1

Deployment Two, Manukau & Taranaki, Nov. 2017 – Jul. 2018

Occurrence of Cephalorhynchus hectori in coastal waters of Manukau and Taranaki, New Zealand;

Deployment Two

Identifying temporal and spatial information for review of the

2012 Threat Management Plan

Department of Conservation

University of Auckland

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

Whitney Nelson Bachelor of Science, Marine Science & Ecology (Biosecurity and Conservation)

Associate Professor Craig Radford Supervisor

2

Abstract

Cephalorhynchus hectori (Hectors dolphin) are an endangered species that are only found in New

Zealand waters (Reeves et al., 2013). Cephalorhynchus hectori maui (Māui dolphin) are a subspecies

of Hectors dolphin that inhabit the west coast of the North Island and are currently listed as critically

endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature red list (Reeves et al., 2013). Much

of their population decline is a result of human activity. To improve existing knowledge on the

distribution of Māui and Hectors dolphin, spatial information was gathered using click detector

devices called C-POD’s. These were deployed at various locations along the West Coast of the North

Island. This report summaries data from the second deployment offshore from Manukau Harbour and

Taranaki regions. The location with the greatest number of high quality narrow-band high frequency

(NBHF) detections was found at Mooring 3 / POD 1534 located 5.4 nautical miles (nm) offshore from

Manukau coastline. Most of these detections were at the C-PODs located closer to the shore. This

included 5 DPM recorded at Mooring 2 during December and then a total of 8 DPM at M3 and M4

during January. There were no detections made on the C-POD deployed at Motunui / POD 2718. A

total of 11 detective positive minutes (DPM) were made at Tongaporutu on POD 2720 during the

month of April and July. The data suggests that Māui dolphins tend inhabit waters closer into shore

and venture as far south as Taranaki. There was also a general trend that the detections were made

during night time hours. Further research is required to increase understanding of the distribution of

this species.

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Introduction

The coastal waters of New Zealand are home to many marine mammal species, including

Cephalorhynchus hectori (Hectors dolphin) which inhabit the coastal waters around the South Island

of New Zealand (Dawson et al., 2004: Slooten et al., 2004, 2005). A small population of this species

has been isolated in the west coast region of the North Island, having now evolved slightly different

physiology and genetic makeup to the main southern population. This population is Cephalorhynchus

hectori maui (Māui dolphin) and has been recognised as a subspecies of Hectors dolphin since 2002

(Baker et al., 2002, 2012). Māui dolphin are the smallest and rarest dolphin subspecies in the world

and are listed as Nationally Critical under the NZ Threat Classification System and as Critically

Endangered under the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List Categories and

Criteria (Baker et al. 2016; Reeves et al. 2013). Estimates have suggested that 95.5% of human-

induced mortality in Māui dolphins is due to trawling and by-catch from gillnetting (Calderwood,

2014). Since the introduction of gill nets into New Zealand waters in the 1960’s, there has been a

significant population decline from an estimated 1500 to the current estimate of 63 (95% CI 57 – 75)

individuals (Baker et al. 2016). Their home range used to be anywhere from Cook Strait to Ninety

Mile Beach but are today only found from Maunganui bluff to New Plymouth (Slooten et al., 2005).

Māui dolphin are slow breeders, with each female giving birth to one calf every 2-4 years, resulting in

a low population growth of 2% per year (Department of Conservation, 2017a). They are in need of

conservation intervention in order to avoid their expected extinction in the next 20-26 years (Burkhart

and Slooten, 2003).

The first Threat Management Plan for Hector’s and Māui dolphins was implemented in 2008 to

ensure the long-term survival of their population by reducing impacts from human activity (Currey et

al. 2012). The Māui dolphin portion of the Threat Management Plan was later reviewed in 2012 after

four public sightings of these dolphins in the Taranaki coastal area. In the 2012 review, the updated

Potential Biological Removal analysis estimated that Māui dolphin population could only sustain one

human-induced mortality every 10 - 23 years without affecting the population’s ability to rebuild to a

sustainable level (Hamner et al. 2014). The current restrictions and prohibitions in the Taranaki

coastal area is enforced under the Fisheries Act 1996 and the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978.

The Marine Mammal Sanctuary extends out to 12 nautical miles offshore from Maunganui Bluff to

Oakura Beach (Parliamentary Counsel Office, 2018; see Appendix A). This sanctuary includes

restrictions on mining, with prohibition out to 2 nautical miles along the length of the Marine

Mammal Sanctuary and out to 4 nautical miles from Manuka harbour to south of Raglan Harbour

(New Zealand Gazette, 2012: Fisheries New Zealand, 2018: see Appendix A). Acoustic seismic

surveying in this area is also restricted and must abide by the Code of conduct for minimising acoustic

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disturbance to marine mammals (New Zealand Gazette, 2012: Department of Conservation, 2017b:

see Appendix A). Along the west coast, there are also restrictions on set netting. From Maunganui

Bluff to Waiwhakaiho River commercial and recreational set netting is prohibited out to 7 nautical

miles (Parliamentary Counsel Office, 2018; see Appendix A and B). From Waiwhakaiho River to

Hawera commercial set netting is also prohibited out to 7 nautical miles unless an MPI observer is

onboard (New Zealand Gazette, 2012: see Appendix A and B).

In order to understand how we can best protect Māui dolphin, and increase their population to a

sustainable level, more long-term and extensive information must be gathered. This helps maintain

evidence for the current protection measures under the Threat Management Plan. Visual sightings of

Māui are rare due to the fact that these dolphins themselves are rare and that there are fewer visitors to

these remote and rough areas of coastline. Therefore, there is a need for a more reliable way of

detecting them. Underwater acoustic devices called C-PODs detect odontocete click trains in the

range of 20 – 160 kHz, which includes the high frequency (120 – 125 kHz) echolocation clicks that

Māui dolphin emit when foraging. This bioacoustic data is logged through all hours of the day and

night, and across long time periods. This gathers a much more extensive and informative data set as

compared to aerial surveys which are limited to short term collection and are financially expensive

and labour intensive. Information from this underwater acoustic technology can be used to determine

the extent of Māui dolphin occurrence and about the temporal and spatial distribution of these

mammals within their home range.

Aim

To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of Māui dolphin in the Manukau and Taranaki

coastal areas using C-POD technology.

Methods

To investigate the occurrence of Māui dolphin along the West Coast of the North Island, C-PODs

devices were deployed at various sites. Each C-POD sits one to two meters above an attached float,

anchored by a 30 – 35 kilogram weight at the base (Fig. 1). This positions the C-POD approximately

three to four metres above the seabed.

5

Fig. 1: Set-up of an underwater bioacoustic C-POD device with anchor placed on seabed (NIWA, 2018).

For the second deployment operation, a total of five C-PODs were placed at increasing distances

offshore from Manukau coastline, south of Manukau Harbour entrance, on the 15th of November 2017

(Fig. 2). C-POD 1533 was placed at Mooring 2, located 4.32nm (8.0km) offshore. C-POD 1534 was

placed at Mooring 3, located 5.45nm (10.1km) offshore. C-POD 1560 was placed at Mooring 4,

located 6.53nm (12.1km) offshore. C-POD 1559 was placed at Mooring 6, located 8.7nm (16.1km)

offshore. C-POD 1298 was placed at Mooring 7, located 9.83nm (18.2km) offshore. Further details

are presented in Appendix C.

Two C-PODs were placed offshore of Taranaki region (Fig. 3). C-POD 2720 was placed 1.03nm

(1.9km) offshore from Tongaporutu. C-POD 2718 was placed 1.12nm (2km) offshore from Motunui.

Both C-PODs were deployed on the 15th of February 2018 and collected on the 3rd of July 2018.

Further details are presented in Appendix C.

6

Fig. 2: Locations of C-POD’s placed offshore from the Manukau coastline: M2; 4.32nm (8.0km), M3; 5.45nnm (10.1km), M4; 6.53nm (12.1km), M6; 8.7nm (16.1km), M7; 9.83nm (18.2km), with limits of protection zones displayed in relation to C-POD locations (ESRI ArcMAP Software, 2017).

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Fig. 3: Locations of C-PODs placed offshore from Tongaparoutu; C-POD 2720 at 1.03nm (1.9km), and offshore from Motunui; C-POD 2718 at 1.12nm (2km) in the Taranaki coastal area with limits of protection zones displayed in relation to C-POD location (Google Earth Pro, 2018).

Data Analysis

The data from each C-POD was downloaded and verified using C-POD.exe 2.064 software. The data

was processed using the KERNO classifier and the train filter set to high quality. These filters

improve the classification of detections and allow discrimination between species based on their click

parameters. The KERNO classifier groups the data into four categories; Narrow Band High

Frequency clicks (NBHF), Other cetaceans, Sonar, and Unclassified source (e.g. Weak Unknown

Train Sources). Māui dolphin have high frequency, narrow-band clicks (NBHF) with frequencies of

between 120 - 125 kHz (Thorpe & Dawson, 1990). It is likely that the NBHF clicks are Māui

dolphin’s echolocation clicks.

The data were then manually analysed by looking through the file and ensuring the classifications

were correct with any false positives being re-classified. Through the verification process M4 had

32% of clicks removed from the total number of high quality NBHF clicks that were identified from

the initial KERNO classification. M6 had 72% removed and M2, M3 and M7 had 0% removed. The

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verified data from all C-PODs was exported as detection positive minutes (DPM). The verified data

was then run through Matlab software to produce click plots.

Results

Summary of Manukau Coastline C-PODs

The highest amount of detections was recorded on the C-POD located at M3, with a total of seven

DPM (Fig. 4). The C-PODs at M6 and M7 where located the furthest offshore and had the lowest

amount of detections, with a total of one DPM on each (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring locations (Mooring 2, M3, M4, M6 and M7) with increasing distance offshore (nautical miles).

The highest total number of detection positive minutes (DPM) per month was made during January,

with a total of 8 detected positive minutes recording on the C-PODs at M3 and M4 (Table 1; Fig. 5).

There was at least one DPM made each month from November to March across all C-POD locations

(Table 1; Fig. 5).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

M2 - 4.3nm M3 - 5.5nm M4 - 6.5nm M6 - 8.7nm M7 - 9.8nm

DP

M

Mooring number and distance offshore

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Fig. 5: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring locations (Mooring 2, M3, M4, M6 and M7) from November 2017 to March 2018.

Table 1: Number of high quality NBHF detection positive minutes (DPM) for each month at Manukau coastline CPOD locations from November 2017 to march 2018.

CPOD/Location November 2017

December 2017

January 2018

February 2018

March 2018

M2 0 5 0 0 0 M3 0 0 6 1 0 M4 0 0 2 0 0

M6 0 0 0 0 1 M7 1 0 0 0 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

November December January February March

DP

M

Month

M2 M3 M4 M6 M7

10

Manukau Coastal Area

M2 / Mooring Two:

A total of five detection positive minutes (DPM) of high quality NBHF click trains were detected

during the middle of December 2017 at mooring two (Fig. 6). These detections were recorded spaning

across sunset time (Fig. 6). There were no other Māui detections recorded on this C-POD.

Fig. 6: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring two

positioned 4.3 nautical miles (8.0 km) offshore from Manukau coastline C-PODs from the 15th

November 2017 15:59 NZST to the 15th March 2018 23:59 NZST.

M3 / Mooring Three:

A total of seven DPM for high quality NBHF were recorded at Mooring three (Fig. 7). These

detections were made during early January and early February (Fig. 7). Most of the detections were

made during night time hours (Fig. 7).

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Fig. 7: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring three positioned 5.45 nautical miles (10.11 km) offshore from Manukau coastline C-PODs from the

15th November 2017 15:59 NZST to the 25th February 2018 15:59 NZST.

M4 / Mooring Four:

A total of two DPM for high quality NBHF were recorded at Mooring four, in early January (Fig. 8).

This detection was made during night time hours (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring four

positioned 6.53 nautical miles (12.1 km) offshore from Manukau coastline C-PODs from the 15th

November 2017 15:59 NZST to the 22nd May 2018 17:59 NZST.

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M6 / Mooring Six:

A total of one DPM for high quality NBHF was recorded at Mooring six, in during mid-

March (Fig. 9). This detection was made during day time hours (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring six

positioned 8.7 nautical miles (16.1 km) offshore from Manukau coastline C-PODs from the 15th

November 2017 15:59 NZST to the 14th May 2018 17:59 NZST.

M7 / Mooring Seven:

A total of one DPM for high quality NBHF was recorded at Mooring six, in in late November (Fig.

10). This detection was made during day time hours (Fig. 10).

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Fig. 10: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at mooring six

positioned 9.83 nautical miles (18.2 km) offshore from Manukau coastline C-PODs from the 15th

November 2017 15:59 NZST to the 28th February 2018 14:59 NZST.

Taranaki Coastal Area

Tongaporutu

A total of 11 DPM for high quality NBHF were recorded on the C-POD deployed offshore from

Tongaporutu (Fig. 11, Fig. 12). These detections were made during mid-April and late June, with all

detections recorded during night time hours (Fig. 11, Fig. 12).

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Fig. 11: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected at Tongaporutu C-POD positioned 1.03nm (1.9km) offshore from Manukau coastline C-PODs from the

15th January 2018 09:22 NZST to the 3rd July 2018 12:11 NZST.

Fig. 12: Detection positive minutes (DPM) for high quality NBHF click trains detected offshore from Tongaporutu (C-POD 2720) from February to July 2018.

Motunui

There were no high quality NBHF detections recorded on the C-POD located offshore from Motunui.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

February March April May June July

DP

M

Month

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Discussion

Current research is largely focused on Māui dolphin distribution within their core range. However,

previous studies have given some insight into the overall distribution of this small population. For

example, Oremus (2012) concludes that for the summer months of February and March, Māui dolphin

have a small frequently used core area including two areas of high density; south of Manukau

Harbour, offshore from Hamilton’s Gap and south of the Waikato River mouth. Results gained from

the first deployment report agree with Oremus’s (2012) results, showing higher densities of detections

recorded at the Hamilton’s Gap C-POD from the first deployment data and at M2 and M3 from both

deployment one and two data. However, the first deployment had much higher DPM values in the C-

PODs closer in to shore than in the second deployment. These higher amounts of detections may

indicate higher numbers of Māui dolphin in these regions closer to the coastline.

One aim of this research was to determine the extent that Māui dolphin occur offshore. The first

deployment found this offshore extent to be 14km, whereas this report for the second deployment

finds evidence for detections as far as 18km offshore. Data from the second deployment found

detections at M6 and M7, whereas deployment one found none at these moorings.

The first deployment also found no detections on the C-PODs deployed in Taranaki coastal area.

However, data from the second deployment shows a reasonable number of detections (11 DPM) at the

C-POD placed offshore from Tongaporutu. These detections were found from April to June, with no

detections from January to March. In the Manukau C-PODs, the highest amount of detections was

recorded in the month of January. This may indicate a seasonal movement of Māui at the end of

summer, down to the area of Taranaki. However, current data from the Department of Conservation

sightings database shows no such trend, with a biased towards summer months across all regions due

to more people being out on the water (Department of Conservation, 2018). In order to better

understand whether these movements are significant, more research is required to be carried out over

longer periods of time.

As consistent with the first deployment, there if a general trend that detections from all C-PODs were

made during night time hours. This may indicate a behavioural diurnal pattern, where Māui dolphin

inhabit more coastal waters (e.g. Hamilton’s Gap) during day time hours and move out towards

slightly more offshore locations during night time hours. More research is needed in this area to better

understand this pattern to determine whether it is significant and the possible reasons for this

behaviour.

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Limitations:

The main limitation to this research is that we cannot differentiate between Māui and Hector’s

dolphin with sound data alone, as both emit similar eco-location clicks. Genetic sampling needs to be

taken alongside this data in order to determine this. The results of this study are dependent on all these

NBHF detections being Māui/Hectors dolphin. Given that there are no other marine mammals in New

Zealand waters that emit such high frequency sound, it is safe to assume this. C-POD detections are

also unreliable if the C-POD is not orientated in an upright position (see Appendix C). The C-PODs

that had NBHF detections all were in various states of being off the vertical axis, due to wave action.

When taking into consideration the angle of the C-POD, this decreases the reliability of the data

gained in this study. All detections presented in this report have been verified through critical analysis

of the C-POD angle and physical characteristics of the click data (including frequency, bandwidth,

inter click rate, envelope etc.). High quality NBHF detections from the KERNO classification process

that did not confidently satisfy all the critical factors required were removed from the data.

Another limitation was the fact that not all C-PODs were able to be collected on the same date, and

therefore each have a slightly different time period of data recordings, making comparisons between

mooring locations difficult. This was unavoidable due to weather conditions affecting planned C-POD

retrieval dates.

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References

Baker, A., Smith, A. N. H. & Pichler, F. B. (2002). Geographical variation in Hector’s dolphin: recognition of new subspecies of Cephalorynchus hectori. Journal of the

Royal Society of New Zealand, 32(4), 713-727. Baker, C. S., Hamner, R. M., Cooke, J., Heimeier, D., Vant, M, Steel, D. & Constantine, R. (2012).

Low abundance and probable decline of the critically endangered Māui’s dolphin estimated by genotype capture-recapture. Animal Conservation, 16, 224-233.

Baker, C. S., Chilvers, B. L., Childerhouse, S., Constantine, R., Currey, R., Mattlin, R., van Helden,

A., Hitchmough, R., Rolfe, J. (2016). Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 14. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 18 p.

Burkhart, S. M. & Slooten, E. (2003). Population viability analysis for Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori): A stochastic population model for local populations. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater research, 37(3), 553-566. DOI:

10.1080/00288330.2003.9517189.

Calderwood, M. (2014). The last 55: a critical analysis of the regulatory framework to protect and preserve Māui’s dolphin in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law, 18, 285-311.

Currey, R. J. C., Boren, L. J., Sharp, B. R., & Peterson, D. (2012). A risk assessment of threats to

Maui’s dolphins. Ministry for Primary Industries and Department of Conservation, Wellington. 51 p.

Dawson, S. M., Slooten, E., DuFresns, S., Wade, P. & Clement, D. (2004). Small-boat surveys for

coastal dolphins: Line-transect surveys for Hector’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Fishery Bulletin, 201, 441-451.

Department of Conservation. (2018). Māui dolphin sightings database. Retrieved from

https://www.doc.govt.nz/mauisightings. Department of Conservation. (2015). West Coast North Island Marine Mammal Sanctuary, Users’

guide. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. Department of Conservation. (2017a). Facts about Māui Dolphin. Retrieved from:

www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/dolphins/Māui-doplins/facts. Department of Conservation. (2017b). Protection measures for Māui dolphin. Retrieved from:

www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/dolphins/Māui-dolphin/current-protection-measures.

Environmental Systems Research Institute (2018). ArcMAP software, version 10.5.1., June 2017.

Redlands, California: ESRI. Fisheries New Zealand. (2018). Recreational Fishing Rules, Auckland. Wellington, New Zealand:

New Zealand Government. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/ dmsdocument/7275/loggedIn.

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Google Earth Pro. (2018). Taranaki, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://earth.google.com/web/@-38.88406595,174.36372504,19.03061177a, 120802.82862274d,35y,0h,0t,0r

Hamner, R. M., Wade, P., Oremus, M., Stanley, M., Brown, P., Constantine, R., & Baker, C. S. (2014). Critically low abundance and limits to human-related mortality for the Maui dolphin. Endangered Species Research 26, 87-92

Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Legislation (2018). Marine mammals Protection Act 1978 (Reprint 26 March 2015). Wellington, New Zealand: Parliamentary Counsel Office.

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. (2018). Māui Dolphin Acoustic Monitoring,

Progress Report 1. Wellington, New Zealand: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd.

New Zealand Gazette Notice of Intention to Redefine the West Coast North Island Marine Mammal

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New Zealand Government. (2008). Marine Mammals Protection (West Coast North Island Sanctuary)

Notice 2008. (2008/328). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Government. Oremus, M., Hamner, R. M., Stanley, M., Brown, P., Baker, C. S. & Constantine, R. (2012).

Distribution, group characteristics and movements of the critically endangered Māui’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori Māui. Endangered Species Research, 19, 1-10.

Reeves, R. R., Dawson, S. M., Jefferson, T. A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G.,

Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E. R., Slooten, E., Smith, B. D., Wang, J. Y. & Zhou, K. (2013). Cephalorhynchus hectori. The ICUN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T4162A44199757. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS .T39427A44200192.en.

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of Hector’s dolphins off the South Island west coast, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 20, 117-130.

Slooten, E., Dawson, S. M., Rayment, W. J. & Childerhouse S. J. (2005). Distribution of Maui’s dolphin, Cephalorhyncus hectori maui. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2005/28. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Fisheries.

Thorpe, C. W. & Dawson, S. M. (1990). Automatic measurement of descriptive features of Hector’s

dolphin vocalisations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89 (1), 435-44.

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Appendix A: Protection measures under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Fisheries Act

1996 along the West Coast of the North Island, New Zealand (Department of Conservation 2017b).

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Appendix B: Details of commercial and recreational set net restrictions in the Taranaki Coastal area (Department of Conservation, 2013).

21

C-POD

Mooring & Approx.

distance

offshore

Name Deployment

Latitude

Deployment

Longitude

Total

NBHF clicks

found

Total

Clicks in CP1 file

Clicks

per hour

(NBHF)

Clicks

per day (NBHF)

DPM

per day (NBHF)

File

duration analysed

(days/hours/

minutes)

Acoustic

duration (days/hours/

minutes)

Mean

Temp (degrees

Celsius)

Mean

Angle

N

2 (8.0km) M2 / POD1533

-37.161 174.483 354 44,199,805 0.06 1.55 0.02 227d 19h 27m

227d 19h 26m (99%)

1 1 8

3 (10.1km) M3 / POD1534

-37.165 174.459 378 5,153,743 0.15 3.70 0.07 102d 2h 3m 102d 2h 2m (99%)

12 6 13

4 (12.1km) M4 / POD1560

-37.169 174.436 150 32,771,702 0.03 0.78 0.02 193d 2h 24m 193d 2h 23m (99%)

16 30 3

6 (16.1km) M6 / POD1559

-37.177 174.390 41 107,017,429 0.01 0.23 0.01 180d 3h 38m 180d 3h 37m (99%)

15 9 0

7 (18.2km) M7 / POD1298

-37.181 174.366 14 31,912338 0.01 0.13 0.01 104d 23h 36m

104d 23h 35m (99%)

11 2 0

Tongaporutu POD 2720

38o48’0.146”S 174o34’0.063”E 1,169 8,502,305 0.43 10.25 0.10 138d 2h 22m 114d 44m (82%)

18 5 44

Motunui POD2718 38o58’0.146”S 174o17’0.814”E 0 77,406,789 0 0 0 138d 2h 39m 113d 23h 54m (82%)

18 2 0

Appendix C: Summary data for Manukau Coastline and Taranaki C-PODs, Second Deployment.

22