Observations

Observations yield data that has a visual source. The data is usually qualitative but could also be quantitative. This research tool occursin the field and is therefore very appropriate for professional practice and work based learning

Issues in Observation

• Covert• Non-participant• Systematic• Natural Setting• Self Observation

• Overt• Participant• Non-systematic• Artificial setting• Observing others

Covert participant acts as naturally as possible in order to become accepted by the group. If they are not “ACCEPTED” by the group then their presence may impact on the behaviour of the group, hence hampering finding out what is really going on. There are ethical implications to this. “it is essential that as a participant who is also a data gatherer, the researcher recognisethe obligation to inform those in the setting about the research. Research from a covert or manipulative perspective is not generally acceptable”. Kirby & McKenna 1989

Kirby, S. & McKenna, K., (1989) “Experience, Research, Social Change: Methods from the margins”. Toronto: Garamond

Covert Participant

Acceptance as a participant observerwill depend on the nature of thegroup. It’s important to get the trust of the group and issues such as age,gender etc could come into playhere. Having your role as researcher accepted allows you to probe further by asking relevant questions should the need arise.

Participant Observer

Should be able to immerse oneself in the event and take copious field notes

Observations can be supplemented by interviews

When the prime motivation is to find out what is going on

For frequent events such as rehearsals instead of dress rehearsals

With small groups you have a chanceto get to know people1

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3

4

5

1. The observer seeks to become some king of member of the group being observed. Observer needs to enter the world of the observed and have some role therein.

2. The observer needs to find a role within the group and earn the trust of the group.

3. Objectivity needs to be strived for as the observer guards against idenifying with needs of the group.

Using Participant ObservationUsing Participant Observation

1. Location – processes / persons to be viewed

2. Defining what is to be documented

3. Observer training to standardise focus

4. Descriptive obs provide general overview of field

5. Focussed obs directly onresearch question

6. Selective obs to graspcentral aspects

7. End of obs. Further obs do not provide new knowledge

Phases of Observation

Observation as a research method could be employed independentlyof a theory or hypothesis. It could be used as a basic research tool to purely observe phenomena in situ and subsequently develop a theory to examine in depth.

Pure research is very rare at undergraduate level and is more likely to test some existing theory or to establish the existence of identified phenomena.

Therefore, it’s highly likely that some form of observation grid will be devised as a research tool. It’s highly advisable to conduct a pilot in the first instance in order to help with the research design and ultimately data analysis.

WARM UP Time Nos of Instances Group Size Participation Teacher Knowledge

Aerobics

Muscle Group A

Muscle Group B

Muscle Group C

Head

Legs

Cardio Vascular

Sample Observation Grid

Grid Qualities

Work Based LearningProfessional Practice

Project Planning & Development

Observations

Rosemary McGuinness March 2010