Ocean Acidification - Washington State Academy of Sciences · Ou et al. 2015. Williams et al. in...
Transcript of Ocean Acidification - Washington State Academy of Sciences · Ou et al. 2015. Williams et al. in...
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Ocean Acidification
Terrie KlingerUW
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Ocean Acidification in Washington
Image: Wikipedia
Terrie KlingerSchool of Marine and Environmental Affairs
University of WashingtonWashington Ocean Acidification Center
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Image: mit.edu
The ocean has taken up about 28% of the carbon dioxide released by industry and deforestation
CO2 in the atmosphere contributes to climate change
CO2 in the water causes ocean acidification
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Image: Wikipedia
CO2 added to seawater reduces pH and carbonate ion concentration in the
ocean
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Source: Carol Turley, PML
The rate of change is unprecedented in 25 million years
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Source: Marshall et al. 2017
pH at surfaceAugust 2013
pH at surfaceAugust 2063
pH on bottomAugust 2013
pH on bottomAugust 2063
pH in the California Current System is projected to decline
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CO2 CO2
CO2
Production−Respiration Cycle
CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 production
CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O respiration
Slide courtesy RA Feely
Biological processes also add CO2 to seawater
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CO2 CO2
CO2
Production−Respiration Cycle
CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 production
CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O respiration
Slide courtesy RA Feely
California Current System rich in carbon from respiration
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Canth at surface2013
Canth at 55 m2013
Canth at 105 m2013
Canth at 25 m2013
The anthropogenic fraction of carbon can be calculated
Source: Feely et al. 2016
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Photo credit: George Grall
Biological effects?
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Mean effect size of near-future acidification on biological response variables
Kroeker et al. 2013Haigh et al. 2015
Sunday et al. 2016
Biological effects occur across critical life processes,multiple trophic levels, and habitats
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Planktonic shells are thinner under OA conditionsCalcification rates declineChanges in behavior occur
Chitinous forms are negatively affected
Image: Climate.gov
Bednarsek et al. (multiple publications)McLaskey et al. 2016
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Bivalves shells and byssus are smaller, weaker under OA conditions
Gaylord et al. 2011Carrington et al. 2013Sanford et al. 2014
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Mortality of Dungeness crab larvae and juveniles increases under OA conditions
Miller et al. 2016Marshall et al. 2017
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Copper rockfish show changes in behaviorunder OA conditions
Image: https://oceanprodivers.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/rockfish.jpgHamilton et al. 2017
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Image: Public domain
Pink salmon show dose-dependent reductions in critical life-history and behavioral traits;
predator response is affected
Haigh et al. 2015Ou et al. 2015Williams et al. in prep.
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Harmful algae grow faster and are more toxic under OA conditions
Image : D. Anderson, Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health
Tatters et al. 2015Cochlan et al. 2016Eberlein et al. 2016Ou et al. 2017
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OA co-occurs with other stressorsSynergistic effects are known
temperature, dissolved oxygen of particular concern
Image: California Ocean Science Trust
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In Washington, threats to valued resources and iconic species spurred action
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Political leadership has led to actions in Washington and elsewhere
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- Understand status and trends of OA in Washington’s marine waters- Quantify the relative contribution of different acidifying factors to
OA in Washington’s marine waters- Describe biological responses of local species to OA and associated
stressors- Describe real-time corrosive seawater conditions, develop short-
term forecasts and long-term projections of global and local acidification effects
Research Priorities for Washington
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Gattuso et al. 2015
We can choose between alternative futures
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Hand Science 2015
“Signature of acidification found in Permian extinctions 250 million years ago” [E. Hand, Science 2015]
Musandam mountain cliffs in the United Arab Emirates include rocks laid down during a 250-million-year-old catastrophe that killed off 90% of life on Earth.