ObstacoleDezvoltare.ppt

7/27/2019 ObstacoleDezvoltare.ppt

1/25

Mexico's 30 Obstacles to

Development:

Comparative Differences with theUnited States

1) Mexico's Place in World Times. New Spain

(also known as Mexico by 1800) misses out on

a) Industrial, Ag, & Commercial Revolutions

b) Enlightenment & Catholic Reformation,

c) Transportation Revolution,

d) Print Revolution & Rise of Active Citizens


2/25

e) Technological Revolutionin Europe and in Britains 13 American

Colonies,

f) Rise of real town councils, free

speech and free press - all enjoyed by

British Colonies and denied in Spanish

Colonies, where printing presses only

permitted under Church supervision.


3/25

g) New Spain watches rise of Revolutionary Capitalismin

& world industrial trade byAmerican colonies, which defy

the British crowns orders to only produce raw materials.

1776 Declaration of Independencecomes to legitimize anew economic, social, political order already in place &

fully won by defeating the British King in 1783. A TRUE

REVOLUTION

VERSUS:

h) Mexico(based on mining and haciendas) hears in

1810a call to make Mexico for the Mexicans

by expelling Spanish Colonial authorities--

Independencecomes accidentallyin 1821 as A TRUE

COUNTER REVOLUTION to maintain in power the

Spanish monopolists & conserve the old anti-capitalist

order--not lay the legal basis for a new one, which must

await the rule of Porfirio Daz, 1876-1911.


4/25

2) Accidental Independence of Mexico:

a) Protest in 1810 begins in New Spain by

Father Miguel Hidalgo; his movement to

readdress grievances eventually becomes

movement for Independence from Spain.

b) French in 1808 capture Spanish KingFerdinand VII leads Mexico to begin its

own political culture 1810-1821, but

Independencein 1821was made byconservatives seeking to maintain their

Spanish Monopoly System by preventing

the rise of democracy and private capitalism


5/25

c) Napoleons 1807 wars against Portugal to

break its alliance with Britain (which had

blockaded ships loaded with arms & goodsto resupply his Continental Empire), led

Napoleon to seize Spain to get to Lisbon.

d) Napoleons having placed his brother

Joseph I on the throne of Spain, 1807,

causes Spaniards in Spain and Mexico to refuse to cooperate with a foreign

King, and to set up City Self-Governments.


6/25

e) Many Spaniards flee Spain to Mexico

carrying the Enlightened idea of the rights

of man Vs. the Napoleonic idea of detailedwritten Codes of Government (issued

between 1804 and 1810). These Codes

(e.g., regulating industry and commerce)foster growth of a productive middle class.

f) THE Napoleonic Code of 1810establishes

the unfair legal idea of guilty until proven

innocent in direct opposition to

Americas fair idea: innocent until

proven guilty.


7/25

g) Some Mexican towns refuse to obey Joseph I;

as in Spain, and they seek to establish free

city councils.

h) But the small group of pure-blood

Spaniardswho hold power in Mexico fearslosing its privileges, and seeks to abort the

idea of new freedoms that would challenge

their power through the rise of town councilsdemanding free trade and an end to

monopolies over economic and political

power.

i) h di d i i


8/25

i) When Ferdinand VII returns to power in Spain,he cannot stop the 1812 proclamation in Cdiz ofa Constitution providing for the autonomy of

town councils in Spain and eventually theColonies, especially Mexico.

j) In 1821 Mexico, the pure-blood Spaniards who

controlled politics and monopolies of all activity,declare COUNTER REVOLUTON against therise of U.S. inspired capitalism, and break withSpain to declare Independenceto create theMexican Empire (1822-1823), including CentralAmerica and what is now the U.S. West (Calif.,Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and

part of Colorado). Size 1,818,000 sq. miles.


9/25

3. MEXICO COLLAPSES INTO CHAOS

a) The Mexican Empire is overthrown by

1823 and it loses Central America, which

is creating its own political future.

b) The Mexican Republic is established,

but

breaks into a struggle for and against

joint Central Govt./Church rule, which

Conservatives demand. Liberals demand

power distributed to state governments.


10/25

c) Civil war in Mexico 1821-1875 to determinewhether it will be Statist under Centralist

government or Anti-Centralist governed withmuch autonomy by Mexicos far-flung stategovernments such as Jalisco, Coahuila, Yucatn

d) New Napoleons, the Man on the WhiteHorse,is modelfor hundreds ofgeneralswho seek unsuccessfully to organize an armyand impose order-- which in 1876 PorfirioDaz finally does.

e) No matter who wins, rigid Napoleonic laws

and harsh treatment of the

guilty

is standard.


11/25

4) Geography (Chart 1A-2A):

a) Most of country has too much, ortoo little rainfall

b) Mexico is a land of earthquakes

e.g., Mexico City has 200+ smallearth movements daily, causingsewer & water lines to mix

e) High Mountain ranges, North to

South, impede travel between Gulfand Pacific

d) Only 2 major sea ports (Veracruzand Acapulco); no coastalshipping.


12/25

e) No navigable rivers as enjoyed

by British Colonies - such rivers

allowed British Colonies to engage

in smuggling.

f) Tropical coasts a diseased place tolive until the advent of electrical

refrigeration and air conditioning in the

1950s.

g) Erosion of top soil due to over-

grazing since the 1550s.


13/25

5) Loss of Territory and Mineral Wealth

(Chart 2B-C):

a) After Mexicos 1823 loss of CentralAmerica, it is reduced from

1,818,000 sq. mi. to 1,618,000.

b) Mexico lossof American West in

1848 reduces it to 760,000 sq. miles,

which is only 42% of the country

at its maximum (1821-1823).

c) Mexico loses Gold, oil, and silver (inCalifornia. Texas, and today's U.S.

West)


14/25

6. Population decrease (Charts 3-4):

a} 25 million in 1521 and 1950. In 1608population fell to one million,

b} Missions brought disease, especially in the

parts of Mexico which suffer from high heatall year, a problem not faced by the AmericanColonies with their cold winters

c} New Spains culture for classifying social

status by degrees of blood, thusstigmatizing dark people, never vanishes.


15/25

7) Crown "taxes" on New Spain were 35times greater than taxes extracted in

English Colonies to the North:a) Depleted base for Mexico wealth.

b) Long term decline in GDP/C (gross

domestic product per capita) begins

in Colonial period: In 1800 New

Spains GDP/C was 44% that of

USA; today it is about 21%. See Chart 6:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita

8) Lost Mining Revenue because minesdestroyed between 1810 and 1876.


16/25

9) Reconstruction period after Independence

delayed by rural chaos--Hacienda becomes a

"refuge" for rural families. By 1880, aprison

10) Spaniards expelled = loss of:

a) Intellectuals, managers, engineers

b) Flight of Spanish capital

11) Weak central government control & police =

a) Unsafe travel & lack of communication

12) Disruption of countryside by warring factions:

a) Disruption of bureaucracy


17/25

13) Three land systems:

a) Haciendasversus

b) Ejidos versus

c) Church owned 50% of usable land.

14) Govt. fails to replace Church, 1821-1921:a) The Church runs most hospitals, schools,

orphanagesGovt. lacks necessary funds,

organization, personnel, buildings, etc

b) 3 Judicial Systems: Church, Military, Civil.

15) Govt. standing armies vs. Guerrilla Warfare.


18/25

16) High illiteracy, many births (many die by age

one but pop. reaches 25 mill. by 1950) then

pop. explosion by mid-1960s & jobless future

17) N. European migrants not admitted to New

Spain & after 1810 migrants avoid violent

Mexico and go to USA with their knowledge

of Industrial, Tec, Educational Revolutions.

18) Culture of domination is sequential:a) Aztecs, b) Viceroy/Church, c) Generals,

1810-- d) French Army1861-66,Maximilian

1864-1867, e) Porfirio Daz, 1876-1910.


19/25

19) Long Struggle to Achieve in Mexico:

a) standard weights and measures

b) civil registry of births, marriages, deaths

20) End Arbitrary State Intervention: History of

corruption and smuggling to protect against

excessive powers of Spanish crown.

21) System of bribery (too often called taxes):

Internal taxes at each state border (alcabala)

within Mexico increases cost of goods in Calif.

400 times over the landing price at Veracruz.


20/25

22) Deficient Commercial System:

a) No joint stock companies

b) No patent law

23) Tradition of learning in Mexico's

universities until the 1950s by and for

a) eliteb) Church


21/25

24) Mexico invented its own habeas corpus

in mid-1840s and calls it amparo.

In theory, the amparo prevents persons from

being unjustly prosecuted by the Executive

Power in Mexico, by permitting judges to

assume custody over the accused.

Used mainly by rich criminals to protect

themselves by bribing a judge.

This equalshabeas corpusbefore

arrest(Compare to all otherlegal systems

where habeas corpustakes place after the


22/25

25) Napoleonic Judicial Code continues in Mexicobut will be phased out by 2016 (Chart 7A):

a) Under Napoleonic Code, accused are presumedguilty until they prove themselves innocent -viceversus the situation in the U.S.)

b) no trial by jury, no right to face accuser or crossexamine police or witnesses

c) judges never meet most of the accused,only read their depositions

d) no real ability for anyone to protest torture(Only in 21stcentury is change underway for above;

Except no jury)


23/25

26)Mexico trappedby having mixed 3 legal systems:

a)Spanish Civil Codeof inflexibility--light years awayfrom the flexible U.S. & British Common LawCodes,

b) French Napoleonic Civil Codes of Ministerial inflexibly

centralizing harsh power(and as under Spanish law)causing Central Government to putrefy,and

c)U.S. Governing System limiting Centralism by dividing

national power between the Executive, Legislature, andJudiciary, ii) establishing the same division of powers atthe state level which also gives the states some autonomyagainst federal intervention.


24/25

27) The confused combination of a+b+c, above, has led tothe need for bribes to keep Mexico functioningin face

of the fact that, under

a

and

b

,no acts are legal

unless previously approved in the detailed civilcodes (which discourage innovation because they areyears or decades behind reality).

VERSUS28) U.S. law where all acts are legal unless they are made

illegal in the codes of common law (which encourageinnovation).

29) Wheras U.S. Civil Service Protection for governmentworkers was established in 1883, Mexico does not havea Civil Service Law (except in the Foreign RelationsMinistry). Jobs are bought & sold http://mexidata.info/id526.html
http://mexidata.info/id526.htmlhttp://mexidata.info/id526.html


25/25

30) Mexico faces the rise of Narcotraficantes,

especially since 1985 when U.S. DEA

agent Enrique Camarena was tortured &

killed near Guadalajara.

a) The Central and state governors inMexicos north and west effectively cede

police powers to the Narcotraficantes.

b) Almost all of Mexicos nearly 2,500

municipalities suffer corrupt dealings

with Narco Lords.

ObstacoleDezvoltare.ppt

Documents

Transcript of ObstacoleDezvoltare.ppt