-Si.m~_rn.t:tcl!S , ha7_c :."'

Oapi to..lio::n·: is a-~~-~;-~ ··ut __ .'.:co~ioty:. J~)~,_.;i~-~

.. ' .. -·-.1tn.l1et.s ana't.he. <~orker ·is compell<1d. to sell. !•is lnbor P""'"''

coav·or hie .,roduot.ion .o.nd :reproauot.ion in order to be eblc to .J.tvo.

-\~-:Th~. m~-tive_ 1·orce ·-of this l!iot!e:· o! pro_duct1on 1u .. _thG-~_'e0Si~6 --ox-_ .ihcLca~ . . - -~- ---- -

itufi:it :Car pro!i t.

-. - . ·- ' · .. -,

a sur:Pl~s.--· a· Pa.r~f:· o:C whioh .. i'a hin prof'it •. In c:order that the "ociety ·ruoy be looked

-~e..-~1-t.e.J.1st 1 t. see:nD aEa~entir.::J. ·to ht).VO t-hiu prucess __ t;.!

~f' th.~.-.1?~-i.VtltS ·--c~jL t_nliiit~- .b~y~g a:r l~?or pover: ~-~ m~onu-<O:r.: .. :P:<'od•"'1~i·on.f

t:~a pr0duct_1cn .or-· comwoditicc,- the LJcl~iriJ; of' th_e- CaO:modit:i.CG , '_, . ----

mri.rket :to~ moro money, ·o~c~ .r..l.l this i£:1-'Ll·u~, bat ·it-·ic··-not.the'nhOlC.·

!!=:~-.:: J)!"~t>.r-,Y -t.hecrJ i~ e th~O!"'Y vf vo.lu.,., He-· a_nr~l.y~oc nuaJ!I!'

co::iu:l-odit.ies --and shows thut the exom-.z•t,;e of 'Con.mudit_i_o.n 1~ · ~-~ex~lie.nB:e 'l\·f __ :~erte~~ -qu~ti t.ies of lnbar. l!O\"f- Co,>lrz>oC.i ti.cs _-;;~cl'"e · _exc:fum6~d. --nPO_~

'.:- ' -_

{~5)Tbis

''·''- :~. ·•· _---."· . - ,:;, . ,' . ' . - ' ~

.,.;,..;:;,.·.;~~~~~ ...... ,"- ,. ,-:· --- ~-:'.-~·~ -:;:;~~-·:.·

·. v.

-~.2-

--- :i~~'_\p_ot?.~;< of' ._!-he_. ~aborer bC-Cones. a --??::Jc·qdJ,_~·~-~- I~- ~-~-..

--in~~B~t-:~~ha.t. _the d1.i-eot_ pru_dueer-mu.et · .n_inottsl!.d of, s.

o,;,]:cai)ac1ti:t.o ·:J..;;.bor e..!· 'a co=ouit.y"\lw. thd • . be~o-ariO~~-:oS.pi:ti:u.-i_at·;--CoMb~dity: pr~rtuc-t.icn;. :. nerice-_ • -' . -.> ··.- ' "' - • ' ' '' - " . \.

,to can l!arxiat. theory of c;pitru. not ... ell.i'e ~he~ry o1" labor.

. , . --·J_t,' .:is,_obvious .t;:om i.he ·-very nomencJ.Bture -that· ·the-

--f~tit~~ ':.ti£ e~mmodi ~i.es in gener~ 11 of" cozruaodit.i_ea in _coi:lmCZ.c~i.U:~---~~-.

It _oapital.iam, 1s_ that they are so~d on the mnrket.. - ,:, r-.;. obvious ·-that t.l16 :S:unCJ.amental :feature ·oi'_ 1abo:r .par.er ao 0.' ~-O~~:d(iY<-

<'/Y

is:ri.ot-· that.·_. it ia bought or s·olC:. or: the :n~ket~ ~u.t. the. cp~<i_i't~9 ~ .' ' . ~

-<~!t..inCt.ion·:·~!iioh :it· pcrf_o~s in the. p1·ocesD of l)_rodue-_t-i0u'.~~ ThiS-__ ' is.

the·-_:'iSoufi·. Thi.c iS the hub around whiCh ell of llarxie~ _t;leorY~-~--­

p-%-od~c~lon! ciJ.·cuii.ut·C!"n, and ·p:rco.Uctic.n ·taken as e. -'"~ho~e rcvo~vos.

o'£ .~Sbor power .. ,aa_ the- esserJtie.l. mark o:r ce.!lital.iet .aociE;fy.-~ -_Th:i~-F -·~­.

·-_,he- shows is only "an appa.ron~ exchange •• .,The relation o:f eXOliariSe, ~.:_ .

_ciubsisting bctl!een the ca:pit~ist and l.!Joboratt beco:nes o.' mere:-Sb.~bl~Q;e ·

po~t~lil_if:lg to the _.cirCuie.tion, a_ nlel'e form;, i"o:t•61gn-· to_ the -re_a~·_;---·

n~'tU:;·e Of the tre.neo.ction 8.l'ld onl.y to my&tif'y it. The eve::.- r6P'tu~ted.·- .-.

-- puroha.se An_!i eEUo o:f' ~abor pO"Hd_r ia no"t: the_ ~ere ~nrm; whii.t- :-e~l.ly ." - - ._·.,

teJcea. plnco _1o this -,... t.ho o>apitc.list ngain and again appropriatao

.·• =t{_ \ (l6)Ibid, I>o59 ·~:r_. -Ca"lite.l.,

•·•cr-. Cnpitt~.

"i.~l>;C>}7t ,fiQ.I:i.iVol.ent, e. ;:ortion o1: th" previr.uul.y- zeeter:!.e.lili&d- u•D<>r _

___ _ --___ --_-' __ :.~-:6~-~~th~·;.~G~·:'Snd-- a·i~~~g·es .. 1. t ~ for ·a. --~d~t~-t~_:_ t:iu~~:nt.i t-/ --cf~j:i~1.~~-~-J-laoc"'• •pc 1F:·''"'~" - - - - . " -· -- .

It 1-D··a i'D.c~ th~t. tho .:::8iJitni1.ot.-,_ ~r:ing tO-:_t.he··:nat~e

•:•·- :-. '"'et'~ cpico'aea.;' <i-r. :Proc:u<:t:'~n ,, _muu_t _in-ti" • .; :;>>"".""'""· c~ · r>r<>dn,;.,1:an >::.~ )': ~ • ·;·-,;.c·,

·nroae ao ueu1 tn.'l:!. ~t. ~:- .. 'In·: ... '- - - " . - . -- -·";-. ---··-- -__ ,. .

It. iS this. whiC.:~- ~ZJ.!ikt.rl · th~

· __ the imp\it>Uene<i ohapt~r _or Ct>;v:l:tal. _ JJarJ< zoo a M :r,U. ria . to. sey .,;~'lj-• \·.· o' c.<-

l':he.t' :!.IS impiiai t :!.n hie t7hOl<> z•n~ da, th_<;t t.l:ie<pUNhlioe· u.rnf .!eie .. ' ' . - " . -, . . ,. . - ' '- - -... - --. . . ', -, .. :·. ~- -,/<

of &. Co_J?::<odity i.s- -the __ begin.'fiine, o·'f .tho :prce·eoo_, y·ot t}J.o ~6.C~:<thfii: :it· .is a~ corm::~ud~ty '\th1ch_ ia_ produ..:ed ia ell u.ccil!entu..l e.rdi i.ncident.e.J.

- fMt-ar. The · ::1a1.u.e.im 6.nc. compel:Lirig. inot.i-?tt Of -~e.~i ~o.l.ist I)rO-d~C-i.ion·:: ·•:

.. th~ ,.~:ratem c..s. 8pt;cii"ic&ll.Y oapi.tu:Lictic but thO- vnl.Ue- i"ore_--o~ CO.I>~tai-~

1h.;.r:r...'v.::bit-e,s:

~Th-e ~ru:.;nituda oi~ the valun Liuct grow, 1.o. the PrcaCrlt

~rc~~-~ -~- · ~d~t~tiori:~~---·.,

·I~ thiS pimpl.e, rud1ni6?tary vcJ.u.e o:r. cOney 6X".iJress1on or ~~i;it-~:- ·. (ra.t~esr, tha.t ~hich· muSt becouo ca;pi.tal.) whe~c it ic- d:1.~o·r~~d.-c_o~"

_ Plcitcl.·y ~::'~orr.._ i..;.:o .use-vE..l.uc to whi.ch- 1 t W~'.O bCiund-9 it iS :rurthel.--z:tcire

o.bst.r11.0tod t"ri.\m every d1z;turbitlg i'oroe nnd subsc_f.iucrrt1y c·on:rU.eti:lg

Why is it thnt _the EJl~c.cte::istic upecl.:f:!.c rmt.ure

o:f capit.HJ.iot lJTO<!uction io l'eVosJ.cd in thic coopell.in.:; noceouity

o:f gettint; u gruutar val.ue than tho vaJ.uo oxp<>ndad. It ie ~impl.y

-

f~-~~r .... i!ioi.;tt~·;i;;;l,it."clist eoc.l.Qty thereby i-:111 i11.We a iafsel' .;..rlfet~:thilric'a:•·C,.•'·;.:.C: :.::: .. :,;:

-,~:( - "" -. ' -- - -~ ... :\<:~;-,;:~_->.-_.·: ·-{:':~::'i\·.--ci''individu:>l. Cc.pS\clists is COtlllllote~y i'W.BBo The .m&rkot ;for

$~oda .iii, J~p~~---~u.f;i~~~-~-eu~ t~ 'a?-J.ow _t~~-- _c_u;~i.¥.·~-~~~:, I:L c:ril1nCt- ~0 l&a~·r._

. . i:JUSl."Ch i'ur· t;ren.ter ,_v~uc·~~"

·-2-~ ·_ s·c.cicilY-n~ccoe.ry. ~;;tbOi-- i:.imo

_:-~~_h¢:~:~~~eiii':·th~ -~:~j<t-~:i~t<~tl.o~i;~:s t.u · ~~u- i.htf-- ~~l*k;et.·l:<ilc<;<l:.·~:·~: ""·' '··"··''"

· .-.t.~w.t.·_ 1A(~t;1~-~.~- _i·h~ __ wOrkt!r:''~- va.luo· fo:>." h1ri

· ·thu.o.- ljhat·-_- i~ _,.neoes~i.t.ry'--:rc:r ita --~;;~~id~~~ti·o~ -_ ~r!-ci'_-· ;~~ro~1u~ii~~-~~: 1. :h,;r.oby

i.the ·c:osi- :o1:"''nll -conil~dit.1G:;j go· ~:P~ ThC -.r~v~oro.go ''Of._ ;the·,.s.<>c:La~lY:EC~~i::. , ,, ·~~ . ,. ' .. - --

~lsbOl" _tim's! ~he .t:U:IOUr--o~.-~ o:f v.-.:.lu('. ov~'lr -th~t · ,inlue --o;co-C

~oas· ar.td-. ~h.e _oa.pitn.J.i~i. ·1e. ·mU.dEi to undcrsi;,t .. nd ~.hat_ !;a ·i·s--- ::t_iV1n·S;

a·- v·al.ue _-producing soc~6tY z;.nd _~ust. 9be!-;.- itS lay;s_ or 1'e~:.i~h-~--- · ~h~-- ···il".rl~.,t,'c cannot be incrcn.eed· ·:in a v-;,~.;.l.u£3-rJroduc:lr~.;: socic.ty. Thu.~ i.n·- ~C'-:·~ignifi-· c'Gnee of lir.rx• ~- bn.aio nc~uc.ptiOn- thu.t. tho ~orkor is .,paid -.ut,-_his

the_ socia.l.ly nOOe-Oar~Y ~~bor-·-ticul',: ·t-h1a!l meuzuz the mi.ni.I:iu:n t.in.O

aite i"or 'the ~roduct'ion o.nd reprod.uctiott oi' lubor ~)or.er.- In other-~--

. .

~~. _ropronu.Ce·~ h.io :kine!, w:Lt.b al.+ . t.he neuecsn!"'.f l!lOciiXi.ca.t.~.O~~ brc>)>i;h·t·:;~.i

,~bo,;.t·, ~ --tr:fi~o univne, the histo~ic a1:.hl'~ti~.rd_ oi" J..i-.iin:;./in_-_-"the-:-'ooC>un.tr':J

; etO~<_Thio i.s tho ba.ofo of .co.piteti.St.: prod~ction, u.nO ve must un·der~-~d-, . . - -,· . - .. --·

To ~-c.:/' as it hn.u been et.tl.tOd in thia coritroversss tho.t -in oii· _QJ.a0~

·saciotl'us .thu worko1• _i:z po.ld nt. hiz: vc.l.ue, the coot· o:r· hie :;Jro".uc:t.ion

and !'ep;oduction, ~ ~,_f)iJ::.d,;/.,;{?6/)~ac$~~ ("')., . ..__ . rf . . . .· ..... /

·"'tr4~~"''~ · . . . ·. · / · Una.er sli..~'Vt:ry t!:o s.!..L,_vu rooolvcd, obv·iously • tlw cost o:!' hi-D

production nnd re_produut:\.on, but htt t'I'O.& uot J'>a.id a.t hiu v~·lue,

. _\i_Oul.d- ·be: ~~h1~p'od. If" he ·!_pGi:-e!._st~',~•- ·uu. !aij;ht~ b~ :r=-11.~edJ

· p-~~~ucti~_o .. ·i,y_st.e~- it.!Je~t J in in_du.S~_r/ • ·in:· Pr~~U~t:ion _wue .e·ea.t.l.a~ sc:~~~ly: :_n-~o~ss~y lo.b~r-__ titie ·cou.lo:\-.. nOt:_-Conoern them :bCcc~"i.u:i~; as

u~rx_~-.-h~~ . .t-ep_Sa~acq.y· ;point_ed out.,' the.:'a: ma.in concern of'·_ tho ind~u*:~tni~--1st in c.J.l. pro~c:i:i)1 te.J.iat sccictictS ':';ti.l! to !Ja-irito.~"'l the induat.riiU·

cyst.'6n! aucih us it l>rO:':li, _witlH'Jut c~n.nt5e~ 7he;c "i:cre- -~~a'lU.te.d ·i;~~ri{i'~~~:~: .. -- .-. - ___ , .. : .-

They cot.L\d not 'uhunze the witoi~ otd.h-cit) .•..

o:f l)roduction btoauoe i"or 1L\l1S pt;rioda they rriao.inec :l.aolt;tcd ~n --appl.i:-­

-Qa.tion. Owing ·to the co-nnervati:ve oh:iro.et~r o:r tho ind•.a;trial.. cln.ccos~

i'?rcc_d l;lPOn tnar.~ b.:,· the cir~tt!;l:ztC...""!ceh of their ti::e ..

~"it.l-t· oa~it-n1 :tam '!!:::J! hllve -6-n:-_ent.i.rtt~y -d1f't•ort-n't ··sy_eteill;: -.a-:

bYs~_e:.n i;C?Vo:-nod by the lEn: or vro~~t: -whio~ compels __ c~nut~·;;···~i~~gc···iin·d-;·-:

--devcl.~p'ittent-·in ·t_hc meMs oi' ;>rocuct.ivn ant! !:lothod o:f proc.Uct.1on.· As

a.nQ .thctrBby tha rel~'l.tiona oi prod• .. _etion a.nc with ther.ri the ~;hol.~ rolo.­

tione ot' society. Cunsenv.ticn o:t the old modcD ot· 11rodua_t.icin ir..-

'!or all eu.rl1o:r in(~u.atrio.l cl"-uc"o• t:onote.r,t revolutioniclng- o_"f

· _produOtion. un.inter.ru1Jtcd· disturilp.nco of ulJ. nocd .. al. conditi~ma. evor­

lneting ur1certahity Ul'O. ugitc.tic& ll:1ut1i1gu~r:--hcd. tt.~ bourgeois 6,tJocb

fro:t all ear~ier or..ac." At the lltl.Cit: of thiu diaturbo.noe 'and ne·itn.-

tion i u the lu·;• oi: vaJ.uo.

-. ~p

. -~6-

.FirBt o:J: .al.llet us .ace

··· .. ,.nu1ng \,u;_. invc-~tise~i~~s ·of. ~:;oc1etiec wher·e the

"':=,~·.• .. :.-:-" rUTic·:£·i-6b~:_:; i~-i ~~~--- ii.a~i~nc----:Di.~.: a.bAt.~:ict · ~~~:i'tiiirit

le.ti.o,;; i& kept

-·inore.ru:a!S in-. :p.!-odttctivC f~Ct_:l~ri:~ thiooU~: th_6 d(1Ye1o:Qment

citios oi' · t!1e indiv1<!ual, "t"'• The "cooict:r. ;prcducec. 50. P1J..L~<>n

hour~ o:f labDr po.,cr c. dey. The lallorii,& pOJ?ul~t1on -b1liioil· lo.boro-~,;-.- The ct\l.CulUt.i:onS wi~l be. :.1ado. !in

_=san·- hours· of labor. !or rei,;lr._C-em.~~t roH.l expo.ns1on or pr~dUC-~:tU~-~-- -;j_:-· . ' - - - - '

b'1-lliun :man bouru of labor· for .adl:!£ini6tr,.;;.tion, eO.ucetiun·p etc.::,. 5':_

b1~1ioii: tor rc·serve, .end. thu l~~rm.:.inin.i. J5 blll:tOtt mDJli~Ql~rs ---~-i- ~a.~~i .. . . ..; '. ,. ;,'!.;

for consump~ion1 and thi_S C&"'l _be.- diVided :;ooughly. on the- uverO.gc o:f :3·.5_

i:lan- hours ;or ~abor per 7Iorkaro Let ua ·uuypoGe thUt in_ 5 y.&o.ro t:lin:c,

by· itlcretisod :producti'Vi. ty, the m~:·'l hov.ro uf l:il.bor .of' tha- orune ·. .,_

'-:,.r~::-:~ri~-t/-;5 -b11J.ian · ~o.n ·hoUr~; ----~X1~!.'.!t:Si~?n _-cey ·oe- A.?l)orti~me~ .. -~0 . ol.J..!L> .. ~n,·.c:': '''':'i'J:!:

educu.tion a...?Jd~ administration 10 b~l~icri~ 1·uDerve 5 -~1ilio~, ·:rind the,.

Bulount s.;.vr~ilnblo ~~r conal.u=tption -ie. there1"0re 50 bil.~ion, n.nd,.: es.Ch- :

worker therefore .ha.~ c:t. hie. ·di:.ipO~al. i"or conall!.lption ~ ~-en ~ot:.r~ _:_of:.:; ~ . . - . ._, ·'

labor. Le~ us cv.rry it. !urthdre~ In en other 5- 'yc<U'"V t~c =e..~ ho'u:-:1·:· 0~ _ _-;-~-<;- "'"'--:2"-

lOO.or is 100 bil~ion, e~q.>uncion--;:;111 bo_ opJ"lUJ.•tioned l.S bi.l!ion, eCluC~-·

tion_ nnc'l &dlniniotrution 15, rt:b'~.r'l/0 ::; ~ u.."ld 5.5 billion reme.ln:.i. The

soc1o_ty may then deci-de· t.-.. stt'J.!'" ct 100 b1111on oc.."1- hou:o f"or a. ;poriod.

und work_l.eaN hours p~r C.ny unci G.iVidc· the t'.:o'rk. Hore -co hUvo the

kina. of aociet.y·· t.h&t docu :not produco acCord.in.!.f t.o value ..

In- a. vuluo producing soci,;t;:· the tnn.'"l hou:rn of lubci- may bO 50,

75 tmd lOU billion. 'fht: "'!>S'"' <o1' the wot·kcr will ro:nain ~htl.t it oost"

to produce and rcp:roduc c hica. Thera ic no ullo1oo. it muot rernnin

there. Henoe, ono roo.aon ·tiby t.horo io .t\ oortEJ.iil llno-· .t.O -tho dev-OloP­

. ment- oi' uup1 ~ulist ln•oo1uot1on.,: J!rom a pr~oshze in Vol. III(tl.9) und

~('

~\--:!.7-

incicutl<m&, '1.t i:> cl.c:.:- t.::lot. .,h::.t. !!n:.,_· k~~ s...,, !oiiiifl!''. ·- __ ., --

·:-.~~6- I~~l.o __ \~1nB: ncc.o~ciinc;·· to the teohnolOgio!i-1 e.bYe{oP~ent.

If' ,for inGt~.i.nc~,

._~b,cre~ sUri"ioient f'or--eo.cll per_S~nj. You· h.u.Vs ~~liai tiye. co:nn.Ukti~e ...... ,.u.,_.,.__. th~ tech:iicaJ. leYt•:L ic e. lHUc 'higher, y.;u h;;.ve a. certain' =ril>~r .,/

- - ·'- - '-. - ' ; " C• '- • -• '- • - , •

'.·" ~M>. no Urn. ~hiCh cucp~~ a. ~~uv0 _!IDd··, lu:ter u. ISGr~-. s.,ci~ty~- -:iihen:­

·ts·~~-~~hi--.-~uVe!. ~?f': pi-ciuuctici:l ia ~tramel.y hi.~~: \~1ii1·. a

-D~b_e~--~f ern h9ure c.t the" .. diapaau.J.· o~f s~ci_e-ty, You ha:v· tl_a·-,.ci::·:le:U:st

,:socle.~y, llut between reudal:f:.Oociety with ;. cart.ai.n J.evel o1· :cie.n

::_h~urs·~- · ~d- i=_~-ciu.J.io~ societ.y_ ~t a fc.r ~i~er levol., you. have· suCh

---~ tia.f.rUnt- ui' I:J.Un hours ut tha''disp_o~u.l.- or sooi~ty· v;h1oh ·cor:t:pe~s !Bl:ilo:

· pJ:oo~UOtion. ln ~:.j-~uo _prcducti9n th~- n.ccuiDul.ution oi' capi iai me:ma

_ .. to.ge by etc>&e _the nc_c=.ule.tion o:r mieery.

In ·non-vc..!..ue ·yroductivn on tl;.e iev~l

, 'You ~u.y_ no~ b:u~e-Ycocplote' ~ooial.iGm •. ·.'J.'l,l~~-·o:a_e-1o_ty c.sy· :hci _ tr·,.••s:L~io,m.:LO;

bUt. the devftlopment o! ·the -pi .. odu~~i'V:'3 .-!'ol~ctHi nust. ccrry- ~cith, it---~:th"e

-devel.op~ent ar..d thO e.x:pannion Of_ t.lio conE.Ufiittion ~_o-r the

tlia :cx1ate:·!.oe oi" t.."le norld t:ir;.rkct. necks to ini"luencC:-_ thO_ t_r~H~i~ioiiaJ.:--

~ st.e.tG t:U'id the co:-tstwpt:\.ou io di'\tid.ei:z- Uli:i.Or..g thtt ·prod.uceru ncic~r_ding U>r.t not

to bourgeoia stundurd in· thu nel1ze ·.ci'/eu.c-h reoe1":_~'? 5, _but one Iil6,y

r8oei":'i9 6 Wld another· 4 _, but tl~o -;:hole- lu.\: o~ .moti.on ci'" the ~-e"tu:iii!y

is entirel.y dif:!e:rcnt fro~ t.ho 1.6..:: oi" motion of Yt1l.ue i>r,lduction • . or

In the- early yov.rs/tho c.x1otence Oi: t..hG Soviet Union the rn.nce ot•

1:~eu >:t_.O 1-3 Md evo~' ir.:il'roveza\;l·J.t in 1'roti.uct1on rsiscd the- et.-e.ndo.rd-:­

ot· ~iving o1" tho ,o,·ker &o th "t ti:r> :vr•la;.;ction reachod,_tho lo ... Dl Df

_tho Ttuu.~ist dl~O, tho rccJ. \;'r.t;etJ o1· thu v;orkor \''l\O 125%' 0-:. · thc.t atsnd-

~d .. · In thu.t lH.:r..au it ,:, ... a net n. v~uo-pnoduo1nt> uoci.ot~.- ·. Ens;elti ., __ ' -·

pu"to it thuo:

.-.890(

r•r<idttc.<•.d.~c<>rding t.<> the Uuiount o:r GcoiW.l.y-nuceosO:ry i ... bor .. tti{.;: PUt. ).. t ai·mp~i. iT· a -·uc::b~~~--~to.k~~\~-~\:ar~>:· ... ,_,,,.,~, To

in Germe.!\Y, the proi!u.c.tive . :;yato:n in

. . .. W~--.-,h_~·-,n:s -9f!icient.· til '.it. 1s·- a.cc_l,r_ai_ns. ~f.> cr.:p:ttR.li~t.- m6r~.:is·;. et:.,

-"de~~;ac·_t~ve· ~1.a·--thc bomber :p:r~·rtuced in .Aaerica ~ut·- its vt:~~-e-·.iti~ the

· capi t<llist society is le s~ •.

,·,The.;Co.lll!llodity of .cor.t~oc.it.ies ii1 ar.pita:t.i;;t Dociety. iS' ~nc.or· '·

po;:16r·'·ao· tl1nt_ the \':h~~o tiOciet·y ill r;uve·~·ued by t-h~- n~cea'sfty or

-.-prociU~ing iE\bor poo:ur a<.:cu:.~O_ins to tho :i:O.:l;l0I· time naceocury :r6r-~ ·the ' ..

pro(iuct_ion _.o1' t.his ~cmloloe!~ ty_. '. -. ,: -. -- . ---'

l.ittle conce::-r; tc th.,. ?roperty ·owner; . . - ;• --

in c~i):i.'1..cl._1St O~Oiety ·1 ~ 1_t1 tlH.:~- £irst consider tion .- Let" ua rep~~&~;- __ ·

it. h the first oonsiderLI.ion •

.For-·rbiJ.~VnD ,-:hit;;h !J:D.r.-. h!;.G o~J~nined a,.-,(i r.hich a..'t"e i~111"~

;capital it_ society is o. soci_cty in Y;hich the til:lOUI!t ""£"" accumuJ.a.tcd

t)r. dead. lc.-bor or muchin.:l:c"Y is- the Cicc 1sive i"u.otor in product.iC~-. _

Therefore. eve1·y ou.pitcW.ist is driven by the neoeus1ty o:r accumuluting ·

a.e muoh- c:r this C.e!<.d -labor r.:.s :;,)csaible. Unli_ke e1&.~ory or_ eort~o."Bt,

unla~c her :conr.tat:itly lncre~;.i.H.Hl -the c ou:tt of s.ccumulntcd la'bo-~,-:--

e~;··t:l."lda, o:. roorgc.nlz.eG hie ;:.ll'.nt, or doQs o..!.l three th1nf;s,_ the

Vt.'J.uo o1· hio productive nystmn not only doclinee but. diotlp;-ea.re

.r..l tog<:thul·. _ ln uormu.l t.it-wiJ he locos· hie z::u~rket bo-eauso hO cn.rmct

aellt> In nbnol"Wil. times he lc dt!l"~:u.t~d in bottle and hia ~hol.e

.. ·'. ·--. ~\, ...

- .\-

_-.-:.o -221. ;·-::­y·

-.- ,,··-.:_·.:~--- ;--.;,~;_~~-:;-.~

How, _Md--'ei;:li!t:. ~-e .tJTie .this _.tO U!).~~. the o.'"ll.~ .:po";:er:~_.cfo:t~~-;:>· - -;~-'--~--:~

cnp:Ltul ia the •lino=t of living· :Labor, "'h!ei~ hv ~c~pitli.l thr..~- -h~_ a,{~~~ ·has,.- , 1h~~O-i'ttr~ ~~-s~; ~~-in

-- -- ' - ·. -- ~

•·.to·~to .. ·we;cen,t.vD.l.uo, that 1». to c.r .... te eU...'"Pluu vul~e, that 'i~. _to ···.-

aa.;vi tw:1·st· Pro~iu:ti"On. · ~---

\lhat the cap1 tulist 1.:a· oul-!>lua- ~B.bOr:~1~ ·the a.b~~:t:riat,-

that :i~-~-_to _.say _e. vn.l.Uo- gruo.tor _thtUi. t.he _ . ..,~U~ he e~~,d~·d_.· · ono ths.t '

->k-1~1:- enablO -~1!11 to arr~ly thio vUue_ tO· tho :sru~e. ar··a..""l(rthez" B!lh~r.O_-_o_f,_ .. ,·

production ldliOh <Uito him. .-- . ' . The el&Vfl .Oi;no.r --nnd tho f~uclt¥· ~~re: ."'-id--:

riot reciuire .B.batruct. _~&bor.; they ncedE:d:· oonorete_ auri'l.~ri pro_6uo:t6'i ' .. ·-; - . .

·In _·,s~-C-i_a:l~~t. -tiotiiet~( pr~:.:-~c-~r~ ··•:2-~~--r-otlui:--e ··con:cret~ _c~lua .-~:r:oct~CJ-~~-~ _--, c,cc;zcc

_ !n·_- a _co.pitnl.ist. nociet.y ,- not. kno-;d.n.s 'i-:ho.t· the' -(; ondi ti~onc oi".

murket o.r6, not.· ·kzlo-.:"ing what a:t·c· the -c'ondit1on·a-·and. ...• , .• _ . "-. _. ' ', . -- .

home market __ beoc.u~c -t.l_le ~·or~d market conainte-: _onl.y of the

-.Ya.rfoua home murketa: e.dfiei'd togothor, and· eo.ch hOruo mBrkot io s:overned

'&lmc6t entirely by the. ohoa end disorder of: nll tho home l'lurkato, t!int

· ,io·_._to·_.o_r.~/} the r.orld mo.rkat 1 to v.hich--it itael!' contributes its o'm - - - .

--· Ch·~:~:fi, t.he ca.:_:,t tnlit individUeJ., cOrjlor(~t.ion or aocie.ty :::1u~t bo.-!q_~-

o•rncd \Ti th the largest qu~'i.ti ty o1· o.bntro.ot· ~abor ·dl1ch he' cro.n squc~:~til!. · ·

~ out <>f hit\ ."orkera>. Thia qttWJti ty o1' nbotruct lnbor . in a<UcUl.ated

8o~arding_io the ourpluti value, thut -iG to -o~y, tho vnlua ~To~ t~e lliDOWlt. of livill£> Ubor.

2• VaJ.uc Ia " Soo!&.J!S..l.!•tiol!...of J'>'9<h.:ct1on

( u) Abn'tr.!lot- m:ld concreto lnbor.

But abotruct lubor ''h1cl! 1n Ol"OiltiVu 0.1' Vuluo ie only WI ngsro­

Slltc or vu.rioua klndo ot· ;;onurvi.o labor. Only by monnc or concreto

~nliOr~" Orily __ tJtro~ ~u.e~li...,nir;z _U _du~i::i't.d a.r_tioltJ, u. dl•oao, --~ oha~r.,

t.raot.o:r, owl n \",;J.wu l1,ur:iaa bo ,>roduood •. Vulue :nl'\}' be 1ndirror:mt

vW.uo l>"i' wh1<:h

tuu'=~al.ue t.hat. :,the sb~t.~~o-_~i~!l,~'~•L,L11"i ~si'";•c~:m:,~t,~;;!~.:l. •'Z•ol'm.,"7 ltone~er• ··the c~e]?':ftal t-B t:-~ ;.;iSJ,t.l.y di·a_tr~~:t-~s~. 1 ;Ji,~ .•• i.~~;c,i;;i::·;:: :·;.;;g:

tha.t.· iS u_ mn1,;r· to dig c~~ or 8.-:lo.th&· .,(,rl<ii,;:

create yW.Ue.,. Indeed it 1& riot within ,the ngt.ur~ -,,_ _:_' - - '. - _·_-,· --·- - .--',.-,- -.- - .- ,. __ -- -_,_.--_-"<_',_ _-:-. :,-7.- - __ ~:-

:l•di•oror, whonc. co~crote ~t.1Tit~. utri~;,.,· ~<I "bJe~t1f'/ it\;ll' .. ·~ ... }~ISr•· art.icl.e ·in .co:r'roapondenoo ..-1 th hie sp<!cli'ic ok1ll · l a '(lhoe!Gske:!:" ·to :~;';.U.,fr''"-4 .. ·. ' . . . •. . . . . . . \ .·.·;... . .

a ·cutter ~d.icane-s) to b~( twncerned·_-n"bou.t_ B..bstruot.·~.v~ti_as·.;.

;t:et t,luo car•itel.ist knows too that onl~ tt;rough the exfJroioe of IIi:;, · · ·f.;horer' a l?nrticul.ar skill, throu!;lt th.e. crentior. of an o:tic'ie .of:

·. utUity, tha.t e.,vei1.0.e: to(l "o.nn t.e c,r~e:t~~.()) I.Bbor. is not oi.iJ,m.dod t\'!ice:'

once· t.O· j,ironU:Oa ._a .1J.'ae vul.ufJ _rind o. · uc_C_-Ol!:d.. 't-1rJo to 11.i-.odu~~- n·· vei.ue'~_. -.. - . ;. ; -

Thf:re~or.a the partiouJ.ei" -~ictl:ihn_ o1-._-th0 C(1.pite..1.iet--~s·~·the>_

~eilt oi" ce.~.~it.ul. ia -to ~oe tho.t.,_ irrOS:f~BCtivc oi' tho cori?rete_ n~t-iv:~ty·­of ·:the-.. ~o~-'-ker, _,the o:!.;_-HJr~:di t.u-- e of tho 'work61•' u _ ~o.bor l)O\:cr k(!ep~---t.'1c1e

' ' ·-·· -. - - . . ' ' . . - .. ·~ ' - . -

~1-th ':t:he. t.ickinL. oi·· his :f'ar..to:ry cl.cc?:i:,. -r.hich :!.lJ eot to- the u.ni'Tt~renl..--. ·- -.· . ~-_.,_

L-,::-the _~abor- pi-o..:;eee, __ \'trote l!e.rx, the d1otinc:-ti.on· UctY.e'B_n· . .'

concreto ~a.bci~- p~oduciiilg uea-vUuos illld eibotract lo.b0r' u~autirig -~J.ue~-_-:.' - .J:-·

11U.llpea.Xa bei'orf} ue· r..ct.ive~y. __ It io nc lons:er r.~ ~ho t.!clte_: it b~t ~~\i 13··

se1t-creu.te-d in t.he 1-,:·ocoas o1~ ~Jrocu6tion ... (~~- _ 'me snta.San~ma--_ botiroe:> connrc.t.o lo.bor only 1nter.,sted in objoc't1fying itself in nn

'article c1' lktility, roo;o.rdloan of ~ho mir.ir>Uru

?r-~:5,~at1on, and eb~trc.ct J.o.bo1·~ cynical. of uoe-To.lu\:u3 n.n.d concttrJ;led .­

only ubcut. Te.J.uos, is r&oolvotl. ""l'it:M'i<t1cal.ly by tile ut1l1lmt.1on ~f ~ne _ o'f the tuoto.rti o!' _!.~r-oth.ution, L~u.tttrirU_1:::.ed., a.ccumu].~tod :i.Bbor ·a.;-_ 1:1i­

o~U:-b noainat tho othar r~~:toF, liVL'I'lS"la.borc_ j.abor ie -m(i._tGrin.lioed_in

J.lle proco!5n 'oi pt•C.~duction. · A uo~ottlty uriBC~l_-!:.:om t.hc- pl'"Cpena of

produat.:J.on. A .Jot:.l:lod1 ty h&!li oOl1.l;~mJ.ed in it the 1nve~·tod ___ rela.t1an

of dond lt<bCr ·to 11Villg .V:bolt'. 1'he a .. p;l.t.a.list hu.G "'on out on U;o

. -~-i~c --~l&i~v;n~~ L~i-~d l~bor d~minn:toa living. l~b6:·... r.iTini£. ~f~!Jor -r~·oc:.-.

.. ~~~ nl~~roi11-J!'illl:VO:.L.l'•4~

.iiOawnU:!.O.ie.i on<l. ~1v1na .labor, or the reel. aubordina.t.iorl o'£ ifibor ·to . copi. ti.il: · ~ :-.

~h~~~ :_w8.G::·~e&~- ~:abhr. or -mr.Oh.inerl'~-:. ~-~~ at l.Haet . . . . -· ·_ . ' . . '. - ,' '' ~ . . ... : '

.on~~ta:iiet eocietioe l>ut dead li,.bor did not £>!!!!,!~~ . eavage was the oompl.et.e ~i.,ate<· of hi~ bow .,;,d arr<m; ·

-·'· -·:;liU:'i\~he_:_ dam.:"!iati!d -:itll .... '.rh0· serf'_ ·vuf1 -_without a tZ.eciior

But. ths.t crude inet.rument did not lio:ve a val.ue.wtoich

~ a.e:~!if:t.E;ci,) .. ts indopondcnc·e 1n the ·process of .. .?rodU:Cti.On·-~·:so

en~~gy> of t_he living ~aborer we.u. u mere neens :r'or . . -.

·:-: ·}lO-weYer··,.:· T!he~ Gl1 e:li-:St.cal. aut..Omob:iiC _boey. .despj_t~ -the heFlovy :~O_o~1f~ tOr otael and new aquipmont, -·ce.ri b~ tui'nOd out at· s. cost ·of' $,-~~'·ie-~s:: per witt, 'the c.uto ~o-rker· must. ben.t.:l hi a ·en"erg~eu tO the. tune· ·oi",~~t~i~

~~~siO~ .'Or-. vtU.ue· a.r.d ::rt:.oa -U:U~tJpioyme_nt> besides• - ltore Utd m·cre,-: meccllilnoa .<elf.

,:nee(f l'Css, aild less ~iviug _l.r.;.bor t-md t!l'?:::·c 6..11cl more 'p_erfec~_ m::...Chitt6:8

. '

ond_.--l._c::aso.: skill. in .the .gerier&l. ·ma-s"' of'. htm.nn-- J.:ab'o:r • . - '. ·- ' '~ -· . . · . .;.·.,

~--~-·--·~--

In' .the la.b~r proce-Ga ir{ g6nei·ai the ~klbo:er tia'e·a tho· :ci6e.ris'·. cit: ' '

production in order to f'ashion en urt.1c1e oi: utU!ty. In ·the J.nb.or

prooess_ or ca.pit_o.l it is not'·t.he wOd~o:.::·.-·~ho ~~On --the···meu"It~--·~:f" p:t-O,dUC_:·:·

tion but tho lOetms o:f p.-oductiun the "orker •. The lnbor pi•oces.s ·h.iiiii;

become u. .mere :na:;.ns i'or tho c.:.·e .. ~t1on ·-of" vr.J.ue. Labo·.:.·_. po~er and meB.lls

of' p..:·:Jduoti on .. r~ro: of' couns_e1' the lliuin elecente o'f uny- . .vo-cii!J- uysto_l!i ,

o.f production b'.lt onl.y undc1· "''pit"11Gm do they unitt"nc •the di:fS:•a·ent ·

modo a of existence wh~oh the vr.J.ue of t.h., ori,sinvl. oapi tul u.atJ~ed:- When

:trom .bein;; ·aoney it wus tr~_,nvfor~ed 1nt.~'-the,~~r1~u:-~ r~.i~t~rc ~'!· t.lnt

lt:.bor proc:uue"! vuriubla -=:;:.pi tal. ul'l.c! conot~:'·nt c;.pit_u.l.{'22} ·or; . f

Jlor.eY&t.·, even ua ~1:v·1ns lt.;.bo:r eM ~··tl.11•.lt1ou orily- o.c<:ocCinS to

ita speoi!ic ok1ll. so u . .ouumult..t::c ~b.bo1· cc.n :reti~i:£c--1tcei.f' ·us. Yi-.lu.o

u. --~l·v.O~?rr _it ~at. _Un1te·:Ttith.·- iirtnS:- ·l.a.bor~-;­

o~..:.n · tri:w.-isto:ra x·_ !!J6.t.ar1(~-1Ued'

~abor c"" preser\'<1 1 tuelf """ beiio"'" " sreat~r TfuUe ani)" ~ ':/:_·:,. -: l'; '

.. ia-de"d ~nbor Y.bich thriv&s bY. """kL.,:;uvin!>J.~bor~; Tlie

',-~Iii~ io: i:e&~st thio J!pr~~""" o! mxct.io~ •i !S( beouuoe hic.J .no• or

:z.·owor··is·:lni.t. a modo of the -Qxist-erlce. Or .. c:::.pite.l./ 1!-rh~~~-:--.f:~-:-\ .·: ','. ' '~, c • . - .. - ' • .. •

· o_orit~a.dictory n&~W:a uf'. ~~~ co!iil:aodi tieS '.~hich. they ·.1<:0~d- etl.~h

the worker necess~~_ilY entera the prOaes£ #Sf _producti-on _e.G_;·a. .-. . - . -- . -, _' .

c:omp~nent part o1"_ t.ha uae-v.~:..lue- of t.ho- re:~~ ·_be inS. of C&pi. ta.f-~

ihi·s- rel ... tt~ri 1.e~t·(nl.l.ised .~rJ.y_ --r;1tl~in_',th~ ?l-o~eas o'i:·

And '¥i1tb1n tho proco:sa o:r· P'-·oCuct.icm it·· is ·vl~Ue 1:'hic~'l. s.G~C;~-s-::~t_e 1nderoendonce. , ... __

-~ ' . - ~---- ' - -. ;· : .. - '•'' , __ :..

rGi~ticn,. The :reJ:s:tion :·~f'_ ~;-u-~ge-ln~_or t_o C!:>.p1 't4i~ _ie __ rivi- or~J.j-~~,di"f'~~~

~u~ocy an~ -~ubje~\:i~n in other economic o:pochs, dif'!~_ren~~-~ ~· · !olr~riter-

f'rom -tho·~t o!- ol.C' .. ve to ~; aerr ·to l.ord, but ·:!.lno from tht;t;- £orclal.

subo:rdinnt1on oi' ~>..bcr to c;:.;oituJ.. At the da..-n o! c~.:pitr>l.ist"~pro­

du~ti~~ tho c:,;itnU~t' s e>-?~oi~ntion oi" l!J.bo>: was limited· by t!le

teoimolot;;ic; l level o_r produ-::t.ivo :roroos lt. :rou..YJ.d in existence·

tu.Ld by· tll£- de;roe of' ol:.il~ of.- thf;.-·-!~bor'!re i.t !'1;nm<1.- Thus it .co~C

get. surp~us ~abDl' orJ.y throuen e:r.tonsion or ·the -r.o?klng duy. Thia

llarx .c..J.~s tho fo,·r.tul oubord1no:;t1on oi" lc.bcr to ccp1tul.. Tbe real. --- ··'-

1110bOrd1n,_tion or lul>or to c::.pi tc1.l W:l.O ll!<l.d .. ;,>OBaibl.JI orUy "'hen tho

method of production wuo l"ll"lOl,.tionized. Tlls "otivity <t:f tho

~c.borer then bucuin~ the direct. l).:'oG.uotivc oun6um;t.,tion ot· cn..p~tt•.J.

tlnd the luboror h1lneol1" bec:.•.z:te ~~a aimple monotnous pro!.luctivo

!orc,o thc.t dooa not h,,y., to ho.ve ei thor bod1~y Cl' intc~loctual.

( 24) llWl• P• 35

1 ' :'-:--

-t.irnCa·: mOO~_ . who lio."6_: crrernwod by riatu:-~;-, -;Oz:otl:\.ed

f&u.re n.'Cld the~" _bect.miS Yi~ti.lll to :tho gods :

-r.h_e~ :·it- th~d-er~d hi) eppe-iu.ed·\o .th8~-:~~~ .. - - ' ' ' . ,, : ·.:-.:~-:~ ...... ---·-:. -

thu1l:delr'.1'c•r. help; and he• 80UJ'_l0'1ed "'han ho ·""" lightning. lllodern "'i'' h•>:i' h, • ..,Qe,esed Ughtl'.ing b~t electricity hRro ~ot." Hgb.~oned til.. -,_. :J ·

bec.-.use the ocientiot.''i.e o·n tho punoll o~ tho

1~,!-c~ho nO:s suboroinated scien~e. even "'" he eubordind.ed l•:bo;: to

, ~i!"""l:f_. Uucllines ..-:hi ell t!.C'e the product a of man's o= labo~ domin..te ·.··.··;

· tl18·; liVing l;bcrem even ae nnttu~e_ .d.ominr.t.ecl primit:tvc. man-. ~.-£ not. -- . -. . - .. - :·

1n•'the superstitious r.~y of primitives men re.,;cting to ,the :forceiO o:r

nature, rienrthelese in thl!t { 1) it hus been b11yond his ~dera-inncil.flS; :. , and {2) u uoes for the """"tion or &.batract .... u.ues<

.The· -ro.d1.0 aaSttf:ble·r .. -ano·au J.ihr;,· llua to ~)Toct.uc~··. 59 :o:-it;:!.0_~_-,_,2-n: :..::~ :_ .. ,_,_, ·-"~,;:

ho~~-?dll not., st.Op ·to i·n-~Uire into 1i.a .nxech4nic~. He -w'ill. }'~ow. __ ?nl.Y

,., .~at~it m!.lana riase::sbling ~.?O ·.!fir~n B.n hour. ··or __ 5 .\~ir~.s p-~r- ·~-~~i·~:;' ~Y.O:c;o; . . - .. . . , . . . . "

-the wircs'.::lenn to -him only_ blU:o. red _imd g~_eeri ~:?01orS ao .tl'ia.t hi-S

.. aye Cf.n pick them wut .lfithout etoppiug to cono:l.der

handle the pair of plyars ~ith s\!ch opeed th»t the cbussis"-cto not·

_, ,:PiiO·-·up--nlong·ai'de-·or 'hie b~nch~ ·u:s pruu:r t..u·- tin,: Uo:;ls th_ut· h~.·--or;n ·kaep

. up with tho lin~ und thus not get ~ired.

The mode= prolot>.rio.t not only rinds t!tut he exists only ao

:·_ ~-lorig a.s h6 crea.tos v_&.lu.es, but tht-.t hie very lo.bor potter refuses. t.o

f'.mctiori outni.de. tho en..-ironment of tlle fsotoli'Y• Tho appreatice in

foudUl times may not hMe 11kod the eoven year po»~iod of appront.ioe­

ship. but ut the end -01 thut periOd he WnB Muster of ~ trade. But

todey the !:lUll who puts "" llub ccp on I'U1 tutomobl.le ~ hAc n<>

dlcill he C•.n OClploy OUtside the o.Uto fbctory. ""4ftd: lR!I .. f.~•·y-'Fhil8--.~

he !C::tn--t.he-;:rlf>\.-o~-t.c;u:.ttl'ry~-~~.ll~.ing,_g.tl-b.Ub-out•*•-:~ ;obot tu <L:ti en\ ad.~---~~-~_' . - .,_ -.-

·. , , tti .. G"ut::.2,-16tr1iii.D""ci1pii"l:ii ·-tl•e~·.t.l.m". ·i t-td<ca hlm 'to·-1>ttto~'O~_one~~=-l,(J :' ·.·•·· ·. . · · · · - - . ---. · ··,._',.'";c.;"'~ ·(_25)!l!;t~ Uurx

... ,in· Uai . tho6.,/daya of

.·rreoz.-_::th6.n_ the. s_~_;r,~_-b~t ~t:h~ ... t- 1n -.:b6~1-ty_-h6 ___ Ut.£i

-~-~~~~\ri~~i-~-~-~~d .\tJ .. _ t-h~. _·Vtoi~n_c~, or._ ~hin~u-o_-~(--2~)".,. ~n~oGG Si~ah~i~):· ~;·.: ••"-~~a::tiatio i'o_roea q~unter;>oaed to bim ·whom· the· d1~iaion ~1> l.n~o~ .

. hi.s elientl.ted r.:om 1iis ~:~er.tc.l powera, ;,~., oi'h,.,; ol1t .,. l.1~iria'l

\~~p~-~dsg~: -or ... :~ auChi~~n-_ru,-d compl~~o hi a '·encltivemeTit t-o o~p1t.tii--~~~-: -.- .-.· --~Th~ co~~r~tiufi ~o~- ~he ~nte:i~ect~ul·--P~~er~·-_ ~f ;;~~u~:t.~-~~:::,-

-;-.. . - ' . ~ . - \

_:rro: c:.:~~.u.l. ~c..bor _und the conve:~aion o! the_.se ponsr·a into t_tie--mi~t

or cnpitnl. over labor :\eo •• :rin<>l.ly completed by :nodcrn indiintx'y '

erel:t.6c on the .t·oundu.tions of- ·mc.chi..r?.cT.I:. Tl;le- special. ·a~Ltl: -.' . individuo:L· 1;.e1gnii'iccnt 1'u.ctor-J opc;rtl.ti·. e ]T<miahes as a.~' iilfinHe.ilft..,.

~~ -.::.-atJ_a_--or -lubor ~bOd:ied·· in· thcl' _i'ectO~y tlecht:.:'iis~ af,·d_- t.ae;OthcX:· ..

thc.t a6clian1_sm. c'~notitut£. .tho l'ow-~r- of

·Tb~~i- it.· -1:{ th~ _d~~itlnt1~n o1·

living la.b~r bhich- turn a accumulo.tud _ln.!Jo~_ into cai•i_tal:, u

:divorced :f'i-Om the- direct ;.:::rvdu-~-er end oxj?loit.ing him.- Al~

oi $xlstonco, .in- !~ct·, huve: bect~:.w t>O ooncentrs.tcd. c.nd oh;~.ii?,ened.

under C!lj,"l1ttU1am 1 ,vr,)te l.l.r.rx, that -they nr\!

lnbor nnd livinG ln.bo~.,.{_2gp_ T!'!e---untugon~!Z:~ reduced to twc: o.Ccumula.t.ee-

lnbor and llving l:;bor becoce lleropuii"iod intv the etruggle b~twaotl

·tt.o Ct'".pitt'-list l'.nd the .,·orkor.

[;!(( · ( 26 J ,u ... rx: T~'""'' Id<,olo':::w.. v ( 211 llo.rr.:. c,.n1tr.l; I, 462

--j_;,( 2aj U.r·.rx: Tho U.orm::n Idoolo,:-~. p.65

.··.· ... Q). ~· ·.

·~h.!u~!!;!_.1~1&~!:..:2J[j~~~M.!il1...il:2!om£1i~m..." u&rx ~ \L~,d-~:i):.: ~1~ '<>rpitrA· ui,.~lj;i ( 29) Beo ;n;,~ \,o~letely

-·:-;·.i~-~llit-~:~ ,--i,.b~tra.c;t -~~b_or ~- ,f~\.\0_-~~o::ii·t~nt~~ .ce.~itul~s~-- aoc:iety·~ -:•-:e : <·-' ~ea·d C?~Y- look u.1. Use _Tal.ue~ .. v:hich 1.8 t;b&rncter1·a~iC· o~· o.l-l.- ~~oi~~:

t18e. :f'or th~ ... ,con~

. o~ption CJf' ~ho, eliT5 o:.:uer ~:ho is the re~~D&:Jter oi'". ·i:J~ci.e~~:·. , 'rii

. . . _.

-l.Orda. In~' a. ·aociai1st- aucfciY UaC vo.J.t.:ati .l:.re :prOducatt i"Or -the<Use

· -: tli07;-o~1Gt;y_-p:rodtic-Cs s.Lstr~u.J·t. l.tifJor _.we: n:.:.v6 ·aeen thr~ot he- !huat -;i,l.O;-' -.- - ._ -- ...• - ' _, - . .,.•. . ,_ - . ,, ---.-

~r ~h~s ~oaioty· ~o~fcyer v-t:.l.u~ d.o:nitlt-.te~. thc.t fs --to·· say,· ... cai)~;1-t.~ cioCinatas,- thorei"ore. thS use vc.lueJJ .:~_rodu·:;ed n.re Use v6.l~es __

which--are ·needed noi. 'by the i'oorkt.::rc no~· by the cupi t.cl.iots bUt· by-~;:._>

t::&.gent,.~,tho lJor:aonifiau.t1ou Of cu.1:itt1l.. lie eu.tc t:..nd clrinko Nld -buya

_mink:c tmd dit~ond rin,gn but thu.t _it.: merely ·tho by-~.>rodu ... ;t of the

-·syStem. I-l1u mu.in o.im io to !i.UCtmu.l.t~.to u.s uuoh oonseu.led nbutract.

poon1ble. lie 11:. the u.gei.lt ci' deud le.bor thut. must ·-ua_e

living lnbo>· for its ~~.wtcnu.Hce, lt·!A •)nfLt..k'L(. £' V L ,: ti£r Llf'tlue~:./

ma:roltet- are onJ.y tho reactions t;a '- -' --

. -. .'- .- -i~~~- -Of_- _C ai)i t.~ 1St ~rodto'ction . ~"thi~h perVa:ae Cil.p1 tu-iat· -s_;_~-~-a-~Y:.-•exte:rnO.J.:.· C~'Jer..:ive ~fit:S hu.vi_ng .!.'ol::c;r over cv_e~y _ir~dividUei·_·.: ~

. cakit~t~tom?> .,_- .--- -'. -._ :,: :-,' ·'-·

,',··

_ . _ -._{, "_:.~h~-~ v_Gry. sii:lpl.O ;_r_Cll~.:t.iori--c:a.pite.l

-.-. oX~;~~~-~-~-~--· ___ th~ _ ~p8r$onificat1'?n . .-_or. thingS. :e.nd the..__ rel..l.l<>."'"·"";on

p~~p~en~J2Tha capi tali._Ut 1·a merely _the perso_nii"ioa.tion ·o:r. mes.ns ~ - '·._ --... ;_-_- -· -

(,"f~ p_r~-dliction ( o.nd mCt-."le o! cOnfl~p·tionf ml'l-de .indep.erl_de'ri-t:. oi' -tho

the_-' shape Oro- o:~pi tal.,- --a~ u.n alien :force OX1Jlo1_tint; hi~. Cn.:Pi t~ ,:.

'we>muSt ·r:emez:lber•· is not o._ thiuc; bu-t a. £;O~iul re~a.ticn .of ·;)r'.)d\lC~

t1on established by the '1nstrumentsl.i·tY o:r thing,.

· UEti tlier_ the ::::l'uve o·~ner nor the i'eudaJ. lord t:Ol"e ihe.

All aur:plt{o proC.uoto were--p~odti~e.d-,_··.<c~~: :

ue1 thci- ~~~~~:-·ii{S~_e/_· '·c_, _,_,., _; . : "

-~a.iill.Y: ~o_r tt.em, and not "fo! __ :P~UciU?tion's 3uke".

· _o.ny:mYGtifi~ut.iono ubo~..tt th~::.: soci_nJ.. roiutiOns cxt..'ant. ·1n: th~ ooC_ic_t~-~~·-' .. The 're~.l Der7i tudt.: of' tho 13le.ve \,.:::ttJ no_'L mu.sked' a.nd he knOv;, that-·\;~th ~ -hi's times :-Wld hia:·very per·aon OelOllgAn -t.O_.tt£0 I!l·Ustiir. Juot nn.clenr

wero the .relu.tiono of sor:t: to ~ora. _ 'I'he ser~ knot-; thut he £;ave the

lor·d l'.'llG U de!ini te un~oun't Of" hie ex.punded _la.bor time. J3U1. irl

ca:Pitril.iat noo16ty r'o.n he.~ become "rei~.iod", that is hn.a_ beoOm_e an

obJect for h1laoult. ln th!.t «<ciety coctial rdations aro oblique,

exCiuinS.t~ in ·tho curdinul tie, u:nd rolu:ti.onu betwom1 men t\lllJ~fU"·-' ti.B

----rol~~t-iona _bet\'tOen:·_ thingu.. Tho ~c.boro:\~ is .the l:l.vi~1g: omhOdioGI-lt; C..t - but not ·ito rooipiont.

lubor -po_r:c-r, u. oou!·oe of ·nH·..l.th,/ 'Tho o-:1.t~~ituliet ili tho piJ:reonif1c&-

tion 01 dead ln.bor. Tha contont o1· hin t:.ctivity "'is onl.y .tho rn-·

t-ionf"..lizo~d utrii'c t;,;.nd

bcssurl.y und ubotruot

tdm of the hor.:.rdor' of t.rotu:.ur<H>, ,~.,:;)

oont.(;nt!r unrl hi !l "all-enveloping

nalf'-:-tt::tp&wion _Of Oiip1 tul •.

u.complotoly

aim" 1o tlHt

\ -,o 1 •rchiv"P-n( vr1 1 ,p. 3:!; -z '~> s;n. •• H.\) .• r, .. ,J: qHs\l.~l0lit 't l11li' • 1 ~9 .• </ ' ' lj[ . . ~J~·· . '~ lf·) · r!:;~ 1 ~H·J~~:.,:;;,;;,:.~t·:l~~

--L--;~>'' It,.- :rs::im;port.,~ut·r: _th.ere!ore,· -fulJ.y. ·tc· u.~uierstand ehht: !ltU"X

. ' .• "' ,:.__,_"'·:.. ... •' L.,.-_ •,;~.--,••

. . ' [- ~.- ·- ,.,., .. _

,-,_ .,:-.-:· -~::·:··':

.:!'_I·t._s--:{ the genol"lJ.l. _oontru(iiCti·on-! a) e~zoc:1i'i<;_. ~h~D.O_tt.!~.\lS ·• directed ut _the eiistina v>!.lua or ca;pitnl . .Ufa me.m·,; :c.:r. i_.

:l.ncreasS.Iig this .value to· t!Hil ut<u>:st. •. The i:iethods \i)-:.io-liial:":; it.·_,o.inio -~_to-:-neocu_;pJ.i_i.Jh'.:thiG:U.ora.P:r_iao. a.- i"ell_---iD · tlie_~~ rate_::-of- . profit, ad.epreCiaticn oftlie_exiating cO.pital,·ond a de-'

, vel.opm(Jr..t ·_.o·t_:- _t.hoO.-- p_rodu~_t!.Ve'- :ror·cec. -of- ~abor:-· n.t_'.-_thC_-:-Uoen_flB oi".-.thc ·a..l..%-G~:.dj.~ Createri z)r0eU·;·t-1ve· i'orc6a.• (-34}.'· ·, · · : ... ~-- · --- ''. . ' '' , ' . ' . ,._

·_"!·u~rdc~ ~•CXi~t.inri; .va:t.uo"• The. drtvci----·behind ca~;te.l-1'si·_~~~--U.'ll.ike pr-oducti<m under elo.ve;cy o.nd '""'!dom, ·thie:

---~ --~~~ti.'ri~_:vti.l.l:l~ -- aimr)l.y does nOt exi_nt- :Cor -any ~ongth at. timC··;but ,io·

-.:.c~nSturit~Y get'tiug' am~ler and umu...!.lcr, It 1:;i.J.J. n&t be -~o ~ .. a.-~"~ ~-

::l

Cil.~ct· uociety .. _ In a soc~a.list uo.;;ioty an ll;arop~o.ne in Itcly mQ,y

-~a,s-~- ~ ~~U~ 5 hom·s oi' labor ;uf cu~_~.~.w.·ou to x !1our'a in tho United

.Staten. t11a.t 1s u. ·!!lUtter- !or ree.dju.:zU:lent in tho ·t)lr-..nt o.r the in­

t'oi•mn.ti:oncl. uot;it..l i ty ~onl.::lunity, but· :tho 1,~~n.t. i t£3-Jlf' doe.s not loS-o:-.

·-- f cne .. s_i~~g.lo --iot.;:~ Of Vblue tb.e:t•eb)-• bl.:ccu.tJe '7U..1-uc :ts tiot the snuc:;#) oi'

.. ~-- llar.x proc.:eodn .to ur:.y tho.t;:-;.;·l~i1e_ thQ ·epac:ii'ic ch5.·ructer o'£· __ ..

cap1tal.1Gt production ia directed <>'i. 1ncrN,3in& Yr.l\le, thc.zi:ethode by·

o:r pro:fi t, u. de,oroc1ut1on or tho ex,tstin;;; cupi tal- o.nd. a de'V'o~o;i'munt of'

the _pl·oduc_ti'Vo f'on;oo o! le.bOL' c..t the ex,.onee of t.hc nlree.dy-- ~r-oc::te·d

•ii,ProGuCti'V_o i'or~uu."-

We hcwo ooer~ hOt"• tho cop1tU.1Gt- io cvnt.~ernet\ rn.ii--uly with~

bbatruot vo.J.uo bu.t hu net'ldf] th:tc ul>stl.·Cct vu.luc !n order to o;qiS.nd ur

ruo.rgc.nis:.;e h1n prQduc_tl'Ve oyote:n • .:nut- thtJ- III'Oruu.ni,zo.tiol'l oi' hie_- pro-

inca:euuoc tho .~osu livins l~bor tw h~a to uue.: 'l'hu.t- itJ "t<hut he wunta

ta do but. \-;bon he duac t.hut he loutH.mH tiu: rol~J.tivo ClUt~n.ttty_ of

docrec.a:nl.. 'fho oOl.1trud1ct1on of ~o.pitt:.l.!.nt. -1~1·oduoti_cn docpone.

.· ·,

~.:. -.. __ . ·- . >i -.. ::.~"-

~~:-~~~~-;:~~~-~i~ito·~~:~_o_~~i;~u&--·~i'~i:~--· ~ t~ci-- thG· ~bGo~~~u- J.n-....:-ef _ih-~r~~i;'i$ .. ·. _. :; • ·-- -•·, •• , ., .. -- • ! " • • .- •. '<'f.'

:IS>i.~~4~ _~r proGtt"t1on co""" intu coiltsion Uth rn~ther.,<l;~-:~,~l~;}' __ ·cb.-c~c_teriatio ~-e.w of.· ·oe.p~:t.r;.J.ist e-.::ono:.l3-·,-·thc- c.unst~nt inore~se:of'.:•.;'~·.:'·.-: -.:-.·,-:'·.'~>·-·:,:. :: .·. --~-------_:· " ,·: -. . ' . : ·_ '_,-·_- -.... _. ~ :-.':_<.~' .. -:>:~~'~/~·-,~~}};f;?<".:-

_:~~nai.~C~t>~~it~l-.: --~-Chin'es~ ·!'~t_:ctht._:_ei;por;.a.l- oi· -Vir1n.bl·~~- cnpitl!l-J.·#;·,~wn.t·

. 18, ~i~in~ ·l;bor power.; · L!ore .~n<l i>o>'rl ""~ohin(u; tnd ;ie5n i>.n~ ;;-~~~-'fG. r~i:~~V,~ ot living lr<bQr rill>ena leu" r-nd leas rclritive uu~;!u'r~~J.~~.~-­

. ::/,:Th~:<~-~P-1t~i"ist ~1:::a · tu expc~d -t!.i'ct e::i~tins. v~1.1 .. e __ -._ r,y·.· 1~~-r~-;.:·a::::".-_~: . .. ·;-_ ,, ' ' -' . '' ..

dl.ioea·t..~~ GOods cher:per, thoretorc tho Vr.lue sooo do=. Thia d"':i're-_ · o1f'1:ti~ri:~-'is ·not: .d.:~pl'e_air.tion·- by nir ond.. i.-;o'"''tlle_:t- !roo. ·nl"'.--lurr:-i· _ C!l.uOUB:~',;:

, ··,"

.- _but·--!'\-'depr,ecit\_tio~ .inhorer-&t il"J p~o~ct_~_ou_ it.~·al_r. 1"~~- plrtnt ~-t~-e~t;,

the mee.nB ot productiqn r.nd t11e p:or.. ,re co·m:t,_ntl;r being; thro= on "

Scr;.p htlnp 1 - on:. n_ hiator_i ~r-,l no,. lei' o1' c_ou.n.:so, to J:tn~.:e :;.o'ir-Y • :tt?r_._ne_n,

~~---P~oduiJti~n~ d~:te.nried "t>y,_.th.~ ~_r.'.1 o::~ 'Vr-.l.uc, nl·-:.r,yn~nt the e.."tpena_u of•,

t.b.oaa- Whi..:..b .h~,ve nlreJ>_ey bOen ero~_tod;,

The ~.ut.o Wt.l:rkor ~.,ho _ WJ:!iil ntnQy1ug on hub c~~P~ not only hns

~no sltlll ttl be uocd outtlidc tho "i'pQtur:r g::tcc, but ono . :fin" d'?'Y, .-- ~h_iili_::·

he io Rt lTO'rl::, p ro'o~t 1G 1nvont.;d tht;t putu 2,160 hub cnpQ in the

til:>o it t,k&ali1m tCI put on on<>," pn<\ JIG !inda himseU' pert oi' 'the

rttaervo ~:"C-JY or uuecpl~ycd. Overp:::uCu'-~ tiun ci' lr bor -llOWin· ~·,..n ocour only ur.u!ol~ \';f'1Ji11..,-_l.~om

whex-e ~-ll .is str.:ndr.rdir.cd to the nanC.Ji or c~p1 tnl. If selr-·c~rin~1on· :­

o1" :r.p1'Lf'~ or..n a.:oUr uit.h ·ude csf l6UD fl:.tin --4'3 men iu 19'' f.rOaUOod­

"~t 100 men pr.)~\ice.: in lSS9--"ll men not nool\ud ir, t.>tc t pro"""e be­

come aupornuoun, r%1d the rep:ro\!uotion of tho1r k1nd IJnly t'iGt;rr.vntGo

til•' oont.rodiotory s1tu,.,ti<m ere, ted by cnp1trliut p;; at\uoti'Jno 'I'ht<t - - . . -

-~,ould. not bo ~a U:ndcir UoCif.l1u::J wherU u.Q :·Ut~r·:O 1uvor1tiun ;-:~u.ld 1-"lonn

not uvcrP1•odUotit'n ot li~bor Tlli\-ltJl" t but i/J,':6 lo1sur0 tv~ li:finu -~on • .- - . ' ".

l!Uuro/i~;. "{{,1;.,., ~ho 'iiGr\0 o~:~plGyod .·

·:-.: .. ,,,, 't!:'i~_.:;·-----•"·f ''\(; ,._,,, ; -. wr .. a ~-t:.i~~:.--:8.-.. ~o.Ur_S· _8:~~~~~, r-:t. P. time· 'fihen ·there wer~ 1'5

· ::it 1-s'- here?·-6-re- thun F!,."iywh~l.·_~ el.ao thRt ~'ie have

:·lli1'?--_~-~~~~~-:.9_f __ --t-~e--/~~:~-·t.hr:t the- o;orker in ·-pnid ~t hio_

• procruc~F; oocief. ;r~e work aicipiy ce-~not o~ di~i~ed th:> ~ the .. :r~rJ::erpys J?'-id o.t hiB VidUe • Ii the regUlatiOn num·oer

. - . ' ,' _--~;. --_._----~ ' ·:/:·._ ·.: . a, .Snd-'.the _v~~ue- _of thB _worker is C3· ~- d.ti.V,

- ' ' .. , ,, .- ' .. . for· --6 ~;;~;~ -~t~;.· tti~: aim;Pl.e· re~s-~n th~.t t.hen he will not

''"

.-:·-.-.-- - -·: ''

paid:athis'value.

' ·:r;, " value-procucirig society the productivity

the iabc;~erS. Constr...-.'1.t .techitOlogi·cO.J. revOluti-Ons tu~r ... n "'' . . .· ·. _:_:

:g~e~.t ~~:·a~~_s._only in the seris'e th~:t -they nre mFsD6d into !\·reserve

unemployed.· ThP.t !'.rcy b~cornes p, most_ powerful ;o;eopon f_or depr~-~~ing·,:r.ase~ . ..

of' the· emploYed worker to th.;) level 11hich GU.i'la· the needs ·of ·c_~pi.tn:1~-'-

"The la.\v; ftnelly, tht>t eli:r,ys eqU:ilibro.tes the''ree~l:n;t~i;v.~e0~:~~~i~i~~ .. 1~1~ poi»uJ.a.:ti;.On_: or. -_indUetrir:.l reserve army 1 to the extent _f--:nd e write~; .Mo.i-x re'gn.rding' -V1hn.t he Cr>.l-ls 'the F.bsolute ger.cl-~1 e.csowaUl.B:ti·on; q_thia lu.w -rivet-s the. lnbo_rer_ ·to tr.~

--· ·wadgoiriCt-~_;_,.~·.,_ e_in ~:·d_id ._prOiiletheu.s ._to __ ,thb .. :rcick ... : e~i~~~"j:i~i~ur~\.~i[~~~,~~!:!j;~~~ of .misG:[-y -.cOrresporiding _T!ith._-;_coumul.e.tion_ of t e.t_ Oile_: pO~e __ is, therefore,e_t_ thC uemcti_me nccum'?-1-r.ltion _ _ _ to11, ·.slaveey, ignor•:.nce, · brutnl.ity, ment.nl degr,.&.tion e1; the. on- -the ~_ide o·f :the_ clnes tho.t producea>its-or:r-1 product in ·rol:m

:Undar sl~very. snd- fcud::.lif'm the direct prod,iccrs wOrked fO:itg:·hours'.;_-~

becnuse of the very low productivity of labor; UndGr ce.pit"liSJ:l thel>rOl.$tRr:L

·works 'lont; ho~rs ~-acnuce of 't-he ":cry hic;h prodUC?tlvi ty of hi~ l;.~~bOr;

f'ew ho_u1•s r-... rc -necea.s.,.ry to produce his 0\',n neceasn.ries of

goes tO_ eXpnnd de-~d 1::-.bor th<"tt_ it m~.y be poscible _to uee lelia·- n.nd lesB

l.nbor in the production of TnluetJ. To any thG.t in Etll e-li\ce societiea ·wer,_l th maane incroP..Be o:f'

increase of/poverty r.nd the;·cby to equnte these societies with cepit.,list

·s-Ociety,. e,s _well es to BrtY t_l~~'t. in t·~l clr.se societica 1 the wol-keZ. is pa'14

n.t Tnl.ue, tho cost of ._I?-1s pro-duction f'!nd roporduoticn, ia to r.:i?•.ka tho moat

absolute nonacnec ot' the monumo):-:tr-..l lr.bors _~..if J.i'1.rx .. ---:--'

~~ ~:~~~·., :·::,:;.--~:~-:.;...,. . tiruc "t:.ut.onlt!.tior!lly" exahnng6d for aou1~.llv-neccsn,-.~:rY lr-.bor tilco, -nnd

:,··,·=~h~~y Culled_ the. fUn~tioning Q£ tho ln.W 0~ V:lUO.~ u~··ry;,~

a !>.o~n·s " ~y. nt ,.,. t1me ·.men tilers m•re . ~n n1:!"Y or J.:s miJ.llm

~~ii~:i.fJ'•.•G!J~~i;i;;l'~.; • \·~~~~~r·--:-aJ.p_vor:r · r.ri_d_-- :fEa~iJ.i6-~,--_mu;_-.c~worke·d- J.cinG.:-· h~~ -~~6_o~ua~~- ·· •·'·""''

-·----~--- >. - .. ;' ·.- ·.- -.·:- <"•'' '• ---. '· - \-··- .

£Bw- ·.hour_s : t:-:ku -.t~. produce· hio "_ou.n no_csssAXiea# , f'>_nd _·-~the ·:rust- :t.o ::-_-- · . ---.. ponsiiJle _ t-o-.Use 'l.eas: ·fi...Dd· iea2_:11T~G

---~- +~~-~ ·e_nd·· mu:ti:+-~~: .·t~~e, ~-{,:!.gh.i}\~f.'·.-_dc!;d lnUv:r·f_, tltr._t- ~t--·w...;;j-.'b~~(:~_l.~bO~o~·

--~lie producti:Vi!-Y -~i---t!;~ :~1-0rk~r -~i rt. Ti~~~-e-pi-~d~~irlg'·:·:~-0-~i~ty t.U...~~ ·-_e.g~~_in~~ .him~-- CCli!at~nt techriol.ogj.c__ ~~v_o-luti~u~ -me~ilR:re'~~-~ie:-~tim·~--a:-.

. . '.' - - '. ·- . -··; -

·:·:f'or :· t.b-~ :~-~~-t. W?.soea Onl.y .. .in. tb.e ~rn-snso ·:tti~Y -r~~e-- ~"s_Ged· int-o-:_=t.l16. rese~-~-

p.rril)'_~ __ or· u.ilsinp:!.oysd.· 'i'~lt--~~y becowet! r- t:!03t Poweri'ui ,ye~pori for

deprtl~Si.D.G- ~gea_. o:f ~o emPloy~f.. _,-,c..,rko'i- to· t..lte levo1 "thich suits :the

J:lecd.!i ~! o . .,pitn~: - :"The_ '1:1:.~, f!.nr.2ly,_ thnt· i;l.~r:rs cqu~ib~.tea .the--·_-.

rti:J.nt.1Ve Surp~Us-'popul.~ t1on Or induatri11~ reserve P.l'rq • to th<t'.extent Clld·- erie~e;y'_· o! ·n-cci=xu:!.M.ti.On; n wri.tesi.lnl."'X of_ "itll.-t: he OplltL il!.!!~-~.n. ......... ~--~-<: abeolute- ~4meral·lnu -oi" aripi:tediut nccucul.nt1on,_ •thio lrsi' ri-retfi'".the· c­

J.aborer to· c,.p1t;"n~· more f1!'1lll.y. til"u the >.edges oi' VUJ.c,.,n di.d.PronetheUs tO:·.th-{i.!-oCk.· :_-:I~ est~~~lJ~iuha~ c"n_ RCC~ul~~tion o·t.·._srrjl+;t;yT n1_ocl~--c-0n:-~n-

, _ ._ ·p_Oild1ii-S_)11tJi:·:_ ~cl'~UC.Uli~ tiOi'(_ tii":=:·ai\p.t t.~_:;.;. - -_ r.~~wuYl.l'~ot.i~;;_·; ;:;-.~,;;~~l. tn_~~;-~t.!£:_~~·-;_:.:,.;:;·:< ·.: ·--:: polc.l';._iB~ - _tho:n:tt:ore·, · i~·t· _ t.ho-.· a~..._rue" t.i.::.i_ e nCC'U..'lOuJ.n t1.on. of. !!!is_ory., ·: r-~_oey~. _Ot -.·. : ·_-.·

c :t01i,_ Olr_,.ef-j·,:.ign_orz:'.nCe~- -bru.~~l.ity 11 mcntnJ.· dO~\dr.:oti6n ~t -_the'ci})poSite _ .. pal·e;,.·-. i'.ec on the_·oicle o:f th6 ·cl.nsa thr:t. produoas it:l o-:.n P:-oduet 1n · · ~t.he i',o:rm o! co.pi ti"X• "( 50) · · · · ·

To G~'-Y: i.h~t 1!!- r.J.l clr.ss sociot.j_..e:.; 1ncr£woe a:f >;vei:~~h.rnf:r':lls~

._).n;:.re~u_o of p..:.t"lerty nnd thorob~- to. cqur~.te _ theaa ::soc1.etiea \Yi th. C!:.pi tnl­

iat soCiety, r,a -\·;ell ·nu tc O:"!~y· th:·\t 10 n~J. cl.,·-·as societiilo·, t.ha WOr~O'r

115 pr:id-(;.t ·id.z vr,..l.uo, the coGt oi' bin ;production ~"~nd reproduction,

ia ·to a ·,kc tho moat ~~1moluto nonoenee o'f thl) conllt.1antnl.-- lrbore or i.IRrx.

t.-o :~'no!·rt. itsc1f 1:l1!:".t:::· t:..n ov(.,.rridirab lnw O:r na.tu:ra.

,;.;: .• ·~ .•. :~~<•!~~Y thus. ~~~-~tu-·f·a 1 is~_.i.:i~":·-«rian·~_U. _:h:~~~s-~.- 1~_~1.1·~~ "\ii11iu~ <!u'~.~·~,~t~if):~~)'f;"t~·•':~*~ ·to ~ey;- I;r~e_uct.ion ~~Uiu ·be -c-~rJsCi:Ous~Y-

-··-~:~..,·~~:~tod ~, tl~rOUi;i! C_l"i&nG _: ru:cf ·c~:~tnst~oi>hcs · snb~r·ent- ·ch~~-~- _ot: 'a-·ur;-_i ~:J.u..1at __ p'i-o~~-ti·on•

'•:,_.

-.,._Th:e -.ClUsoiOtl~ econ0~1r.:t;o =-ist~o~ the. ·~~P;i'!'.lrent _.o~p~itY

ixlG in t.he f:?Otll:lodity: ~O.rkei :for. 8J:.1 _inheZ.en't, equt....Liiy_~ ... :· ~~--:--J:~_t1-~-,_ :;, - . . . - ' . ' - ;;~~--:·'

.~X~~ii11Sc··c~UJ.d- giVe· this lJ,:fllJOn.r~~lce .. ?t.,_c<c.t~~, ity:~_onlY _:~~~~i!~fi:·.Tc~u.o;

\'thich·_- rita~·:::. tea_· the eXctu:;tgo ~ i.o ~uqt~ri~licod hUman· lnbor •. ,- .. -, -- . '. ' •' -

~~b.'Ofl~ .. _t~e oOc:mO<!.ity :tu.t?o:r -1-\o;.,re::r i.G bouo.~-t _o_'luu.l·- <iur-..ntitieS ·-ot'

Eu1. Dince: one .iS !tmterii'.l.iced·

- co\_._·prOcbJ.ct:~: !ll~Ocy-;· u.nd bue-_ 3t_bor ill to. J.~-vin;;; r~eroon, the livtri'h

.!.'6r~_on __ -,JJa::f· be. and': !-6, CiD.de t.o.-- '1\'0rk neyond the ;t.i:m.c in· \';hisih t;he

l'nbor _pr·oduced by h~.£1 ic- aU.t~i-itUieod_ in the -mce.~a. of C':lnstU:Ipti~n

- nec.trs~~- :for his raprocl\~ot.'ion. !l'lequsJ.1 ty i"ol.lC.\70 !rOc t!lc ~a,ra

oi"- CCJ.UiU e:tchtmge·. _ • - ;'~ ··r'~ : ... ~ :

_Thercfo~a ~ JJi:.J:X po-intti o\.~ t:

--l~bor ·;,o·~OCr -~::.fld. that 1e ~hu t:hol·c J.?Oint ci" dB,p::.trtU~·c_ o'£ the··_

Of .. prod~cti.on--· meU'ie the cxahnn&e o:t a J&!'~ qUnntity or_;.!i!!lU:l!l;:!!~:~.!!~l:.~A·

labor ·ror .u gr<mto;;; quru>tit;t ~l: l.iyino ~abor, un<! u.1.uo ( 2) the

cOap-otitive st~.-·Uf)£.LC bct..r.oct~ t.H,;.pitc.listn co!lstnntly to O:VO'id _ oboymerit

or that la~ o1" vul.ue raoulto in th~ lnw oi' vc.lllt; r.to.oorting itc~lf',

throuGh poriodic::U oriaou. It u:uut not be :t:orgotton tho.t tllll indi-.. c~trnctcd i'l"tJ:J hiu l; .. bc:-"rs in hie J:F..rticult:r tuotclj"', but.·:aDB

pert. uf th~_ nu.t.ionr.2 cu.rplun V!.:.lUe.

Pu1·t.bortaoro ;--·:~;.!1'.: lk-~xicn cr1. tiqu& oont1nuee, tho olu.ooioal.

.... '. ,,., . ' :. .· __ ·, .. , . ' ' '

_:iaboT· \7hei-_Uc.a moliGy: bec·:•f!1f;Hl Vtr.ri&ble Ct" .. !'itaJ. only a.f'ter ·th'e ex- ...

/ch&lge, t~et. :is it. ueo~es ;,_ ve.rie.ble megt>1tudo .. · .. ··, ·' . ' . '

cr nug:~cnt.s in ,

J.t ie --;1.-~c~ss_oi•y .

. -to_ ~-~~J.:,.BEi ·-\~-:hO:t_. '-the. ecaOm.iatn c~na.d· r\Ot und6re.tand, thO:t t.nir~~~a ' . ' . ' : ' '- .

--~~~~:~.-iS- CoDseaie_d 'Un:pa1~ labO_r.· _e~rou- ua·.otaiUe is_ c·onseaJ.O~-,hU:::~

--_:labor·. The i,.-..:.,.ort~ll~ thins to note is that· c:C-iaes, accordinG tO

~arx. 'c.:e r.cJo.tod· in 'thie 1"!!!.ct_ th~t. the co::!!Jo_di'\,;y labor power,­

:·.in··'the 11rocess oi' l)rodUc_t.ion, ro1d not iil the_proceas of eXcJ:lo.nge,

_::giTes a grei:~t.er vt'slue thari -the val.ue oi' the e~ei>lenta that. went-.

-1i1t.O- it& productiori, end -_ths.t 1t it.e>e~i becornec n_ cheap~~ va.l.ue

-~he' inure vaiUes it-' r>rciduces. Thie ·io t:he r.-ot ··or Crioe"a.- The

·" Ci;,iGio·;-._ that _ t~,._e_- pla.oe i.n -tho- :i.l:.:rlcet-. w;.d 't_l!_c .coJ.l.u.:1)o~_-~o~ '"'l);ltal.i••1i'~f' ;ofr ' . --

'Goct.ety, ie ul:timo.tely oz:tlY WJ -insoluble crisiS-, tUHl .-iS :roo~e_d ,

~n,--,the·.fa.ot at: --value ?roducti_on ... Thq.t is -r:hn.t the Clnssicc.l.·

econorai.sta cat.\ld· never. undP.rsto.nd.

"how pucduc'oion io reul1Ned within the Cbpi teliot rolu.tion, but

s.t. the ewne timo do not unde~;othltd· ho•• thio roln.t1on itoel!' is·

created and hoY togs thor ,.,.i tl'. it. are c1·eated t.h~.: ~.mteria.l. condl­

tiol'la for 1 to deoo~:~poeit1on and by thut token there in ol1m1natod

the historic · .1uet1tiea.t1or. oi' the eooriomid development, ne n.

nOcesvo.rv ~e_ of ~~~a p!'oduo1iion of cot:i~ vealth~ "{ '6}

,', a.nal.l•B1B of ~npit::l.ifit cocicty iu not thnt ,it. io pr1vu.t:o prop<u·ty

(;i6)Arch1no 1 l,{ VI!) ,;>.171 ' ; . ._..;:" .•'' ' .

.La:Ln.~ez. i"o.ire et.,ge to itii :;~nopoly eti,go--l>Ut t.ll,at·· .. ~~;. j~h1

~~ ~U!!lnn · deveio};m.,nt,: the 8oo1oty '~ - - _,

~r :v~ue, .l.~renpe~tlva oi . ' -~ . ~- ·-

- . . .

_ expilricn;c':'

~.zit~-- ~-f :y~--Or __ ev~n L~p_in:=_-.

lo:,• o:r. vlllue governing

ru::d :t:olidal1r~ en the one ha.."ld, and

' . . -- '

m~ke·t in -t~ny_· . .3dvUncod '"Ca::.p:1t~1a·~-~ t~s Units 0-r

::ace o'fai·ns · .~o-· -illn:;r -- i&-rr ,, · th~- p~~ctuu_t1.0D . of_ ---~- p~rt:i.~~J:;-~ . .-. '- . . -

·_gr~--~:n -~f'--co~!Jdi ~-~as~--- ten~u to_ c·Ont,_ent~at.e _·1n :fE:ue:" arid: ifi:w.:l~ · -·p;t.i~-~a-.-Md the ;c~tlpstiti.Ve m"r·r¥et is- ·gr~~d.ua.~ly·. irf .. mato::-n,ed· ·

.... . ·. . ... . . . . .. · ~·

more c~ =:~-esa -:dSl.l:~O~n~e ng:~e.ement~ .. :for··thO ·.division -· - '' -and·. ,tiuit C?_OttWlod1 tY :J:u.%'ketn ~t ·Pl:'i~cs r~l.;..t1ve~y

·:-,;!;'e~~ply .=d d5::m.nd~ It hi the. hiato:.-icill··' '"'""'""'"""''"·" .,---·-- ··-.

,;,i;,,;,. ·,!lether this procsae wU1. be .cons.UGWlatoid in "'!'''r:''P''+;~·,~;r.l•~n .. : -.. _. - . ' ·• - ' - ., ' - ·:' -: ..

:.:-~CO~binGS .oi;·-nu.i:Lonal. or int.e""'·~·~E.t.iorlal. cart.el:~,·· or ·will.'. iiier.iliino,ttF:in ·

,;. .sing]. a cap_itc.J.ist seciety. In any cuse,. the free onrket 'IVhicli

chUZ.ricterizCtd o~,_rly cu.p~tu.lisc is e~,tinguiahed, r-..rid, ~urplus· vtllue---_.1s.-.-··

diVided: e.c'cprdiz,g ~to con:;;..:!iou.c plo.n. ', - ·-' .

The f'reedo!n of -C( .. pit.l.~~ £roc' it.u er~rlY subjection to the . . .

. ooinlJet:it.ive murk?t oC_c~ra ex~licitly in tr.O- rel&ie~_ -f'or.ilc-_-the_

tendS~cy_ to·.;mrd _itu._8e;t"_ti-tion o:f 't.he entire proceac of production, _-and - - -" - --- . .

t~e-_· divers-i:fit.:t.tion of the·_p-roduits ·nie.n~f'uctu~ed ".!:i thin th_c ent~·_rpr1~~~ . -·- - ·:-- - - - -

·~! In-~:t_1~10 ,~-u ~. -~. '.':paial.~_ei. deYe~~P~(!~ ~- 01.- _ _._,.~;r10us_~_ ~-~gceri.t~ ._of:_;_-lc~Se~~< saaJ,e:C•• .• ··'~M

:.indU~~r.r,, re-eul~~d ir.i the ._:t:ii-st 1Jheno.tlenon~ GX~mp~i:fied by;tlt6_:'

T~rtiCo.l truot. Thr.s _li!o;.;.ptt.ve- m'ine:..- t-ra.risferred. ita '"Coe.i to--~~-: ··eieel-·:

mill wi~hou: .. even the fiction ot: ~ market; the nt.a.·plus V~!iuO--~:it.#!l·C:.~ci_d-_-:~~..,:­

l')"am the min~rs and reu.lis~d yhyeically irt thic m&nner is. divided

between the m.1nes and- the atoel ~i~.l.e: to :further·- t:ie n~&r6Sut'e-- ~U:Yl ..

eion of~ c~pit .. ~. In Ge1·r:1.:J1Y curtola i"ol.lol':ed thio process ·by· inoor-

poruting wi.thin _"them~:;~lvt)s u.ll tlo.jor ph: .. seo in the px.·oduc.:tion of

·the p_rimary .co~odity.

DiTerai"!ic&.tion of' -pt·oduction \"ii thin au enterprise is p_a.t:h'':.PB

,.oat strikincly illustro.tad by thu .llo;,se of J>litoui 1n .Jap<orl. Thic

- mil~a, olnsinecring ~.ncl cuohiuo _t:or1:.s ~-nd nhipy:irds, monopoli£83

tho ProduCtion o:r ~ettei hnd zino iti JH.pun, cxor-oi.sas cioainWlt po·ai-

89:f9

',"'

.. •.: ---------- ,,.,_, ___ -· -~----···

-64-. . .

:;·;· . ill::P-uni:tio~S, ope:r:~tes text-ila I:lilla-.-:?nG i"iou-r --~j_l~S, · Prom?te~.

"tOr ·:its WQ;t"ker~.- -c_ontro~a; the pr0-dli6i1~:u ot pOwer.: ' ' ' ' ' - ' -. -, -·-.- ' _ _.,,

Otn-:Sl"J.:..p-er ·i-:.D.d·_~r~_in~P.in~· ~.-.:n eX.ten~iVo :syBi'6m __ Or- b~..Dks·

cr.~_up- ~-.t-'~-~xa·¢- p_rid,e __ l~~c:ia_· _,_.iih -~h_e .. r:esi.a~:).hat_.;~~-····.·•···''·"''~· . ----

_the. J.u.nj or-~ :Part of'. the aurp:ti-i~---Ti\luO . . '· ... -.-

proce-ss · O_f:_·· C?cch.-1.~!;~, - -;·.-

·. Coi>CeiT:;bly, thia :phenomenon might.:prozrese to tl.>e :poii;t. r.hero. 9l1e en.\

,_._terpris6. by !l. procost:~ of ezp~nSion,. P.bso;r:.~a tile enti_re,-· ~~:tianr.~..l-·_ecOn~mj:_._. .. Th1t_:-theo~e~10a:l OoriS~~m8.tion h...,-S _never otu:urrod by· e"TolU:t;.ion~ry;-,

proc"esS, nlthoU.gh it ilJ ontirn~i-te~ thi~t::·_ixl J~p~•n 60~ of the r:;;ttionn.~' -wealth 'ic Owner or oontrolJ.ed :by five or<Piie.l. group a.

·,

_ __ " _ ~s theae phr;_sea--moriopo1y ,- vert:;..c:".!l intagrr;.tion ,.nd the

d~V-CrStri~r.tion- ~f ,Production_ nnd internc.J..- re~iiz{;ti-~n ~:f surp1u·:s.YRnLe-,-, ... :

· Cry~t:'l,_ll~ze- within ,_>.dVenoed ccp1 t,,_~isc, the mr-.rkot_ nssumes

e~i~t·o~~c-Oi ~:-1~---rc~U~Od, t.Ci ·SubO-TdiU~.te-- r~_-itkT- -in

io cowp~6te~y ol:lli terr.t.edo ... - .·

Thus \-!0_ sec thr-:..t _c~p-ita~iGm_ i·empins in -fOrc-e ,even when -th0'­

pro4uct:..._ of'_.lnb~Z.- do .. n~t pr.ss t.hro_u.gh the mnrket _:for the- good __ r~l'.\_s~m _

· tho.t axohr:nge of ::~en no of I>roduetion 1o n m·~rket for o,-.pi t"".listS, rtid

doos not rE-gul~te production rn d. consUillpt.iOn. Shoul.c: even ~

. p:r:-oduote of lr.bo-r no~ P'"BB throl.lfi}l-: the mr.rket, should p~nnnina: cover - . --- .

the -.~ho'i8 o1' the economy r-nd the ont.ire aocl,.,_l c,_,-.;pitr:l be concentr:--.. t6-d

""l'll>'.ti::t society, i i ''ould be e. Or. pi t.c~illt rec\piDs ·<..._ .

po~·QT-..JgtJL""' oor.sodity bci~.ght rt y;,lua. ThO

· "}"!,U1YiL ant,.• =>»Y be ool:lpletcly "bol1shed, ox::c"t ir:~or~~" the -r.orld

tno-irkot ilz'rOOG~.§_~hnt t17 __ \D funotion.,r:nd yet it V:Ol.lld reruroi'r. Cropit:1lism.

Th_e,:_Un._rXir:.n lr-\t of V11~ue, the_ exohr.nt;e o::f laos m,.,.ter1P..l1sed lr.:.bor

'8920 '

~ - .. -

:·at,-"t9 ~~-Pit:"'<iia~t t!Ot1_.c:i :riat,·_oh.t'.nGU; 1.-h··~/r..~ode- --Of. prOdUotioD..---," ' ' - '' - ''._ - . - . - ". _· .. -. . . . ' _, :~':':~·"' __ , .. ' " _-. -~-----

. ~~- _ct:?.~-6~ '~r4Y: _1~·l·~-~---:~~~-~- -~r;_de_·. __ o! rtv~ro~,~~rh t1o_~, -~-s_.,;~~-~~-~~~-~~!;1; _ th~ l.it:e expo:-~~-u1c _ ~f --~~<?1 ~'.J.i~ru _ :rrom.-1 ~ri ~-fi~i·S:aa·~ . . .

Oofi:iOrcir..l. · ut~-..se·- ·tui tno· monopo:Ly- !'in;~,nce: atf'_ge·.- :.ThiiL~indi~·~:-:·-. . ·- . . .- .,_, _ •.. ,,."'"'''''

~i~~-{~~-h~;-~tr;~ist. hr.~- r1t n·o tifne·- rcnliS~d- -~iTe:ct{y- t.~e o~~u·a··.",;'"· ....... ,. -; -~

~Xtrlo_ted in ~is :p;--~.rt1c\w...._~r ±\~ __ C1:ory, ·-uut nus pr~rtic_i_pnted 'iri ths

·of n:r,tion:'"~ ·a~,i1lus ·v_~~luc-. to tlle:_-:ixteu't: tit;;.~t:· h_ia· iud1~

:~..;-idU&i_-.o-;t:Pitr;J. Wd3 ~':'blo to" ~~rt. ·en thiS·: r:rercgt:-,te on,Pit~l'. But'

. thiS ''S"iru'g~ie· .-~;~en~ c'-":-plt!:.lir;t_£,· ie:-'·ot'- nO· c9nCern to the·.-pr_oletr:Z.i..;t-_-. ---

·whorie·:·-swe~:.t ~-nc! bl.ood. ·Con:;e::• ... ted into_ thiu· nt~tiori._,:L 'surplus v~luo.

lYt:;S_ t:~ost Cllilfh:-"<.tio ir; uo:~pho:--sizlh£ t-hr!.t_:

"It- -·is" io-;;..,.terif.l--t.o tile i:-1boi~~·:r-~- ~h~the·;;· ., the O•pit.oJ.1ut•pocketa .tho whoio_ p:t:ofit.<'

·_ or.whether __ he.·r..,., .to pr-Y. onr r: poirt of;· it- tq · r.oC.o·' othe~~-·_.-p~e·rson·;~~,?h~o-.-_._lifR"'~·r;·',_l.CS(..1:·

cJ."1m to,· 1 t. . The.' r"ncon:o·'!:ct;. div1ntng'.- the prci:r:l.t "' one tno k1ndif'•of_ c~tp1t~usta·thu·s turn. e'.trrc:;rt1 tiousJ.y .. irito . ""~:iu:inl! ·.:ror. the

· e.ai~ten~o-~_-or-:._ tlie __ , s.~i"p:lu;i' ·-vp.l.Ue:_ ~-o ;b~-'-_d1Y-idcd~ -,hlch tl1B C"-pit~J. nO 'suo)t d....,_,,., QUt 'of tbe·:· prooeotl· of. ·_reproduction~·:- quft·e ~·q)r\rt ·f'rom . oiny · aubctiquent diviuion. "(55)

Not': !or .. _ cnncr!:lte ~n t:l;;sin- cf !\usnif'n at~·to co::Pit1·l1a::r..

-·-8.921