OBSERVATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES AND AEROSOLS UNDER VARIABILITY OF INDONESIA CLIMATE

Prof. Dr. Edvin AldrianAgency for Asessment and Application on TechnologyIPCC Working Group I Vice Chair

Land Cover/Land Use Changes (LC/LUC) and Impacts on Environment in South/Southeast Asia - International Regional Science Meeting, 28-30th May, 2018, Philippines

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Observation of GHG in a GAW Station in Indonesia (in Bukit Koto Tabang)

Measurement of GHG reduction in Bali Island during Nyepi day

Aerosol Study during forest fire in Riau Province Sumatera

Aerosol Study during forest fire in central Kalimantan

Aerosol Study during forest fire in Jambi Province Sumatera

AMBIENT CO2 MEASUREMENT

Trend= 2.67ppm (logarithmic)Est Dec 2020+ 399.06 ppmEst Dec 2020 -26%=392.63 ppm

390.0

395.0

400.0

405.0

410.0

Jan-14 Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-15 Jan-16 Jul-16 Jan-17 Jul-17 Jan-18

Kons

entr

asi

CO₂ (

ppm

)

Trend of CO2 January 2014 - March 2018GAW Station Bukit Kototabang

BMKG

BMKG

322.0

324.0

326.0

328.0

330.0

332.0

334.0

Jan-14 Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-15 Jan-16 Jul-16 Jan-17 Jul-17 Jan-18

BMKG

Tangg

Trend of N2O January 2014 - March 2018GAW Station Bukit Kototabang

Kons

entra

si N₂O

(ppb

)

1750.0

1770.0

1790.0

1810.0

1830.0

1850.0

1870.0

1890.0

1910.0

1930.0

1950.0

1970.0

1990.0

2010.0

Jan-14 Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-15 Jan-16 Jul-16 Jan-17 Jul-17 Jan-18

Kons

entr

asi C

H₄ (

ppb)

Trend of CH4 January 2014 - March 2018GAW Station Bukit Kototabang

BMKG

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.00

10.50

11.00

Jan-14 Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-15 Jan-16 Jul-16 Jan-17 Jul-17 Jan-18

Kons

entra

si S

F6 (p

pt)

Date

BMKG

Trend of SF6 January 2014 - March 2018GAW Station Bukit Kototabang

SEASONAL VARIABILITY

INSTRUMENTS AT GAW STATION BUKIT KOTO TABANG

Ozone Analyzer

CO Analyzer

Pyranometer BAM 1020

NephlometerHVAS

Air Flask SamplerPassive Air Sampler

INSTRUMENTS AT GAW STATION BUKIT KOTO TABANG

GHG EMISSION REDUCTION DURING HINDU NYEPI DAY

Nama Lokasi : Negara Singaraja Karangasem Bedugul DenpasarKoordinat : 8º 20’ 24”S, 114º

36’ 59”E8º 6’ 57,2”S,

115º 4’ 50,1”E8º 21’ 53,4”S, 115º

36’ 39,0”E8º 15’ 1,8”S, 115º 9’ 8,2”E

8º 40’ 44,2”S, 115º 13’ 56,6”E

Metode & Frekuensi Data : Indirect Measurement (Sampling); Daily Data (14.00

WITA)

Direct Measurement; Continuous Monitoring; (Data tiap 5 menit)

Alat : Flask Sampler Flask Sampler Flask Sampler Flask Sampler WolfPack® & IRIS 4600

Data GRK : CO2, CH4 CO2, CH4 CO2, CH4 CO2, CH4 CO2, N2O

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

Negara Karangasem Bedugul Singaraja

CO

2(p

pm)

LOKASI

Sebelum

Saat Nyepi

Setelah 375

395

415

435

455

475

495

515

535

0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36

CO

2(p

pm

)

Jam

8 Maret

9 Maret

10 Maret

11 Maret

12 Maret

13 Maret

14 Maret

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36N

2O

(p

pb

)Jam

8 Maret

9 Maret

10 Maret

11 Maret

12 Maret

13 Maret

14 Maret

Average Reduction 33%

GHG emission reduction during Hindu Nyepi day

GHG EMISSION REDUCTION DURING NYEPI DAY

Goal: reduction of athropogenic emission during the absence of human activities

There is none until nowadays such a quantitative direct measurement that could prove that statement.

The present method used by many are estimation, asumption and model that are qualitative. This is due to the difficulty of isolated an area clear of surrounding influences In Indonesia there is a Bali island where the People stop their activities 30 hours during teh Nyepi Holy day.

This is the first of a kind that prove of human activity shall increase the GHG concentration

GHG EMISSION REDUCTION DURING NYEPI DAY

Nyepi day in Bali island is an ideal condition in the measurement of the amount of anthropogenic emissions as the entire island stop their activities in a day and being isolated from the outside. This is the real measurement of anthropogenic emissions without models, formulas and assumptions.

Given the unique circumstances in Bali Nyepi Day in which we believe it has no comparison in any other hemisphere (an island stopped its activity in a day), it is predicted that such measurement is the first time in the world.

FIRE IN RIAU

Aqua MODIS satellite imagery on June 19th, 2013 (a); Hysplitforward trajectory model ran 24 h for June 2013 from hotspotin Riau (b).

Riau PSI in 5 monitoring sites (Rumbai,Minas, Duri Camp, Duri Field, and Dumai) vshotspots (b).

PM2.5 concentration (a) and PSI in Singapore (b) vs hotspot detection in Riau Province in June 2013.

Daily AOD at wavelength 500 nm and daily hotspot number in June 2013 (a) and scatter plot of AOD versus AE(440–870 nm) (b). AE was determined using 440–870 nm, which are indicative of the general size distribution and the relativedominance of fine versus coarse mode particles.

Aerosol size distribution during June 2013 from Singapore AERONET site. There is significant shift between size distribution before the fire episode (solid rectangular/circle) and during fire episode (dashed rectangular/circle).

FOREST FIRE IN PALANGKARAYA KALIMANTANAEROSOL INSTRUMENT TO OBSERVE AEROSOL

The sun photometer installed on the roof of the TjilikRiwut Meteorology Station at Tjilik Riwut AirportPalangkaraya, Central Kalimantan – Indonesia

Monthly AOD, hotspot and rainfall relationship. AOD at wavelength 500 nm (a) and Visibility versus AOD and hotspot in 2012 (b) and 2014 fire episodes (c),

Histogram of AOD during fire episode 2012 and 2014 (a, b) and Histogram of SSA (c),

FOREST FIRE IN JAMBI PROVINCE SUMATERAHOTSPOT IN SUMATERA 1 OCTOBER 2014

Jambi City

PARTICULATE (PM10) VS VISIBILITY DURING FIRE EPISODE OCTOBER 2014

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0PM10 leftvisibility right (km)

Certainly there is a clear relationship between particulate concentration and visibility, however, some reduction of visibility is due to fire in some other parts outside Jambi

OCTOBER 2014 AOD VS AE

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106

113

120

127

134

141

148

155

162

169

176

183

190

197

204

211

218

225

Angs

trom

Exp

AOT

AOT_500 left

440-870 Angstrom AE right

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Angs

trom

Exp

440-

870

nm

AOT 500nm

AOT vs AE Small size aerosol from forest fire

Peatland source aerosol with high AOD above 4.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Angs

trom

Exp

AOD

AOD 500nm Angstrom Exp 440-870nm

MONTHLY AOD VS AE

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2Angs

trom

Exp

440-

870n

m

AOD 500nm

SOME IPCC ACTIVITY

1. IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land; an IPCC special Report on Climate Change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.Expert Review on First Order Draft end of May 2018

2. IPCC Expert meeting on Short lived Climate Forcers (SLCF) Geneva 28 – 31 May 2018

CONCLUSIONS

1. GHG concentration is surely related to human activity as shown in Bali measurement.

2. Degraded land use change and deforestation in Jambi province have been studied and detected

3. There is a significant relationship between forest fire as indicated with the hotspot number with climate annually or interannually

4. PM10 and AOD during fire episodes increase significantly and eventually reduce visibility

5. Significantly high AOD number above 6.0 in Kalimantan and above 5.0 in Jambi may related to peat fires in the eastern coast of Sumatera

THANKS A LOT - SALAMAT

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Edvin_Aldrianhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb6tHXKzSvP51W

qQ8xyo7kQ

References1. Kusumaningtyas SDA, E. Aldrian, M.A. Rahman, A. Sopaheluwakan, 2016,

Aerosol Properties in Central Kalimantan due to Peatland Fire, Aerosol Air Quality Research, 16: 2757–2767

2. Kusumaningtyas SDA and E. Aldrian, 2016, Impact of the June 2013 Riau province Sumatera smoke haze event on regional air pollution, Environmental Research Letter, Vol 11, No 7, 75007-75017