Observed Climate Change and the NegligibleGlobal Effect of Greenhouse-gas Emission

Limits in the State of Texas

www.scienceandpublicpolicy.org

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Observed Climate Change and the Negligible Global Effect ofGreenhouse-gas Emission Limits in the State of Texas

Annual rainfall

Annual maximumtemperature

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Summary for Policy Makers

ariations in climate from year to year and decadeto decade play a greater role in the Texan climate

than any long-term trends. Short-term variability willcontinue to dominate the climate in future. The Texasclimate shows no statically significant long-term trendin mean annual temperature, rainfall, floods, droughts,heatwaves, tornadoes, or hurricanes – still less anytrend that could reasonably be attributed to “globalwarming”.

Agricultural yields in Texas will continue to increase.Record crop yields will continue to be set everycouple of years. The climate is not the driving reason for the improvement: but it has notprevented it in the past and will not prevent it in the future.

The climate has little impact on the health of Texas’ population. Public health measuresaimed at combating the health impacts of heat waves and vector-borne diseases are morecost-effective than the many expensive and largely untested proposals for mitigating“global warming”

Overwhelmingly, observational scientific evidence demonstrates that “global warming”does not have and will not have any appreciable impact on the climate of Texas.

A cessation of all of Texas’s CO2 emissions would result in a climatically-irrelevantglobal temperature reduction by the year 2100 of less than two hundredths of a degreeCelsius.

A complete cessation of all anthropogenic emissions from Texas will result in a globalsea-level rise savings by the year 2100 of an estimated 0.32 cm, or just over one-tenth ofan inch. Again, this value is climatically irrelevant

Even if the entire Western world were to close down its economies completely andrevert to the Stone Age, without even the ability to light fires, the growth in emissionsfrom China and India would replace our entire emissions in littlemore than a decade. In this context, any cuts in emissions fromTexas would be extravagantly pointless.

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A naturally variable climate

n Texas, the largest of the contiguous United States and one of the most geographically diverse, theclimate varies naturally and greatly by region and season. Intense heatwaves, droughts, floods,

tornadoes, and hurricanes occur. In 1979 the Texas Department of Water Resources wrote:

“From the blizzards that traditionally pound the Panhandle each winter to the enduring heat that scorchesvast sections of Texas later in the summer, Texas in the meteorological sense truly is the "land ofcontrast." Perennially the State perseveres through frequent bombardments of hail, high winds, and flashfloods, often with the accompaniment of tornadoes – as well as the threat of being struck on its coastalflank by a hurricane or intense tropical cyclone.

“Inevitably each year some sector of Texas suffers from the effects of a tornado strike, a blindingsnowstorm, a violent hail-bearing thunderstorm, or a raging sandstorm or dust storm. In many years atleast some portions of the Lone Star State experience destruction or severe damage from an untimelyfreeze, a debilitating drought, or a lengthy spell of excessive rains.

“Assuredly, no two years weatherwise in Texas are even remotely similar, for the community that reeledone year from a capricious dry spell likely is the recipient of plenty of rain in the following year, while anot-too-distant neighboring locale that hurt from a disastrous hailstorm one Spring experiences relativecalm during the following year's storm season.”

Observed climate change in Texas

Texas annual mean temperatures, 1895-2007

Source: National Climate Data Center.

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Temperature

ince 1998 Texas has experienced several warm years. However, since the US National ClimaticData Center first kept records 113 years ago, there has been no long-term annual or seasonal trend

of temperature change in Texas, and 1900-1950 was warmer than it has been since. Even theworldwide warming caused by the exceptional 1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation had no more effectin Texas than to restore temperatures that were typical until the mid-1950s, when a 40-year period ofrelatively cooler weather set in.

Seasonally, there has been a little warming in the spring (2007 was a record) and a little cooling in theother seasons. These changes are neither statistically significant nor abnormal.

Though globally many of the last ten years were among the hottest recorded, in Texas only 4 of the 20hottest years recorded were in the past decade. The hottest year in Texas was 1921. On the evidence,“global warming” has had little impact on annual or seasonal mean temperatures in Texas.

Texas temperatures by season, winter 1895 to summer 2007

Source: National Climate Data Center.

Rainfall

s with temperature, so with rainfall, there has been no uptrend since records began 113 years ago.The average is 30 inches per year. Rainfall is variable from year to year, ranging from a low of 15

inches in 1917 to a high of 42 inches just two years later. Recent rainfall is well within normalvariability.

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Texas mean annual rainfall, 1895-2007

Source: U.S. National Climatic Data Center.

Seasonal rainfall can sometimes deviate sharply from the average. For instance, there was record springrainfall in 1957, and record summer rainfall in 2007, but almost as much summer rain fell around 1920,1940, and 1960. The fall was wet in 1913 and 1919. The winter was wet in 1932 and 1992. Thesefluctuations are evidence of normal climate variability, not of manmade “global warming”.

Texas rainfall by season, winter 1895 to summer 2007

Source: U.S. National Climatic Data Center.

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Drought

eries of dry years leading to drought often occur in Texas. The most severe were in the mid-1910sand mid-1950s. But there has been no long-term change in drought frequency or severity.

A dust storm approaching Spearman, Texas, April 1935. Source: NOAA Photo Library.

The Palmer drought-severity index, which balances rainfall against evaporation, confirms the absenceof any trend. Instead, short-term variations reflect natural variability in rainfall:

Texas Palmer drought-severity index, 1895-2007

Source: National Climatic Data Center.

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From tree-ring patterns, Cook et al. (1999; 2004) reconstructed a 1200-year summer drought-severityindex for central Texas. Alternating wet and dry periods lasting several decades have often occurred,demonstrating that droughts are normal in Texas. They do not indicate “global warming”.

Central Texas summer drought-severity index, 838-2003 AD

Source: National Climate Data Center.

Floods

ainfall in summer 2007 set a 112-year record. On several occasions that summer, many days ofheavy rain caused widespread flooding and some damage. However, such floods are not unusual.

The Flood Safety Education Project describes Texas as the state that leads the nation almost every yearin flood fatalities and property damage:

“Flooding from large storms has affected Texas throughout its history, causing many deaths and mucheconomic loss and hardship. Floods occur regularly in Texas, and destructive floods occur somewhere inthe State every year. Many of these floods are destructive because they often occur in areas where extremeflooding had not occurred for many years. These floods often are perceived as unexpected or evenunprecedented because their peak water-surface elevations (stages) can greatly exceed those of pastfloods.”

Guadalupe River flood at Comfort, Texas, July 13-18, 1900.Source: Flood Safety Education Project.

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Colorado River flood at Ballinger, Texas, August 5-6, 1906, after 8in. of rain.Source: Flood Safety Education Project.

San Antonio River flood, Texas, Sept. 8-19, 1921. Taylor, TX, had 2ft. of rain in 24 hours. Thrall had 32in. in 12 hours.Source: Flood Safety Education Project.

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Colorado River flood at Wharton, Texas, June 9-15, 1935, after 18in. of rain fell in six days.Source: Flood Safety Education Project.

West Clear Fork Trinity River flood, Fort Worth, May 17, 1949 after 1ft. of rain fell over Village Creek.Source: Flood Safety Education Project.

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The heavy rain in 2007 had a benefit: much-enhanced plant growth. Over much of Texas, there was50% more vegetation growth than usual:

Texas vegetation growth anomaly, summer 2007

Source: NASA / National Geographic

Tornadoes

exas is partly within “tornado alley” and ranks among the most twister-frequented states:

Source: National Climatic Data Center.

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In Texas, as in the U.S. as a whole, the recent apparent increase in tornado observations owes nothingto “global warming”. It arises because the National Weather Service uses Doppler radar more widely,there are more storm-chasers, and population density has grown. Small tornadoes that were oncemissed are now more often detected. The number of strong tornadoes across Texas—those less likely tohave been missed previously—has declined since 1950:

All tornadoes up, strong tornadoes down, 1950-2006

Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center

Though the number of severe (F3-F5) tornadoes impacting Texas is falling, the threat remains real. OnMay 11, 1953, a violent F5 tornado touched down 10 miles south of Waco and cut a swathe ofdestruction a third of a mile wide through the the heart the city, killing 114 and injuring 600. In thedeadliest tornado in Texas’ history and the 10th deadliest ever to strike the U.S, more than 600businesses, 850 homes and 2,000 cars were destroyed or severely damaged. Losses were $41 million($300 million today).

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Aftermath of the Waco tornado of May 11, 1953. Source: NOAA.

On April 10, 1979, in the Red River Valley Tornado Outbreak, 13 tornadoes touched down in north-western Texas and southern Oklahoma, killing 56 people, all but three of them Texans. The mostdamaging tornado that day was an F4 monster than hit Wichita Falls, TX, just before 6pm and was onthe ground for almost an hour. It cut a swathe a mile and a half wide—one of the widest paths onrecord. The Texas Department of Water Resources wrote:

“Forty-two people were killed outright by the storm, while 3 others died of heart attacks. Twenty-five ofthe deaths were auto-related; 16 of that total died while in their autos trying to flee the storm, and 11 ofthat number abandoned homes not touched by the tornado.

“3095 homes were destroyed, while roofs of many other buildings were sheared away. More than 1700injuries occurred within Wichita Falls. 1062 apartment units and condominiums were destroyed, and 93mobile homes were demolished. Wrecked cars were smashed against bridge abutments, a power plant wasknocked out, and part of a high school was destroyed.

“Total damage in the city was estimated at $400 million; five thousand families (or about 20,000 people)were left homeless. This most damaging tornado in Texas history was not finished, however. It sped intoClay County, causing no deaths but 40 injuries and damage in the communities of Dean and Petrolia thatamounted to $15 million. Golf-ball-size hail fell prior to and immediately after the tornado passed along atrack that took it into Oklahoma (where it dissipated near Waurika).”

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The Wichita tornado of April 10, 1979. Source: National Weather Service

Hurricanes

exas is also prone to hurricanes. Many of the worst tropical cyclones to hit the U.S. since 1900struck Texas, including the all-time deadliest U.S. hurricane (Galveston, 1900) as well as two of

the costliest (Rita, 2005 and Allison, 1999). Texas, with 7 million coastal residents, is more vulnerableto tornadoes today than ever. So, is “global warming” causing more frequent or more intensehurricanes?

Natural variations, on timescales of years to decades, dominate any small impact that a warmingclimate may have on the frequency and intensity of Atlantic hurricanes. It is not changes to thehurricanes themselves, but changes to the population and built infrastructure of the Texas coast thatwill determine whether hurricane damage grows. The US Department of Commerce reported in 2004that the coastal communities of Texas have grown by more than half in just 25 years.

Since 1995 there have been stronger and more frequent hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. While somescientists have attempted to link this increase to “global warming”, others have pointed out thatAtlantic basin hurricanes follow long-term cycles, and that this latest upswing is simply a return toconditions that characterized earlier decades in the 20th century. Along the Texas coast, according tothe National Hurricane Center, the number of hurricane strikes varies from decade to decade and, in thelong term, there is a statistically-insignificant decline. Dr. Chris Landsea of the National HurricaneCenter has found no trends in hurricane frequency or intensity when they strike the U.S. The frequencyof major hurricanes in the past decade is similar to that in the 1940s and 1950s, long beforeanthropogenic “global warming” could have had any effect. The number of hurricanes impacting Texasduring the 10 years 1998-2007 is normal:

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Hurricanes striking Texas, by decade, 1898-2007

Source: U.S. National Hurricane Center

There has also been no long-term trend towards greater hurricane damage, once changes in inflationand population demographics are taken into account. Pielke et al. (2007) examined the inflation-adjusted costs of damage from tropical cyclones in the U.S. from 1900 to 2005. They found a risingtrend, peaking in 2004-5 with Hurricanes Rita (in Texas) and Katrina:

Annual Atlantic tropical cyclone damage costs, 1900-20052005 dollars (billions): 11-year centered average

Source: Pielke et al. (2007)

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However, the population and infrastructure in harm’s way along the coast of Texas has grown in sizeand wealth. When Pielke et al. allowed for these factors, they found no long-term change in damagecosts.

Even the heavy losses in 2004-5, while high, were not historically high. The most damaging storm inhistory, had it hit in 2005, would have been the Great Miami hurricane of 1926, which they estimatedwould have cost $157 billion.

After the Great Miami hurricane and Katrina (in second place) came Galveston 1 (1900), Galveston 2(1915), Andrew (1992), New England (1983), unnamed (1944), Lake Okeechobee 4 (1928),Donna/Florida (1960), and Camille/Mississippi (1969). There is no obvious bias towards recent years.The combination of the 1926 and 1928 hurricanes caused losses in 1926-35 that were nearly 15%higher than those in 1996-2005:

Annual Atlantic tropical cyclone damage costs, 1900-20052005 dollars (bn.): 11-year centered average, normalized for population growth

Source: Pielke et al. (2007)

Pielke writes: “The lack of trend in 20th-century hurricane losses is consistent with what one wouldexpect to find given the lack of trends in hurricane frequency or intensity at landfall.”

Natural cycles, rather than a long-term trend, dominate the 250-year record of Atlantic tropicalcyclones:

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Frequency of annual Atlantic-basin hurricane systems, 1850-2004

Yellow: Total hurricane systems. Green: Named systems. Red: Category 3+. Source: National Hurricane Center.

Decades-long oscillations are obvious in this record. Hurricane activity was quiet in the 1910s and1920s, elevated in the 1950 and 1960s, quiet in the 1970s and 1980s, and has picked up again since1995. Research (Knight et al., 2006, Zhang and Delworth, 2006; Gray, 2007; and see Mann andEmanuel, 2006, for the contrary view) shows that these oscillations coincide with the AtlanticMultidecadal Oscillation, a cycle of large-scale changes in Atlantic sea surface temperatures. Frompaleoclimate datasets coupled with model simulations, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation can bereconstructed for more than 1,400 years (Knight et al., 2005).

The cycle of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (1875-2000)

Source: Knight et al., (2005).

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The evidence is that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscilation has been operating for at least severalcenturies, and certainly since long before any possible human influence on the climate. There is alsogrowing evidence for similar cycles in the frequency and strength of Atlantic hurricanes over recentcenturies.

Miller et al. (2006), analyzing oxygen isotopes from tree-rings in the southeastern United States, foundcycles dating back 220 years. Donnelly and Woodruff (2007), examining sediments from beachoverwash in a Puerto Rico lagoon, found cycles of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity reaching back5,000 years. Therefore hurricane researchers expected the period of enhanced hurricane activity thatbegan in 1995. And they expect it to continue. A typical oscillation usually lasts several decades.

There is no scientific consensus on the question whether human-induced climate changes will affecthurricane frequency or intensity. If the warming that began in 1700 and ended in 1998 resumes, the seasurface in the shallow Caribbean basin, where hurricanes form, will rise. Therefore some researchers(e.g., Knutson and Tuleya, 2004; Emanuel, 2005; Webster et al. 2005) suggest that hurricanes willbecome more intense.

However, Bengtsson et al. (2006) say hurricane frequency will decrease. Also, countervailing effectsmay cancel the effect of greater warming. Vecci and Soden (2007) project that increased vertical wind-shear will tend to reduce hurricane intensity. Knutson and Tuleya (2004) say that increasingatmospheric stability will do likewise, so that peak winds will increase by just 6% in 100 years.Michaels et al. (2006) say that even these small increases in projected hurricane intensity may beoverestimates, because the models assumed far greater increases in carbon dioxide concentration thancurrent trends suggest.

Hoyos et al. (2006), Webster et al., (2005), and Emanuel (2005) say that anthropogenic “globalwarming” has increased the frequency and intensity of hurricanes over recent decades. Holland andWebster (2007) say our impact might have been longer-term. However, analytical errors (Landsea,2005), the lack of strikes (Landsea, 2005); the absence of damage trends (Pielke Jr., 2005; Pielke Jr. etal., 2007); changes in observational technology (Landsea et al., 2006; Landsea, 2007); and otherfactors (Klotzbach, 2006; Landsea, 2007), tend to confirm the models in indicating that anyanthropogenic effect is likely to be insignificant.

Certainly, there is neither strong current evidence, nor any reliable future projections, to support theidea that the frequency or intensity of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones—including those affectingTexas—have increased or will increase detectably as a result of human influences on climate.

However, the impact of even a single intense storm can be enormous, as residents of Texas know alltoo well. Extensive development of the coastline has vastly increased the potential damage that a stormcan inflict. Recently, a gathering of some of the world’s leading hurricane researchers (Emanuel, 2007)issued the following statement that reflects the current scientific thinking on hurricanes and theirpotential impact in coming years:

“As the Atlantic hurricane season gets underway, the possible influence of climate change on hurricaneactivity is receiving renewed attention. While the debate on this issue is of considerable scientific andsocietal interest and concern, it should in no event detract from the main hurricane problem facing theUnited States: the ever-growing concentration of population and wealth in vulnerable coastal regions.These demographic trends are setting us up for rapidly increasing human and economic losses fromhurricane disasters, especially in this era of heightened activity. Scores of scientists and engineers had

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warned of the threat to New Orleans long before climate change was seriously considered, and a Katrina-like storm or worse was (and is) inevitable even in a stable climate.

“Rapidly escalating hurricane damage in recent decades owes much to government policies that serve tosubsidize risk. State regulation of insurance is captive to political pressures that hold down premiums inrisky coastal areas at the expense of higher premiums in less risky places. Federal flood insuranceprograms likewise undercharge property owners in vulnerable areas. Federal disaster policies, whileproviding obvious humanitarian benefits, also serve to promote risky behavior in the long run.

“We are optimistic that continued research will eventually resolve much of the current controversy overthe effect of climate change on hurricanes. But the more urgent problem of our lemming-like march to thesea requires immediate and sustained attention. We call upon leaders of government and industry toundertake a comprehensive evaluation of building practices, and insurance, land use, and disaster reliefpolicies that currently serve to promote an ever-increasing vulnerability to hurricanes.”

Sea level

long the Texas coast, apparent sea level has risen dramatically in the last 100 years—in someareas as much as half an inch per year. However, most of this change is due to a drop in the land

level caused by the extraction of groundwater and petroleum, not to climate change (Aubrey andEmery, 1991).

Annual mean Gulf Coast land subsidence rate (mm/yr)

Source: Aubrey and Emery (1991)

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Land subsidence leads to a relative sea-level rise several times the true rate. Since Texas will continueto extract water and petroleum, trends in apparent sea-level rise and land subsidence during the past100 years will persist, with or without an increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide level.

The rise in global sea level began at the end of the last Ice Age and has averaged 4ft per century overthe past 10,000 years. In the 20th century, however, global sea level rose by less than 8 inches. Texas’residents have successfully adapted to this slow change: between 1980 and 2003 the coastal populationgrew by more than half, 2.5 million people, a rate of growth second only to California and Florida:

Gulf of Mexico coastal population change, 1980-2003

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce.

The IPCC (2007) projects a sea level rise in the coming century of 7-23 inches. The observed warmingrate of the earth is 0.18ºC per decade, near the low end of the IPCC’s 0.11-0.64 ºC/decade range of 21st

century warming. Therefore sea level rise this century may well be closer to 7 than 23 inches (Moerner,2004). Coastal communities will have no difficulty adjusting to this rate of change.

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IPCC projections of sea-level rise to 2100

Projections for six population/economy scenarios. Source: IPCC (2007).

There is no scientific basis for the notion that sea-level rise will accelerate precipitously and inundatecoastlines such as that of Texas. Climate models indicate that a warmer climate leads to more snowfallin Antarctica, slowing the rate of global sea level rise as the snow accumulates and becomes ice. Also,Howat et al. (2007) suggest that the rate of ice loss from Greenland observed over the past few yearshas started to decline. Between 1993 and 2003 the average thickness of the vast Greenland ice sheetincreased by 2 inches a year through accumulation of snow.

In 2007 Dr. Richard Alley, an author of the IPCC sea-level chapter, told the House Committee onScience and Technology:

This document [IPCC, 2007] works very, very hard to be an assessment of what is known scientificallyand what is well-founded in the refereed literature and when we come up to that cliff and look over andsay we don’t have a foundation right now, we have to tell you that, and on this particular issue, thetrend of acceleration of this flow with warming, we don’t have a good assessed scientific foundationright now.

Public health impacts of warmer weatherHeat waves

here is little scientific foundation for the notion that “global warming” will lead to increasedmortality during heat waves. Heatwaves affect people less than before, thanks to air-conditioning

and social programs to protect high-risk individuals, despite rising urban temperatures:T

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Annual heat-related excess deaths per million. Bars (left to right) indicate1970s, 1980s, 1990s. Source: Davis et al., 2003b.

Several studies (e.g. Davis et al., 2003ab) show that U.S. urban populations are better adapted toheatwaves than formerly. For nearly all U.S. cities, heat-related deaths are declining. The number ofheat-related deaths in the 1990s was negligible. This successful adaptation is the result ofimprovements in medical technology, air-conditioning, better public awareness, and proactiveresponses by municipalities to extreme weather events.

In the southern states, where heatwaves are more common, heat-related mortality is much lower than inregions where heatwaves are rarer, such as the north-eastern U.S – further evidence that populationsadapt to their prevailing climate. If heatwaves become more common, adaptations will occur withoutdifficulty.

As is the case for most cities in the southern U.S., for the two Texas cities included in the Davis et al.studies, Dallas and Houston, there were very few heat-related deaths in the 1990s.

Davis et al. (2004) focused on deaths from cold as well as from heat. In Texas’ cities, as in most U.S.cities, heat-related deaths in July and August were offset by cold-related deaths in other months:

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Mean temperature vs. mean mortality in Dallas and Houston, Texas

Monthly deaths from heat (above) and cold (below) the mean. Black bars are statistically significant.Source: Davis et al. (2004).

ouston has more negative than positive bars. In Dallas, the pattern is not as clear. Generally, ifwinters continue to warm more than summers, as they have in the past 50 years, there would

probably be fewer temperature-related deaths in Texas than today. Besides, temperature-relateddeaths are no more than a minuscule fraction of total mortality. In the United States, only one deathin 850 is from heat or cold. This fraction will remain small, no matter how the climate evolves.

“Tropical” Disease

Vector-borne diseases: Malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile Virus, which have been erroneouslypredicted to spread owing to “global warming”, are not tropical diseases. Climate change will have anegligible effect on their transmission rates. They are readily controlled by well-known public healthpolicies. Malaria epidemics occurred as far north as Archangel, Russia, in the 1920s, and in theNetherlands. Malaria was common in most of the United States until the 1950s (Reiter, 1996). In thelate 1800s, when the United States was colder than today, malaria was endemic east of the RockyMountains—a region stretching from Texas on the Gulf Coast all the way up into northern Minnesota.

Malaria distribution in the United States, 1882 and 1912

Source: Zucker et al., 1996

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In 1878, 100,000 Americans were infected with malaria. Some 25,000 died. Malaria was eradicatedfrom the United States in the 1950s not because of climate change (it was warmer in the 1950s than inthe 1880s), but because of technological as well as medical advances. Air-conditioning, the use ofscreen doors and windows, and the elimination of urban overpopulation brought about by thedevelopment of suburbs and automobile commuting were largely responsible for the decline in malaria(Reiter, 1996, 2001).

U.S. malaria mortality per 100,000, 1900-1949

Source: Health Sentinel.

The effect of technology is also clear from statistics on dengue fever, another mosquito-borne disease.In 1995, a dengue pandemic hit the Caribbean and Mexico, where 2,000 cases were reported in theborder town of Reynosa. But in Hidalgo, Texas, just across the river, there were only seven cases(Reiter, 1996). This is not an isolated example. Decades of data show similar disparities between highprevalence in northern Mexico and rare occurrences in the south-western U.S. (Reiter, 2001). There isvirtually no difference in climate, but a world of difference in infrastructure, wealth, and technology.City layout, population density, building design, window screens, air-conditioning and personalbehavior all influence transmission rates (Reiter, 2001). From 1980 to 1999 there were more than62,000 cases of dengue in north-eastern Mexico, but just 64 cases in all of Texas:

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Dengue prevalence on the Texas/Mexico border, 1980-1999

Source: Reiter (2001).

Agriculture

n Texas, though the climate has scarcely changed for 30 years, staple-crop yields have risendramatically. Factors other than climate are largely responsible for the rapid yield rise.

Increase in Texas crop yields, 1970-2007

Source: National Agricultural Statistical Service

Yields of staples grown in Texas – cotton, winter wheat, and corn – have shown strong increases overthe past 30 years (and longer). Yields increased primarily as a result of technology—better fertilizer,widespread irrigation, more resistant crop varieties, improved tilling practices, modern equipment. Theatmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, which is not a pollutant but a naturally-occurring plant-food, has also helped to increase crop yields, and is predicted to continue to do so.

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Climate influences – which have scarcely changed in Texas for a century – are minimal compared withthese advances. Temperature and precipitation fluctuate but show no long-term trend; they merelyaccount for some of the year-to-year variation in the trend. Even under the worst of circumstances,minimum crop yields continue to increase. Through technology, farmers are successfully adapting tothe climate as necessary. It is likely that such adaptations and advances will continue in future.

Impacts of climate-mitigation measures in Texas

Globally, in 2003, humankind emitted 25,780 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (mmtCO2: EIA,2007a), of which Texas accounted for 670.2 mmtCO2, or only 2.6% (EIA, 2007b). The proportion ofmanmade CO2 emissions from Texas will decrease over the 21st century as the rapid demand for powerin developing countries such as China and India outpaces the growth of Texas’s CO2 emissions (EIA,2007b).

During the past 5 years, global emissions of CO2 from human activity have increased at an average rateof 3.5%/yr (EIA, 2007a), meaning that the annual increase of anthropogenic global CO2 emissions isgreater than Texas’s total emissions. This means that even a complete cessation of all CO2 emissions inTexas will be undetectable globally, and would be entirely subsumed by rising global emissions in lessthan 10 month’s time. A fortiori, regulations prescribing a reduction, rather than a complete cessation,of Texas’s CO2 emissions will have no effect on global climate.

Wigley (1998) examined the climate impact of adherence to the emissions controls agreed under theKyoto Protocol by participating nations, and found that, if all developed countries meet theircommitments in 2010 and maintain them through 2100, with a mid-range sensitivity of surfacetemperature to changes in CO2, the amount of warming “saved” by the Kyoto Protocol would be0.07°C by 2050 and 0.15°C by 2100. The global sea level rise “saved” would be 2.6 cm, or one inch. Acomplete cessation of CO2 emissions in Texas is only a tiny fraction of the worldwide reductionsassumed in Dr. Wigley’s global analysis, so its impact on future trends in global temperature and sealevel will be only a minuscule fraction of the negligible effects calculated by Dr. Wigley.

We now apply Dr. Wigley’s results to CO2 emissions in Texas, assuming that the ratio of U.S. CO2

emissions to those of the developed countries which have agreed to limits under the Kyoto Protocolremains constant at 39% throughout the 21st century. We also assume that developing countries such asChina and India continue to emit at an increasing rate. Consequently, the annual proportion of globalCO2 emissions contributed by human activity in the United States will decline. Finally, we assume thatthe proportion of total U.S. CO2 emissions in Texas – now 11.6% – remains constant throughout the21st century. With these assumptions, we generate the following table derived from Wigley’s (1998)mid-range emissions scenario (which itself is based upon the IPCC’s scenario “IS92a”):

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Table 1

Projected annual CO2 emissions (mmtCO2)

YearGlobal

emissions:Wigley, 1998

Developedcountries:

Wigley, 1998

U.S. (39% ofdevelopedcountries)

Texas(11.6% of U.S.)

2000 26,609 14,934 5,795 6702025 41,276 18,308 7,103 8242050 50,809 18,308 7,103 8242100 75,376 21,534 8,355 969

Note: Developed countries’ emissions, according to Wigley’s assumptions, do not changebetween 2025 and 2050: neither does total U.S or Texas emissions.

In Table 2, we compare the total CO2 emissions saving that would result if Texas’s CO2 emissionswere completely halted by 2025 with the emissions savings assumed by Wigley (1998) if all nationsmet their Kyoto commitments by 2010, and then held their emissions constant throughout the rest ofthe century. This scenario is “Kyoto Const.”

Table 2

Projected annual CO2 emissions savings (mmtCO2)

Year Texas Kyoto Const.2000 0 02025 824 4,6972050 824 4,6972100 969 7,924

Table 3 shows the proportion of the total emissions reductions in Wigley’s (1998) case that would becontributed by a complete halt of all Texas’s CO2 emissions (calculated as column 2 in Table 2 dividedby column 3 in Table 2).

Table 3

Texas’s percentage of emissions savings

Year Texas2000 0.0%2025 17.5%2050 17.5%2100 12.2%

Using the percentages in Table 3, and assuming that temperature change scales in proportion to CO2

emissions, we calculate the global temperature savings that will result from the complete cessation ofanthropogenic CO2 emissions in Texas:

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Table 4

Projected global temperature savings (ºC)

Year Kyoto Const Texas2000 0 02025 0.03 0.0052050 0.07 0.0122100 0.15 0.018

Accordingly, a cessation of all of Texas’s CO2 emissions would result in a climatically-irrelevantglobal temperature reduction by the year 2100 of less than two hundredths of a degree Celsius. Resultsfor sea-level rise are also negligible:

Table 5

Projected global sea-level rise savings (cm)

Year Kyoto Const Texas2000 0 02025 0.2 0.042050 0.9 0.162100 2.6 0.32

A complete cessation of all anthropogenic emissions from Texas will result in a global sea-level risesavings by the year 2100 of an estimated 0.32 cm, or just over one-tenth of an inch. Again, this value isclimatically irrelevant.

Even if the entire Western world were to close down its economies completely and revert to the StoneAge, without even the ability to light fires, the growth in emissions from China and India would replaceour entire emissions in little more than a decade. In this context, any cuts in emissions from Texaswould be extravagantly pointless.

Costs of Federal Legislation

And what would be the potential costs to Texas of legislative actions designed to cap greenhouse gasemissions? An analysis was recently completed by the Science Applications International Corporation(SAIC), under contract from the American Council for Capital Formation and the National Associationof Manufacturers (ACCF and NAM), using the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS); the samemodel employed by the US Energy Information Agency to examine the economic impacts.

For a complete description of their findings please visit:http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/cost-of-climate-change-policies/

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To summarize, SAIC found that by the year 2020, average annual household income in Texas woulddecline by $1044 to $3384 and by the year 2030 the decline would increase to between $4395 and$8015. The state would stand to lose between 93,000 and 140,000 jobs by 2020 and between 251,000and 335,000 jobs by 2030. At the same time gas prices could increase by nearly $5 a gallon by the year2030 and the states’ Gross Domestic Product could decline by then by as much as $52.2 billion/yr.

And all this economic hardship would come with absolutely no detectable impact on the course offuture climate. This is the epitome of a scenario of all pain and no gain.

The economic impacts in Texas of federal legislation to limit greenhouse gas emissions green. (Source:Science Applications International Corporation, 2008, http://www.accf.org/pdf/NAM/fullstudy031208.pdf)

Texas Scientists Reject UN’s Global Warming Hypothesis

At least 3,532 Texas scientists have petitioned the US government that the UN’s human causedglobal warming hypothesis is “without scientific validity and that government action on the basisof this hypothesis would unnecessarily and counterproductively damage both human prosperityand the natural environment of the Earth.”

They are joined by over 31,072 Americans with university degrees in science – including 9,021PhDs.

The petition and entire list of US signers can be found here:http://www.petitionproject.org/index.html

Names of the Texas scientists who signed the petition:

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Wyatt E. Abbitt III, Eugene Abbott, Albert S. Abdullah, DVM, Alan E. Abel, Marshall W.Abernathy, Grady L. Ables, John W. Achee Sr., Gene L. Ackerman, Donald O. Acrey, JohnEdgar Adams, PhD, Gerald J. Adams, PhD, Wilton T. Adams, PhD, Kent A. Adams, Daniel B.Adams Jr., N. Adams, Steve W. Adams, William D. Adams, Roy B. Adams, Jim D. Adams,William J. Adams Jr., Robert E. Adcock, George Adcock, Marshall B. Addison, PhD, WilderAdkins, Michael F. Adkins, Perry Lee Adkisson, PhD, Steve E. Aeschbach, Frederick A. Agdern,David Agerton, PhD, Mark Ahlert, Thane Akins, Kenneth O. Albers, Robert M. Albrecht, RobertAlexander, Dennis J. Alexander, Rex Alford, Robert L. Alford, David Allen, PhD, James L.Allen, PhD, Thomas Hunter Allen, PhD, F. J. Allen, Stewart J. Allen, John L. Allen, RandallAllen, Randall W. Allison, Terry G. Allison, George J. Allman, Terry Alltson, Jorge L. Alonso,Ali Yulmaz Alper, John Henry Alsop, PhD, George A. Alther, Vern J. Always, James I. Alyea,Bonnie B. Amos, PhD, James P. Amy, Kenneth L. Ancell, Larry Anderson, PhD, David O.Anderson, PhD, Mark Anderson, Fred G. Anderson, MD, Richard C. Anderson, P. JenningsAnderson, Keith R. Anderson, Greg J. Anderson, Reece B. Anderson, C. M. Anderson Jr.,Gilbert M. Andreen, Douglas Andress, T. Angelosaute, Robert H. Angevine, Elizabeth Y.Anthony, PhD, John K. Applegath, Harry D. Arber, Leon M. Arceneaux, William Ard,Christopher Arend, John W. Argue, Robert L. Arms, James E. Armstrong, Lowell ToddArmstrong, Glenn M. Armstrong, Edwin L. Arnold, Herbert K. Arnold, David Arnold, Lester C.Arnwine, Charles H. Asbill, Maynard B. Ashley, Wayne A. Ashley, Monroe Ashworth, Robert S.Ashworth, Curtis L. Atchley, James Athanasion, Arthur C. Atkins, Stanley L. Atnipp, William R.Aufricht, Richard Aurisano, PhD, Joeseph D. Aurizio, Brian E. Ausburn, Harold T. Austin, WardH. Austin, Jon R. Averhoff, Nathan M. Avery, William P. Aycock, Robert C. Ayers Jr., PhD, BillE. Babyak, Patrick J. Back, J. Robert Bacon, Tanwir A. Badar, T. Dale Badgwell, Jay K. Baggs,Vincent P. Baglioni, Georgw C. Bagnall, R. A. Baile, C. Bailey, Dane E. Bailey, John A. Bailleu,Robert M. Bailliet, Lee Edward Baker, PhD, Gilbert Baker, Howard T. Baker, Francis J. Balash,Brent P. Balcer, Edgar E. Baldridge, Steven J. Baldwin, Amir Balfas, P. Balis, Craig Balistrire,Jerry C. Ball, Harold N. Ballard, Ashok M. Balsaver, MD, Jerome E. Banasik Sr., John J.Banchetti, Robert D. Bankhead, Attila D. Banki, James Noel Baptist, PhD, Bill Barbee, AnslemH. Barber Jr., Paul Barber, Robert A. Bardo, O'Gene W. Barkemeyer, Theodore S. Barker, Eli F.Barker, Alex Barlowen, Allen L. Barnes, PhD, Mike Barnett, William J. Barnett, Linard T.Baron, Clem A. Barrere, PhD, Damian G. Barrett, Timothy M. Barrett, MD, Christopher M.Barrett, Leland L. Barrington, Oscar N. Barron, Allen C. Barron, Thomas D. Barrow, PhD, PaulW. Barrows, PhD, John Bartel, PhD, B. Bartley, PhD, Hugh B. Barton, Jerry G. Bartos, WilliamP. Bartow, William L. Basham, PhD, George M. Baskin, Andy H. Batey, PhD, Stuart L.Battarbee, Jack L. Battle, Mark S. Bauer, Frederick C. Bauhof, Bernard D. Bauman, PhD, MaxBaumeister, John E. Baures, Steve Bayless, Stephen L. Baylock, Melvin A. Bayne, Clifton W.Beach, Charles Beach, Dwight Beach Jr., Bobby Joe Beakley, Paula Thornton Beall, PhD, TerryW. Beall, Bobby D. Beall, MD, James F. Beall, Arthur L. Bear, James B. Beard, PhD, Thomas L.Beard, Reginald H. Bearsley, David C. Beaty, Weldon H. Beauchamp, PhD, Edward G.Beauchamp, Bill Beck, Curt B. Beck, Thomas G. Becnel, Rudolph J. Bednarz, Kenneth E.Beeney, H. Dale Beggs, PhD, Howard Dale Beggs, PhD, Francis Joseph Behal, PhD, Greg P.Behrens, Anthony J. Beilman, Deanna K. Belanger, Richard J. Belanger, Howard F. Bell, JeffreyBell, Thomas H. Belter, Randy L. Bena, Gilbert G. Bending, Robert G. Bening, Robert I. Benner,William F. Bennett, PhD, Professor Bennett, Alan Bennett, R. S. Bennett, Faycelo L. Bensaid,Fred C. Benson, PhD, Harold E. Benson, Robert Lloyd Benson, Kenneth E. Benton, Leonidas A.Berdugo, Brian Berger, MD, T. F. Berger, C. B. Bergin, Mike Bergsmg, Eric N. Berkhimer, JerryD. Berlin, PhD, David T. Berlin, Franklin Sogandares Bernal, PhD, John R. Berryhill, PhD,James E. Berryman, Robert G. Bertagne, Allen J. Bertagne, Robert K. Bethel, G. W. Bettge,George W. Bettge, Austin Wortham Betts*, Richard O. Beyea, Swapan K. Bhattacharlee, PhD,

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John M. Biancardi, Peter W. Bickers, Lewis J. Bicking Jr., Edward R. Biehl, PhD, Donald N.Bigbie, Dean Bilden, Charles R. Bills, John R. Birdwell, Gene R. Birdwell, Craig E. Bisceglia,James Merlin Bisett, Amin Bishara, Richard S. Bishop, PhD, Richard H. Bishop, PhD, Joe O.Bishop, Robert Bittle, PhD, Benny Bixenman, Sidney C. Bjorlie, Dean Black, PhD, Victoria V.Black, MD, Dennis Black, Sammy M. Black, William L. Black, Randolph Russell Blackburn,Brian D. Blackburn, James C. Blackmon, Steve Blaglock, Bruce A. Blake, William M. Bland Jr.,Linda D. Blankenship, Scott C. Blanton, PhD, George Albert Blay, PhD, G. Blaylock, W. N.Bledsoe, Donald J. Blickwede, PhD, Roger P. Bligh, Stan Blossom, Tedde R. Blunck, LawrenceT. Boatman, Don A. Boatman, Joshua T. Boatwright, Robert S. Bobbitt, Thomas C. Boberg,PhD, Stephen J. Bodnar, PhD, Hollis Boehme, PhD, Jack E. Boers, PhD, David H. Boes, JohnnyBoggs, Leslie K. Bogle, Kevin Michael Bohacs, PhD, Mark Bohm, Johhnie J. Bohuslav, Jack C.Bokros, PhD, Regnald A. Boles, Robert B. Boley, PhD, C. Bollfrass, Charles Bollfrass, Frank R.Bollig, Gerald J. Bologna, John Joseph Boltralik, Sam T. Boltz Jr., Patrick L. Bond, Arnold B.Booker, R. J. Boomer, Daniel R. Boone, Paul M. Boonen, PhD, Larry Boos, PhD, Edward J.Booth, James H. Bordelon, Jerry Borges, J. Borin, Annette H. Borkowski, Sebastian R. Borrello,Randal S. Bose, David Boss, Robert Bossung, George M. Boswell, MD, Kathleen B. Bottroff,Harry Elmo Bovay Jr., Roger L. Bowers, Randy Bowie, Gary R. Bowles, Lamar D. Bowles, JohnT. Boyce, Phillip A. Boyd, PhD, Robert Boyd III, Jimmy W. Boyd REM, Robert Ernst Boyer,PhD, Brad B. Boyer, Sherry L. Brackeen, Brett K. Bracken, James C. Brackmor, Vincent H.Bradley, MD, Samuel Bradshaw, Charles M. Bradshaw, Bruce B. Brand, Richard Brand, StanleyGeorge Brandenberger, PhD, Robert E. Brandt, Thomas Brandt, Raymond Brannan, PhD,Michael S. Brannan, Ross E. Brannian, Glenn S. Brant, William H. Branum, Jeffrey M. Braun,Bruce G. Bray, PhD, Carl W. Bray, James F. Brayton, William Breach, Theodore M. Breaux,Jimmy L. Breazeale, MD, Kenneth J. Breazeale, Bob Breeze, Martin Bregman, PhD, B. M.Breining, Berryman M. Breining, Harry L. Brendgen, John H. Bress, J. R. Brewer, Herbert L.Brewer, James H. Bridges, Claudia Briell, W. Briggs, PhD, Arthur R. Briggs, Robert A.Brimmer, MD, Niz Brissette, Earl Bristow, Ronald A. Britton, Morris L. Britton, MD, MichaelW. Britton, Paul R. Brochu, Howard M. Brock, James P. Brock, MD, H. Kent Brock, Russell G.Broecklemann, Phiilip F. Bronowitz, John D. Bronson, Mark A. Bronston, PhD, James ElwoodBrooks, PhD, Kent Brooks, PhD, Britt E. Brooks, Royce G. Brooks, John R. Brose, Thomas S.Brough, Jack F. Browder Jr., Rick A. Brower, Leonard F. Brown Jr., PhD, Murray AllisonBrown, PhD, Robert G. Brown, PhD, Glenn Lamar Brown, PhD, Byron L. Brown, MD, StevenBrown, Brenda E. Brown, Charles D. Brown, Jim Brown, John T. Brown, Charles R. Brown ll,Jimmy D. Browning, Thomas Broyles, David L. Bruce, MD, George H. Bruce, Paul L. Bruce,Sandra Bruce, Roy S. Brucy, MD, Herman M. Bruechner, DVM, Robert L. Brueck, Larry W.Bruestle, DVM, Tim D. Brumit, MD, Lowell D. Brumley, Harrison T. Brundage, Allen Brune,Scott R. Bryan, Michael David Bryant, PhD, Thomas L. Bryant, John M. Bryant, Charles B.Bucek, Chris R. Buchwald, Charles G. Buckingham, MD, Ellis P. Bucklen, Jack B. Buckley, J.Fred Bucy Jr., PhD, Travis L. Budlong, Kenneth D. Bulin, Paul L. Buller Jr., Rex G. Bullock,Rich Bullock, William H. Bunch Jr., John M. Bunch, Douglas A. Buol, James Burckhard, BrianBurges, Roy A. Burgess, David T. Burke, David S. Burkhalter, James F. Burkholder, Jeffrey C.Burkman, Ralph D. Burks, Ned Burleson, PhD, D. Burleson, PhD, James E. Burnham, Robert B.Burnham, Robert W. Burnop, John D. Burns, Stanley S. Burns, William P. Burpeau Jr., W. F.Burroughs, Arthur B. Busbey, PhD, Donald L. Buscarello, Harry H. Bush Jr., Russel L. Bush,Houston D. Butcher, Arthur P. Buthod, O. Doyle Butler, Don W. Butler, Dennis L. Butler, BruceL. Butterfield, Charles J. Butterick, Joe W. Button, Byron R. Byars Jr., Nelson Byman, RichardDowell Byrd, PhD, Edwin Cable, C. Cadenhead, PhD, Stephen A. Cady, James E. Caffey, PhD,Harry J. Cain III, Gregory S. Caine, James B. Caldwell, PhD, Brian S. Calhoun, Ray L. Calkins,PhD, Michael J. Callaghan, PhD, Mike Callahan, Mickey J. Callanan, Lester H. Callaway, Robert

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Mac Callum, PhD, David D. Calvert, Richardo E. Calvo, PhD, Lee Cambre, Harvey A.Campbell, Lynn D. Campbell, Steve K. Campbell, C. David Campbell, MD, R. L. Campbell,MD, Richard J. Cancemi, MD, Joe A. Cantlon, Hengshu Cao, PhD, Juan J. Capello, MD, RonaldW. Capps, PhD, Philip H. Carlisle, David R. Carlson, Thomas Carlson, Lawrence O. Carlson,Roy F. Carlson, David C. Carlyle, PhD, Walter J. Carmoney, MD, Peyton Carnes, SpencerCarnes, B. Ronadl Carnes, David Carpenter, Leo C. Carr, Brent Carruth, Charles D. Carson, PhD,Joseph O. Carter, J. O. Carter, Steven L. Carter, Greg Carter, E. Forrest Carter, Aubrey LeeCartwright Jr., PhD, Louis B. Caruana, PhD, Louis M. Caruana, Ralph V. Caruth, Audra B. Cary,Eddie Case, Jeffrey J. Casey, John R. Cassata, Patrick Cassidy, PhD, Ralph J. Castille, Joseph L.Castillo, Ron Castleton, Raphael A. Castro, Xiaolong Cat, PhD, Ken D. Caughron, James C.Causey "MAE, CSP", P. G. Cavazos, Bob C. Cavender, Arthur Vorce Chadwick, PhD, JohnChadwick, Barry Chamberlain, Samuel Z. Chamberlin, William S. Chambless, MD, Michael M.Chan, Clarence R. Chandler, Tyne-Hsien Chang, PhD, William Charowhas, Vanieca L. Charvat,Thomas J. Chastant, Ashok K. Chatterjee, Lynn Chcoran, R. S. Cheaney, Curtis A. Cheatham,Paul S. Check, Jimmie L. Cherry, Robert F. Chesnik, Wm. Chewning, William J. Chewning,Russell Chianelli, PhD, Thomas W. Childers, James H. Childres, James N. Childs, Michael J.Chiles, William M. Chop Jr., Ceasar C. Chopp, Peter S. Chrapliwy, PhD, Ron V. Christensen,Don Christensen, David Christiansen, James P. Chudleigh, MD, C. R. Chung, MD, J. JosephCiavarra Jr., Charles J. Cilfone, Charlie J. Cilfone, Atlam M. Citzler Jr., Edwin J. Claassen Jr.,PhD, Gary D. Clack, John D. Clader, PhD, Gregory S. Claine, James B. Clark, PhD, Gene W.Clark, J. Donald Clark, Randall D. Clark, Richard T. Clark, Robey H. Clark, Ewell A. Clarke,David B. Clarton, PhD, Calvin Class, PhD, Nick W. Classen, Don Clauson, David Clayton, PhD,William Clayton, Arthur M. Clendenin, W. J. Clift, Fred W. Clinard, J. T. Cline, James T. Cline,Robert E. Cliver, Aaron Close, Mike Clumper, Thomas John Clunie, PhD, William Cobb, Jon F.Cobb, Howard L. Cobb, John H. Cochrane, MD, J. R. Cockerham, Jerry R. Cockerham, WilliamH. Cockerham, Joseph W. Coddou, Charles A. Cody, Curtis Coe, Charles R. Cofer, William R.Coffelt, James D. Coffman, John R. Cogdell, PhD, Clayton Coker, Tom B. Coker, Ralph Coker,Glennq P. Coker, Glenn P. Coker, Joseph F. Colangelo, W. B. Colburn, John F. Cole, PhD, FrankW. Cole, Douglas E. Cole, Forrest Donald Colegrove, PhD, Bobby Coleman, Woodrow W.Coleman, Richard A. Coleman, Don S. Collida, Charles A. Collins, Glynn C. Collins, TedCollins Jr., Stephen L. Collins, William P. Collins, Bruce G. Collippns Jr., Nicholas E. Combs,John S. Comeaux, William T. Comiskey, Hanson Cone, MD, Carter B. Conlin, Jack D. Connally,MD, H. E. Connell Jr., Ralph L. Conrad, Jesus Constante, Arthur B. Cook, Preston K. Cook, AnnS. Cook, Steven C. Cook, Wendell C. Cook, Douglas H. Cook, Willis R. Cooke, Edward F.Cooke, James M. Cooksey, Denton Arthur Cooley, MD, Daniel F. Cooley, Gordon Cooper, PhD,John C. Cooper, Thomas B. Coopwood, MD, M. Yavuz Corapcioglu, PhD, Jim Corbit, David L.Corder, Eugene Core, Wayland Corgill, Henry E. Corke, PhD, Jimmie A. Corley, Robert L.Cornelius, Holley M. Cornette, Suzanne L. Corrigan, John Corrigan III, Kenneth M. Cory, J. PaulCosta, Mark J. Costello, Steven A. Costello, Richard O. Cottie, William R. Cotton, PhD*,Spencer M. Cotton, Marcus L. Countiss, Gary R. Countryman, Galen L. Coupe, Chris E. Covert,Kenneth W. Covey, Daniel Francis Cowan, Tracy Cowan, Robert S. Cowperthwait, Alice D.Cox, MD, Don C. Cox, Jerry D. Cox, Bruce W. Cox, DVM, Leon W. Cox, Dan M. Cox, DavidL. Cox, Hiram M. Cox, James A. Cox, Edward Jethro Cragoe Jr., PhD, John A. Craig, Jerry L.Crain, Glenn D. Crain, Richard D. Cramer, John R. Crandall, David C. Crane, PhD, James F.Cravens, Lionel W. Craver, PhD, Doyle Craver, Ken Craver, Russell S. Cravey, Duane AustinCrawford, Carter D. Crawford, James D. Crawford, Don L. Crawford, Ron Creamer, Wendell R.Creech, Prentice G. Creel, T. C. Creese, Sondra L. Creighton, Peter A. Crisi, Harold W. Criswell,J. L. Crittenden, Dan W. Crofts, Thomas J. Crosier, Don W. Cross, George A. Cross, Morgan L.Crow, Carroll M. Crull, Harry A. Crumbling, E. L. Crump, Eligio D. Cruz Jr., Tihamer Zoltan

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Csaky, MD, Donald Cudmore, Samuel F. Culberson, A. S. Cullick, PhD, Reid M. Cuming, TomCundiff, R. Walter Cunningham, PhD, Peter A. Curka, MD, Clarence L. Curl, Gene Curry,Timmy F. Curry, Rankin A. Curtis, Stuart C. Curtis, Charles E. Cusack Jr., Herman C. Custard,PhD, Hugo C. da Silva, PhD, Calvin Daetwyler, PhD, Harry Martin Dahl, PhD, Peter C. Daigle,Joseph W. Dalley, PhD, Jesse Leroy Dally, PhD, John J. Dalnoky, Charles Dalton, PhD, JamesU. Daly, Jerome Samuel Danburg, PhD, Richard M. Dangelo, Adam S. Daniec, Stephen R.Daniel, Scott Daniel, Ned R. Daniels, William R. Dannels, Ronald Darby, PhD, Frank Darden,David H. Darling, MD, Russ C. Darr, Joseph E. Darsey, Hriday Das, PhD, George F. Davenport,Gregory W. Daves, Cecil W. Davidson, Thomas Davidson, Emlyn B. Davies, PhD, Frances M.Davis, PhD, Wendell Davis, PhD, Joseph R. Davis, PhD, Theodore R. Davis, Donald J. Davis, D.K. Davis, Alfred Davis, James F. Davis, H. R. Dawson, PhD, Wyatt W. Dawson Jr., MikeDawson, Raul J. De Los Reyes, MD, Frederik Willem De Wette, PhD, William D. Dean, Roy F.Dearmore, MD, Michael L. Deason, DVM, Bobby Charles Deaton, PhD, Charles Deboisblanc,Francis E. Debons, PhD, Howard E. Decker, David G. Deeken, Philip E. Deering, John M. Dees,John A. Deffner, William L. Deginder, Rebecca Dehlinger, John Dehn, PhD, Charles F.Deiterich, Phillip T. DeLassus, PhD, Kirk F. Delaune, Nicholas Delillo, PhD, Mark T. Delinger,Lyman D. Demand, J. Demarest, PhD, David C. DeMartini, PhD, Scott C. Denison Jr., David R.Denley, PhD, Richard G. Denney, Richard S. Dennis, Al M. Denson, James Denton, Newton B.Derby, Edward B. Derry, Peter A. Desantis, Rodney F. Deschamps, John J. Deshazo, John W.Devine, Louis Dewenter, Jim Dews, Lloyd Dhren, Paul J. Dial, John K. Dibitz, Marvin R. Dietel,Ronald L. Diggs, Robert Garling Dillard, Roger McCormick Dille, Howard Dingman, R. W.Dirks, James P. Disiena, Albert K. Dittmer, Charles J. Diver, Howard E. Dixon, Richard C.Doane, Gerard R. Dobson, PhD, Earl S. Doderer, PhD, Charles Fremont Dodge, PhD, Stephen G.Dodwell, Matthew A. Doffer, Harold H. Doiron, PhD, Michael J. Doiron, MD, Ronald U. Dolfi,W. W. Dollison, Calvin W. Donaghey, Bob L. Donald, Allen Donaldson, James E. Donham,George Donnelly, Billie G. Dopstauf, John B. Dorsey, Floyd Doughty, Ralph D. Doughty,Charles E. Douglas, PhD, Arthur Constant Doumas, PhD, Gary L. Douthitt, Calhoun Dove,William Louis Dowdy, James D. Dowell, Fred Downey, PhD, Jack D. Downing, TerrellDowning, Tom D. Downs, PhD, Stanford L. Downs, B. J. Doyle, Charles W. Drake, Rex A.Drake, George L. Drenner Jr., Carl S. Droste, PhD, William C. Drow, DVM, John A. Drozd, A.J. Druce Jr., Del Rose M. Dubbs, PhD, Louis Dubois, Thomas Dudley, Tom Dudley, Roy L.Dudman, Robert J. Duenckel, S. E. Duerr, Taylor Duke, Thomas L. Dumler, Dean D. Duncan,PhD, Raynor Duncombe, PhD, James G. Dunkelberg, Henry Francis Dunlap, PhD, H. F. Dunlap,PhD, Cleo Dunlap, Roy L. Dunlap, Johnny L. Dunlap, R. C. Dunlap Jr., Wade H. Dunn, PhD,Dale E. Dunn, Francis P. Dunn, James F. Dunn, Neil M. Dunn, MD, Nora E. Dunnell, James D.Duppstadt, Dermot J. Durcan, Jack D. Duren, Ray R. Durrett, MD, Allen L. Dutt, Chizuko M.Dutta, PhD, Granville Dutton, Julie A. Duty, PhD, Neil T. DuVernay, Roger L. Duyne, PhD,Isaac Dvoretzky, PhD, Lawrence D. Dyer, PhD, Bertram E. Eakin, PhD, R. C. Earlougher Jr.,PhD, Richard L. Easterwood, John R. Eaton, James H. Eaton, H. Eberspacher, Stanley R. Eckert,MD, Dominic Gardiner Bowlin Edelen, PhD, Richard Carl Eden, PhD, John M. Edgington, PeterJ. Edquist, DVM, Leo T. Effenberger, Darryl J. Egbert, James P. Egger, Christine Ehlig-Economides, PhD, Steven M. Ehlinger, C. D. Ehrhardt Jr., Peter B. Eichelberger, Peter M. Eick,Dean L. Eiland, Jack Gordon Elam, PhD, Bill F. Eldridge, Jack G. Elen, PhD, Lloyd E. ElkinsSr., Joseph A. Ellerbrock, David E. Ellermann, DVM, Douglas G. Elliot, PhD, Rodger L. Elliott,Mark H. Elliott, John G. Elliott Jr., Edison M. Ellis, Robert L. Ellis, Walter H. Ellis, James L.Ellis, Grover C. Ellisor, Kevin L. Elm, Sandy Elms, Andy Elms, Howard P. Elton, Gary M.Emanuel, Barry E. Engel, Newton England Jr., Donald D. Engle, Mike S. Engle, Kenneth C.English, Gilbert K. Eppich, Jay M. Eppink, Russ Eppright, PhD, John F. Erdmann, Alvin J.Erickson Jr., Roger Erickstad, Martin J. Erne, James Lorenzo Erskine, PhD, Don R. Erwin,

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Brenda Eskelson, E. Esparza, Jimmie L. Estill, Claudia T. Evans, PhD, Beverly A. Evans,Kenneth R. Evans, James A. Evans, Charles R. Evans, Harmon Edwin Eveland, PhD, H. E.Eveland, PhD, Thomas M. Even, Keith A. Everett, Robert H. Everett, Richard Eyler, William A.Fader, MD, Dennis E. Fagerstone, K. Marshall Fagin, James R. Fair, PhD, Jack Fairchild, PhD,Ken Paul Fairchild, Leonard S. Falsone, Daniel J. Faltermeier, Billy Don Fanbien, PhD, RobertS. Fant, Timothy Farage, B. L. Farmer, MD, Jim Farr, MD, Charles Farrell, PhD, P. A. Farrell,Elnora A. Farrell, MD, Billie R. Farris, David Faulkinberry, Claude Marie Faust, PhD, C.Featherston, Hank Feldstein, PhD, Thomas Felkai, Steve Fenderson, Edward L. Fennell, FelixWest Fenter, PhD, Dave D. Ferguson, Keith Ferguson, Dino J. Ferralli, John M. Ferrell, MD,Robert J. Ferry, PhD, Thomas H. Fett, Mark E. Fey, Carl L. Fick, Bruce Ficken, Kenneth J.Fiedler, Paul L. Figel, Tom Filesi, Marion F. Filippone, R. D. Finch, PhD, Donald F. Fincher,William E. Findley, Jerry Finkelstein, Robert E. Finken, John C. Finneran Jr., Roger W. Fish,James Fisher, John D. Fisk, MD, Glenn D. Fisseler, Travis G. Fitts Jr., Gregory N. Fitzgerald,Mark R. Fitzgerald, MD, Michael J. Flanigan, Adrian Ede Flatt, PhD, C. D. Flatt, William T.Flis, James L. Flocik, John A. Flores, Dagne Lu Florine, PhD, Daniel Fort Flowers, PhD, JosephCalvin Floyd, PhD, Monroe H. Floyd, Lowell R. Flud, David A. Flusche, George E. Fodor, PhD,Gerald W. Foess, PhD, James L. Folcik, Aileen M. Foley, Charles T. Folsom, MD, Marc F.Fontaine, PhD, R. S. Foote, Jack G. Foote, Robert S. Foote, Phillip Forbes, George E. Ford, PhD,Roger G. Ford, PhD, Donald P. Ford, MD, George H. Ford, Kenneth B. Ford, Edward Forest,PhD, John Wiley Forsyth, PhD, Gerald Foster, PhD, Walter E. Foster, PhD, Donald MyersFoster, PhD, A. Gerald Foster, PhD, C. R. Foster, Randall R. Foster, J. S. Foster, Doyle F.Fouquet, Leon L. Fowler, John Greg Fowler, Mike Fowler, Louis H. Fowler, Donald W. Fox,Michael S. Francisco, Anne Frank, Donald A. Frank, MD, Milton C. Franke, Homer Franklin Jr.,Edwin R. Franks, MD, Bruce Frantz, Warren L. Franz, PhD, Frank E. Frawley Jr., Charles W.Frazell, Marshall Everett Frazer, PhD, Don W. Frazier, Richard R. Frazier, Robert S. Frederick,PhD, Chris Frederickson, PhD, Jack C. Freeman, Johnny A. Freeman, Burlin E. Freeze, Emil J.Freireich, Stephen M. Fremgen, Benjamin Dweitt Fremming, Benjamin D. Fremming, KennethA. French, PhD, William S. French, PhD, David C. Fresch, Marion T. Friday, Gerald E. Fritts,Charles W. Frobese, Charles W. Fromen, John E. Frost, PhD, Wade J. Frost, David H. Fruhling,William K. Fry, Rodney G. Fuchs, Thomas R. Fuller, Charles L. Fuller, Terry L. Furgiuele,Dionel Fuselier, Morris L. Gabel, William A. Gabig, Leo H. Gabro, Dean E. Gaddy, Robert A.Gahl, Will Gaines, MD, Douglas Gaither, Joseph W. Galate, R. Gale, PhD, Chrisitna A. Galindo,Marcus J. Galvan, Gary L. Galyardt, B. M. Gamble, Harvey M. Gandy, S. Paul Garber, RafaelGarcia, PhD, Hector D. Garcia, PhD, Gerard G. Garcia, Thomas L. Gardner, D. Garett, Fred S.Garia, Norman E. Garner, PhD, R. Dale Garner, Claude H. Garrett, Frederick Garver Jr., RobertJ. Gary, R. Gary, Ron Gasser, Carolyn J. Gaston, PhD, Thea B. Gates, DVM, Stephen L. Gates,Anthony Roger Gatti, PhD, John Gatti, James R. Gattis, Herbert Y. Gayle, Al Gaylord, MichaelJ. Gaynor, Bob J. Gebert, William E. Gee, William F. Geisler, R. Genge, Ronald L. Genter,Joseph C. Gentry, Charles J. George, Robert E. Gerald, MD, Thomas G. Gerding, PhD, GeorgeS. Gerlach, Richard J. Geshay, Richard G. Ghiselin, Gordon A. Gibbs, Lee B. Gibson, PhD,Daniel M. Gibson, PhD, George R. Gibson, PhD, Bobby W. Gibson, Byron J. Gierhart, DonaldC. Gifford, Hugh W. Gifford, Gerry Gilbert, Joel Gilbert, W. Allen Gilchrist Jr., PhD, William H.Gilchrist, John Giles, Amarjit S. Gill, Jimmy D. Gillard, Robert Gillespie, PhD, Richard C.Gillette, Trauvis H. Gillham, Clarence F. Gilmore, Merrill Stuart Ginsburg, PhD, WalterGlasgow, Bryan Glass, DVM, Robert W. Gleeson, Mark E. Glover, PhD, Robert R. Glovna,Earnest Frederick Gloyna, PhD, John M. Glynn, Barry G. Goar, Forrest Gober, Ferd S. GodboldIII, Charles B. Godfrey, Frederick W. Goff, William C. Goins, Larry O. Goldbeck, MD, MichaelH. Golden, Charles Goldenzopf, PhD, Fred L. Goldsberry, PhD, R. K. Golemon, Ruth Gonzalez,PhD, Richard L. Good, John Bannister Goodenou, PhD, Loy B. Goodheart, Charles Thomas

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Goodhue, PhD, Kent Goodloe, Billy J. Goodrich Jr., William A. Goodrich Jr., MD, Philip W.Goodwin Jr., Korwin J. Goodwin, Terry L. Goosey, Stuart Gordon, Scott D. Gordon, Edward F.Gordon, D. Gorham, PhD, Cheryl Goris, Waldemar Gorski, PhD, Paul L. Gorsuch, MD, Gary R.Gosdin, Darrell L. Goss, Nicolas Goutchkoff, Robert D. Grace, Bob Graf, G. Robert Graf, HaroldP. Graham, PhD, S. Graham, Jon Graham, Charles Richard Graham, MD, Seldon B. Graham Jr.,Marie M. Graham, MD, Bill D. Graham, Irwin Patton Graham, Richard G. Grammens, Curtis E.Granberry, R. R. Grant, Milton J. Grant II, William F. Grauten, Robert J. Graves, GregoryGraves, Leonard M. Graves, William W. Gray, Gordon H. Gray, Joe C. Gray, Gerald T. Greak,Kent A. Grebing, Michael G. Grecco, Bobby L. Green, Hubert G. Green, MD, Tom F. Green,Andrew Green, Taylor C. Green, Arthur R. Green, John W. Green, Milton Green, Don M.Greene, PhD, Donald M. Greene, PhD, Vance Greene, Donald R. Greenlee, Jack D. Greenwade,Howard E. Greenwell, B. Marcum Greenwood, Ralph D. Greer, Gary C. Greer, Ted M. Gregson,David M. Gresko, Francis J. Greytok, Doreen V. Grieve, Paul G. Griffith, PhD, M. Shan Griffith,Robert W. Griffith, B. W. Griffith Jr., Edward T. Grimes, MD, Jim T. Grinnan, Ricahrd T.Grinstead, Strother Grisham, Norman C. Griswold, PhD, Donald L. Griswold Jr., Fred R. Grote,Barney Groten, PhD, William S. Groves, S. D. Grubb, Frank C. Gruszynski, Harold JulianGryting, PhD, Johnnie F. Guelker, Gary Guerrieri, Charles G. Guffey, PhD, Eugene P. Gugel,Stephen N. Guillot, David C. Guinn, Professor Guldenzopf, PhD, J. Arvis Gully, PhD, Arnold J.Gully, Mark T. Gully, Alberto F. Gutierrez, Jeng Yih Guu, PhD, Necip Guven, PhD, Frank W.Guy, PhD, Joe M. Haas, Merrill Wilber Haas, Larry G. Hada, Frederick R. Hafner, Robert Hage,Cecil W. Hagen, Ismail B. Haggag, PhD, Gerow Richard Hagstrom, PhD, Wayne A. Hahne,Stephen W. Haines, Anthony Haines, Delilah B. Hainey, Michel Thomas Halbouty, PhD, GaryDnnis Halepeska, Richard L. Haley, PhD, R. A. Haley, Douglas Lee Hall, PhD, R. W. Hall Jr.,PhD, Jared Hall, Rebecca Hall, Billy R. Hall, Gary R. Hall, George Hall, Tommy G. Hall, JohnHall, Robert T. Halpin, Robert L. Halvorsen, Barry Halvorsen, R. L. Halvorson, RobertHamilton, PhD, Robert Hamilton, PhD, Thomas M. Hamilton, PhD, Dixie G. Hamilton, MD,Stephen L. Hamilton, David Hammel, Matthew M. Hammer, Scott Hamon, Andrew W. Hampf,Bernold M. Handon, Eugene Hanegan, Arthur D. Hanna, PhD, Thomas L. Hanna, DVM, SusanK. Hannaman, Robin Hansen, Douglas B. Hansen, MD, Hugh T. Hansen, Judd A. Hansen, HarryR. Hanson, E. W. Hanszen, Richard A. Haralson, Allan Wilson Harbaugh, PhD, Bob C. Harbert,N. J. Hard, PhD, Stephen D. Hard, DVM, Robert Hard, James Edward Hardcastle, PhD, Glenn L.Hardin, William H. Harding, Andrew T. Harding, Henry W. Harding Jr., Robert E. Hardy, HughW. Hardy, Jesse W. Hargis Jr., O. W. Hargrove, Mary W. Hargrove, Wendell N. Harkey, Scott I.Harmon, John Harmonson, Ralph K. Haroldson, Jordan Harp, Ronald Harp, Laddie J. Harp,Henry S. Harper, Charles D. Harr, PhD, Ben Gerald Harris, PhD, Dennis Harris, Jimmy D.Harris, L. Harris, William E. Harris, Billy W. Harris, John C. Harris, David C. Harris, Mathew R.Harrison, Maxwell M. Hart, Paul Robert Hart, Louis W. Hartman, Glenn A. Hartsell, Charles M.Hartwell, Dan E. Hartzell, F. Reese Harvey, PhD, Kenneth C. Harvey, PhD, Meldrum J. Harvey,Robert E. Harvey, William H. Harwood, PhD, Syed M. Hasan, Steven R. Haskin, Jill Hasling,Jay Hassell, PhD, Turner Elilah Hasty, PhD, William B. Hataway, Tim Hatch, Coleman E.Hatherly, Charles B. Hauf, Philip R. Haught, S. Mark Haugland, Victor LaVern Hauser, PhD,Rudolph H. Hausler, PhD, Rudolf M. Hausler, PhD, Y. Hawkins, William K. Hawkins, EdwardF. Haye, Richard D. Haynes, James O. Haynes, Clay E. Haynes, James T. Hays, PhD, James E.Hays, J. Ross Hays, Stephen M. Hazlewood, Miao-Xiang He, MD, Klyne Headley, JamesEdward Heath, PhD, Maxine S. Heath, PhD, Forrest Dale Heath, Milton Heath Jr., James E.Heavner, PhD, James B. Hebel, Bobby D. Hebert, Donald Hecker, Bobbie Hediger, John A.Hefti, William Joseph Heilman, PhD, Daniel J. Heilman, William Daniel Heinze, PhD, James R.Heinze, Peter J. Heinze, Mark B. Heironimus, Robert W. Helbing, Stephen C. Helbing Sr., JerryHelfand, Paul E. Helfer, Ronald A. Hellstern, PhD, Langley Roberts Hellwig, PhD, Donald C.

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Helm, Stephen A. Helmberger, Robert E. Helmkamp, PhD, Maher L. Helmy, Bill D. Helton,Glenn R. Hemann Jr., Gerald J. Henderson, PhD, Loren L. Henderson, Douglas J. Henderson,Robert J. Henderson, Dennis L. Hendrix, Malcolm Hendry, PhD, Erwin M. Hengst Jr., Ernest J.Henley, PhD, Terry L. Henshaw, Roger P. Herbert, Jonh F. Herbig, John F. Herbig Jr., StevensHerbst, Milton B. Herndon, Robert K. Heron, Joe S. Herring, Randy B. Herring, Robert P.Herrmann, Charles H. Herty lll, PhD, Henry J. Hervol, Donald E. Herzberg, Allen H. Hess, BarryG. Hexton, Karen Hickman, PhD, Carlos W. Hickman, James L. Hickman, Willie K. Hicks,James M. Hicks, Joseph H. Higginbotham, PhD, Edward D. Higgins, Michael J. Higgins,Margaret A. Hight, William K. Hilarides, Donald L. Hildebrand, Harvey F. Hill, Andrew T. Hill,Lee Hilliard, John V. Hilliard, William D. Hillis, John Hills, Ray Hilton, PhD, Philip M. Hilton,Mark Fletcher Hines, Howard H. Hinson, Tod Hinton, Mark A. Hitchcock, Rankin V. Hitt, MD,Bryan E. Hivnor, Grace K. Hivnor, S. Hixon, PhD, Sumner B. Hixon, PhD, Richard E. Hixon,Wai Ching Ho, PhD, George H. Hobbs, Michael W. Hoblet, Lee N. Hodge, Sidney EdwardHodges, PhD, Albert Bernard Hoefelmeyer, PhD, Gustave Leo Hoehn, PhD, Earl C. Hoffer, MD,Charles L. Chuck Hoffheiser, Paul F. Hoffman, James E. Hoffmann, Gerald P. Hoffmann,Timothy J. Hogan, Laurence H. Hogue, Robert Marion Holcomb, PhD, David L. Holcomb,Howard D. Holden, PhD, Stephen A. Holdith, PhD, Howard Holland, Henry B. Holle, MD,George Hayes Holliday, PhD, Clifford R. Holliday, John C. Holliman, Frank Joseph Holly, PhD,Anchor E. Holm, Eldon Holm, Russell Holman, Hewett E. Holman, Lowell A. Holmes, Ken D.Holt, Robert J. Holt Sr., Bud Holzman, Frank D. Holzmann, Baxter D. Honeycutt, Russell H.Hoopes, Harry A. Hope, George William Hopkins, PhD, Richard B. Hopper, Carlos L. HorlerSr., Frank A. Hormann, Jerrold S. Horne, Michael A. Hornung, John Horrenstine, Randy D.Horsak, Carl W. Horst, Howard T. Horton, Douglas J. Horton, Edward Horton, Roger Horton,Friedrich Horz, PhD, B. Wayne Hoskins, Richard F. Houde, Albin Houdek, Joel S. Hougen, PhD,Jace Houston, James P. Howalt, Ben K. Howard, PhD, William L. Howard Sr., PhD, Wendell E.Howard, Charles H. Howard, Robert L. Howard, Bruce Howard, John Howatson, PhD, TerryAllen Howel, PhD, John C. Howell, Randall L. Howell, John E. Howland, PhD, Donald L.Howlett, Stan J. Hruska, Bartholomew P. Hsi, PhD, Yen T. Huang, PhD, Edgar Hubbard, RussellH. Hubbard, Bradford Hubbard, Terry K. Hubele, Douglas W. Huber, Frank A. Hudson, PhD,Hank M. Hudson, Stephen H. Hudson, Fred B. Hudspeth, Harry J. Huebner, Fred Robert Huege,PhD, Clark K. Huff, James Douglas Huggard, Michael Hughes, PhD, Dan A. Hughes, Robert G.Hughes, Mark O. Hughston, Robert C. Hulse, David Hulslander, Charles A. Hummel, RayEicken Humphrey, PhD, Cathi D. Humphries, PhD, W. Houston Humphries, Dale L. Hunt, CecillHunt Jr., William H. Hunten, Hassell E. Hunter, Douglass M. Hurt, Vivian K. Hussey, DavidHutcheson, PhD, Carl M. Hutson, James H. Hyatt, Mike Ibarguen, Alex Ignatiev, PhD, PilooEruchshaw Ilavia, Cecil M. Inglehart, Robert E. Irelan, James M. Irwin, Jerry K. Irwin, CharlesF. Irwin, MD, R. V. Irwin, E. Burke Isbell, Cary Iverson, Turner W. Ivey Sr., Edwin Harry Ivey,Jerry W. Ivie, Cleon L. Ivy, David Ivy, Gerald Jacknow, MD, Charles E. Jackson, Jeral Jackson,William Jackson, Nichole Jackson, James R. Jackson, Scott L. Jackson, George R. Jackson, J. C.Jacobs, PhD, Roy P. Jacobs, Garry H. Jacobs, Donald F. Jacques, PhD, Robert B. Jacques, JohnE. James, Calvin R. James, Patrick H. Jameson, Harwin B. Jamison, MD, Marilyn R. Janke, MD,Maximo J. Jante Jr., Rupert Jarboe, Richard P. Jares, Kenneth E. Jarosz, Herbert F. Jarrell, PhD,Douglas Jasek, Buford R. Jean, PhD, Thomas T. Jeffries III, Hugh Jeffus, PhD, Michael Jellison,Veronon Kelly Jenkins, PhD, Jack H. Jennings, Stanley M. Jensen, Randall D. Jensen, MD,Walter P. Jensen Jr., Bill E. Jessup, Richard L. Jodry, PhD, Knut A. Johanson Jr., Duane J.Johnson, PhD, Stuart G. Johnson, PhD, Fred Lowery Johnson, PhD, Howard R. Johnson, MD,Raynard J. Johnson, Earl F. Johnson, Thomas P. Johnson, Delmer R. Johnson, Paul D. Johnson,Doug Johnson, Jeffrey L. Johnson, Charles W. Johnson, MD, Marshall C. Johnston, PhD, LaVerne Albert Johnston, PhD, Stephen Albert Johnston, PhD, Daniel Johnston, PhD, Marshal C.

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Johnston, PhD, Bonnie Johnston, William R. Johnston, D. W. Johnston, Stephan E. Johnston,Kevin W. Jonas, Richard A. Jones, PhD, Bill Jones, PhD, Robert E. Jones, PhD, James OgdenJones, PhD, Granby Jones, Ray P. Jones, James T. Jones, B. C. Jones, Mitchell Jones, George F.Jonke, Duane P. Jordan, PhD, Jonathan D. Jordan, James R. Jorden, Michael J. Joyner, PhD, PaulG. Judas, Cynthia K. Jungman, DVM, Terence B. Jupp, Joseph Jurlina, James Horace Justice,PhD, Richard J. Kabat, Joan D. Kailey, Hugh D. Kaiser, Klem Kalberer, Ronald P. Kaltenbaugh,Medhat H. Kamal, PhD, William W. Kaminer, Mark P. Kaminsky, PhD, Dennis R. Karns, LesterKarotken, PhD, Ross L. Kastor, Ira Katz, PhD, Marvin L. Katz, PhD, Bill Kaufman, Robert R.Kautzman, Don M. Kay, William Kaylor Jr., Marvin D. Kays, PhD, William Kazmann,Lawrence C. Keaton, PhD, Iris Keeling, Joseph Aloysius Keenan, PhD, Ralph O. Kehle, PhD,Byron L. Keil, Kenwood K. Keil, DVM, Morris Keith, John W. Kelcher, Raymond A. Kelinske,Hermon Keller, Paul W. Keller, R. Keller, Michael Keller, Glen E. Kellerhals, PhD, Monica W.Kelley, Bob Kelley, Jim D. Kelley, Dan A. Kellogg, Colin M. Kelly, Sean P. Kelly, Charles H.Kelm, Marc Keltner, Arthur H. Kemp, L. N. Kendrick, Anthony Drew Kennard, Howard V.Kennedy, PhD, William Kennedy, Theodore R. Keprta, Odis D. Kerbow, T. Lamar Kerley, PhD,Linda Kerr, Thomas W. Kershner, James B. Ketchersid, MD, Joe W. Key, Frank Key, DonaldArthur Keyworth, PhD, Daniel E. Kiburz, Harold J. Kidd, PhD, Thornton L. Kidd, MD, AlbertLaws Kidwell, PhD, Nat Kieffer, PhD, Robert Mitchell Kiehn, PhD, Rodney Kiel, Marvin E.Kiel, William H. Kielhorn, Charles H. Kilgore, Marion D. Kilgore, John E. Kimberly, KennethB. Kimble, Thomas Fredric Kimes, PhD, F. King, Thomas King, Kathryn E. King, Roy L. King,Gerald S. King, Edwin B. King, Karl Kinley, Roy H. Kinslow, PhD, Thyl E. Kint, Ken K. Kirby,Fred Kirchhoff Jr., Earl Kirk Jr., James E. Kirkham, MD, Matthew L. Kirkland, DennisKirkpatrick, PhD, Haskell M. Kirkpatrick, Hugh R. Kirkpatrick, Pamela K. Kirschner, Julianne J.Kisselburgh, Mark C. Kittridge, Thomas R. Kitts, Alfred Klaar, Miroslav Ezidor Klecka, PhD,Gordon Leslie Klein, MD, Richard G. Klempnauer, MD, David L. Klenk, Melvin Klotzman,John L. Knapp, Barry Kneeland, Professor Knightes, PhD, William Knighton, Robert S.Knowles, Christian W. Knudsen, PhD, Buford R. Koehler, Wellington W. Koepsel, PhD, MosesM. Koeroghlian, Charles A. Kohlhaas, PhD, Dusan Konrad, PhD, Kenneth K. Konrad, Walter R.Konzen, MD, Kenneth T. Koonce, PhD, Charles B. Koons, PhD, Micah S. Koons, Johnny A.Kopecky, PhD, David E. Kosanda, Charlie Kosarek, Merwyn Mortimer Kothmann, PhD,Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr., PhD, Paul M. Krail, PhD, Stephen G. Kramar, George G.Krapfel, Garry D. Kraus, Dennis A. Krawietz, Robert F. Kraye, M. F. Krch, M. Fred Krch,William F. Krebethe, MD, K. Kreckel, Rodger L. Kret, Robert W. Kretzler, Charles R. Kreuz,Victor Kriechbaum, Daniel R. Krieg, PhD, Magne Kristiansen, PhD, James C. Kromer, Paul H.Kronfield, Tim C. Kropp, Julius Richard Kroschewsky, PhD, Glenn L. Krum, Karen SidwellKubena, PhD, Marc S. Kudla, Antonin J. Kudrna, Stanley E. Kuenstler, Janice Oseth Kuhn, PhD,Bernard J. Kuhn, Carl W. Kuhnen Jr., Kenneth K. Kulik, Arun D. Kulkarni, PhD, Edgar V.Kunkel, George William Kunze, PhD, Peter T. Kuo, MD, Joseph M. Kupper, M. Kurz, PhD,Charles R. Kuykendall, Ronnie Labaume, John M. Lagrone, William E. Laing, Dusan J. Lajda,PhD, Jeffrey J. Lamarca Sr., George W. Lamb, W. E. Lamoreaux, S. S. Lan, Malcolm Lancaster,MD, S. Landeur, John R. Landreth, William R. Landrum, Robert Lane, PhD, Alis C. Lane,DVM, Clifford Lane, Newton L. Lang, William R. Lang, Normal L. Langham, Gerald B.Langille, PhD, Carl G. Langner, PhD, Peter H. Langsjoen, Hans A. Langsjoen, MD, MarkLankford, Richard M. Lannin, Vince L. Lara, William E. LaRoche, Ronald Larson, PhD, RonLarson, PhD, Donald E. Larson, Don Larson, Lawrence B. Laskoskie, Stanley J. Laster, PhD,Benny L. Latham, Gail Latimer, Pierre Richard Latour, PhD, William H. Laub, Charles E.Lauderdale, Walter A. Laufer, William R. Laughlin, David D. Laughlin, Dallas D. Laumbach,PhD, Bob J. Lavender, Delman Law, James H.L. Lawler, PhD, Harold B. Lawley, PhilipLinwood Lawrence, Joseph D. Lawrence, Donald K. Lawrenz, Bill Lawson, Royce E. Lawson

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Jr., Marsha A. Layton, Robert E. Layton Jr., Lawrence E. Leach, William D. Leachman, JoanneH. Leatherwood, Floyd L. Leavelle, PhD, Jacob M. Lebeaux, PhD, J. M. Lebeaux, PhD, Rebel J.Leboeuf, Thomas K. Ledbetter, Frank F. Ledford, Karl E. Lee, Larry E. Lee, Steve W. Lee,DVM, Richard F. Lee, Daniel V. Lee, Harry A. Lee, Lindsey D. Lee, Gil L. Legate, Thomas H.Legg, Robert B. Leggett, Ruw W. Lehde, Elroy Paul Lehmann, PhD, William L. Lehmann, PhD,Barbara T. Lehmann, Roger D. Leick, W. L. Lemon, David V. Lemone, PhD, Leonard Leon,Roland D. Leon, Albert O. Leonard, Paul G. Leroy, M. Leutwyler, Donn W. Leva, Stewart A.Levin, PhD, Catherine Lewis, PhD, Robert Lewis, Phillip E. Lewis, Timothy E. Lien, David W.Light, Curt Lightle, Steven C. Limke, Philip V. Lindblade, R. Lindemann, PhD, Gerald S.Lindenmoen, Jay T. Lindholm, Cecil H. Link, Frank Linville Jr., Anthony Pasquale Lioi, PhD,Eugene G. Lipnicky, Merrill I. Lipton, MD, Jim Litchfield, David Litowsky, MD, Jack E. Little,PhD, Larry E. Little, Frank K. Little, Hung-Wen (Ben) Liu, PhD, William H. Livingston, JamesR. Lloyd, PhD, Sheldon G. Lloyd, David M. Lloyd, Barry H. Lloyd, James R. Lobb, Gene M.Lobrecht, Paul Lockhart Jr., Brent Lockhart, Robert M. Lockhart, William R. Locklear, TravisW. Locklear, MD, Paul L. Lockwood, Alfred R. Loeblich III, PhD, Larry K. Lofton, R. H.Lofton, MD, Robert J. Logan, Thomas L. Logan, Jerry L. Logan, Charles B. Loggie, NicolasLogvinoff Jr., MD, H. William Lollar, Henry R. Longcrier, Kenneth C. Longley, Guy J.Lookabaugh, Ronald L. Loper, H. C. Lott Jr., L. Richard Louden, PhD, Ralph W. Love, RichardM. Love, Ben A. Lovell, Wayne T. Lovett, Robert F. Loving, Glen R. Lowe, Robert M. Lowe,John D. Lowery, Charles B. Lowrey, PhD, D. Mark Loyd, Dale R. Lucas, Timothy W. Lucas,Michael W. Luck, Gerald S. Ludwig, Wm. P. Ludwig, Donald L. Luffell, Gordon D. Luk,Richard Lumpkin, PhD, J. Lund, Brenda Lunsford, Mark J. Lupo, PhD, W. C. Lust, James R.Lynch, Francis M. Lynch, Michael S. Lynch, James I. Lyons, Robert Leonard Lytton, PhD,Robert L. Maby Jr., Charles B. Macaul, Robert N. MacCallum PE, PhD, Richard E. Macchi, A.MacDonald, Richard Macdougal, Charles E. Mace, Allan Macfarland, Marc Machbitz, Thomas J.Machin, Tommy J. Machin, John B. Mack, Bruce C. Macke, Henry James Mackey, PhD, PatrickE. Mackey, Steve D. Maddox, Randall N. Maddux, Hulon Madeley, PhD, Neil S. Madeley, JackT. Madeley, James E. Madget II, Kenneth Olaf Madsen, PhD, John M. Maerker, PhD, John J.Magee, Ronald Magel, Robert E. Magers, Kent W. Maggert, Allen H. Magnuson, PhD, John F.Maguire, PhD, William Mahavier, PhD, Salah E. Mahmoud, Charles F. Maitland, Lewis R.Malinak, PhD, James Jo Malley, PhD, Meredith Mallory Jr., MD, William H. Malone, GlennMaloney, Harold R. Mancusi-Ungaro Jr., MD, Sharad V. Mane, John L. Maneval, J. D. Manley,John D. Manley 4th, T. Mann, A. Bryant Mannin, MD, David T. Manning, MD, Lewis A.Manning, Robert A. Manning, Terry Manning, Stephen M. Manning, Robert A. Marburger,Robert P. Marchant, Karla Wade Marchell, Kirk A. Marchell, Matthew C. Marcontell, RonaldMarcotte, PhD, Roger W. Marcum, Louis F. Marczynski, George Marklin, PhD, Daniel B.Marks, Elbert L. Marks ll, Stuart A. Markussen, Professor Marsh, PhD, William Marshall, BrentH. Martin, John Martin, Benjamin F. Martin Jr., Antonio S. Martin, MD, Monty G. Martin, Rex I.Martin, George M. Martinez, Jack M. Martt, MD, Vernon J. Maruska, Perry S. Mason, PhD, RiazH. Masrour, Wulf F. Massell, PhD, Lenita C. Massey, John A. Massoth, John R. Masters, DVM,Robert Mastin, MD, T. Mather, John R. Mathias, MD, Francis J. Mathieu, Rickey L. Mathis,Hudson Matlock, Ron J. Matlock, Roy E. Matthews, Charles Matusek, Samuel Adam Matz, PhD,Roger A. Maupin, MD, Margaret N. Maxey, PhD, Arthur R. Maxwell, PhD, John CrawfordMaxwell, Jimmy E. May, Henry K. May, MD, Harry L. Mayes, Greg L. Mayes, J. Mayfield,Alfred M. Mayo, Joel T. Mays, C. Gordon McAdams, MD, William N. Mcanulty Jr., PhD,Melinda S. McBee, Carol Don McBiles, William D. McCain, PhD, David McCalla, John R.McCalmont, Michael F. McCardle, A. T. McCarroll, Glenn J. McCarthy, Keith F. McCarthy,Michael J. McCarthy, MD, Bramlette McClelland, James O. McClimans, Jack L. McClure,Lawrence McClure, Jalmer R. McConathy, Stewart McConnell, DVM, Don L. McCord, MD,

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James W. McCown, Lawrence T. McCoy, R. L. McCoy, Michael L. McCrary, Kem E.McCready, Lynn McCuan, Robert G. McCuistion, David W. McCulloch, Thane H. McCulloh,PhD, Dennis W. McCullough, PhD, Keith D. McCullough, Michael C. McCullough, Martin K.McCune, Dolan McDaniel, William D. McDaniel, Douglas McDaniel, C. McDaniels, Lynn DaleMcDonald, PhD, Floyd McDonald, Robert I. McDougall, PhD, Edward McDowell, John C.McDuffie Jr., Paul M. McElfresh, PhD, Raymond E. McFarlane, Michael A. McFerrin, MickeyMcGaugh, James M. McGee, Richard Heath McGirk, PhD, Donald Paul McGookey, PhD, RonMcGregor, Brady J. McGuire, Gary McHale, Gary B. McHalle, PhD, Timothy B. McIlwain, RoyL. McKay, Fount E. McKee, Bishop D. McKendree, William R. McKenna, MD, Michael G.McKenna, Samuel McKenney, John McKetta Jr., PhD, Charles W. McKibben, Ron J. McKinley,Samuel J. McKinney, Paul D. McKinney, J. D. McLaughlin, L. A. McLaurin, James C.McLellan, PhD, Jerry D. McMahon, Perry R. McNeil, PhD, Roger J. McNichols, PhD, D. SeanMcPherson, Richard C. McPherson, Clara McPherson, P. S. McReynolds, C. L. McSpadden,Kevin D. Mcvey, Samantha S. Meador, Alan J. Mechtenberg, William Louis Medlin, PhD, JamesM. Medlin, Russel P. Meduna, Donald N. Meehan, PhD, Preston L. Meeks, Paul E. Melancon,James C. Melear, Michael Brendan Melia, PhD, Jim Mellott, James Ray Melton, PhD, B. Melton,Arnold Mendez, William Menger, Samuel H. Mentemeier, Erhard Roland Menzel, PhD, CarlStephen Menzies, PhD, Sherrel A. Mercer, J. Steven Mercer, James B. Merkel, G. Merkle, JohnC. Merritt Jr., Mark B. Merritt, Frederick Paul Mertens, PhD, Carl W. Mertz, Charles L. Messler,Ron G. Metcalf, Michael W. Metza, Leslie P. Metzgar, John Wesley Meux, PhD, Thomas R.Mewhinney, Frank E. Meyers, Nicholas Michaels, PhD, C. Michel, PhD, F. Curtis Michel, PhD,W. M. Midgett, MD, C. R. Miertschin, Edward Miesch, PhD, Alton Migl, Nelson F. Mikeska,John A. Mikus, PhD, Otto J. Mileti, Paul B. Milios, Richard T. Miller, PhD, Philip Dixon Miller,PhD, Jeffrey A. Miller, John Miller, Loyle P. Miller, Matt C. Miller, P. H. Miller, Kerry C.Miller, Leslie T. Miller, Gary D. Miller, Clifford A. Miller, Leland H. Miller, Fay E. Millett, MD,Spencer Rankin Milliken, PhD, John James Mills, PhD, Curtis R. Mills, Thomas H. Milstead,Elmer A. Milz, James F. Minter, A. E. Minyard, MD, Raymond W. Mires, PhD, John P. Mireur,Conarad Mirochna, Gustave A. Mistrot III, Billy F. Mitcham, Edward H. Mitchell, Robert J.Mitchell, Thomas J. Mittler, Perry J. Mixon, Jack Pitts Mize, PhD, Glen Lavell Mizer, MD,Henry A. Mlcak, Richard G. Mocksfield, Jerry L. Modisette, PhD, Fersheed K. Mody, PhD,William R. Moeller, Camilla M. Moga, Traian C. Moga, Mohammad M. Mokri, John Molloy,Thomas D. Molzahn, D. Mommsen, Edward Harry Montgomery, PhD, Gerald Montgomery,Joshua D. Montgomery, MD, Monty Montgomery, Wendell B. Moody, Harley Moody, DVM,Elizabeth A. Mooney, Walter L. Moore, PhD, Jimmie Moore, PhD, Kenneth L. Moore, CraigMoore, B. L. Moore Jr., Daniel C. Moore, William Moorhead, PhD, George A. Moran, ThomasM. Moran, Peter Moreau, Hubert L. Morehead, PhD, Ronald B. Morgan, PhD, Clyde N. Morgan,MD, Jerry I. Moritz, John C. Morrill, PhD, Charles W. Morris, PhD, Larry E. Morris, Ben L.Morris, Brock A. Morris, Robert A. Morris, Robert Morris, Perry B. Morris, William Morrison,Dennis Moseler, Professor Moseley, Ron R. Moser, David A. Mosig, Jerry E. Mount, MD, R.Mowell, Dan L. Mueller, William B. Mueller, Philip M. Muellier, J. Mulcahey, Bertram S.Mullan, MD, James C. Mullen, Stephen K. Muller, Dennis Mulvey, PhD, Michael E. Munoz,Rodney D. Munsell, DVM, Jack G. Munson, Ronald E. Munson, David M. Munson, Henry W.Murdoch, Karl Muriby, Michael M. Murkes, PhD, John R. Murphey Jr., Lawrence Eugene Murr,PhD, Glenn Murray, James W. Murray, Clarence Murray Jr., Daniel M. Musher, MD, JackThompson Musick, Harry C. Mussman, PhD, Stuart Creighton Mut, Walter F. Muzacz, GeorgeM. Myers, PhD, Glen Myska, Larry D. Nace, Carl M. Naehritz Jr., Harry E. Nagel, JosephNagyvary, PhD, B. J. Nailon, Julian Nalley, Jerome Nicholas Namy, PhD, Robert K. Nance,Howard L. Nance, Michael L. Nance, Cynthia Y. Naples, PhD, David Naples, Kenneth P.Naquin, Karen M. Needham, Thomas H. Neel, Joe C. Neeley, Dana Neely, James H. Nelland,

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James Arly Nelson, PhD, J. Robert Nelson, Mart D. Nelson, Scott R. Nelson, David L. Nelson,Ronald G. Nelson, John J. Nelson, Charles E. Nemir, Jerry E. Nenoon, R. B. Nesbitt, Dan R.Neskora, PhD, Michael E. Nevill, Daniel B. Nevin, D. Bruce Nevin, Roman N. Newald, Jean-Jaques Newey, Robert M. Newman, Sidney B. Nice, C. E. Nichols, Richard E. Nichols, MD,Clifford E. Nichols, James R. Nichols, Robert L. Nickell Jr., Thomas Nickerson, Michael J.Nicol, Billy W. Nievar, James A. Nitsch, James W. Nixon, MD, Paul Robert Nixon, Marion D.Noble, Raymond L. Noel, Theodore N. Noel, Bertram Nolte, PhD, Philip A. Norby, Carl H.Nordstrand, Gregg A. Norman, Hughie C. Norris, Billy N. Norris, Douglas F. North, L. D.Northcott, S. J. Norton, PhD, Michael W. Norton, H. Scott Norville, PhD, Robert J. Noteboom, J.D. Novotny, Shirley E. Nowicki, Gary P. Noyes, PhD, Ronnie L. Nye, DVM, James EugeneNymann, PhD, Edward L. Oakes, Victor D. Obadiah, Douglas K. Obeck, DVM, DonaldOberleas, PhD, Mark J. O'Brien, George S. Ochsner, John D. Ochsner, J. Oden, PhD, Ron Oden,Charles B. Odom, MD, Vencil E. O'Donnell, Carl O. Oelze, Charles Patrick Ofarrel, PhD, JohnH. Ognibene, David J. Ogren, D. John Ogren, Robert E. Old, Daniel R. Olds, Enrique A. Olivas,PhD, Arnold W. Oliver, Ray E. Olsen, Christopher E. Olson, MD, Dale C. Olson, Frank I.Ondrovik, DVM, Charles L. Oney, Curtis H. Orear, John A. Oren, J. Dale Ortego, PhD, WilliamF. Ortloff, James Wilbur Osborn, Zofia M. Oshea, MD, Jeffrey Oslund, William T. Osterloh,PhD, David P. Osterlund, Osamudiamen M. Otabor, Leo E. Ott, PhD, Jack M. Otto, CarrollOubre, PhD, Steve H. Ousley, MD, Susan B. Ouzts, Robert G. Ovellette, Lanny M. Overby,Rufus M. Overlander, F. A. Overly, Scott C. Overton, J. David Overton, Donald E. Owen, PhD,Richard Owen, Prentice R. Owen, William C. Owens, R. M. Ownesby, MD, T. M. Ozymy, SusanPaddock, David R. Paddock, Carey P. Page, John H. Painter, PhD, Lorn C. Painter, Jim R.Palmore, Shambhu A. Pai Panandiker, James M. Pappas, Ronald E. Paque, PhD, Howell W.Pardue, Manuel Paredes, Melissa M. Park, William Park, Sidney G. Parker, PhD, H. WilliamParker, PhD, Billy Y. Parker, DVM, Raymond G. Parker, Michael D. Parker, Harold R.Parkinson, David B. Parks, Edward M. Parma, Sheldon C. Parmer, W. M. Parr, Charles H. Parr,Clinton Parsons, PhD, Donald A. Parsons, MD, William M. Pate, Margaret D. Patin, WesleyClare Patrick, PhD, Calvin C. Patterson, PhD, Wayne R. Patterson, PhD, Ben M. Patterson Jr.,James C. Patterson, Sharon Patterson, Don R. Patterson, Robert W. Patterson, Jeff D. Patterson,Donald R. Pattie, Robert J. Patton, Cynthia M. Patty, James T. Paul, Ralph L. Pauls, Bernard A.Paulson, Robert C. Paulson, Darrell G. Pausky, Max L. Paustian, F. R. Payne, PhD, Michael A.Payne, PhD, D. Payne, James R. Payne, Barry Payne, Cyril J. Payne, Daniel Bester Pearson III,PhD, Ross E. Pearson, Stephen I. Pearson, DVM, Charles Pearson, Rod W. Pease, Patrick A.Peck, Christopher Peek, Vernon L. Peipelman, Gary Pekarek, John L. Pellet, Richard R. Pemper,PhD, Yarami Pena, Pawel Penczek, PhD, Jim R. Pendergrass, David Pendery, A. Penley, B. F.Pennington, Victor H. Peralta, Luzviminda K. Peredo, James D. Periman, Thomas Perkins, PhD,F. M. Perkins Jr., Frederick M. Perkins, Dean H. Perry, Swan D. Person, Cyril J. Peruskek, DavidW. Peters, PhD, Joel E. Peterson, D. Peterson, Floyd M. Peterson, Gerald L. Peterson,Christopher K. Peterson, Emmett M. Peterson, Arthur K. Petraske, Greg Petterson, Chester A.Peyton Jr., William D. Pezzulich, Perry Edward Phillips, PhD, Felton Ray Phillips, Kenneth Piel,PhD, Walter H. Pierce, PhD, George Piers, D. Pigott, PhD, Jeffrey A. Pike, Paul E. Pilkington,John H. Pimm, R. E. Pine, Carl O. Pingry, James J. Pirrung, Shane W. Pirtle, Jack Piskura, JohnRobert Piskura, Richard Pittman, David J. Pitts, Gerald S. Pitts, Gregory S. Pitts, James J. PiwetzJr., Frank J. Pizzitola, Joe Pizzo, PhD, John E. Plapp, PhD, Carl W. Ploeger, Daniel T. Plume,John F. Podhaisky, Richard D. Poe, PhD, Steve C. Poe, Ronald F. Pohler, Roland F. Pohler,Craig Poindexter, MD, Adrian M. Polit, MD, James K. Polk, William D. Pollard, R. ScottPollard, Walter L. Pondrom, PhD, Philip C. Pongetti, Sam L. Pool, Russel Poole, Vernon RayPorter, PhD, Richard Porter, Mike Posson, Keith M. Potter, Rainer Potthast, PhD, MichaelRobert Powell, PhD, Darden Powers, PhD, Don G. Powers, Adam A. Praisnar Jr., Samuel F.

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Pratt Jr., Scott H. Prengle, Richard S. Prentice, Irving J. Prentice Jr., Tony M. Preslar, Allister L.Presnal, Jackie L. Preston, DVM, Basil A. Preuitt Jr., MD, Charles R. Price, Donald G. Price Jr.,R. E. Price, Jerry Priddy, Bill Priebe, J. Prieditis, PhD, Guy T. Priestly, Robert Prince, VernonPringle Jr., James W. Pringle, Alan N. Pritchard, Charles A. Proshek, DVM, Jesus RobertoProvencio, PhD, Jay P. Pruitt, Basil Arthur Pruitt, MD, Charles Pruszynski, Stanley E.Ptaszkowski, Richard R. Pugh, Viswanadha Puligandla, PhD, Layne L. Puls, John Pulte, Cary C.Purdy, Paul E. Purser, George T. Pyndus, Jeffrey P. Quaratino, Miller W. Quarles, Richard H.Quinn, PhD, Shirley J. Quinn, John P. Quinn, Perry C. O. Quinn, J. R. Quisenberry, Patrick W.Quist, Don R, Ashley Rabalais, Brian T. Raber, Thomas A. Rabson, PhD, Robert A. Rademaket,Nancy R. Radercic, PhD, Steven R. Radford, Norman D. Radford Jr., Lewis E. Radicke, PhD,Donald E. Radtke, Ralph D. Ragsdale, Joe M. Rainey, Robert N. Rainey, DeJan Rajcic, C. L.Rambo, Frederick H. Rambow, PhD, Rafael G. Ramirez, PhD, Guadalupe Ramirez, Jerry DwainRamsey, PhD, Mark Ramsey, Thomas E. Ramsey, Milton H. Ramsey, Jack E. Randorff, PhD,Jesus J. Rangel Jr., C. J. Ransom, PhD, W. R. Ransone, PhD, Marco Rasi, PhD, MarkRasmussen, Lee Ratcliff, Carroll J. Rawley, Michael B. Ray, PhD, Clifford H. Ray, PhD, DonaldR. Ray, Herbert Raymond, Bill E. Raywinkle, Robert C. Reach, W. Rector, Brian Redlin,Cynthia A. Reece, Steven Reeder, MD, Richard W. Rees, Dale O. Reese, W. R. Reeves Jr., M.Loren Regier, Larry M. Rehg, William M. Reid, PhD, Frank E. Reid, Erwin A. Reinhard, PhD,James A. Reinhert, PhD, Samuel Reiser, Russel J. Reiter, PhD, Jimmie J. Renfro, Kevin D.Renfro, Edward G. Rennels, PhD, Kenneth L. Rergman, F. E. Resch, Paul Retter, PhD, Lynn A.Revak, William F. Revelt, Randall H. Reviere, PhD, John E. Rhoads, PhD, James D. Rhodes, R.David Rhodes, John R. Rhodes, Charles N. Rice, Patrick Rice, David A. Rich, Thomas C.Richards, PhD, Otis H. Richards, Russell Richards, Clarence W. Richardson, PhD, George A.Richardson, MD, Albert T. Richardson, J. C. Richardson Jr., Frank Richey, PhD, Louis A.Rickert, Richard L. Ricks, David C. Riddle, PhD, Napoleon B. Riddle, MD, Susan J. Riebe,Edward Richard Ries, PhD, Glen A. Ries, Noel D. Rietman, Charles Riley, PhD, J. W. Rimes,Gregory S. Rinaca, Charles E. Rinehart Jr., PhD, Stephen J. Ringel, MD, David P. Ringhausen,David Rios-Aleman, George R. Ripley, Don L. Risinger, MD, Carolyn J. Ritchie, Steven J.Ritter, PhD, Russell E. Ritz, George A. Rizk, Patrick C. Roark, Norman B. Robbins, Henry E.Roberts, Alvis D. Roberts Jr., Robert H. Roberts, Larry C. Roberts, MD, Arthur R. Roberts,Michael A. Roberts Jr., James W. Roberts, David R. Robertson, Gordon W. Robertstad, PhD, J.Michael Robinson, PhD, M. Robinson, PhD, Elizabeth N. Robinson, DVM, Stephen L.Robinson, Ken Robirds, G. Alan Robison, PhD, Jackie L. Robison, E. Douglas Robison, MaryDrummond Roby, PhD, James C. Rock, PhD, Cary O. Roddy, Jack W. Rode, Rocky R. Roden,Charles Alvard Rodenberger, PhD, Robert B. Rodriguez, MD, Weston A. Roe, Isaac F. Roebuck,Robert C. Roeder, PhD, Tom Rogers, PhD, Marion Alan Rogers, PhD, Dave E. Rogers, MD,Glenn M. Rogers, DVM, Anthony C. Rogers, A. C. Rogers, Howard J. Rohde, Don A.Rohrenbach, Ronald Rolando, Jude R. Rolfes, Albert Rollins, Thomas W. Rollins, Joe T.Romine, Jeff H. Ronk, Charles H. Roos, Paul James Roper, PhD, G. Rorschach, Paul N.Roschke, PhD, Ward F. Rosen, Joshua H. Rosenfeld, PhD, Charles R. Rosenfeld, MD, Randy E.Rosiere, PhD, Hayes E. Ross Jr., PhD, William F. Ross, Norman B. Ross, Nealie E. Ross, MD,Randall R. Ross, Audrey Ross, Audrey Rossi, Charles H. Roth, PhD, Bela P. Roth, PhD, RonaldC. Rothe, Billy J. Rouser, Lee J. Rousselot, Martin D. Rowe Jr., Rex L. Rowell, David A.Rowland, PhD, Lenton O. Rowland, PhD, Stephen Rowley, Richard L. Royal, Tad T. Rozycki,MD, Carter F. Rubane, Jim R. Rucker, Kenneth E. Ruddy, Douglas L. Rue, Walter E. Ruff, T. H.Ruland, Robert E. Rundle, Edward E. Runyan, Andrew Rusiwko, PhD, Charles L. Russell, CarriA. Rustad, Robert Rutherford, Paul J. Rutherford, James D. Rutherford, Durward E. Rutledge,Donald Rux, Lester M. Ryol, PhD, Tom R. Sadler, Harry C. Sager, Winston Martin Sahinen,Nelton O. Salch, Belinda Salinas, Joe G. Saltamachia, Joe G. Saltamacina, Michael T. Sample,

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Cheryl K. Sampson, MD, Freddy J. Sanches, Isaac C. Sanchez, PhD, Robert M. Sanford, ThomasG. Sarek, Mark Sarlo, Cornel Sarosdy, Robert Sartain, PhD, Ray N. Sauer, Richard L. Sauer,John D. Savage, George P. Saxon, PhD, Hugh A. Scanlon, MD, Paul Scardaville, J. F. Scego,Brett Schaffer, Raymond A. Schakel, Thomas S. Schalk, Laird F. Schaller, MD, Richard AllanSchapery, PhD, Richard M. Scharlach, Marvin W. Schindler, Ray Schindler, Raymond C.Schindler, Brent D. Schkade, Richard D. Schlomach, MD, Lester E. Schmaltz, Paul W. Schmidt,Ralph Schmidt, Brian F. Schmidt, Martin L. Schneider, MD, Allan M. Schneider, William P.Schneider, Lewes B. Schnitz, Arthur Wallace Schnizer, PhD, William R. Schoen, John L.Schoenthaler, Stephen L. Schrader, Martin William Schramm, PhD, Wilburn R. Schrank, PhD,Robert Alvin Schreiber, PhD, Max P. Schreiner, R. J. Schrior, Steve A. Schroeder, WilliamSchrom, Dale R. Schueler, DVM, Frank J. Schuh, Robert E. Schuhmann, PhD, P. Schulle,Michael Schuller, PhD, Norrell D. Schulte, Lowell E. Schultz, Max A. Schumann Jr., John E.Schumann, Gerard Majella Schuppert Jr., Mark J. Schusler, Michael Frank Schuster, PhD,Gilbert C. Schutza, E. J. Schwarz, PhD, Jeffry A. Schwarz, Colman P. Schweikhardt, C. P.Schweikhardt, Thomas R. Schwerdt, Oscar T. Scott IV, PhD, C. J. Scott, Bill H. Scott, LindaScott, Wayne S. Scott, R. W. Scott, Michael E. Scribner, PhD, Richard Burkhart Sculz, Harry G.Scurlock, Daniel R. Seal, Ryan B. Seals, Brian E. Sealy, Michael T. Searfass, William Sears,PhD, Mary Ann Sechrest, Paul R. Seelye, Philip A. Seibert, James A. Seibt, William EdgardSeifert, PhD, Jerold Alan Seitchik, PhD, Joseph J. Sekerka, Joe Selle, John S. Sellmeyer, Scott H.Semlinger, S. Semlinger, Edwin T. Sewall, James W. Sewell, Franklin W. Shadwell, W. A.Shaeffer III*, William L. Shaffer, William L. Shaffes, James L. Shanks Jr., Al M. Shannon,Edward M. Shapiro, James W. Sharp, Stephen L. Shaw, David R. Sheahan, Robert E. Sheffield,Joseph Sheldon, Robert C. Shellberg, William T. Sheman, Mark B. Shepherd Jr., Kalapi D.Sheth, Scott Shifflett, Don I. Shimmon, Ross L. Shipman, Richard R. Shirley, Gene M. Shirley,Louis I. Shneider Jr., William C. Shockley, Dale M. Short, Allen Shotts, Michael Shouret, LoyWilliam Shreve, PhD, Willis P. Sibley, David E. Sibley Jr., Harold L. Siegele, Wayne L. Sievers,PhD, Curtis J. Sievert, James Sigmon, Henno Siismets, John William Sij, PhD, I. J. Silberberg,PhD, Jerome L. Silverman, MD, John Simion, Larry B. Simmers, Kelly V. Simmons, CharlesSimmons, Rau E. Simpson, Lynn A. Simpson, David C. Sims, John C. Sinclair, Robet B. Singer,Raj N. Singh, Joseph R. Sinner, Melvin M. Sinquefield, Lou Di Sioudi, J. L. Sipes Jr., WilliamAllen Sistrunk, PhD, Richard L. Sitton, Michael Sivertsen, Phillip S. Sizer, Mertonm Skaggs,Damir S. Skerl, Allen C. Skiles, Marvin R. Skinner, Leslie D. Skinner, Nicholas R. Skinner, BillE. Slade, Clifford V. Slagle, Ronald N. Sleufca, Jim H. Slim, William M. Sliva, PhD, Harold S.Slusher, PhD, Jeffrey S. Small, Samuel W. Small, G. A. Smalley Jr., T. Smiley Jr., Derek L.Smith, PhD, Louis C. Smith, PhD, Alan Lyle Smith, PhD, Milton Louis Smith, PhD, RaymondH. Smith, Tommy L. Smith, Oziel L. Smith Jr., Ead C. Smith, MD, Todd G. Smith, David L.Smith Jr., Al Smith, Louis J. Smith, Floyd A. Smith, Tina Smith, Thomas L. Smith, O. LewisSmith, Eugene A. Smitherman, Dennis R. Sneed, MD, Billy J. Sneed, Glenn C. Snell, Jon S.Snell, Gilbert W. Snell, R. Larry Snider, Paul R. Snow, David A. Snyder, PhD, Blaine Snyder,Nicholas Snyder, Fred F. C. Snyder, Robert B. Snyder, Charles F. Snyder, E. H. Soderberg, DeanE. Soderstrom, Harold K. Sohner, Robert E. Sokoll, Dale M. Solaas, Turner Solari, Albert K.Solcher, Eugene A. Soltero, Siva Somasundaram, PhD, Xiaohui M. Song, PhD, Philip M.Sonleitner, Gordon Guthrey Sorrells, PhD, Danny C. Sorrells, Armand Max Souby, Robert G.Spangler, PhD, Tom Sparks, Aubrey A. Spear, Gerald E. Speck, Tim R. Speer, FrederickSpeigelberg, William A. Spencer, MD, George V. Spires, Marion E. Spitler, Maurice L. Sproul,Eve S. Sprunt, PhD, Hugh H. Sprunt, Charles F. Squire, PhD, Douglas E. Stafford, Frank B.Stahl, Fred Stalder, Dennis D. Stalmach, Michael R. Stamatedes, Albert L. Stanford, DragoStankovic, John L. Stanley, Steven Stanley, Robin L. Stansell, Jerry Staples, John Starck, KellyL. Stark, Richard R. Statton, Eric A. Stauch, Frederick L. Stead, Werner W. Stebner, Jame Harlan

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Steel, DVM, George M. Steele, Donald N. Steer, Mark C. Stefanov, Tom J. Steffens, Neil A.Stegent, William H. Steiner, Ray L. Steinmetz, Michael F. Stell, William K. Stenzel, PamelaStephens, PhD, P. Stephens, William C. Stephens, Michael Steppe, Charles A. Sternbach, JamesStevens, William L. Stewart, W. L. Stewart Jr., David W. Stilson, Louis Stipp, Dan Stoelzel, KimR. Stoker, Dana D. Stokes, Michael F. Stolle, Jay D. Stone, PhD, Michael E. Stones, MD,Gregory J. Story, Charles L. Strain, David A. Strand, Kurt A. Stratmann, William Straub, RobertLewis Street, PhD, John C. Strickland, Sarah Taylor Strinden, PhD, John J. Strojek, James E.Strozier, Glenn A. Strube, Malcolm K. Strubhar, M. Howard Strunk, John B. Stuart, Roger G.Stuart Jr., MD, Telton Stubblefield, PhD, Harry T. Stucker, Donald P. Stuckey, David OwenStuebner, Robert J. Stupp, Jerry D. Sturdivant, G. Sturges, K. Stutler, Ralph E. Styring, H. Su,PhD, Felipe J. Suarez, Daniel Subach, PhD, Daniel J. Subaen, PhD, Jonathan D. Such, JohnSuggs, Bruce M. Sullivan, Carl Summers, Charles Summers, Norman A. Sunderlin, A. J. SustekJr., PhD, Charles Suter, William R. Suter, James A. Sutphen, Thomas C. Sutton, PhD, Paul A.Svejkovsky, Robert S. Svoboda, William C. Swart Jr., John H. Swendig, James E. Swenke,Ronald F. Swenson, Gary S. Swindell, Rita D. Swinford, MD, Charles J. Swize, Paul M.Swoboda, James R. Sydow, Robert E. Sylvanus, Elwood Sylvanus, Ronald E. Symecko, EdwardJ. Szymczak, Ed Szymczak, Jerrry L. Tabb, Kelley A. Tafel, PhD, Gerald W. Tait, Emil R.Talamo, Alvin W. Talash, PhD, J. S. Talbot, Larry D. Talley, PhD, Russell Talley, James L.Tally, Edward A. Talmage, MD, Joann H. Tannich, John Tarpley, Jeffrey J. Tarrand, MD, AlanR. Tarrant, Michael J. Tarrillion, Nahum A. Tate, Gordon E. Tate, Lyndon Taylor, PhD, RichardMelvin Taylor, PhD, Steve D. Taylor, Gordon E. Taylor, Ben E. Taylor, William Charles Taylor-Chevron, Neal Teague, Edward Teasdale, Todd X. Teitell, Robert W. Temple, Robert J. Templin,Peter W. Ten Eyck, Richard N. Tennille, Jamie B. Terrell, Robert E. Terrill, Earl Tessem,Norman Jay Tetlow, PhD, W. G. Teubner, Raynold J. Thibodeaux, Kenneth A. Thoma, CharlesThomas, PhD, J. Todd Thomas, A. D. Thomas, James R. Thompson, PhD, Richard J. Thompson,PhD, David B. Thompson, PhD, Blair D. Thompson, MD, Jack Thompson, Evan C. Thompson,Tommy L. Thompson, Ronald E. Thompson, J. Christy Thompson, Richard W. Thompson Jr.,Guy Thompson, Greg Thompson, MD, William S. Thompson III, Walter Thomsen, ProfessorThorleifson, Robert L. Thornton, Robert F. Thrash, Purvis J. Thrash Jr., Billy H. Thrasher, PhD,Ben H. Thurman, MD, Kenneth Shane Tierling, Richard B. Timmons, PhD, Clarence N. Tinker,David R. Tinney, William R. Tioton, George R. Tippett, Craig A. Tips, William R. Tipton,Herbert G. Tiras, B. H. Tjrasjer, PhD, Robert M. Todor, Travi Toland, James L. Tomberlin,Jocelyn Tomkin, PhD, J. Tomkin, PhD, William Harry Tonking, PhD, George Tope, Mary E.Totard, Mills Tourtellotte, Lawrence E. Townley, Phinn W. Townsend, Charles D. Towry,Laurence Munro Trafton, PhD, George Thomas Trammell, PhD, O. E. Trechter, J. Trevino,David C. Triana, Leland Floyd Tribble, PhD, R. G. Tribble, Jay H. Troell, John S. Troschinetz, J.Michael Trotter, Leonard L. Trout, C. E. Trowbridge, John Parks Trowbridge, MD, G. I. Troyer,Robert E. Truly, Thomas H. Tsai, Julio C. Tuberquia, MD, W. Tucker, Jasper M. Tucker, Bill C.Tucker, B. C. Tucker, W. David Tucker, Daniel Tudor, PhD, John O. Tugwell, Frank Tull, MD,Alton L. Tupa, Peter L. Turbett, D. Turbeville, Charles Paul Turco, PhD, James H. Turk, MD,Albert J. Turk, Morris Turman, Rick Turner, Michael D. Turner, Dwight J. Turner, M. O. Turner,M.O. Turner, E. W. Tuthill, Ronnald P. Tyler, James O. Tyler, William S. Ullom, MD, L. T.Umfleet, Adelbert C. Underwood, Paul Walter Unger, PhD, Simon Upfill-Brown, Chester R.Upham Jr., James Upton, J. E. Upton, Randal W. Utech, Alfred L. Utesch, Raymond E. Vache,Ashokkumar N. Vachhani, MD, C. Valenzuel, William Pennington Van, PhD, Jack C. Van Horn,Earl D. Van Reenan, Rick Van Surksum, William E. Vanarsdale, PhD, John L. Vandeberg, PhD,Jerry L. Vanden Boom, PhD, Rainer A. Vanoni, William D. VanScoy, George G. Vanslyke,Kenneth L. Vantine, James E. Varnon, PhD, Mihal A. Vasilache, Joe E. Vaughan, PhD, David D.Vause, MD, William Austin Veech, PhD, Felix J. Vega, Steve Venner, Bruce L. Veralli, G.

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Verbeck, PhD, John D. Vermaelen, Lonnie W. Vernon, PhD, Billy E. Vernon, Richard R.Vernotzy Sr., Ralph W. Vertrees, Harry A. Vest, Dan E. Vickers, Keith V. Vickers, Fredrick L.Vieck, Rodolfo L. Villarreal, MD, Mikhail M. Vishik, PhD, Paul W. Visser, Russel C. Vlack,Jason P. Volk, Walter W. von Nimitz, PhD, Max R. Vordenbaum, Steve C. Voss, Bill S. Vowell,MD, Daniel P. Vrudny, Don C. Vu, James W. Wade, PhD, John C. Wade, William Wadsworth,Don B. Wafer, Ray F. Wagner, David P. Wagner, Alfred Wagner Jr., Marvin L. Wagoner,Richard B. Waina, PhD, Charles Wakefield, PhD, Brian E. Waldecker, PhD, Harry M. Walker,PhD, William F. Walker, John A. Walker, P. David Walker, Rodger L. Walker, Mark A.Wallace, Lynn H. Wallace, James P. Wallace, Anthony Waller, William Walls, William N.Wally, Bruce W. Walter, James C. Walter, D. Wambargh, Donald C. Wambaugh, David Y.Wang, PhD, Gordon P. Ward, T. G. Ward Jr., John B. Wardell, Ray W. Ware, MD, Robert A.Warner, Darrell G. Warner, Donald R. Warr, Bruce A. Warren, Cedric D. Warren, Joseph F.Warren, MD, Robert L. Warters, Richard Wasserman, MD, G. S. Wassum, Damon L. Watkins,Michael J. Watkins, Richard L. Watson, PhD, Mildred E. Watson, MD, Randy K. Watson,George Watters, Jack T. Watzke, Darel A. Wayhan, William Dewey Weatherford Jr., PhD, MarkWeatherston, Samuel R. Weaver, John M. Weaver, Ronald R. Weaver, George L. Weaver,Theodore Stratton Webb, PhD, David J. Weber, Monty Weddell, Timothy R. Weddle, Curtis E.Weddle, Olan B. Weeks, Scott C. Wehner, Bernard William Wehring, PhD, Jorge S. Weibel,Felicia K. Weidman, Donald G. Weilbaecher, MD, Richard D. Weilburg, MD, LawrenceWeinman, R. Stephen Weis, PhD, Lee Weis, Kent M. Weissling, M. E. Welbourn, Thomas L.Welch, Joe H. Wellborn, Lewis W. Wells, Howard T. Wells, MD, Roger Murray Wells, BruceWelsh, Clayton H. Wene, Richard A. Werner, Kenneth G. Wernicke, Sidney E. West, MD, DavidE. West, J. C. West, Glen R. Westall, Gerald T. Westbrook, Mark E. Westcott, Jim P.Westerheid, William M. Westhoff, Thomas D. Westmoreland Jr., PhD, Harry Westmoreland,Gerhard Westra, Scott A. Westveer, Mitchell R. Whatley, Douglas H. Wheeler, William L.Wheeler, Clyde C. Wheeler, C. Wheeler, Thomas J. Wheeler, Lloyd Leon Whetzel, Richard M.Whiddon, Christian L. Whigham, Jerry L. White, D. J. White, B. Lee White Jr., MD, CharlesHugh Whiteside, PhD, C. H. Whiteside, PhD, Jack Whiteside, Montague Whiting, PhD,Raymond B. Whitley, Richard E. Whitmire, DVM, Philip Whitsitt, Christopher Whitten, JamesC. Whitten, Lester B. Whitton, Charles D. Whitwill, Paul A. Wichmann, S. A. Wickstrom*,Steven G. Widen, PhD, Vernon R. Widerquist, Robert Widmer, J. A. Wiebelt, PhD, G. Wieland,John Herbert Wiese, PhD, Alan Wiggins, Larry Wiginton, Kenneth A. Wigner, Herman S.Wigodsky, PhD, Bill O. Wilbanks, Hugh M. Wilbanks 3rd, Joe A. Wilbanks, Kenneth AlfredWilde, PhD, Charles Wiley, Richard B. Wilkens, James Wilkes, Lambert H. Wilkes, Monte G.Wilkes, Stella H. Wilkes, Eugene M. Wilkins, PhD, Kevin L. Wilkins, Hector M. Willars,Richard D. Williams, PhD, C. H. Williams, PhD, Danny E. Williams, Reginald D. Williams,MD, Al V. Williams, MD, Roy D. Williams, Gary L. Williams, DVM, Talmage T. Williams, H.Hr. Williams, Jim Williams, Douglas B. Williams, Robert A. Williamson, Joe W. Williamson,Glen R. Willie, Allen H. Williford, H. Earl Willis, Gary L. Willmann, DVM, Charles L.Willshire, Bobby Wilson, PhD, William R. Wilson, Willie J. Wilson, David A. Wilson, RickWilson, MD, Owen D. Wilson, D. Winans, Lars I. Wind, Edgar C. Winegartner, Christopher L.Wingert, Herald Winkler, PhD, Weldon E. Winsauer, Donald K. Winsor, J. E. Wirsching, Joe E.Wirsching, Michael B. Wisebaker, Del N. Wisler, Eugene Harley Wissler, PhD, Wojciech S.Witkowski, MD, Donald A. Witt, A. J. Wittenbach, Thomas R. Woehler, H. B. Wofford, CraigA. Wohlers, Earl G. Wolf, John C. Wolfe, PhD, Robert Womack, Gary L. Womack, Bob G.Wonish, Scott Emerson Wood, PhD, David R. Wood, Steve Wood, Charles R. Woodbury,Edward G. Woods, PhD, John P. Woods, PhD, Robert F. Woods, Herbert H. Woodson, Gary R.Wooley, PhD, Stphen T. Woolley, Bobby D. Woosley, Rodney L. Wooster, Joe Max Word,DVM, J. Max Word, Roy A. Worrell, Jonathan H. Worstell, PhD, Conrad H. Wright, Harold E.

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Wright, Thomas R. Wright Jr., Keith H. Wrolstad, PhD, Gang M. Wu, PhD, Peter T. Wu, PhD,W. H. Wurth, Reece E. Wyant, Philip R. Wyde, PhD, James M. Wylie, E. Staten Wynne, PhD,Elmer Staten Wynne, PhD, Will Yanke, Harold L. Yarger, PhD, Tommie E. Yates, M. YavuzCorp., PhD, Curtis Yawn, J. C. Yeager, Wilbur A. Yeager Jr., Jim P. Yocham, B. Biff Yochum,John G. Yonkers, Farrile S. Young, PhD, Joe A. Young, Clifton L. Young, Ruby D. Young,Susan W. Young, James L. Youngblood, PhD, James D. Younger, William M. Zahn Jr., JosephE. Zanoni, Hua-Wei Zhou, PhD, Lois A. Ziler, John Zimmerman, PhD, James S. Zimmerman,Ralph Anthony Zingaro, PhD, Clarence R. Zink, Richard J. Zinno, Darryl E. Zoch, JeromeZorinksy, PhD, Alfonso J. Zuniga, Philip L. Zuvanich

Texas State Bird: Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)

Texas State Flower: Bluebonnet (Lupine subcarnosus)

46

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