (national, state, local)
• Overall fragmentation of ocean and coastal governance
Ownership and Jurisdiction in Coastal and Ocean Zones
Deep Seabed Exclusive Contiguous Territorial Territorial Tidelands Wetlands Uplands& High Seas Economic Zone (1999) Sea (federal) Sea (state)
Zone (EEZ) (1988) (1953)(1983)
>200 nm 3-200 nm 12-24 nm 3-12 nm 0-3 nm MLW-MHW MHW-AVL >AVL
200 nm 24 nm 12 nm 3 nm 0 baseline
Territorial SeaNo Exclusive Federal Federal Federal State Mixed State Mostly MostlyOwnership Resource Resource Ownership Ownership & Private Private Private
Rights Rights Ownership Owned Qwned
Federal Federal Federal State Local Local LocalControl Control Control Federal State State State
Control Federal Federal Federal
Increasingly public, expansive, and regulated
Updated Spring 2001
How are we addressing these issues How are we addressing these issues today?today?
What more needs to be done in the What more needs to be done in the future?future?
U.S. National Coastal Management U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and ProgramsPolicy and Programs
• Coastal Zone Management Act (1972 as amended)• Clean Water Act: §401 Cert., 403 NPDES, 404, 319
NPS, National Estuary Program• Marine and coastal protected area programs , e.g.
– National Marine Sanctuaries
– National Estuarine Research Reserves
– National seashores and recreation areas
– Fish and wildlife refuges
• Federal habitat restoration programs, e.g.– NOAA programs: NMFS, NOS damage restoration
– Corps dredged material habitat creation
* Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature
• Natural hazards mitigation and assistance– National Flood Insurance Program
– Federal Disaster Assistance Programs
– Federal shore protection programs
• Development incentives and disincentives– Infrastructure programs (transportation,waste
treatment)
– Coastal Barriers Resources Act (1980) - undeveloped barriers
*Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature
U.S. National Coastal Management U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and Programs (continued)Policy and Programs (continued)U.S. National Coastal Management U.S. National Coastal Management Policy and Programs (continued)Policy and Programs (continued)
Marine and Coastal Protected AreasMarine and Coastal Protected Areas
National Marine Sanctuaries (13 sites)
Marine and Coastal Protected AreasMarine and Coastal Protected Areas
U.S. Coastal Management Program:U.S. Coastal Management Program:Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)
• VoluntaryVoluntary partnershippartnership– All eligible states/territories participateAll eligible states/territories participate
• Incentive-basedIncentive-based– Federal assistance $Federal assistance $– Federal consistencyFederal consistency
• Section 303 policy goals:Section 303 policy goals: (1) preserve, protect, develop, restore(1) preserve, protect, develop, restore
(2) encourage state management(2) encourage state management
(3) special area management plans (3) special area management plans
(4) public & federal agency participation (4) public & federal agency participation
&
State Coastal Management Program State Coastal Management Program Approval Status as of January 2002Approval Status as of January 2002
State Coastal Management Program State Coastal Management Program Approval Status as of January 2002Approval Status as of January 2002
1
34
N/A
Operating the coastal programOperating the coastal programManagement processes and toolsManagement processes and tools
PROCESSES
• Land use and special area planning
• Public Involvement
• Education
• Dispute Resolution
TOOLS
• Resource inventory and assessment
• Zoning & development permits
• Exclusion areas or building setback zones
• Marine protected areas
• Acquisition, easements, and development rights
• Regulation of activities in special areas
• Mitigation of damage
• Nonregulatory restoration
Oregon’s Major Wetland andOregon’s Major Wetland andDeepwater Habitat SystemsDeepwater Habitat Systems
Source: USGS 1996
Components of Oregon’sCoastal Management Program
• LCDC Statewide Planning Goals• Local city & county comprehensive plans• Specified state statutes & authorities• Oregon Ocean Plan & Territorial Sea Plan (OPAC)• State agency coordination agreements• Federal consistency provisions
Goal 16: Estuarine Resources
To maintain environmental and development diversity within each estuary, management units must be designated consistent with the overall estuary classification
To maintain environmental and development diversity within each estuary, management units must be designated consistent with the overall estuary classification
DevelopmentDevelopment
ConservatiConservation on
NaturalNatural
Oregon Estuary Planning OutcomesManagement Unit Designation Summary
Oregon Estuary Planning OutcomesManagement Unit Designation Summary
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Acr
es
Intertidal (wetland) Subtidal (deep water)
Aggregated Estuarine Habitat Types
Development
Conservation
Natural
11%11%
81%81%
8%8%
64% 64%
34%34%
2%2%
Historic Wetland Losses in theHistoric Wetland Losses in theSan Francisco Bay RegionSan Francisco Bay Region
San Francisco Bay Coastal ProgramSan Francisco Bay Coastal ProgramTrends in Permitted Wetland LossTrends in Permitted Wetland Loss
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Acr
es p
er y
ear
1940-65 1966-86 1987-91
Wetlands Lost per year
2,300 ac.
20 ac.4 ac.
Louisiana’s Major Wetland andLouisiana’s Major Wetland andDeepwater Habitat SystemsDeepwater Habitat Systems
Source: USGS 1996
Louisiana Trends in Permitted Tidal Louisiana Trends in Permitted Tidal Wetland ImpactsWetland Impacts
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Wetland Loss (acres per year)
* Approximately 90% loss reduction
(Louisiana Department of Natural Resources data)
Ocean Resources Management in the Ocean Resources Management in the U.S. Today: U.S. Today: Principal RegimesPrincipal Regimes
• State-Federal Relationships and Jurisdiction OffshoreState-Federal Relationships and Jurisdiction Offshore• Living Resources ManagementLiving Resources Management• Nonliving Resources ManagementNonliving Resources Management• Waste Disposal and ManagementWaste Disposal and Management• Prevention and Clean-up of Oil SpillsPrevention and Clean-up of Oil Spills• Multiple Use Ocean Management InitiativesMultiple Use Ocean Management Initiatives
Characteristics: uncoordinated, fragmented, single-Characteristics: uncoordinated, fragmented, single-purposepurpose
Established by Presidential Executive Order, 1983
2.3 million square miles of “new” U.S. territory
2.3 million square miles of “new” U.S. territory
Jurisdictional Boundaries
Problems with the present US ocean Problems with the present US ocean governance regime...governance regime...
• OCS oil and gas development standstill• Fisheries overcapitalization and overfishing in the wake
of “Americanization”• Paralysis in US aquaculture development• Species and habitat protection conflicts• Continued degradation of nearshore water quality• Global climate change impacts• Power-sharing disagreements - no means for dispute
resolution• Lack of intra- and intergovernmental coordination
SolutionsSolutions: Toward a more Integrated : Toward a more Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)
“…a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources.”
Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998GOALS• Develop institutions designed to overcome
fragmentation• Recognize distinctive interrelated nature of the coast
and nearshore ocean area • Promote policy harmonization & consistency of
decisions
Solutions?Solutions?Integrated Coastal and Ocean Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)Management (ICM)
“…a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources.”
Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998
GOALS• Overcome fragmentation• Promote consistency in decision making• Recognize distinctive, interrelated nature of the coast
and nearshore ocean area
Pew Oceans CommissionPew Oceans Commission
• Final report released June 4, 2004
• Recommendations– Governance for Sustainable Seas
– Restoring America’s Fisheries
– Preserving Our CoastsCleaning Coastal Waters
– Guiding Sustainable Marine Aquaculture
– Science, Education, and Funding
http://www.pewoceans.org/
Goals of Oceans Act of 2000
• Establish a commission to make recommendations for coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy that will promote:– Protection against hazards
– Responsible stewardship
– Environmental protection and pollution prevention
Goals of Oceans Act of 2000Goals of Oceans Act of 2000
– Commerce, conflict reduction and sustainable use
– Research including
climate change – Advancement of education and training– Technological innovation– Public and private sector cooperation
– Preservation of leadership role
– Foreign cooperation
SummarySummary
• The world, the US, and other nations and states face many difficult ocean and coastal problems
• Existing management efforts are fragmented and poorly implemented and enforced
• A more integrated ocean and coastal management is needed nationally and globally to reverse trends in resource decline and quality