Observation Methods and techniques
-
Upload
raghav-jha -
Category
Leadership & Management
-
view
82 -
download
2
Transcript of Observation Methods and techniques
OBSERVATION
By.. Raghav jha(M.B.A / M.Com)
MEANING OF OBSERVATION….
Observation is the systematic process of recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects, and occurrences without questioning or communicating with them.
Observation is useful when…
You want direct informationYou are trying to understand an ongoing
behavior, process, unfolding situation, or event
There is physical evidence, products, or outcomes that can be readily seen
Written or other data collection methods seem inappropriate
CHARACTERISTICS
Physical & mental activitySpecific, selective & purposefulDirect studyCause & effect relationshipSystematic & scientificObsevation is expertCarefully notedSubject to checks & varification
Observation Process (lin naw)
Prepration & training
Entry to study environment
Initial interaction
Observation & recording
Termination of field work
Types of New Observation
Natural vs. contrived
Participant & NPO
Direct & indirect
Overt & covert
Structured & unstructured
NATURAL OBSERVATION
Observation of things as they naturally happen
The observer simply record what they see and hear who selecting some event and ignoring others
CONTRAVED OBSERVATION
An artificial environment is created and the behavior of people is observed in the artificial environment .
• E,g, test kitchen
CONTRAVED OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT OBS…
Observer participate with the activities of group under study.
Researcher mingle with the group
Non participant observation
Observer does not actually participate, simply observe from distance
OVERT OBSERVATION
Those being observed are aware about investigators presence and intension
COVERT OBSERVATION
Investigator presence is hidden or undisclosed
STRUCTURE & UNSTR…
The observation characterized by– Pre defined definition of unit to be observed– Data to be observed– And standardized condition of observation
UNSTRUCTURESometimes we want to see what is naturally occurring or
exists without predetermined ideas. We use have an open-ended approach to observation and record all that we observe
Structured UnstructuredLooking for Looking atSometimes we have something specific we want to observe – leadership skills; level of participation; etc. We use a structured, preset guide of what to observe or a checklist.
Sometimes we want to see what is naturally occurring or exists without predetermined ideas. We use have an open-ended approach to observation and record all that we observe
DIRECT & INDIRECT
Direct observation—actual behavior are observed
Indirect observation– result and/or physical traces are observed
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESAdvantages
– Most direct measure of behavior
– Provides direct information
– Easy to complete, saves time
– Can be used in natural or experimental settings
Disadvantages– May require training– Observer’s presence
may create artificial situation
– Potential for bias– Potential to overlook
meaningful aspects – Potential for
misinterpretation– Difficult to analyze