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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTHAn overview.Dr VelmuruganKilpauk Medical CollegeCommunity Medicine post graduateHOW DO WE SIT?Rules Of Ergonomics

FLOW OF PRESENTATIONDEFINITIONIAOHOCCUPATIONAL DISEASESERGONOMICS

DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTHJoint Committee of WHO and ILO, 1950Should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well being of workers in all occupations; The prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;

DEFINITIONProtection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from adverse factors Placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment And to summarize : The adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.

IAOHIndian Association of Occupational HealthIt was in Jamshedpur, in the year 1948, that three visionaries of industrial medicine Lt. J.R.Kochar, Col. Najib Khan and Maj. R.C.TaraporeThe society for the study of Industrial Medicine (SSIM) India was ceremonially baptized on 9th July, 1948, with an initial founder membership of 28. -IAOHNot been aimed as an exclusive origination of physicians working in industry, included Safety engineers, Personnel and welfare officers, Occupational nurses and ESIS panel doctors. IAOH is committed to enable occupational health professionals to make India's work places healthy, safe and greenJOURNALIndian Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineOCCUPATIONAL HEALTHPHYSICAL, MENTAL & SOCIAL WELL BEING IN RELATION TO WORK AND WORK ENVIRONMENT.Occupational diseases have a long latent period.Most occupational diseases cannot be treated.All occupational diseases can be prevented.Occupational Diseases from preventive medicine point of view:OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSPhysical HazardsChemical HazardsBiological HazardsMechanical HazardsPsychosocial Hazards

FOUR TYPESDiseases only occupational in origin (pneumoconiosis) Where occupation as one of the causal factors (bronchogenic carcinoma)Occupation as A contributary factor (chronic bronchitis)Occupation aggrevating pre-existing condition (asthma)13Primary irritants, Allergy, Systemic toxicityGas, Vapour, Aerosol, Dust, Fume, Smoke, Mist, FogEating, SmokingINHALATIONINGESTIONSKIN ABSORBTIONROUTE OF EXPOSURE

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESDiseases due to Physical AgentsHeat - Heat stroke, BurnsCold - Frost biteLight - Miners Nystagmus, CataractPressure - Caisson disease, Air embolism15Diseases due to Physical AgentsNoise - NIHL, Hypertension, IrritabilityVibration - Neuromuscular diseases, Peripheral vascular diseasesRadiation - Leukemia, Aplastic anaemiaMechanical - Injuries, AccidentsElectricity - Electric shock, Burns

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES16 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESDiseases due to Chemical AgentsGases - CO, CO2, HCN, H2S,CS2Dusts - PneumoconiosisMetals - Lead, Mercury, Chromium, ManganeseChemicals - Acids, AlkaliesSolvents - Benzene, Trichloroethylene

17Lung Diseases Caused by DustDepends on chemical composition, particulate size, concentration, shape, specific gravity & bodys reactionPneumoconiosisAsbestosisSilicosisCoal workers pneumoconiosis

Lung Diseases Caused by DustLung diseases caused by dust of organic originByssinois (exposure to cotton dust)Mushroom workers lungSuberrosis (Cork dust)Bird breeders lung (chickens, parrots, pigeons)Occupational asthma Flour insects and pollens: linseed, soya beans, teak wood, hair, fur, etc: isocyanates,metals.

Diseases due to Biological Agents Hepatitis B, Rabies, AIDS, Leptospirosis, Occupational CancersCancer of Skin, Lungs, BladderOccupational DermatosisDermatitis, EczemaPsychosocial DiseasesNeurosis, Peptic ulcer, Hypertension OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES20Musculo-skeletaletal problemsDue to Excessive load on the muscles, ligaments, tendons and bone.Due to Insufficient circulation to the Musculoskeletal system. Work that requires activity of a small group of relatively weak muscles (such as continuous use of fingers of the dominant hand in data entry).

Common sites for Musculo-skeletal problemsNeckForearmWristFingersBackKnee

Occupational health & Computer work

Musculo-skeletal problemsOcular problemsReproductive problemsSkin problemsPsychosocial problemsLifestyle problems

Repetitive Strain Injury

Muscular stress caused by the frequent, repetitive use of the same muscle throughout the day. Accustomed and unaccustomed repetitive work with hands.Work that involves repeated wrist flexion or extreme extension, particularly in combination with forceful pinching.Repeated forces on the base of the palm or wrist. Common RSIsCarpal tunnel syndromeCervical radiculopathyEpicondylitisGanglion cystTendonitis

Elements of Occupational Health ServicesMedical treatmentAssessment and control of work environmentGeneral preventive health measuresPreventive medical examinationsPrevention of Occupational Health HazardsAdministrative MeasuresEngineering MeasuresErgonomicsMedical Measures

MEDICAL MEASURES Pre-employment medical check up Periodic medical examination Health promotion Health education Specific protection Assessment of risk by supervision of working environmentPre-placement Medical Examination

CONSTRUCTION SITES

CONSTRUCTION SITES

LEGISLATION

AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY ERGONOMICSWhat is Ergonomics?Ergo = nomics =work laws or rules Ergonomics = the laws of workOSHA defines ergonomics as: the science of designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job.ErgonomicsPhysical ergonomics: working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health. Cognitive ergonomics : mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.Organizational ergonomics: communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management. 36Ergonomics is the scientific study of people at work. The goal of ergonomics is to create jobs, tools, equipment and workplaces that fit people, rather than making people adapt to fit them. An important part of ergonomics is making sure that the demands of the job do not go beyond what a worker can do safely. Lets take a look at an example of what can happen on a job where the demands created a problem and ergonomics was used to solve it.Goals Of ErgonomicsImprove quality of working environment engineered to the capabilities of the human bodyIncrease efficiency and productivity by reducing fatigue. Prevention of Occupational injury & illness.Work quality improvement.

Proactive Ergonomics Vs Reactive Ergonomics37Ergonomics is the scientific study of people at work. The goal of ergonomics is to create jobs, tools, equipment and workplaces that fit people, rather than making people adapt to fit them. An important part of ergonomics is making sure that the demands of the job do not go beyond what a worker can do safely. Lets take a look at an example of what can happen on a job where the demands created a problem and ergonomics was used to solve it.Rules Of Ergonomics

Straight Back Rule Swinging Arm Rule Straight Wrist Rule Straight Eye Rule Skin Rule No Brain Machine RuleRules Of Ergonomics

Rules Of Ergonomics

Rules Of ErgonomicsGood posture is a great 'tool' to help in prevention of pain.Rules Of Ergonomics

Rules Of ErgonomicsGood chair should have Adjustability of height Backrest Seat depth Adjustable arm rest Stability.Rules Of ErgonomicsAdjust the keyboard height so that your shoulders are relaxed, your elbows are in a slightly open position (100 to 110), and your wrists and hands are straight.Rules Of Ergonomics

HAZARDUNDESIRABLE CONDITIONS

LeadAnaemia, Hypertension, Peptic ulcer

DyesAsthma, Skin & Kidney disease

SolventsLiver & Kidney disease, Alcoholism

SilicaTuberculosis, Chronic lung disease

X rays / RadiumBlood diseases