Occupy the commons - by James Quilligan
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Transcript of Occupy the commons - by James Quilligan
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Occupy the Commons James B. Quilligan
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Garrett Hardin
• A pasture is shared by herders
• No herder has an incentive to limit the number of cattle put into the pasture
• Pasture will be overgrazed and destroyed
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Tragedy of the Commons
Private Sector Government
Failed Commons
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Open Access Common Pool Resources - unorganized, unclaimed resources
Open SourceCommons - organized through informal practices, norms and rules
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Commons
Inherited or created gifts that we organize, use and steward during our lifetimes through informal practices and rules which we pass on to future generations
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Modes of Commons
• Traditional - seas, rivers, land, forests, atmosphere, arts, indigenous communities
• Emerging - solar energy, internet, social networks, intellectual property
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Key Elements
• Resources
• Community
• Boundaries
• Rules
• Value
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Resources
Depletable Replenishablematerial, natural, genetic social, cultural, intellectual, solar, digital, natural, genetic
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Community
• Producers
• Managers
• Providers
• Users
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Boundaries
• Extent of the Resource
• Community Membership
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Rules
• Preservation
• Access
• Use
• Governance
• Production
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Value
• Arises from the gifts of nature
• The capacities and cultures of past generations
• The collective capacities of people today
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Karl Polanyi
Society-centered markets Market-centered societies
Rural households Urban markets
Matriarchal Patriarchal
Credit-based Debt-based
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How Did We Lose The Commons?
• Inalienable rights eroded
• Commodification
• Enclosure of property
• Division of labor
• Universal standard of value
• Private and public goods
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Duopoly
Market State
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Liberal Capitalism
Market State freedom equality
Distorted through
capital accumulation enforced private property economic & social inequality sovereign boundaries interest-bearing money state coercion
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Modern Society
Market State
less government more governmenteconomic freedom social equality
(people & their common resources taken for granted)
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Third Sector?
Market State
Civil Society
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Civil Society
• A genuine voice of public opinion, but ...
• Endorses private ownership models
• Doesn’t involve resource users in production
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Commons
Groups of people produce and organize their own resources and create value through their practices, norms and rules
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Devolves Power to Local Communities
• Pluralism
• Subisdiarity
• Polycentrism
• Checks & Balances
• Horizontal Democracy
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Ends the Division of Labor
Private Producers Govt Producers & Managers & Managers
Workers/Users/Consumers become producers of their own resources
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Restores Democratic Decision-Making
• Co-Governance
• Co-Production
• Social Charters
• Commons Trusts
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Creates Trusts
• Marx: Ownership of the means of production
• Commoners: Production of the means of non-ownership, i.e. trusts
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Transforms Property
Private Ownership State Ownership
Commons Trusteeship
Cooperative associations distribute decision-making and productive power among resource users, workers and producers
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Redefines Resource Domains
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Recovers the Vision of Democracy
Market State
spontaneous, rule-based self-organizing society system
Commons self-organizing communities produce and manage their own resources through informal practices, norms and rules
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Creates Living Democracies
Market State freedom equality
Commons people participate actively in their own cultureresource users become producers of their own resources ownership > trusteeship
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Enclosure Movement
Liberal Capitalism
15th C - Today
Government and market enclosures remove people
from the sources of their living wealth and sustenance
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Nonclosure Movement
Occupy the Commons
• Governments and markets are not the solution to failed commons, but the cause of their overuse and deterioration
• Roll back enclosures that deny the rights of people to their means of survival, livelihood and well-being
• ... and do not promote life, human dignity, security and peace
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Occupy all Commons
• Social
• Cultural
• Intellectual
• Digital
• Solar
• Natural
• Genetic
• Material
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Why Occupy?
• Financial system >
• Monetary system >
• Ecological and energy crises >
• Low-carbon production and trade >
• Redefine the boundaries of resource domains
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Occupy the Commons
• Transform the economy and government into component parts of the biosphere >
• Redefine the boundaries of resource domains >
• Occupy the commons ...