oceanforseveralreasons.Someare MarineBiology posi...
Transcript of oceanforseveralreasons.Someare MarineBiology posi...
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Marine Biology
Chapter 1
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Why We Study The Ocean
• Scien:sts study and try conserve the ocean for several reasons. Some are posi:ve and some nega:ve on human life.
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Posi:ves Some posi:ve reasons to study or conserve the oceans include:
• protec:on of food sources • medical reasons • raw materials • oxygen produc:on • tourism
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Photosynthesis done by phytoplankton near the surface
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Nega:ves
• The oceans have a nega:ve affect on human life as well. These must be studied and include:
• the erosion on piers and beaches • foul the boLom of ships with barnacles • clogging of intake and ouLake pipes.
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Erosion
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Foul the BoLom of Ships/Piers
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Clog Intake Pipes
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History of Marine Bio
• 995 AD-‐Leif Eriksson discovered Vinland-‐today we call it North America.
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• 1768-‐James Cook explored the oceans, he was the first European to see the Antarc:c Ice fields and see Hawaii and many other Pacific islands. He also made use of a chonomerter which is a :me piece used to accurately prepare charts. Although he was good to the people on the islands, he was killed in 1779 in Hawaii.
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Actual Chart for Cook
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• 1831-‐Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle for 5 years. He was famous for his theory of evolu:on but originally studied barnacles.
Voyage of the Beagle
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Challenger Mission
• From December 1872 to May 1876, Challenger sailed almost 69,000 miles entering all oceans but the Arc:c. Samples and data were carefully returned to Scotland for systema:c analysis and documenta:on.
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• To inves:gate the physical condi:ons of the deep sea in the great ocean basins in regard to depth, temperature, circula:on, specific gravity and penetra:on of light.
• To determine the chemical composi:on of seawater at various depths.
• To ascertain the physical and chemical character of deep-‐sea deposits and the sources of these deposits.
• To inves:gate the distribu:on of organic life at different depths and on the deep seafloor.
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Why Scien:sts Wanted In
• Some scien:sts were content with studying dead material. Many others wanted to get on board of the Challenger to study animals in the wild. This was one of their only chances because other ships did not have the room for a scien:st who was not working for the shipping company.
Collec:on of Material
• A dredge took samples along the surface of the seafloor while being dragged across the boLom. The Challenger dredges were between 3 and 5 feet in width and were just metal nets shaped into bags. A piece of :ghtly woven cloth in the boLom of the bag trapped small animals and samples of mud.
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Dredge
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How They Tried To Study The BoLom
• Scien:sts wanted to get in the water but were limited to shallow water because of the limit of breath or visibility. It was difficult to see the boLom so SONAR (SOund NAviga:on Ranging) was used.
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Very Slow and Time Consuming
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How Scien:sts Could Study Underwater
• Air was pumped into a helmet so the diver could breathe. This was limited to length of the breathing tube.
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How Could Scien:sts Get Up Close?
• Ager World War II, SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) was introduced. This allowed scien:sts to breathe underwater and see life in ac:on.
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Disadvantages of SCUBA
• Divers do not have an unlimited amount of air.
• The human body cannot survive diving too deep.
• In the case of an emergency, divers cannot surface too quickly because they will have a complica:on called the Bends.
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Hyperbaric Chamber
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing 100% oxygen in a sealed chamber. This concentra:on is five :mes higher than the normal air we breathe. The chamber is also pressurized to create 1.5 to 3 :mes normal atmospheric pressure.
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Bends Video
• hLp://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-‐ac:vi:es/water-‐sports/ques:on101.htm
• 5:51
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New Ways to Study the Ocean
• ROV’s (Remotely Operated Vehicles) • CriLer Cams • Tags
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ROV
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Benefits of Using an ROV
• A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can go very deep and study marine life up close. ROVs are unoccupied, highly maneuverable and operated by a person aboard a vessel. They are linked to the ship by a tether and a group of cables that carry electrical power, video and data signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle.
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CriLer Cam
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Benefits of a CriLer Cam
• A research tool designed to be worn by wild animals. It combines video and audio recording with collec:on of environmental data such as depth, temperature, and accelera:on without interference by a human observer.
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Monitoring Large Schooling Fish
• Scien:sts monitor large schooling fish like tuna and swordfish to gather informa:on about where they have been and monitor breeding and feeding paLerns.
• Monitors are also used on sharks and whales for the same purposes.
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CriLercam Video
• hLp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8kEJyur_C0
• 7:00
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Tagging Tags and Tagged Shark
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Tagging
• Tagging • 3:00
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Thought Ques:ons
It will be a good idea to copy these down!
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What are the benefits and risks of SCUBA?
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How have ROV’s revolu:onized marine biology?
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What can be learned using a criLercam?
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How are animals tagged and why is it important?