AJ SHOCKLEY

Ocean Acidification and Ocean Noise

The pH of the Ocean

Ocean acidification is the lowering of oceanic pHThe ocean is naturally slightly basic

Historic pH= ~8.2 Current pH= ~8.1

pH is projected to decrease .3-.4 within the next century.

Major implications for organisms inhabiting the ocean…

25% change

Setting the Stage

GHG like CO , CH , ₂ ₃and water vapor trap the solar energy in the Earth’s atmosphere, heating the Earth.Higher anthropogenic CO ₂emissions causes Global Warming.But what does this have to do with the ocean’s pH?

The Greenhouse Effect

CO CO CO !!!₂ ₂ ₂ CO vs Oceanic pH₂

While land sinks more atmospheric CO the ₂ocean has a better capacity to store it (30-40%).

As atmospheric CO ₂increases the pH of the ocean decreases.

The Evil Twin of Global Warming

How It Works

CO interacts with H O ₂ ₂ to form carbonic acid which lowers pH. Carbonate generated by carbonic acid saturates the ocean.For every CO two ₃HCO are produced ₃while only one CaCO ₃is produced resulting in an over accumulation of HCO .₃

BicarbonateCO₂ + CO₃ + H₂O ⇔ 2HCO₃

Calcium CarbonateCa + CO₃ → CaCO₃

Sound in the

OceanWater v AirWater is ~800 times denser than air so sound travel 5 times faster.

Marine communicationChemicalVisualAudio

THE OCEAN IS LOUD

Hunt Mate

Stake Territory Navigatio

n

Uses of sound by marine species

Anthropogenic SourcesOil exploration and MiningCargo ShipsSubmarinesMilitary SonarFishery noisemakers

Natural SourcesStorms and EarthquakesOther animalsVents

Two-Fold Effect Effects to Marine Species

Low pH decreases levels of B(OH) a ₄⁻known sound absorbing ion causing it to dionized.CO is known to ₂propagate low frequency (10-500Hz) sound about ~10%

Increased tissue trauma, cortisol and heart rate

Hearing lossDisplacement and

strandingsDisruption of

feeding, breeding and nursing

Ocean Noise in the Context of Ocean Acidification

Misconception Reality

Due to acidification sound absorption will decrease by half so sound will double increasing distance exponentially.

Exposure to sound pollution will end in the extinction of several species.

Sound is predicted to increase by two dB (x2) on average by 2100.

Acidification adds 10% amplification and ~500km to the average 4000km reach of sound.

Current sound pollution contributes to species mortality but not nearly to the extent of ocean warming.

Effects of Ocean Sound

There Are Some Issues…

Incomplete knowledge of mechanisms • Namely borate and sound absorption

Models are difficult construct because many patterns cannot be predicted

Dissonance in scientific communities• Obsolete models?• Conflicting information

Distance vs Intensity and regional effects?• Areas with high noise pollution will have higher CO levels₂• Research focuses on sources with borate as the only sink

As F

or F

utur

e Re

sear

ch…

Updated models and formulasMore inclusive studiesFilling knowledge gapsAddressing climate change

Questions?

Bibliography1. Hester, K. C., Peltzer, E. T., Kirkwood, W. J., and Brewer, P. G. "Unanticipated Consequences

of Ocean Acidification: A Noisier Ocean at Lower PH." Geophysical Research Letters 35.19 (2008): 1-5. Web. http://www.mbari.org/highCO2/peerart/noisy-ocean.pdf

2. Brewer, P., and Hester, K. "Ocean Acidification and the Increasing Transparency of the Ocean to Low-Frequency Sound." Oceanography22.4 (2009): 86-93. Web. http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/22-4_brewer.pdf

3. Slabbekoorn, H. "Measuring Behavioural Changes to Assess Anthropogenic Noise Impact in Adult Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)." Noise Impact on Fish(n.d.): 244+. Web. <http://www.measuringbehavior.org/files/2012/ProceedingsPDF(website)/Special%20Sessions/Progress%20in%20Assessing%20Animal%20Welfare%20in%20Relation% 20to%20New%20Legislation%20Opportunities%20for%20Behavioural%20Research ers/Slabbekoorn_MB2012b.pdf>

4. Joseph, J. E., and Chiu, C-S. "A Computational Assessment of the Sensitivity of Ambient Noise Level to Ocean Acidification." N.p., n.d. Web. http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/128/3/10.1121/1.3425738

5. Hildebrand, J. A. "Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Ambient Noise in the Ocean." Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Acoustics in Marine Ecology’ Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Ambient Noise in the Ocean 395 (2009): 5+. Web. http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20432/Hildebrand2009.pdf

6. Winner, C. "Will More Acidic Oceans Be Noisier?" Oceanus Magazine. N.p., 8 Oct. 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2015. http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/will-more-acidic-oceans-be-noisier

Bibliography Cont.

Images http://envis.tropmet.res.in/kidscorner/greenhouse.htm http://davidappell.blogspot.com/2013/10/epa-sued-to-stop-

pacnw-ocean.html

http://tygae.weebly.com/ocean-acidification.html http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2012/02/earths-atmosphere

-part-8-how-to-care.html

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/01/big-idea/noisy-ocean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration

http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/will-more-acidic-oceans-be-noisier